diff --git "a/worldhistory_mergedoutput_output_strides.json" "b/worldhistory_mergedoutput_output_strides.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/worldhistory_mergedoutput_output_strides.json" @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[{"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "Tonight we shall hurl the gauntlet of science into the frightful face of death itself. Give my creation life! Wow, dark in here guys. Ah, light, enlightenment, scientific revolution. Welcome to Hip-Hue's History. I am your host, Mr. Hip-Hue. And what we're going to try to do in the next 10-15 minutes is give you a global, world history based kind of overview of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment era."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "Ah, light, enlightenment, scientific revolution. Welcome to Hip-Hue's History. I am your host, Mr. Hip-Hue. And what we're going to try to do in the next 10-15 minutes is give you a global, world history based kind of overview of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment era. Now these lectures are just going to remind everybody your designed not to really teach you all the facts, but just to give you kind of a comprehensive overview, broad, you know, kind of strokes of history, just so you feel comfortable taking your exams and maybe banging out, you know, a basic thematic essay. But please don't use these as your mainstay. So what we're going to look at is basically how we go from the Dark Ages, Middle Ages, into more of a modern civilization with science and human beings using reason."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "And what we're going to try to do in the next 10-15 minutes is give you a global, world history based kind of overview of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment era. Now these lectures are just going to remind everybody your designed not to really teach you all the facts, but just to give you kind of a comprehensive overview, broad, you know, kind of strokes of history, just so you feel comfortable taking your exams and maybe banging out, you know, a basic thematic essay. But please don't use these as your mainstay. So what we're going to look at is basically how we go from the Dark Ages, Middle Ages, into more of a modern civilization with science and human beings using reason. So really, let's just throw some vocab at you, maybe four scientists, four names that might pop up on the exam. And I would start with Sir Francis Bacon. Now, no relation to Kevin Bacon, so if you're playing six, seven degrees, six degrees of separation, you can't use Francis Sir Bacon."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So what we're going to look at is basically how we go from the Dark Ages, Middle Ages, into more of a modern civilization with science and human beings using reason. So really, let's just throw some vocab at you, maybe four scientists, four names that might pop up on the exam. And I would start with Sir Francis Bacon. Now, no relation to Kevin Bacon, so if you're playing six, seven degrees, six degrees of separation, you can't use Francis Sir Bacon. But nevertheless, Francis Sir Francis Bacon is really the guy who invented or came up with the scientific method. So the scientific method, I know you know from all of your science classes, starts with kind of stating a problem, gathering facts, developing a hypothesis, and then testing that hypothesis and observing the results, and then doing it over and over again. And so you can come up with truth in the science, with science, with the natural world."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, no relation to Kevin Bacon, so if you're playing six, seven degrees, six degrees of separation, you can't use Francis Sir Bacon. But nevertheless, Francis Sir Francis Bacon is really the guy who invented or came up with the scientific method. So the scientific method, I know you know from all of your science classes, starts with kind of stating a problem, gathering facts, developing a hypothesis, and then testing that hypothesis and observing the results, and then doing it over and over again. And so you can come up with truth in the science, with science, with the natural world. So this is really different from the way that things were done before the 1600s. This is right around 1600. In the Middle Ages, in the Dark Ages, in the 1300s, 1400s, really truth is set by the Catholic Church."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you can come up with truth in the science, with science, with the natural world. So this is really different from the way that things were done before the 1600s. This is right around 1600. In the Middle Ages, in the Dark Ages, in the 1300s, 1400s, really truth is set by the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church determines that, for instance, we are a geocentric universe. Geo, geography of Earth, center of the universe. That Earth was the center of the universe and the sun revolved around Earth."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "In the Middle Ages, in the Dark Ages, in the 1300s, 1400s, really truth is set by the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church determines that, for instance, we are a geocentric universe. Geo, geography of Earth, center of the universe. That Earth was the center of the universe and the sun revolved around Earth. And of course, this is kind of metamorphic, metamorphical too, you know, the idea that we're the center of the universe, that we know everything, everything revolves around us. Whereas when, you know, we come up with the heliocentric principle, and we'll go into that in a second, you know, now we're not the center of the universe. Now we have to figure out where are we in relationship to the universe around us."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "That Earth was the center of the universe and the sun revolved around Earth. And of course, this is kind of metamorphic, metamorphical too, you know, the idea that we're the center of the universe, that we know everything, everything revolves around us. Whereas when, you know, we come up with the heliocentric principle, and we'll go into that in a second, you know, now we're not the center of the universe. Now we have to figure out where are we in relationship to the universe around us. But nevertheless, Sir Francis Bacon's scientific method, he turns the flashlight on and really starts that Enlightenment scientific revolution. So let me go find maybe three scientists and throw them at you and then we'll move on. I don't even have to go look for them."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "Now we have to figure out where are we in relationship to the universe around us. But nevertheless, Sir Francis Bacon's scientific method, he turns the flashlight on and really starts that Enlightenment scientific revolution. So let me go find maybe three scientists and throw them at you and then we'll move on. I don't even have to go look for them. There's one right there. I think that Cornupicus, if I'm saying his name correct, Galileo and Newton are probably the three that I would associate with that idea of the scientific revolution. I know, I'm pretty sure, you know, Hughes is a U.S. history teacher, so he's doing the best he can."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "I don't even have to go look for them. There's one right there. I think that Cornupicus, if I'm saying his name correct, Galileo and Newton are probably the three that I would associate with that idea of the scientific revolution. I know, I'm pretty sure, you know, Hughes is a U.S. history teacher, so he's doing the best he can. But Cornupicus, I'm saying his name wrong, and Galileo are really the people that really kind of zoned in on the heliocentric idea, figuring out through astronomy that there was a universe around and that Earth was definitely not the center of it. Galileo, I'm pretty sure, was forced to recant by the time he was a teacher. And then Isaac Newton, of course, is maybe the premier scientist in the concept of gravity and really figuring out how the world worked around us."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "I know, I'm pretty sure, you know, Hughes is a U.S. history teacher, so he's doing the best he can. But Cornupicus, I'm saying his name wrong, and Galileo are really the people that really kind of zoned in on the heliocentric idea, figuring out through astronomy that there was a universe around and that Earth was definitely not the center of it. Galileo, I'm pretty sure, was forced to recant by the time he was a teacher. And then Isaac Newton, of course, is maybe the premier scientist in the concept of gravity and really figuring out how the world worked around us. And these are important ideas because it really kind of breaks off into now that we know we can investigate and find out things, what else can we do? What else can we explore? And really the scientific method deals with the natural world, things that are proven, you know, science, astronomy, weather, geology, physics, chemistry, all the ominous."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "And then Isaac Newton, of course, is maybe the premier scientist in the concept of gravity and really figuring out how the world worked around us. And these are important ideas because it really kind of breaks off into now that we know we can investigate and find out things, what else can we do? What else can we explore? And really the scientific method deals with the natural world, things that are proven, you know, science, astronomy, weather, geology, physics, chemistry, all the ominous. But now we can go into the social, psychology, sociology, and really that's going to be kicked off by, I'll give you some more names now, Descartes. And again, I'm a butcher of names, you can see D-E-S-C-A-R-T-E-S, Descartes. I remember him because I'm a vegetarian and he's the guy who said that animals were machines."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "And really the scientific method deals with the natural world, things that are proven, you know, science, astronomy, weather, geology, physics, chemistry, all the ominous. But now we can go into the social, psychology, sociology, and really that's going to be kicked off by, I'll give you some more names now, Descartes. And again, I'm a butcher of names, you can see D-E-S-C-A-R-T-E-S, Descartes. I remember him because I'm a vegetarian and he's the guy who said that animals were machines. But human beings, human beings have the power of reason and that is an important concept. He's taking the idea of the scientific revolution that explores the natural world and what he's basically saying is that we can do the same thing with human reason to figure out the world around us in terms of government or maybe how we think or how we relate to each other, more personal things. So this is big, this is really individualism."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "I remember him because I'm a vegetarian and he's the guy who said that animals were machines. But human beings, human beings have the power of reason and that is an important concept. He's taking the idea of the scientific revolution that explores the natural world and what he's basically saying is that we can do the same thing with human reason to figure out the world around us in terms of government or maybe how we think or how we relate to each other, more personal things. So this is big, this is really individualism. Before it was authority told you what the truth was and Descartes is saying that we can be the factors, that we can investigate and explore through our mind and our reason ideas that can spread like wildfire and affect the world around us. So instead of the world affecting us, we in fact are going to be affecting the world. We are the ones with the flashlight, that is the darkness out there of the middle ages and it's time for us to start doing it because the Catholic Church is certainly not going to be doing it."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is big, this is really individualism. Before it was authority told you what the truth was and Descartes is saying that we can be the factors, that we can investigate and explore through our mind and our reason ideas that can spread like wildfire and affect the world around us. So instead of the world affecting us, we in fact are going to be affecting the world. We are the ones with the flashlight, that is the darkness out there of the middle ages and it's time for us to start doing it because the Catholic Church is certainly not going to be doing it. And then technology is going to aid and abet this revolution as well. This is a revolution, a revolution of ideas. But throw an invention at you, the guy in the middle."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "We are the ones with the flashlight, that is the darkness out there of the middle ages and it's time for us to start doing it because the Catholic Church is certainly not going to be doing it. And then technology is going to aid and abet this revolution as well. This is a revolution, a revolution of ideas. But throw an invention at you, the guy in the middle. I don't know, look at that, I think it's cool. The idea of the principle, the idea that we can now distribute publication papers and books. We can spread those ideas and not have to rely on the Catholic Church bringing you two Latin books and a Bible."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "But throw an invention at you, the guy in the middle. I don't know, look at that, I think it's cool. The idea of the principle, the idea that we can now distribute publication papers and books. We can spread those ideas and not have to rely on the Catholic Church bringing you two Latin books and a Bible. You can read it for yourself. That of course is going to lead to the Lutheran or Protestant revolution. So all of these ideas are going to spread like wildfire."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "We can spread those ideas and not have to rely on the Catholic Church bringing you two Latin books and a Bible. You can read it for yourself. That of course is going to lead to the Lutheran or Protestant revolution. So all of these ideas are going to spread like wildfire. Really, they are responsible, these scientists and the Scartes and the idea of human beings through individualism, exploring the world and investigating and changing it. Before the French Revolution, the American Revolution, capitalism, communism, everything comes from that idea that we can develop philosophy and truth and investigate and explore. So let's go through a couple of other Enlightenment thinkers and then we can probably do it for you."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So all of these ideas are going to spread like wildfire. Really, they are responsible, these scientists and the Scartes and the idea of human beings through individualism, exploring the world and investigating and changing it. Before the French Revolution, the American Revolution, capitalism, communism, everything comes from that idea that we can develop philosophy and truth and investigate and explore. So let's go through a couple of other Enlightenment thinkers and then we can probably do it for you. I just have to cough really quick. And I would move on now and go to kind of our government philosophers. So Descartes is really the guy who said that we could do that."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's go through a couple of other Enlightenment thinkers and then we can probably do it for you. I just have to cough really quick. And I would move on now and go to kind of our government philosophers. So Descartes is really the guy who said that we could do that. We can investigate how we are in relationship to our government and how that system might work rather than being told how it works. So we get different philosophers, different writers that are going to do just that. And they pop up on the exam, what do you know."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So Descartes is really the guy who said that we could do that. We can investigate how we are in relationship to our government and how that system might work rather than being told how it works. So we get different philosophers, different writers that are going to do just that. And they pop up on the exam, what do you know. One of them would be Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes wrote a book and the book is called Levithan. And I know, I just remember in my mind, it's a big sea monster."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "And they pop up on the exam, what do you know. One of them would be Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes wrote a book and the book is called Levithan. And I know, I just remember in my mind, it's a big sea monster. Levithan is the idea that Hobbes believed that human beings were evil by nature. That they were greedy and selfish and warfare orientated and that they really couldn't be trusted. So Hobbes believed that human beings, because they couldn't be trusted, would basically have a social contract with a government that would be able to keep us safe from each other."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "And I know, I just remember in my mind, it's a big sea monster. Levithan is the idea that Hobbes believed that human beings were evil by nature. That they were greedy and selfish and warfare orientated and that they really couldn't be trusted. So Hobbes believed that human beings, because they couldn't be trusted, would basically have a social contract with a government that would be able to keep us safe from each other. And this would lead him to support absolute monarchism. Because the people give their power, their freedom in a sense, over to the king. So the king can have armies to protect them from invasion from each other."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So Hobbes believed that human beings, because they couldn't be trusted, would basically have a social contract with a government that would be able to keep us safe from each other. And this would lead him to support absolute monarchism. Because the people give their power, their freedom in a sense, over to the king. So the king can have armies to protect them from invasion from each other. That's Thomas Hobbes. After Thomas Hobbes, we get his contender, the guy in the ring that doesn't like that idea, through John Locke. And John Locke writes that he agrees there's a social contract."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So the king can have armies to protect them from invasion from each other. That's Thomas Hobbes. After Thomas Hobbes, we get his contender, the guy in the ring that doesn't like that idea, through John Locke. And John Locke writes that he agrees there's a social contract. That there needs to be permission, that the government exists and that permission needs to come from the people. You think of it like a chicken and the egg. John Locke would say, you know what came first?"}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "And John Locke writes that he agrees there's a social contract. That there needs to be permission, that the government exists and that permission needs to come from the people. You think of it like a chicken and the egg. John Locke would say, you know what came first? The chicken came first. And the chicken are the people. Because the people lay the government and the egg would be the government."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "John Locke would say, you know what came first? The chicken came first. And the chicken are the people. Because the people lay the government and the egg would be the government. And you know that chickens do not lay eggs that are fertilized governments without having intercourse, bird intercourse, with roosters. That would be consent of the governed. You know, the idea that you have to, this is maybe inappropriate, but you have to consent to do that in order to create the egg."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "Because the people lay the government and the egg would be the government. And you know that chickens do not lay eggs that are fertilized governments without having intercourse, bird intercourse, with roosters. That would be consent of the governed. You know, the idea that you have to, this is maybe inappropriate, but you have to consent to do that in order to create the egg. That's the social contract. And then that egg becomes what protects your rights. And that's really the magic of John Locke is natural rights."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, the idea that you have to, this is maybe inappropriate, but you have to consent to do that in order to create the egg. That's the social contract. And then that egg becomes what protects your rights. And that's really the magic of John Locke is natural rights. John Locke would argue that, you know, when people say, oh, the government needs to give me my freedom. He would say, nonsense! You already had your freedom."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's really the magic of John Locke is natural rights. John Locke would argue that, you know, when people say, oh, the government needs to give me my freedom. He would say, nonsense! You already had your freedom. The government took it away. You're born with that freedom. You're born with the ability to become who you want to be."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "You already had your freedom. The government took it away. You're born with that freedom. You're born with the ability to become who you want to be. To pray the way you want to pray. To think the way that you want to think. As long as you're not hampering on somebody else's natural rights."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "You're born with the ability to become who you want to be. To pray the way you want to pray. To think the way that you want to think. As long as you're not hampering on somebody else's natural rights. So, you know, you could do what you want in this world. And the government exists not to protect you from other people, but in a sense to protect you from itself. The government's number one job is protection of life, liberty, and the, you know what to say, no, the protection of private property."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "As long as you're not hampering on somebody else's natural rights. So, you know, you could do what you want in this world. And the government exists not to protect you from other people, but in a sense to protect you from itself. The government's number one job is protection of life, liberty, and the, you know what to say, no, the protection of private property. And a part of this is a wealth thing, too, that, you know, the elite, those that are in power, John Locke's not a grubber. He's not homeless. He's got property."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "The government's number one job is protection of life, liberty, and the, you know what to say, no, the protection of private property. And a part of this is a wealth thing, too, that, you know, the elite, those that are in power, John Locke's not a grubber. He's not homeless. He's got property. And he doesn't want the people to come and take his property. And the government needs to protect his right to own that property, as well as his freedom of speech and those things. So his book is Two Treaties on Government, and those are these ideas that are kind of the opposite in a sense, similarities to the Social Contract, but opposite in the sense of the role of government and how we see the nature of human beings, right?"}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "He's got property. And he doesn't want the people to come and take his property. And the government needs to protect his right to own that property, as well as his freedom of speech and those things. So his book is Two Treaties on Government, and those are these ideas that are kind of the opposite in a sense, similarities to the Social Contract, but opposite in the sense of the role of government and how we see the nature of human beings, right? Thomas Hodge, people are bad, need government to protect us, you get a king. John Locke, people are good, you're born with natural rights, you need a government to protect those natural rights. So I'm going to move on now."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So his book is Two Treaties on Government, and those are these ideas that are kind of the opposite in a sense, similarities to the Social Contract, but opposite in the sense of the role of government and how we see the nature of human beings, right? Thomas Hodge, people are bad, need government to protect us, you get a king. John Locke, people are good, you're born with natural rights, you need a government to protect those natural rights. So I'm going to move on now. I'm going to give you maybe three other names that pop up on the exam, just so you've heard them and you can kind of know that they're coming at you and maybe you'll recognize them. One of them would be Montesquieu. Yeah, I don't know first names very well, but you don't need to know it."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So I'm going to move on now. I'm going to give you maybe three other names that pop up on the exam, just so you've heard them and you can kind of know that they're coming at you and maybe you'll recognize them. One of them would be Montesquieu. Yeah, I don't know first names very well, but you don't need to know it. Montesquieu is a philosopher, I think a French philosopher, that really is now going to write about the nature of that government we've created through Social Contract. So Montesquieu would be a fan of John Locke. You know who else is a fan of John Locke?"}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, I don't know first names very well, but you don't need to know it. Montesquieu is a philosopher, I think a French philosopher, that really is now going to write about the nature of that government we've created through Social Contract. So Montesquieu would be a fan of John Locke. You know who else is a fan of John Locke? Thomas Jefferson. Locke's ideas are all over the Declaration of Independence. The idea that the King of England was taking away natural rights, so therefore we had a right to overthrow the government in order to create a social contract that was honest and true and open."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "You know who else is a fan of John Locke? Thomas Jefferson. Locke's ideas are all over the Declaration of Independence. The idea that the King of England was taking away natural rights, so therefore we had a right to overthrow the government in order to create a social contract that was honest and true and open. But nevertheless, Montesquieu is still worried. He's still worried about that big bad government, and he comes up with some theology or ideology that is going to keep us even more safe from that entity because his idea is that one power is just too corrupting. That power, government power, is corrupting because eventually the government's going to try to save itself rather than save the people."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "The idea that the King of England was taking away natural rights, so therefore we had a right to overthrow the government in order to create a social contract that was honest and true and open. But nevertheless, Montesquieu is still worried. He's still worried about that big bad government, and he comes up with some theology or ideology that is going to keep us even more safe from that entity because his idea is that one power is just too corrupting. That power, government power, is corrupting because eventually the government's going to try to save itself rather than save the people. So what Montesquieu says is if we develop a separation of powers and then we give each of those powers different powers to check each other so they can balance that power out, then we'll have even more safety in our natural rights. So he comes up with checks and balances and separation of powers, which most Western nations and even other nations around the world that aren't dictatorships or absolute monarchs have. In England they have a parliament, and then they elect the leader of England."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "That power, government power, is corrupting because eventually the government's going to try to save itself rather than save the people. So what Montesquieu says is if we develop a separation of powers and then we give each of those powers different powers to check each other so they can balance that power out, then we'll have even more safety in our natural rights. So he comes up with checks and balances and separation of powers, which most Western nations and even other nations around the world that aren't dictatorships or absolute monarchs have. In England they have a parliament, and then they elect the leader of England. How could I not know that? The prime minister. And they also have a judicial system."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "In England they have a parliament, and then they elect the leader of England. How could I not know that? The prime minister. And they also have a judicial system. In America we have the president, we have Congress. We even split our Congress into the House of Representation and the Senate, and we have a judicial system. But that's the way it works, so nobody can screw you."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "And they also have a judicial system. In America we have the president, we have Congress. We even split our Congress into the House of Representation and the Senate, and we have a judicial system. But that's the way it works, so nobody can screw you. So nobody can mess with your natural rights. And if they do, you have recourse. If Congress passes a law or Parliament passes a law that says we're taking your rights away, you have a court system, that judicial review that reviews that law, and you have a president that can argue against it or go to the bully pulpit and argue in front of Americans, whatever."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "But that's the way it works, so nobody can screw you. So nobody can mess with your natural rights. And if they do, you have recourse. If Congress passes a law or Parliament passes a law that says we're taking your rights away, you have a court system, that judicial review that reviews that law, and you have a president that can argue against it or go to the bully pulpit and argue in front of Americans, whatever. So that's the main idea. All right, I have a couple other guys. I'm going to do Voltaire and Rousseau."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "If Congress passes a law or Parliament passes a law that says we're taking your rights away, you have a court system, that judicial review that reviews that law, and you have a president that can argue against it or go to the bully pulpit and argue in front of Americans, whatever. So that's the main idea. All right, I have a couple other guys. I'm going to do Voltaire and Rousseau. I kind of want to know first names. Let me cough real quick. So for Rousseau, Jacques Rousseau, he also wrote a book called The Social Contract, and his main idea is a little bit different but relatable."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm going to do Voltaire and Rousseau. I kind of want to know first names. Let me cough real quick. So for Rousseau, Jacques Rousseau, he also wrote a book called The Social Contract, and his main idea is a little bit different but relatable. I think his idea is more of a communist idea, but I don't think we're going to use that word. Rousseau really argued that for democracy, in a sense, which isn't communism, it could be. I take that back."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "So for Rousseau, Jacques Rousseau, he also wrote a book called The Social Contract, and his main idea is a little bit different but relatable. I think his idea is more of a communist idea, but I don't think we're going to use that word. Rousseau really argued that for democracy, in a sense, which isn't communism, it could be. I take that back. Nevertheless, he argued that the biggest problem in society was the distribution of wealth, that people who were born poor were always poor, and that people who were born rich did everything to get richer and protect that richdom. I don't think richdom is a word, nevertheless. He argued that government should be run by the will of the majority, the will of the people, that that social contract was run by the majority."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "I take that back. Nevertheless, he argued that the biggest problem in society was the distribution of wealth, that people who were born poor were always poor, and that people who were born rich did everything to get richer and protect that richdom. I don't think richdom is a word, nevertheless. He argued that government should be run by the will of the majority, the will of the people, that that social contract was run by the majority. And his idea was probably that there was probably more of a majority of peasants than there were rich nobles, and that then they could run the country in the betterment for everybody. So that would be Rousseau. Voltaire is the freedom of speech guy."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "He argued that government should be run by the will of the majority, the will of the people, that that social contract was run by the majority. And his idea was probably that there was probably more of a majority of peasants than there were rich nobles, and that then they could run the country in the betterment for everybody. So that would be Rousseau. Voltaire is the freedom of speech guy. So I always kind of see his face on fire with yelling. I don't know why that helps me. He was being persecuted by the Catholic Church for his beliefs, and he stood on the bedrock principle that, you know, I will not always agree with what you have to say, but I will die to protect your right to say it."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "Voltaire is the freedom of speech guy. So I always kind of see his face on fire with yelling. I don't know why that helps me. He was being persecuted by the Catholic Church for his beliefs, and he stood on the bedrock principle that, you know, I will not always agree with what you have to say, but I will die to protect your right to say it. So Voltaire is freedom of speech. So we're going to stop all of this right now. Scientific revolution, right?"}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "He was being persecuted by the Catholic Church for his beliefs, and he stood on the bedrock principle that, you know, I will not always agree with what you have to say, but I will die to protect your right to say it. So Voltaire is freedom of speech. So we're going to stop all of this right now. Scientific revolution, right? Enlightenment, starting with Bacon and the scientific method, and then flowing into the political world of Hobbes and Locke, and then going into how government should work under Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire. And that will pretty much do it. But this is the theme of change, the theme of changing points in world history."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "Scientific revolution, right? Enlightenment, starting with Bacon and the scientific method, and then flowing into the political world of Hobbes and Locke, and then going into how government should work under Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire. And that will pretty much do it. But this is the theme of change, the theme of changing points in world history. So basically, if we're going to turn the wheel, we're turning it with a scientific revolution, and we're driving away from the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages into the Enlightenment and to the modern era. So where attention goes, energy flows. Make sure that you study with 100% of your energy, and don't take a break, because it's probably not working."}, {"video_title": "Global Review The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.m4a", "Sentence": "But this is the theme of change, the theme of changing points in world history. So basically, if we're going to turn the wheel, we're turning it with a scientific revolution, and we're driving away from the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages into the Enlightenment and to the modern era. So where attention goes, energy flows. Make sure that you study with 100% of your energy, and don't take a break, because it's probably not working. Could you imagine driving a car at 30%? That's not a good idea. You'll die."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was made up of many city-states led by Athens and Sparta. But despite its fragmentation, it's made innumerable contributions to not just Western civilization, but civilization as a whole. And those are contributions in terms of forms of governance, like democracy, contributions in medicine, contributions in the arts, in mathematics, in the sciences. But perhaps their most famous contribution is in terms of philosophy. And if you're going to talk about philosophy in ancient Greece, the most famous three philosophers are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Now before we get into the first of them, and really the teacher of Plato, who was then the teacher of Aristotle, let's get a little bit of context on this time period. So as we enter into the fifth century BCE, a couple of things are emerging."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But perhaps their most famous contribution is in terms of philosophy. And if you're going to talk about philosophy in ancient Greece, the most famous three philosophers are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Now before we get into the first of them, and really the teacher of Plato, who was then the teacher of Aristotle, let's get a little bit of context on this time period. So as we enter into the fifth century BCE, a couple of things are emerging. First, you have a new Athenian democracy. Then as you get into that century, the Persians invade, try to conquer Greece several times, but unsuccessfully. But then the Greeks start fighting amongst themselves, led on one side by Athens and on the other side by Sparta, and that's the Peloponnesian War, which ends with Sparta being victorious, but all of the Greek city-states being weakened dramatically."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So as we enter into the fifth century BCE, a couple of things are emerging. First, you have a new Athenian democracy. Then as you get into that century, the Persians invade, try to conquer Greece several times, but unsuccessfully. But then the Greeks start fighting amongst themselves, led on one side by Athens and on the other side by Sparta, and that's the Peloponnesian War, which ends with Sparta being victorious, but all of the Greek city-states being weakened dramatically. Now between the end, especially the first part of the Greco-Persian Wars, and the end of the Peloponnesian War, it was actually a time of Athenian prosperity. They were leading this semi-empire. They were investing in the arts."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then the Greeks start fighting amongst themselves, led on one side by Athens and on the other side by Sparta, and that's the Peloponnesian War, which ends with Sparta being victorious, but all of the Greek city-states being weakened dramatically. Now between the end, especially the first part of the Greco-Persian Wars, and the end of the Peloponnesian War, it was actually a time of Athenian prosperity. They were leading this semi-empire. They were investing in the arts. And it's often called the Golden Age of Athens. And that's the world in which Socrates emerged. Like many philosophers, Socrates led a very interesting life and it's worth noting what we know about him does not come directly from his writing."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were investing in the arts. And it's often called the Golden Age of Athens. And that's the world in which Socrates emerged. Like many philosophers, Socrates led a very interesting life and it's worth noting what we know about him does not come directly from his writing. We don't have surviving accounts of his writing. It comes mainly through the writing of his students, Xenophon and most notably Plato. We also get some parody of Socrates from Aristophanes that Socrates himself did not appreciate much."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Like many philosophers, Socrates led a very interesting life and it's worth noting what we know about him does not come directly from his writing. We don't have surviving accounts of his writing. It comes mainly through the writing of his students, Xenophon and most notably Plato. We also get some parody of Socrates from Aristophanes that Socrates himself did not appreciate much. But what we know is that he started in life, he was a stonemason, he even acted as a soldier, a hoplite during the Peloponnesian War. But he's of course most famous for being a philosopher and for being a teacher. And his teaching style, the Socratic method, is still viewed as something of a best practice today."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We also get some parody of Socrates from Aristophanes that Socrates himself did not appreciate much. But what we know is that he started in life, he was a stonemason, he even acted as a soldier, a hoplite during the Peloponnesian War. But he's of course most famous for being a philosopher and for being a teacher. And his teaching style, the Socratic method, is still viewed as something of a best practice today. Rather than lecturing students to instead ask incisive questions that force a student to deepen their thinking and get closer to the root of an issue and to learn how to think rather than just having knowledge transmitted to them. Now what's also notable about Socrates and his many students including Plato and Aristotle is that they took a departure of how to think about the world from most of the ancient world. Most of the ancient world was focused on the gods and the metaphysical explaining everything."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And his teaching style, the Socratic method, is still viewed as something of a best practice today. Rather than lecturing students to instead ask incisive questions that force a student to deepen their thinking and get closer to the root of an issue and to learn how to think rather than just having knowledge transmitted to them. Now what's also notable about Socrates and his many students including Plato and Aristotle is that they took a departure of how to think about the world from most of the ancient world. Most of the ancient world was focused on the gods and the metaphysical explaining everything. And while the ancient Greeks did have a large pantheon of gods, Socrates and his fellow philosophers tried to figure out how the world works, why we are here somewhat independent of the gods. They tried to reason it through. They tried to talk it through, think about it from a rational point of view."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Most of the ancient world was focused on the gods and the metaphysical explaining everything. And while the ancient Greeks did have a large pantheon of gods, Socrates and his fellow philosophers tried to figure out how the world works, why we are here somewhat independent of the gods. They tried to reason it through. They tried to talk it through, think about it from a rational point of view. And to get a flavor of that, here's a quote. True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize how little we understand about life, ourselves, and the world around us. So unlike many ancient societies that just tried to explain everything through the metaphysical or through the gods, here you have Socrates saying no, an ideal, true wisdom is when you appreciate how little we know, this form of intellectual humility."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They tried to talk it through, think about it from a rational point of view. And to get a flavor of that, here's a quote. True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize how little we understand about life, ourselves, and the world around us. So unlike many ancient societies that just tried to explain everything through the metaphysical or through the gods, here you have Socrates saying no, an ideal, true wisdom is when you appreciate how little we know, this form of intellectual humility. Now Socrates lived during this golden age of Athens, a time when democracy was flourishing, the age of Pericles. But he himself was a little bit skeptical of unfettered or pure democracy. He was worried, well, what if the people voting aren't educated to make the types of decisions?"}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So unlike many ancient societies that just tried to explain everything through the metaphysical or through the gods, here you have Socrates saying no, an ideal, true wisdom is when you appreciate how little we know, this form of intellectual humility. Now Socrates lived during this golden age of Athens, a time when democracy was flourishing, the age of Pericles. But he himself was a little bit skeptical of unfettered or pure democracy. He was worried, well, what if the people voting aren't educated to make the types of decisions? Maybe they can be manipulated by a demagogue, someone who just tells them exactly what they want to hear. And so he was a bit of a controversial figure, especially as you get to the end of the Peloponnesian War. Remember, Athens loses the Peloponnesian War."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He was worried, well, what if the people voting aren't educated to make the types of decisions? Maybe they can be manipulated by a demagogue, someone who just tells them exactly what they want to hear. And so he was a bit of a controversial figure, especially as you get to the end of the Peloponnesian War. Remember, Athens loses the Peloponnesian War. It went from being this powerful head of this Delian League, something of an empire, this wealthy city, and now it's a subjugated state. It's tired from war. And so you can imagine there's a lot of political infighting and Socrates ends up being one of the casualties."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember, Athens loses the Peloponnesian War. It went from being this powerful head of this Delian League, something of an empire, this wealthy city, and now it's a subjugated state. It's tired from war. And so you can imagine there's a lot of political infighting and Socrates ends up being one of the casualties. He is actually put on trial by his fellow Athenians. This is a depiction of the trial of Socrates and it shows Socrates defending himself from the accusations brought against him. Refusing to recognize the gods acknowledged by the state, importing strange divinities of his own, corrupting the young."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you can imagine there's a lot of political infighting and Socrates ends up being one of the casualties. He is actually put on trial by his fellow Athenians. This is a depiction of the trial of Socrates and it shows Socrates defending himself from the accusations brought against him. Refusing to recognize the gods acknowledged by the state, importing strange divinities of his own, corrupting the young. And his defense, which both Xenophon and Plato write about, called the Apology, he's bewildered. He says, where is all of this coming from? Now, it is true he did not invoke the gods when he's trying to explain the universe."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Refusing to recognize the gods acknowledged by the state, importing strange divinities of his own, corrupting the young. And his defense, which both Xenophon and Plato write about, called the Apology, he's bewildered. He says, where is all of this coming from? Now, it is true he did not invoke the gods when he's trying to explain the universe. And yes, he was trying to teach the young to think, but by no means, if you look at what he was doing, or at least our modern accounts coming through Plato and Xenophon, does it seem like he was trying to undermine the state in some way. But needless to say, it comes to a vote and maybe he's a victim of his own fears of a pure democratic process, but amongst the 500 Athenians voting, 280 say that he is guilty and 220 say that he is not guilty. He's given a chance to think about what his penalty should be."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, it is true he did not invoke the gods when he's trying to explain the universe. And yes, he was trying to teach the young to think, but by no means, if you look at what he was doing, or at least our modern accounts coming through Plato and Xenophon, does it seem like he was trying to undermine the state in some way. But needless to say, it comes to a vote and maybe he's a victim of his own fears of a pure democratic process, but amongst the 500 Athenians voting, 280 say that he is guilty and 220 say that he is not guilty. He's given a chance to think about what his penalty should be. And the charges, at least in the Athenians' minds, were quite serious. But Socrates famously says, an unexamined life is not worth living. And so even though many historians think that he might have been able to get exile if he asked for it, he was sentenced to death."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's given a chance to think about what his penalty should be. And the charges, at least in the Athenians' minds, were quite serious. But Socrates famously says, an unexamined life is not worth living. And so even though many historians think that he might have been able to get exile if he asked for it, he was sentenced to death. And this is a painting done much, much later of what that death of Socrates might have looked like. But you see here Socrates about to, or maybe he just drank the hemlock, which is the poison, which will kill him. So even though he had to die for these pretty spurious allegations, his legacy lives on."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so even though many historians think that he might have been able to get exile if he asked for it, he was sentenced to death. And this is a painting done much, much later of what that death of Socrates might have looked like. But you see here Socrates about to, or maybe he just drank the hemlock, which is the poison, which will kill him. So even though he had to die for these pretty spurious allegations, his legacy lives on. And it lives on most famously in his student Plato. Now Plato is famous for many things. There's this notion of a platonic ideal form that whether you're talking about a circle or a ball or a dog or a chair, that there's an ideal form that is independent of what your senses are telling you or what the chair in front of you might be."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So even though he had to die for these pretty spurious allegations, his legacy lives on. And it lives on most famously in his student Plato. Now Plato is famous for many things. There's this notion of a platonic ideal form that whether you're talking about a circle or a ball or a dog or a chair, that there's an ideal form that is independent of what your senses are telling you or what the chair in front of you might be. But that's an imperfect version of that ideal form. The word platonic in general, you'll hear, applied to many different concepts, some of the meanings having changed over time. The other thing that Plato is famous for is the notion of an academy, the place where he taught his students was a little field outside the walls of Athens named for the Athenian hero Akademos."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's this notion of a platonic ideal form that whether you're talking about a circle or a ball or a dog or a chair, that there's an ideal form that is independent of what your senses are telling you or what the chair in front of you might be. But that's an imperfect version of that ideal form. The word platonic in general, you'll hear, applied to many different concepts, some of the meanings having changed over time. The other thing that Plato is famous for is the notion of an academy, the place where he taught his students was a little field outside the walls of Athens named for the Athenian hero Akademos. And so that area became known as Plato's Academy. And ever since then, places of learning have often been referred to as academies, just like Khan Academy. But Plato was also concerned, like his teacher Socrates, with the nature of how we should be ruled."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The other thing that Plato is famous for is the notion of an academy, the place where he taught his students was a little field outside the walls of Athens named for the Athenian hero Akademos. And so that area became known as Plato's Academy. And ever since then, places of learning have often been referred to as academies, just like Khan Academy. But Plato was also concerned, like his teacher Socrates, with the nature of how we should be ruled. There will be no end to the troubles of states or indeed of humanity itself till philosophers become rulers in this world or till those we now call kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands. So like Socrates, he's wary of how they have been governed. And remember, we're now after the period of the Peloponnesian War."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But Plato was also concerned, like his teacher Socrates, with the nature of how we should be ruled. There will be no end to the troubles of states or indeed of humanity itself till philosophers become rulers in this world or till those we now call kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands. So like Socrates, he's wary of how they have been governed. And remember, we're now after the period of the Peloponnesian War. The city-states of Greece, especially Athens, have been dramatically weakened. So a lot of people might be thinking, including Plato, well, is there a better way to govern ourselves? Well, now Plato's most famous student is Aristotle."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And remember, we're now after the period of the Peloponnesian War. The city-states of Greece, especially Athens, have been dramatically weakened. So a lot of people might be thinking, including Plato, well, is there a better way to govern ourselves? Well, now Plato's most famous student is Aristotle. And like his teacher, Aristotle is famous for many things and explored many dimensions of the universe. But he is probably most famous for being the tutor of Alexander the Great when Alexander the Great was young. Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great's father, as he conquers the weakened city-states after the Peloponnesian War, he also conquers Aristotle's hometown of Stagira and he enslaves the population."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, now Plato's most famous student is Aristotle. And like his teacher, Aristotle is famous for many things and explored many dimensions of the universe. But he is probably most famous for being the tutor of Alexander the Great when Alexander the Great was young. Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great's father, as he conquers the weakened city-states after the Peloponnesian War, he also conquers Aristotle's hometown of Stagira and he enslaves the population. And so when he goes to Aristotle to tutor his young son, who ends up being called Alexander the Great eventually, Aristotle says, okay, my fee will be free the people of my town. His town is freed. He tutors a young Alexander when Alexander's in his early teens."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great's father, as he conquers the weakened city-states after the Peloponnesian War, he also conquers Aristotle's hometown of Stagira and he enslaves the population. And so when he goes to Aristotle to tutor his young son, who ends up being called Alexander the Great eventually, Aristotle says, okay, my fee will be free the people of my town. His town is freed. He tutors a young Alexander when Alexander's in his early teens. And he also gets support for a center of learning. He creates a Lyceum, which is his version of Plato's Academy. And just like you saw with Socrates and you see with Plato, Aristotle continued this tradition of a focus on learning and a humble acceptance of all that there might be in the world, this rationality that we now see in modern science that you didn't see from a lot of the ancients who were focused on the metaphysics and the gods."}, {"video_title": "Socrates Plato Aristotle World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He tutors a young Alexander when Alexander's in his early teens. And he also gets support for a center of learning. He creates a Lyceum, which is his version of Plato's Academy. And just like you saw with Socrates and you see with Plato, Aristotle continued this tradition of a focus on learning and a humble acceptance of all that there might be in the world, this rationality that we now see in modern science that you didn't see from a lot of the ancients who were focused on the metaphysics and the gods. It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it. And I'll leave you there, but the big takeaway is, going from Socrates to Plato to Aristotle, and there were many other Greek philosophers, you have the seed of what you could call modern rationality. Roughly 2,000 years later, you have the European Renaissance that starts reemerging many of these same ideas, all the way providing a bridge into the Enlightenment and now our modern, hopefully fairly rational view of the world."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They would provide fresh water for crops and for the people who would live near them. Later on, the rivers could be useful for transporting things like crops. And so it's not surprising that our first significant civilizations also emerged where the first agriculture emerged. And our first civilizations we'll see in ancient Egypt along the Nile. We will see it in the Indus Valley along the Indus River. We'll see it in China along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. And we'll also see it in Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And our first civilizations we'll see in ancient Egypt along the Nile. We will see it in the Indus Valley along the Indus River. We'll see it in China along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. And we'll also see it in Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. And what we're gonna focus on in this video in particular is Mesopotamia. Now the word Mesopotamia literally comes from mesos, between, and patmos, I'm probably not pronouncing it right, rivers. So it's the area between rivers is literally what Mesopotamia is referring to."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we'll also see it in Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. And what we're gonna focus on in this video in particular is Mesopotamia. Now the word Mesopotamia literally comes from mesos, between, and patmos, I'm probably not pronouncing it right, rivers. So it's the area between rivers is literally what Mesopotamia is referring to. And it's primarily modern-day Iraq. Now the reason why this is particularly interesting, and it's called the cradle of civilization, is not only is it one of, or perhaps the first place that agriculture developed, it was at the crossroads of many other early civilizations. Notice it's right in between the Indus Valley civilization here, and then the ancient Egyptians, and other civilizations that were emerging in the area."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So it's the area between rivers is literally what Mesopotamia is referring to. And it's primarily modern-day Iraq. Now the reason why this is particularly interesting, and it's called the cradle of civilization, is not only is it one of, or perhaps the first place that agriculture developed, it was at the crossroads of many other early civilizations. Notice it's right in between the Indus Valley civilization here, and then the ancient Egyptians, and other civilizations that were emerging in the area. And so it's not surprising that this was a geography that had significant developments in terms of technology, in terms of architecture, in terms of religion, in terms of writing. And the first civilization we believe that emerged in Mesopotamia are the Sumerians. Sumerians."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Notice it's right in between the Indus Valley civilization here, and then the ancient Egyptians, and other civilizations that were emerging in the area. And so it's not surprising that this was a geography that had significant developments in terms of technology, in terms of architecture, in terms of religion, in terms of writing. And the first civilization we believe that emerged in Mesopotamia are the Sumerians. Sumerians. And Sumer and Sumerians, it's most associated with this region right over here of, let me circle it, this region right over here of southern Mesopotamia. And we currently think that this civilization started to emerge around 4000 BCE, you can see it on this timeline here in orange. And they developed things as basic as the wheel."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Sumerians. And Sumer and Sumerians, it's most associated with this region right over here of, let me circle it, this region right over here of southern Mesopotamia. And we currently think that this civilization started to emerge around 4000 BCE, you can see it on this timeline here in orange. And they developed things as basic as the wheel. The first wheel that was ever discovered was 3500 BCE in Sumeria. They are famous for their architectural structure. This is a picture here of a ziggurat, which was at the center of many of the Sumerian, and as we'll see, Mesopotamian cities."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they developed things as basic as the wheel. The first wheel that was ever discovered was 3500 BCE in Sumeria. They are famous for their architectural structure. This is a picture here of a ziggurat, which was at the center of many of the Sumerian, and as we'll see, Mesopotamian cities. This would have required an incredible amount of labor to produce. And at the top of these, they had temples to their gods. And their gods, they had a polytheistic religion."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is a picture here of a ziggurat, which was at the center of many of the Sumerian, and as we'll see, Mesopotamian cities. This would have required an incredible amount of labor to produce. And at the top of these, they had temples to their gods. And their gods, they had a polytheistic religion. And their gods took human form. Also, amongst the Sumerians, is where we think one of the first written languages developed. It wasn't the first, you also have the Egyptian hieroglyphics and we think written language emerged amongst the Harappans and the Indus Valley civilization and amongst the Chinese."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And their gods, they had a polytheistic religion. And their gods took human form. Also, amongst the Sumerians, is where we think one of the first written languages developed. It wasn't the first, you also have the Egyptian hieroglyphics and we think written language emerged amongst the Harappans and the Indus Valley civilization and amongst the Chinese. But it was one of the first languages, this right over here is an example of a cuneiform tablet. This is a cuneiform tablet written in the script, cuneiform, developed by these ancient Sumerians. Now, when you talk about Mesopotamia, you'll talk about Sumerians, but we'll also talk about other civilizations that emerge."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It wasn't the first, you also have the Egyptian hieroglyphics and we think written language emerged amongst the Harappans and the Indus Valley civilization and amongst the Chinese. But it was one of the first languages, this right over here is an example of a cuneiform tablet. This is a cuneiform tablet written in the script, cuneiform, developed by these ancient Sumerians. Now, when you talk about Mesopotamia, you'll talk about Sumerians, but we'll also talk about other civilizations that emerge. In particular, let me write them all down. You have the Sumerians, you'll also hear something called Akkadian. And as we'll see, Akkadian is both a language and an empire that will emerge."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, when you talk about Mesopotamia, you'll talk about Sumerians, but we'll also talk about other civilizations that emerge. In particular, let me write them all down. You have the Sumerians, you'll also hear something called Akkadian. And as we'll see, Akkadian is both a language and an empire that will emerge. In Mesopotamia, over the roughly 3,000 years BCE, the two primary languages are Akkadian, which is considered a Semitic language. It's related to modern Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew. And the reason why they're called Semitic is because they're spoken or they're purported to be spoken by the descendants of Shem, who was Noah's son in the Hebrew Bible."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we'll see, Akkadian is both a language and an empire that will emerge. In Mesopotamia, over the roughly 3,000 years BCE, the two primary languages are Akkadian, which is considered a Semitic language. It's related to modern Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew. And the reason why they're called Semitic is because they're spoken or they're purported to be spoken by the descendants of Shem, who was Noah's son in the Hebrew Bible. So you have the language Akkadian, which is Semitic, and then you have the other language, which is Sumerian. And as we get into the third millennium BCE, the Sumerians start to have a lot of interaction with Akkadian-speaking people. And Akkadian-speaking people are initially associated primarily with northern Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the reason why they're called Semitic is because they're spoken or they're purported to be spoken by the descendants of Shem, who was Noah's son in the Hebrew Bible. So you have the language Akkadian, which is Semitic, and then you have the other language, which is Sumerian. And as we get into the third millennium BCE, the Sumerians start to have a lot of interaction with Akkadian-speaking people. And Akkadian-speaking people are initially associated primarily with northern Mesopotamia. And we believe the first empire, true empire, perhaps the first empire in the world emerged from Akkadia, and it was called the Akkadian Empire. And if we scroll down over here, we can see how the Akkadian Empire spread. We believe that the town of Akkad, which the Akkadian Empire is named for, is someplace in this region right over here."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Akkadian-speaking people are initially associated primarily with northern Mesopotamia. And we believe the first empire, true empire, perhaps the first empire in the world emerged from Akkadia, and it was called the Akkadian Empire. And if we scroll down over here, we can see how the Akkadian Empire spread. We believe that the town of Akkad, which the Akkadian Empire is named for, is someplace in this region right over here. And the first significant ruler who really spread that empire was Sargon, often referred to as Sargon the Great. And you can see, you can see that that would've been established around the middle of the 23rd, or actually the 24th century BCE. So around 2350, you have Sargon establishing what might be the first dynastic empire in the world, the Akkadian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We believe that the town of Akkad, which the Akkadian Empire is named for, is someplace in this region right over here. And the first significant ruler who really spread that empire was Sargon, often referred to as Sargon the Great. And you can see, you can see that that would've been established around the middle of the 23rd, or actually the 24th century BCE. So around 2350, you have Sargon establishing what might be the first dynastic empire in the world, the Akkadian Empire. And he was able to take control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia. So even the Sumerians were under the control of the Akkadians. And as we'll see over time, you have a lot of mixing between the Akkadian language, the Sumerian language."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So around 2350, you have Sargon establishing what might be the first dynastic empire in the world, the Akkadian Empire. And he was able to take control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia. So even the Sumerians were under the control of the Akkadians. And as we'll see over time, you have a lot of mixing between the Akkadian language, the Sumerian language. Akkadian gets written in the cuneiform script. And starting at around this period, Sumerian starts to die as a spoken language, and Akkadian really becomes dominant. Now, the Akkadians rule for a little over 100 years."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we'll see over time, you have a lot of mixing between the Akkadian language, the Sumerian language. Akkadian gets written in the cuneiform script. And starting at around this period, Sumerian starts to die as a spoken language, and Akkadian really becomes dominant. Now, the Akkadians rule for a little over 100 years. And then you have several other empires. And it can get confusing. The way I've structured this timeline is this top line right over here is southern Mesopotamia, and this bottom line right over here is northern Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the Akkadians rule for a little over 100 years. And then you have several other empires. And it can get confusing. The way I've structured this timeline is this top line right over here is southern Mesopotamia, and this bottom line right over here is northern Mesopotamia. So this orange shows you where the Sumerians were reigning. Some people think that they might have been the first empire. This bottom line here, you can see the Akkadian speakers, but they were fragmented until you have Sargon the Great establishing the Akkadian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The way I've structured this timeline is this top line right over here is southern Mesopotamia, and this bottom line right over here is northern Mesopotamia. So this orange shows you where the Sumerians were reigning. Some people think that they might have been the first empire. This bottom line here, you can see the Akkadian speakers, but they were fragmented until you have Sargon the Great establishing the Akkadian Empire. Now, you briefly then have a short-term Neo-Sumerian Empire. But the next significant empire that's often talked about when associated with Mesopotamia is the Babylonian Empire. So Babylon, Babylonian Empire was centered at Babylon, right over here."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This bottom line here, you can see the Akkadian speakers, but they were fragmented until you have Sargon the Great establishing the Akkadian Empire. Now, you briefly then have a short-term Neo-Sumerian Empire. But the next significant empire that's often talked about when associated with Mesopotamia is the Babylonian Empire. So Babylon, Babylonian Empire was centered at Babylon, right over here. And it really became a significant empire under the ruler, Humurabi. And Humurabi is perhaps most known. You can see how he was able to spread the empire."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So Babylon, Babylonian Empire was centered at Babylon, right over here. And it really became a significant empire under the ruler, Humurabi. And Humurabi is perhaps most known. You can see how he was able to spread the empire. The dark brown is what he had with his empire when he took rule, and the light brown is what he was able to spread it to. So once again, both north and south. And he's perhaps most famous for his famous Code of Humurabi which is depicted here."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You can see how he was able to spread the empire. The dark brown is what he had with his empire when he took rule, and the light brown is what he was able to spread it to. So once again, both north and south. And he's perhaps most famous for his famous Code of Humurabi which is depicted here. And it wasn't the first written code, but it was one of the earliest. And you could view it as almost like a proto-Constitution. And it was based on things that the Sumerians had before, but they've even influenced things like biblical laws, things that come down to modern codes of law today."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he's perhaps most famous for his famous Code of Humurabi which is depicted here. And it wasn't the first written code, but it was one of the earliest. And you could view it as almost like a proto-Constitution. And it was based on things that the Sumerians had before, but they've even influenced things like biblical laws, things that come down to modern codes of law today. Now, after the Babylonians, the other significant empire that would have control over significant portions of Mesopotamia is the Assyrian Empire. And the Assyrian Empire is named for their, I guess you could say their home base, the town of Asur. You can see it in this map here when we showed the Akkadian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it was based on things that the Sumerians had before, but they've even influenced things like biblical laws, things that come down to modern codes of law today. Now, after the Babylonians, the other significant empire that would have control over significant portions of Mesopotamia is the Assyrian Empire. And the Assyrian Empire is named for their, I guess you could say their home base, the town of Asur. You can see it in this map here when we showed the Akkadian Empire. And both the Babylonians and the Assyrians were Akkadian-speaking. So at this point now, and as we get into the later Assyrian period, we'll start to have Aramaic be a more significant language, another Semitic language. But as you can see here, the Assyrian Empire, at its peak, controlled much of the modern-day Middle East."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You can see it in this map here when we showed the Akkadian Empire. And both the Babylonians and the Assyrians were Akkadian-speaking. So at this point now, and as we get into the later Assyrian period, we'll start to have Aramaic be a more significant language, another Semitic language. But as you can see here, the Assyrian Empire, at its peak, controlled much of the modern-day Middle East. Now, the Assyrian Empire would eventually collapse in the 7th century BCE, and it would be taken over by the Neo-Babylonian Empire. And I have a map of that right over here, which also controlled much of the modern Middle East. Probably the most famous ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was Nebuchadnezzar II, from the Hebrew Bible, famous for taking the early Jewish people captive, the famous Babylonian captivity."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as you can see here, the Assyrian Empire, at its peak, controlled much of the modern-day Middle East. Now, the Assyrian Empire would eventually collapse in the 7th century BCE, and it would be taken over by the Neo-Babylonian Empire. And I have a map of that right over here, which also controlled much of the modern Middle East. Probably the most famous ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was Nebuchadnezzar II, from the Hebrew Bible, famous for taking the early Jewish people captive, the famous Babylonian captivity. But eventually they would be overthrown in, they will be overthrown in the 6th century BCE by the Persians and Cyrus the Great. And that will actually be the end of the Babylonian captivity, according to biblical accounts. But the big picture is that Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization for good reason."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Mesopotamia Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Probably the most famous ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was Nebuchadnezzar II, from the Hebrew Bible, famous for taking the early Jewish people captive, the famous Babylonian captivity. But eventually they would be overthrown in, they will be overthrown in the 6th century BCE by the Persians and Cyrus the Great. And that will actually be the end of the Babylonian captivity, according to biblical accounts. But the big picture is that Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization for good reason. Not only do we have these technological and architectural advancements, their religion, their writing has influenced civilization since, for the last five, six, 7,000 years. Well, I'd say definitely the last 5,000 years. And a lot of these ideas that came out of Mesopotamia, like written codes of law and the technologies and all the rest, follow with us today."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "A warehouse, by the way, that houses stuff for warehouses. That's right, it's time to talk about the Industrial Revolution. Although it occurred around the same time as the French, American, Latin American, and Haitian revolutions, between, say, 1750 and 1850, the Industrial Revolution was really the most revolutionary of the bunch. No way, dude, all those other revolutions resulted in, like, new borders and flags and stuff. We've studied 15,000 years of history here at Crash Course, me from the past, and borders and flags have changed plenty, and they're going to keep changing. But in all that time, nothing much changed about the way we disposed of waste, or located drinking water, or acquired clothing. Most people lived on or very close to the land that provided their food, except for a few exceptions."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "No way, dude, all those other revolutions resulted in, like, new borders and flags and stuff. We've studied 15,000 years of history here at Crash Course, me from the past, and borders and flags have changed plenty, and they're going to keep changing. But in all that time, nothing much changed about the way we disposed of waste, or located drinking water, or acquired clothing. Most people lived on or very close to the land that provided their food, except for a few exceptions. Life expectancy never rose above 35 or below 25. Education was a privilege, not a right. In all those millennia, we never developed a weapon that could kill more than a couple dozen people at once, or a way to travel faster than horseback."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Most people lived on or very close to the land that provided their food, except for a few exceptions. Life expectancy never rose above 35 or below 25. Education was a privilege, not a right. In all those millennia, we never developed a weapon that could kill more than a couple dozen people at once, or a way to travel faster than horseback. For 15,000 years, most humans never owned or used a single item made outside of their communities. Simone Bolivar didn't change that, and neither did the American Declaration of Independence. You have electricity?"}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "In all those millennia, we never developed a weapon that could kill more than a couple dozen people at once, or a way to travel faster than horseback. For 15,000 years, most humans never owned or used a single item made outside of their communities. Simone Bolivar didn't change that, and neither did the American Declaration of Independence. You have electricity? Industrial Revolution. Blueberries in February? Industrial Revolution."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "You have electricity? Industrial Revolution. Blueberries in February? Industrial Revolution. You live somewhere other than a farm? Industrial Revolution. You drive a car?"}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Industrial Revolution. You live somewhere other than a farm? Industrial Revolution. You drive a car? Industrial Revolution. You get 12 years of free formal education? Industrial Revolution."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "You drive a car? Industrial Revolution. You get 12 years of free formal education? Industrial Revolution. Your bed, your antibiotics, your toilet, your contraception, your tap water, your every waking and sleeping second? Industrial Revolution. Here's one simple statistic that sums it up."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Industrial Revolution. Your bed, your antibiotics, your toilet, your contraception, your tap water, your every waking and sleeping second? Industrial Revolution. Here's one simple statistic that sums it up. Before the Industrial Revolution, about 80% of the world's population was engaged in farming to keep itself and the other 20% of people from starving. Today, in the United States, less than 1% of people list their occupation as farming. I mean, we've come so far that we don't even have to farm flowers anymore."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Here's one simple statistic that sums it up. Before the Industrial Revolution, about 80% of the world's population was engaged in farming to keep itself and the other 20% of people from starving. Today, in the United States, less than 1% of people list their occupation as farming. I mean, we've come so far that we don't even have to farm flowers anymore. Stan, are these real, by the way? I can't tell if they're made out of foam or digital. So what happened?"}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, we've come so far that we don't even have to farm flowers anymore. Stan, are these real, by the way? I can't tell if they're made out of foam or digital. So what happened? Technology. Here's my definition. The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "So what happened? Technology. Here's my definition. The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources. Although this will soon get more complicated, for our purposes today, industrialization is not capitalism, although as we will see next week, it is connected to modern capitalism. And the Industrial Revolution began around 1750 and it occurred across most of the earth, but it started in Europe, especially Britain. What happened?"}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources. Although this will soon get more complicated, for our purposes today, industrialization is not capitalism, although as we will see next week, it is connected to modern capitalism. And the Industrial Revolution began around 1750 and it occurred across most of the earth, but it started in Europe, especially Britain. What happened? Well, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The innovations of the Industrial Revolution were intimately interconnected. Like, look for instance at the British textile industry."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "What happened? Well, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The innovations of the Industrial Revolution were intimately interconnected. Like, look for instance at the British textile industry. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733 dramatically increased the speed of weaving, which in turn created demand for yarn, which led to inventions like the spinning jenny and the water frame. Soon these processes were mechanized using water power until the steam engine came along to make flying shuttles really fly in these huge cotton mills. The most successful steam engine was built by Thomas, they didn't name anything after me, Newcomen, to clear water out of mines, and because water was cleared out of those mines there was more coal to power more steam engines, which eventually led to the fancying up of the Newcomen steam engine by James, I got a unit of power and a university named after me, Watt, whose engine made possible not only railroads and steamboats, but also ever more efficient cotton mills."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, look for instance at the British textile industry. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733 dramatically increased the speed of weaving, which in turn created demand for yarn, which led to inventions like the spinning jenny and the water frame. Soon these processes were mechanized using water power until the steam engine came along to make flying shuttles really fly in these huge cotton mills. The most successful steam engine was built by Thomas, they didn't name anything after me, Newcomen, to clear water out of mines, and because water was cleared out of those mines there was more coal to power more steam engines, which eventually led to the fancying up of the Newcomen steam engine by James, I got a unit of power and a university named after me, Watt, whose engine made possible not only railroads and steamboats, but also ever more efficient cotton mills. And for the first time, chemicals other than stale urine, I wish I was kidding, were being used to bleach the cloth that people wore. The first of which was sulfuric acid, which was created in large quantities only thanks to lead-lined chambers, which would have been impossible without lead production rising dramatically right around 1750 in Britain, thanks to lead foundries powered by coal. And all these factors came together to make more yarn that could be spun and bleached faster and cheaper than ever before, a process that would eventually culminate in $18 crash course mongrel shirts, available now at DFTBA.com."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "The most successful steam engine was built by Thomas, they didn't name anything after me, Newcomen, to clear water out of mines, and because water was cleared out of those mines there was more coal to power more steam engines, which eventually led to the fancying up of the Newcomen steam engine by James, I got a unit of power and a university named after me, Watt, whose engine made possible not only railroads and steamboats, but also ever more efficient cotton mills. And for the first time, chemicals other than stale urine, I wish I was kidding, were being used to bleach the cloth that people wore. The first of which was sulfuric acid, which was created in large quantities only thanks to lead-lined chambers, which would have been impossible without lead production rising dramatically right around 1750 in Britain, thanks to lead foundries powered by coal. And all these factors came together to make more yarn that could be spun and bleached faster and cheaper than ever before, a process that would eventually culminate in $18 crash course mongrel shirts, available now at DFTBA.com. Thanks Thought Bubble for that shameless promotion of our beautiful, high quality t-shirts, available now at DFTBA.com. So the problem here is that with industrialization being so deeply interconnected, it's really difficult to figure out why it happened in Europe, especially Britain. And that question of why turns out to be one of the most contentious discussions in world history today."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "And all these factors came together to make more yarn that could be spun and bleached faster and cheaper than ever before, a process that would eventually culminate in $18 crash course mongrel shirts, available now at DFTBA.com. Thanks Thought Bubble for that shameless promotion of our beautiful, high quality t-shirts, available now at DFTBA.com. So the problem here is that with industrialization being so deeply interconnected, it's really difficult to figure out why it happened in Europe, especially Britain. And that question of why turns out to be one of the most contentious discussions in world history today. For instance, here are some Eurocentric reasons why industrialization might have happened first in Europe. There's the cultural superiority argument that basically holds that Europeans are just better and smarter than other people. Sometimes this is formulated as Europeans possessing superior rationality."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "And that question of why turns out to be one of the most contentious discussions in world history today. For instance, here are some Eurocentric reasons why industrialization might have happened first in Europe. There's the cultural superiority argument that basically holds that Europeans are just better and smarter than other people. Sometimes this is formulated as Europeans possessing superior rationality. By the way, you'll never guess where the people who make this argument tend to come from unless you guess that they come from Europe. And then others argue that only Europe had the culture of science and invention that made the creation of these revolutionary technologies possible. Another argument is that freer political institutions encouraged innovation and strong property rights created incentives for inventors."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Sometimes this is formulated as Europeans possessing superior rationality. By the way, you'll never guess where the people who make this argument tend to come from unless you guess that they come from Europe. And then others argue that only Europe had the culture of science and invention that made the creation of these revolutionary technologies possible. Another argument is that freer political institutions encouraged innovation and strong property rights created incentives for inventors. And finally, people often cite Europe's small population because small populations require labor-saving inventions. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the steam engine."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Another argument is that freer political institutions encouraged innovation and strong property rights created incentives for inventors. And finally, people often cite Europe's small population because small populations require labor-saving inventions. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the steam engine. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a TARDIS, truly the apex of British industrialization. Dear steam engine, you know what's crazy?"}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to the steam engine. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a TARDIS, truly the apex of British industrialization. Dear steam engine, you know what's crazy? You've never really been improved upon. Like this thing, which facilitates time travel, probably runs on a steam engine. Almost all electricity around the world, whether it's from coal or nuclear power, is just a steam engine."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Dear steam engine, you know what's crazy? You've never really been improved upon. Like this thing, which facilitates time travel, probably runs on a steam engine. Almost all electricity around the world, whether it's from coal or nuclear power, is just a steam engine. It's all still just water and heat, and it speaks to how truly revolutionary the Industrial Revolution was that since then, it's really just been evolution. Best wishes, John Green. So you may have heard any of those rationales for European industrialization, or you may have heard others."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Almost all electricity around the world, whether it's from coal or nuclear power, is just a steam engine. It's all still just water and heat, and it speaks to how truly revolutionary the Industrial Revolution was that since then, it's really just been evolution. Best wishes, John Green. So you may have heard any of those rationales for European industrialization, or you may have heard others. But the problem with all of them is that each time you think you're at the root cause, it turns out there's a cause of the root cause. To quote Leonardo DiCaprio, James Cameron, and coal mine operators, we have to go deeper. But anyway, the problem with these Eurocentric why answers is that they all apply to either China or India or both."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "So you may have heard any of those rationales for European industrialization, or you may have heard others. But the problem with all of them is that each time you think you're at the root cause, it turns out there's a cause of the root cause. To quote Leonardo DiCaprio, James Cameron, and coal mine operators, we have to go deeper. But anyway, the problem with these Eurocentric why answers is that they all apply to either China or India or both. And it's really important to note that in 1800, it was not clear that Europe was going to become the world's dominant manufacturing power in the next hundred years. At the time, China, India, and Europe were all roughly at the same place in terms of industrial production. First, let's look at China."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "But anyway, the problem with these Eurocentric why answers is that they all apply to either China or India or both. And it's really important to note that in 1800, it was not clear that Europe was going to become the world's dominant manufacturing power in the next hundred years. At the time, China, India, and Europe were all roughly at the same place in terms of industrial production. First, let's look at China. It's hard to make the European cultural superiority argument, because China had been recording its history since before Confucius, and plus there was all that bronze and painting and poetry. It's also kind of difficult to make a blanket statement that China was economically inferior to Europe, since they invented paper money and led the world in exports of everything from silk to China. I mean, pre-Industrial Revolution, population growth was the surest sign of economic success, and China had the biggest population in the world."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "First, let's look at China. It's hard to make the European cultural superiority argument, because China had been recording its history since before Confucius, and plus there was all that bronze and painting and poetry. It's also kind of difficult to make a blanket statement that China was economically inferior to Europe, since they invented paper money and led the world in exports of everything from silk to China. I mean, pre-Industrial Revolution, population growth was the surest sign of economic success, and China had the biggest population in the world. I guess that answers the question of whether they're digital. It's also difficult to say that China lacked a culture of invention when they invented gunpowder and printing and paper and arguably compasses. And China had more free enterprise during the Song Dynasty than anywhere in the world."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, pre-Industrial Revolution, population growth was the surest sign of economic success, and China had the biggest population in the world. I guess that answers the question of whether they're digital. It's also difficult to say that China lacked a culture of invention when they invented gunpowder and printing and paper and arguably compasses. And China had more free enterprise during the Song Dynasty than anywhere in the world. Some argue that China couldn't have free enterprise because they had a long history of trying to impose monopolies on items like salt and iron. And that's true, but when it comes to enforcing those monopolies, they also had a long history of failure. So really, in a lot of ways, China was at least as prime for an Industrial Revolution as Britain was."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "And China had more free enterprise during the Song Dynasty than anywhere in the world. Some argue that China couldn't have free enterprise because they had a long history of trying to impose monopolies on items like salt and iron. And that's true, but when it comes to enforcing those monopolies, they also had a long history of failure. So really, in a lot of ways, China was at least as prime for an Industrial Revolution as Britain was. So why didn't it happen? Well, Europeans, specifically the British, had two huge advantages. First, coal."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "So really, in a lot of ways, China was at least as prime for an Industrial Revolution as Britain was. So why didn't it happen? Well, Europeans, specifically the British, had two huge advantages. First, coal. When you trace the story of improved transportation or communication or industrial efficiency or better chemical manufacturing, it always comes back to coal, because the Industrial Revolution was all about using different forms of energy to automate production. And England had large supplies of coal that were near the surface, which meant that it was cheap to mine, so it quickly replaced wood for peating and cooking and stuff. So that encouraged the British to look for more coal."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "First, coal. When you trace the story of improved transportation or communication or industrial efficiency or better chemical manufacturing, it always comes back to coal, because the Industrial Revolution was all about using different forms of energy to automate production. And England had large supplies of coal that were near the surface, which meant that it was cheap to mine, so it quickly replaced wood for peating and cooking and stuff. So that encouraged the British to look for more coal. The only problem with coal mining, aside from it being, you know, like, deadly and everything, is that the coal mines flooded all the time. I guess coal mining is also a little problematic for, like, the health of, you know, the, like, the planet. But because there was all this incentive to get more coal out of the ground, steam engines were invented to pump water out of the mines."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "So that encouraged the British to look for more coal. The only problem with coal mining, aside from it being, you know, like, deadly and everything, is that the coal mines flooded all the time. I guess coal mining is also a little problematic for, like, the health of, you know, the, like, the planet. But because there was all this incentive to get more coal out of the ground, steam engines were invented to pump water out of the mines. And because those early steam engines were super inefficient, they needed a cheap and abundant source of fuel in order to work, namely coal, which meant they were much more useful to the British than anyone else. So steam engines used cheap British coal to keep British coal cheap, and cheap British coal created the opportunity for everything from railroads to steel, which, like so much else in the Industrial Revolution, created a positive feedback loop. Because they run on rails, railroads need steel, and because it is rather heavy, steel needs railroads."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "But because there was all this incentive to get more coal out of the ground, steam engines were invented to pump water out of the mines. And because those early steam engines were super inefficient, they needed a cheap and abundant source of fuel in order to work, namely coal, which meant they were much more useful to the British than anyone else. So steam engines used cheap British coal to keep British coal cheap, and cheap British coal created the opportunity for everything from railroads to steel, which, like so much else in the Industrial Revolution, created a positive feedback loop. Because they run on rails, railroads need steel, and because it is rather heavy, steel needs railroads. Secondly, there were wages. Britain, and to a lesser extent the Low Countries, had the highest wages in the world at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1725, wages in London were the equivalent of 11 grams of silver per day."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Because they run on rails, railroads need steel, and because it is rather heavy, steel needs railroads. Secondly, there were wages. Britain, and to a lesser extent the Low Countries, had the highest wages in the world at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1725, wages in London were the equivalent of 11 grams of silver per day. In Amsterdam, they were 9 grams. In Beijing, Venice, and Florence, they were under 4. And in Delhi, they were under 2."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1725, wages in London were the equivalent of 11 grams of silver per day. In Amsterdam, they were 9 grams. In Beijing, Venice, and Florence, they were under 4. And in Delhi, they were under 2. It's not totally clear why wages were so high in Britain. Like, one argument is that the Black Death lowered population so much that it tightened labor markets, but that doesn't explain why wages remained low in, like, plague-ravaged Italy. Mainly, high wages combined with cheap fuel costs meant that it was economically efficient for manufacturers to look to machines as a way of lowering their production costs."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "And in Delhi, they were under 2. It's not totally clear why wages were so high in Britain. Like, one argument is that the Black Death lowered population so much that it tightened labor markets, but that doesn't explain why wages remained low in, like, plague-ravaged Italy. Mainly, high wages combined with cheap fuel costs meant that it was economically efficient for manufacturers to look to machines as a way of lowering their production costs. To quote the historian Robert Allen, wages were high and energy was cheap. These prices led directly to the Industrial Revolution by giving firms strong incentives to invent technologies that substituted capital and coal for labor. Aw, Stan, I'm a little worried that people are still going to accuse me of Eurocentrism."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Mainly, high wages combined with cheap fuel costs meant that it was economically efficient for manufacturers to look to machines as a way of lowering their production costs. To quote the historian Robert Allen, wages were high and energy was cheap. These prices led directly to the Industrial Revolution by giving firms strong incentives to invent technologies that substituted capital and coal for labor. Aw, Stan, I'm a little worried that people are still going to accuse me of Eurocentrism. Of course, other people will accuse me of an anti-European bias. I don't have a bias against Europe. I love Europe."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Aw, Stan, I'm a little worried that people are still going to accuse me of Eurocentrism. Of course, other people will accuse me of an anti-European bias. I don't have a bias against Europe. I love Europe. Europe gave me many of my favorite cheeses and cross-country skiing and Charlie Chaplin, who inspired today's Danica drawing. Like, the fact of coal being near the surface in Britain can't be chalked up to British cultural superiority. But the wages question is a little different because it makes it sound like only Europeans were smart enough to pay high wages."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "I love Europe. Europe gave me many of my favorite cheeses and cross-country skiing and Charlie Chaplin, who inspired today's Danica drawing. Like, the fact of coal being near the surface in Britain can't be chalked up to British cultural superiority. But the wages question is a little different because it makes it sound like only Europeans were smart enough to pay high wages. But here's one last thing to consider. India was the world's largest producer of cotton textiles, despite paying basically the lowest wages in the world. Indian agriculture was so productive that laborers could be supported at a very low cost."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "But the wages question is a little different because it makes it sound like only Europeans were smart enough to pay high wages. But here's one last thing to consider. India was the world's largest producer of cotton textiles, despite paying basically the lowest wages in the world. Indian agriculture was so productive that laborers could be supported at a very low cost. And that, coupled with a large population, meant that Indian textile manufacturing could be very productive without using machines, so they didn't need to industrialize. But more importantly from our perspective, there's a strong argument to be made that Indian cotton production helped spur British industrialization. It was cotton textiles that drove the early Industrial Revolution, and the main reason that Britain was so eager to produce cottons was that demand was incredibly high."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Indian agriculture was so productive that laborers could be supported at a very low cost. And that, coupled with a large population, meant that Indian textile manufacturing could be very productive without using machines, so they didn't need to industrialize. But more importantly from our perspective, there's a strong argument to be made that Indian cotton production helped spur British industrialization. It was cotton textiles that drove the early Industrial Revolution, and the main reason that Britain was so eager to produce cottons was that demand was incredibly high. They were more comfortable than woolens, but they were also cheaper because cottons could be imported from India at such a low cost. So Indian cottons created the market, and then British manufacturers invested in machines and imported Indian know-how to increase production so that they could compete with India. And that's at least one way in which European industrialization was truly a world phenomenon."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "It was cotton textiles that drove the early Industrial Revolution, and the main reason that Britain was so eager to produce cottons was that demand was incredibly high. They were more comfortable than woolens, but they were also cheaper because cottons could be imported from India at such a low cost. So Indian cottons created the market, and then British manufacturers invested in machines and imported Indian know-how to increase production so that they could compete with India. And that's at least one way in which European industrialization was truly a world phenomenon. For those of you who enjoy such highly contentious and thorny cultural historical debates, good news! Next week we'll be talking about capitalism. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's at least one way in which European industrialization was truly a world phenomenon. For those of you who enjoy such highly contentious and thorny cultural historical debates, good news! Next week we'll be talking about capitalism. Thanks for watching. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Mellor. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Mellor. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. We are ably interned by Meredith Danko, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was the New England Revolution."}, {"video_title": "Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution Crash Course World History #32.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. We are ably interned by Meredith Danko, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was the New England Revolution. That was challenging. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or take a guess at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to do some new school history today, where we talk about a system instead of talking about individuals or some boring dynasty. No, Stan, not that kind of dynasty. Yes, that kind of dynasty. So many World History classes still focus on people who wore funny hats and how their antics shaped our lives, right? And while it's interesting and fun to note that, for instance, King Charles VI of France believed that he was made out of glass, relentlessly focusing on the actions of the funny-hatted people who ruled us makes us forget that we also make history. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, did Charles VI of France really believe he was made out of glass? Yes, he did."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "So many World History classes still focus on people who wore funny hats and how their antics shaped our lives, right? And while it's interesting and fun to note that, for instance, King Charles VI of France believed that he was made out of glass, relentlessly focusing on the actions of the funny-hatted people who ruled us makes us forget that we also make history. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, did Charles VI of France really believe he was made out of glass? Yes, he did. But today we're talking about Indian Ocean trade, and it's going to be interesting, I promise, so pay attention. Also, no hats! This is a classroom, not a Truman Capote beach party."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Yes, he did. But today we're talking about Indian Ocean trade, and it's going to be interesting, I promise, so pay attention. Also, no hats! This is a classroom, not a Truman Capote beach party. INTRO So, Indian Ocean trade was like the Silk Road in that it was a network of trade routes that connected people who had stuff to people who wanted it and were willing to pay for it. And just as the Silk Road was not a single road, there were lots of Indian Ocean trade routes connecting various port cities around the Indian Ocean basin, including Zanzibar and Mogadishu and Hormuz and Canton. By the way, before you criticize my pronunciation, please remember that mispronunciation is my thing, and I've been doing it since episode one, and nobody ever notices it's a thing!"}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "This is a classroom, not a Truman Capote beach party. INTRO So, Indian Ocean trade was like the Silk Road in that it was a network of trade routes that connected people who had stuff to people who wanted it and were willing to pay for it. And just as the Silk Road was not a single road, there were lots of Indian Ocean trade routes connecting various port cities around the Indian Ocean basin, including Zanzibar and Mogadishu and Hormuz and Canton. By the way, before you criticize my pronunciation, please remember that mispronunciation is my thing, and I've been doing it since episode one, and nobody ever notices it's a thing! Sorry, I lost it there. But Indian Ocean trade was bigger, richer, and featured more diverse players than the Silk Road, but it is much less famous, probably because it does not have a snazzy name. What do you think, Stan?"}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "By the way, before you criticize my pronunciation, please remember that mispronunciation is my thing, and I've been doing it since episode one, and nobody ever notices it's a thing! Sorry, I lost it there. But Indian Ocean trade was bigger, richer, and featured more diverse players than the Silk Road, but it is much less famous, probably because it does not have a snazzy name. What do you think, Stan? Like the Neptunian Network? No. The Wet Web?"}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "What do you think, Stan? Like the Neptunian Network? No. The Wet Web? No, that's definitely not it. The Sexy Sea Lanes of South Asia? No, that's too hard for me to say with my lisp."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "The Wet Web? No, that's definitely not it. The Sexy Sea Lanes of South Asia? No, that's too hard for me to say with my lisp. The Monsoon Marketplace! Thanks, Danica. And now the tyranny of dates."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "No, that's too hard for me to say with my lisp. The Monsoon Marketplace! Thanks, Danica. And now the tyranny of dates. By about 700 CE, there was a recognizable monsoon marketplace, but it really blew up between 1000 CE and 1200. It then declined a bit during the Pax Mongolica, when overland trade became cheap and safe, thanks to, wait for it, the Mongols. But then Indian Ocean trade surged again in the 14th and 15th centuries."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "And now the tyranny of dates. By about 700 CE, there was a recognizable monsoon marketplace, but it really blew up between 1000 CE and 1200. It then declined a bit during the Pax Mongolica, when overland trade became cheap and safe, thanks to, wait for it, the Mongols. But then Indian Ocean trade surged again in the 14th and 15th centuries. So who was trading? Swahili coast cities, Islamic empires in the Middle East, India, China, Southeast Asia, and not Europe, which is probably one of the other reasons that the monsoon marketplace isn't as famous as it should be. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "But then Indian Ocean trade surged again in the 14th and 15th centuries. So who was trading? Swahili coast cities, Islamic empires in the Middle East, India, China, Southeast Asia, and not Europe, which is probably one of the other reasons that the monsoon marketplace isn't as famous as it should be. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So if you live in China and you need some ivory to make the handle for a sword, you have to trade for it, because elephants only live in India and Africa. One of the reasons that Indian Ocean trade took off is that there were a wide range of resources available and a wide range of import needs, from ivory to timber to books to grain. But the most important thing was the wind."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So if you live in China and you need some ivory to make the handle for a sword, you have to trade for it, because elephants only live in India and Africa. One of the reasons that Indian Ocean trade took off is that there were a wide range of resources available and a wide range of import needs, from ivory to timber to books to grain. But the most important thing was the wind. The Indian Ocean is home to a set of very special winds called monsoons. You generally hear about monsoons in the context of rain in India, but rather than thinking of monsoons as the rain itself, think of them as the wind that brings a rainy season. The great thing about seasons is that they come regularly, and so do the monsoon winds."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "But the most important thing was the wind. The Indian Ocean is home to a set of very special winds called monsoons. You generally hear about monsoons in the context of rain in India, but rather than thinking of monsoons as the rain itself, think of them as the wind that brings a rainy season. The great thing about seasons is that they come regularly, and so do the monsoon winds. So if you were a sailor, you could count on the wind to bring you from Africa to India if you sailed between April and September, and one that would bring you back to Africa if you sailed between November and February. In fact, these winds were so predictable that early maritime travel guides often listed ideal times of departure down to the week and sometimes even the day. Predictable winds made trade a lot less risky, like back in the day when the only power for ships were sails and oarsmen, your cargo might not arrive on time, or it might spoil, or you might die, all of which are bad for the health of global economic trade."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "The great thing about seasons is that they come regularly, and so do the monsoon winds. So if you were a sailor, you could count on the wind to bring you from Africa to India if you sailed between April and September, and one that would bring you back to Africa if you sailed between November and February. In fact, these winds were so predictable that early maritime travel guides often listed ideal times of departure down to the week and sometimes even the day. Predictable winds made trade a lot less risky, like back in the day when the only power for ships were sails and oarsmen, your cargo might not arrive on time, or it might spoil, or you might die, all of which are bad for the health of global economic trade. But predictable winds meant lower risk, which meant cheaper trade, which meant more trade, which meant more people could have awesome sword handles. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Okay, there are a few more facets of Indian Ocean trade worth mentioning."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Predictable winds made trade a lot less risky, like back in the day when the only power for ships were sails and oarsmen, your cargo might not arrive on time, or it might spoil, or you might die, all of which are bad for the health of global economic trade. But predictable winds meant lower risk, which meant cheaper trade, which meant more trade, which meant more people could have awesome sword handles. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Okay, there are a few more facets of Indian Ocean trade worth mentioning. First, Indian Ocean trade incorporated many more people than participated in Silk Road trade. There were Jewish people and people from Africa and Malaysia and India and China all sailing around in setting of trading communities where they would act as middlemen, trying to sell stuff for more than they'd bought it for and trying to find new stuff to buy that they could sell later. But despite this diversity, for the most part, especially on the western half of the Indian Ocean basin, the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, there are a few more facets of Indian Ocean trade worth mentioning. First, Indian Ocean trade incorporated many more people than participated in Silk Road trade. There were Jewish people and people from Africa and Malaysia and India and China all sailing around in setting of trading communities where they would act as middlemen, trying to sell stuff for more than they'd bought it for and trying to find new stuff to buy that they could sell later. But despite this diversity, for the most part, especially on the western half of the Indian Ocean basin, the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants. Why? Largely because they had the money to build ships, although as we will see, in the 15th century, the Chinese state could have changed that balance completely. By the way, I need to point out that when I say the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants, the emphasis should be on the merchants, not the Muslim or the dominated."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "But despite this diversity, for the most part, especially on the western half of the Indian Ocean basin, the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants. Why? Largely because they had the money to build ships, although as we will see, in the 15th century, the Chinese state could have changed that balance completely. By the way, I need to point out that when I say the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants, the emphasis should be on the merchants, not the Muslim or the dominated. As previously noted, we tend to think that states and governments and the funny-hatted people who rule them are the real movers and shakers in history, but that's really not the case. In the Indian Ocean, the terms of trade were set by the merchants and by the demands of the market, not by the whims of political rulers. And the self-regulating nature of that trade was remarkable and pretty much unprecedented."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "By the way, I need to point out that when I say the trade was dominated by Muslim merchants, the emphasis should be on the merchants, not the Muslim or the dominated. As previously noted, we tend to think that states and governments and the funny-hatted people who rule them are the real movers and shakers in history, but that's really not the case. In the Indian Ocean, the terms of trade were set by the merchants and by the demands of the market, not by the whims of political rulers. And the self-regulating nature of that trade was remarkable and pretty much unprecedented. I mean, the most amazing thing is that, except for a few pirates, all of this trade was peaceful. For the better part of 700 years, these merchant ships were free to sail without the protection from any state's navy. And this despite the fact that some pretty valuable crap was being traded."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "And the self-regulating nature of that trade was remarkable and pretty much unprecedented. I mean, the most amazing thing is that, except for a few pirates, all of this trade was peaceful. For the better part of 700 years, these merchant ships were free to sail without the protection from any state's navy. And this despite the fact that some pretty valuable crap was being traded. No, Thought Bubble, I meant that colloquially. Alright, we need to do the Open Letter before Thought Bubble tries any more puns. Magic!"}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "And this despite the fact that some pretty valuable crap was being traded. No, Thought Bubble, I meant that colloquially. Alright, we need to do the Open Letter before Thought Bubble tries any more puns. Magic! For today's Open Letter, to further discuss the relationship between merchants and nobles, we're going to go inland to Kashmir, where Koturani was the ruler until 1339. Mostly, I just love this story, but first, let's find out what's in the secret compartment. Oh, it's blowouts."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Magic! For today's Open Letter, to further discuss the relationship between merchants and nobles, we're going to go inland to Kashmir, where Koturani was the ruler until 1339. Mostly, I just love this story, but first, let's find out what's in the secret compartment. Oh, it's blowouts. Stan, are you asking me to make a diarrhea joke? Because I'm above that. I will, however, give you a party blower solo."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's blowouts. Stan, are you asking me to make a diarrhea joke? Because I'm above that. I will, however, give you a party blower solo. Dear Koturani, so you had a pretty crazy life. First, when you were a kid, you were kidnapped by a rival noble who disguised his army as a bunch of merchants. Then you were forced to marry your kidnapper, who was the ruler of Kashmir, but then he died."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "I will, however, give you a party blower solo. Dear Koturani, so you had a pretty crazy life. First, when you were a kid, you were kidnapped by a rival noble who disguised his army as a bunch of merchants. Then you were forced to marry your kidnapper, who was the ruler of Kashmir, but then he died. And you became the ruler and you were really good at it and everything was going awesome and you were lining things up for your sons, but then some dude comes in and decides that he's going to marry you and forces you to do it by attacking you. And so what do you do? Immediately after your second wedding, you commit suicide by slicing open your belly and offer your intestines to your horrible new husband as a wedding present."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Then you were forced to marry your kidnapper, who was the ruler of Kashmir, but then he died. And you became the ruler and you were really good at it and everything was going awesome and you were lining things up for your sons, but then some dude comes in and decides that he's going to marry you and forces you to do it by attacking you. And so what do you do? Immediately after your second wedding, you commit suicide by slicing open your belly and offer your intestines to your horrible new husband as a wedding present. No, Stan, I don't want to say it, but I have to. That really took guts, Koturani. Sorry."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Immediately after your second wedding, you commit suicide by slicing open your belly and offer your intestines to your horrible new husband as a wedding present. No, Stan, I don't want to say it, but I have to. That really took guts, Koturani. Sorry. And all this because your father welcomed an army into his house, thinking they were merchants. Best wishes, John Green. So, right, you wouldn't let an army or a rival noble into your house, but everyone welcomes a merchant, and not just royalty."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Sorry. And all this because your father welcomed an army into his house, thinking they were merchants. Best wishes, John Green. So, right, you wouldn't let an army or a rival noble into your house, but everyone welcomes a merchant, and not just royalty. The great thing about seaborne trade is that you can trade bulk goods, like cotton cloth, foodstuffs, and timber that's all too heavy to strap onto a camel or mule. So for the first time we see goods being traded for a mass market instead of just luxury goods like silk for elites. Wood, for instance, can be used to build houses, but it's not all that plentiful on the Arabian Peninsula."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "So, right, you wouldn't let an army or a rival noble into your house, but everyone welcomes a merchant, and not just royalty. The great thing about seaborne trade is that you can trade bulk goods, like cotton cloth, foodstuffs, and timber that's all too heavy to strap onto a camel or mule. So for the first time we see goods being traded for a mass market instead of just luxury goods like silk for elites. Wood, for instance, can be used to build houses, but it's not all that plentiful on the Arabian Peninsula. However, when it becomes cheaper, thanks to trade, suddenly more people can have better houses. Much of the timber that was shipped in the monsoon marketplace came from Africa, which was kind of emblematic. Africa produced a lot of the raw materials, like animal hides and skin and ivory and gold."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Wood, for instance, can be used to build houses, but it's not all that plentiful on the Arabian Peninsula. However, when it becomes cheaper, thanks to trade, suddenly more people can have better houses. Much of the timber that was shipped in the monsoon marketplace came from Africa, which was kind of emblematic. Africa produced a lot of the raw materials, like animal hides and skin and ivory and gold. The Swahili city-states imported finished goods, such as silk and porcelain from China and cotton cloth from India. Spices and foodstuffs, like rice, were shipped from Southeast Asia, and especially Sri Lanka, where black pepper was a primary export. And the Islamic world provided everything from coffee to books to weapons."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Africa produced a lot of the raw materials, like animal hides and skin and ivory and gold. The Swahili city-states imported finished goods, such as silk and porcelain from China and cotton cloth from India. Spices and foodstuffs, like rice, were shipped from Southeast Asia, and especially Sri Lanka, where black pepper was a primary export. And the Islamic world provided everything from coffee to books to weapons. But it wasn't just products that made their way around the eastern hemisphere thanks to the Indian Ocean. Technology spread, too. Like the magnetic compass, which is kind of crucial if you like to know where you're going, came from China."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Islamic world provided everything from coffee to books to weapons. But it wasn't just products that made their way around the eastern hemisphere thanks to the Indian Ocean. Technology spread, too. Like the magnetic compass, which is kind of crucial if you like to know where you're going, came from China. Muslim sailors popularized the astrolabe, which made it easier to navigate by the stars. And boats using sternpost rudders were easier to steer, so that technology quickly spread throughout the monsoon marketplace. The Islamic world also produced the triangular latin sail, which became super important because it allowed ships to tack against the wind."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Like the magnetic compass, which is kind of crucial if you like to know where you're going, came from China. Muslim sailors popularized the astrolabe, which made it easier to navigate by the stars. And boats using sternpost rudders were easier to steer, so that technology quickly spread throughout the monsoon marketplace. The Islamic world also produced the triangular latin sail, which became super important because it allowed ships to tack against the wind. This meant that a skilled crew could make their way through the ocean even if they didn't have a strong tailwind. And just as with the Silk Road, ideas also traveled in the monsoon marketplace. For instance, today, more Muslims live in Indonesia than in any other country."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "The Islamic world also produced the triangular latin sail, which became super important because it allowed ships to tack against the wind. This meant that a skilled crew could make their way through the ocean even if they didn't have a strong tailwind. And just as with the Silk Road, ideas also traveled in the monsoon marketplace. For instance, today, more Muslims live in Indonesia than in any other country. And yes, I know Indonesia has more than two islands. It's not to scale, obviously. Knowing what you've already learned about the growth of Islam and the spread of trade, it won't surprise you to learn that Islam spread to Indonesia via the monsoon marketplace."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "For instance, today, more Muslims live in Indonesia than in any other country. And yes, I know Indonesia has more than two islands. It's not to scale, obviously. Knowing what you've already learned about the growth of Islam and the spread of trade, it won't surprise you to learn that Islam spread to Indonesia via the monsoon marketplace. After the 1200s, the region, which had previously been heavily influenced by the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, like witness this temple, for instance, became increasingly Islamic as rulers and elites adopted the religion so they could have religious as well as economic ties to the people they were trading with. The conversion of most of a region to Islam, where it continues to flourish today, is a pretty big deal. But Islam didn't spread as effectively to Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, or Vietnam because they weren't centers of trade."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Knowing what you've already learned about the growth of Islam and the spread of trade, it won't surprise you to learn that Islam spread to Indonesia via the monsoon marketplace. After the 1200s, the region, which had previously been heavily influenced by the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, like witness this temple, for instance, became increasingly Islamic as rulers and elites adopted the religion so they could have religious as well as economic ties to the people they were trading with. The conversion of most of a region to Islam, where it continues to flourish today, is a pretty big deal. But Islam didn't spread as effectively to Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, or Vietnam because they weren't centers of trade. How do you become a center of trade? Well, let's zoom in here, to the Strait of Malacca. You can see how it could act as a choke point for trade."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "But Islam didn't spread as effectively to Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, or Vietnam because they weren't centers of trade. How do you become a center of trade? Well, let's zoom in here, to the Strait of Malacca. You can see how it could act as a choke point for trade. Any city that controlled that strait could stop ships from going through it, or at least tax them. And that's exactly what happened, to such an extent that a powerful merchant state called Srivijaya rose up on Sumatra. And for a while, Srivijaya dominated trade in the region because there were so many ships going through the Strait of Malacca to and from China."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "You can see how it could act as a choke point for trade. Any city that controlled that strait could stop ships from going through it, or at least tax them. And that's exactly what happened, to such an extent that a powerful merchant state called Srivijaya rose up on Sumatra. And for a while, Srivijaya dominated trade in the region because there were so many ships going through the Strait of Malacca to and from China. But, as we will see in another episode, this trade abruptly declined in the 15th century, and with it, so did Srivijaya. This brings up a key point about Indian Ocean trade, which is that it was indispensable to the creation of certain city-states, like Srivijaya and the city-states of the Swahili coast. Without trade, those places wouldn't have existed, let alone become wealthy and grand."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "And for a while, Srivijaya dominated trade in the region because there were so many ships going through the Strait of Malacca to and from China. But, as we will see in another episode, this trade abruptly declined in the 15th century, and with it, so did Srivijaya. This brings up a key point about Indian Ocean trade, which is that it was indispensable to the creation of certain city-states, like Srivijaya and the city-states of the Swahili coast. Without trade, those places wouldn't have existed, let alone become wealthy and grand. Trade was a huge source of wealth for these cities because they could tax it through import and export duties or port fees. But the fact that they are no longer powerful shows that trade can be a pretty weak foundation upon which to build a polity, even a small one. There are many reasons for this, like high taxes can motivate traders to find other routes, for instance."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Without trade, those places wouldn't have existed, let alone become wealthy and grand. Trade was a huge source of wealth for these cities because they could tax it through import and export duties or port fees. But the fact that they are no longer powerful shows that trade can be a pretty weak foundation upon which to build a polity, even a small one. There are many reasons for this, like high taxes can motivate traders to find other routes, for instance. But the main one is this. Reliance upon trade makes you especially vulnerable to the peaks and troughs in the global economy. The legacy of the merchant kingdom in Southeast Asia is still alive and well in Singapore, for instance."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "There are many reasons for this, like high taxes can motivate traders to find other routes, for instance. But the main one is this. Reliance upon trade makes you especially vulnerable to the peaks and troughs in the global economy. The legacy of the merchant kingdom in Southeast Asia is still alive and well in Singapore, for instance. But one of the great lessons of cities that have declined or disappeared is that there's usually a town nearby that's eager to take your place and happy to offer lower taxes. It's almost as if the merchants decide where the people with the funny hats go, rather than the other way around. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "The legacy of the merchant kingdom in Southeast Asia is still alive and well in Singapore, for instance. But one of the great lessons of cities that have declined or disappeared is that there's usually a town nearby that's eager to take your place and happy to offer lower taxes. It's almost as if the merchants decide where the people with the funny hats go, rather than the other way around. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, Unless you are the Mongols. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians."}, {"video_title": "Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, Unless you are the Mongols. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Oh, it's gonna be a crash! Everything's fine."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the next four books of the Hebrew Bible, which are often given authorship to Moses, these really talk about Moses freeing the Jewish people from enslavement, getting the commandments, the law from God, and eventually bringing the people so that they can resettle back in Canaan. And as I mentioned in the last video, these first five books of the Hebrew Bible, also the first five books of the Christian Old Testament, they are referred to as the Torah, and they are given authorship to Moses, although historians are doubtful of that, and even the historicity, to the degree to which these are historical characters, are significantly debated. But we have the Jewish people, according to biblical accounts, now in Canaan. And as we go into the rest of this video, we're getting into more of a historical period with the first significant kings of the Israelites. So now we're getting into the first millennium BCE. The people, the Israelites, are settled in Canaan. And around, in the 11th century BCE, you have King Saul comes to power."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we go into the rest of this video, we're getting into more of a historical period with the first significant kings of the Israelites. So now we're getting into the first millennium BCE. The people, the Israelites, are settled in Canaan. And around, in the 11th century BCE, you have King Saul comes to power. And he's considered to be the first significant king, or the first king, really, of a united kingdom of Israel and Judah. So this is King Saul. He is then succeeded by King David, who is his son-in-law, but it was a very contentious succession."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And around, in the 11th century BCE, you have King Saul comes to power. And he's considered to be the first significant king, or the first king, really, of a united kingdom of Israel and Judah. So this is King Saul. He is then succeeded by King David, who is his son-in-law, but it was a very contentious succession. And David is considered a significant figure in Judaism and Christianity and Islam. He's considered a warrior, poet, philosopher. He really strengthens and really unifies the kingdom."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is then succeeded by King David, who is his son-in-law, but it was a very contentious succession. And David is considered a significant figure in Judaism and Christianity and Islam. He's considered a warrior, poet, philosopher. He really strengthens and really unifies the kingdom. And then he's succeeded by his son, King Solomon. And King Solomon is famous in biblical accounts for his wisdom. And he's also known for creating the first temple in Jerusalem."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He really strengthens and really unifies the kingdom. And then he's succeeded by his son, King Solomon. And King Solomon is famous in biblical accounts for his wisdom. And he's also known for creating the first temple in Jerusalem. And as we will see, this first temple in Jerusalem, the way that I've marked it off on this timeline, the green is periods, according to biblical accounts, and then later, according to historical accounts as well, when the Jewish people were, for the most part, not in Canaan, where they were in captivity, or they were being enslaved, they were in exile someplace else. The white that I show here, and so this is the enslavement in Egypt, and this is going to be the Babylonian captivity that we're going to talk about shortly. And then the white, this is when we have the existence of the temples in Jerusalem."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he's also known for creating the first temple in Jerusalem. And as we will see, this first temple in Jerusalem, the way that I've marked it off on this timeline, the green is periods, according to biblical accounts, and then later, according to historical accounts as well, when the Jewish people were, for the most part, not in Canaan, where they were in captivity, or they were being enslaved, they were in exile someplace else. The white that I show here, and so this is the enslavement in Egypt, and this is going to be the Babylonian captivity that we're going to talk about shortly. And then the white, this is when we have the existence of the temples in Jerusalem. So the first temple in Jerusalem, this is a depiction of it, was started, it was built by Solomon. Now, this, the unified kingdoms of Judah and Israel don't last beyond these three kings. Shortly thereafter, it gets fragmented into two kingdoms, the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then the white, this is when we have the existence of the temples in Jerusalem. So the first temple in Jerusalem, this is a depiction of it, was started, it was built by Solomon. Now, this, the unified kingdoms of Judah and Israel don't last beyond these three kings. Shortly thereafter, it gets fragmented into two kingdoms, the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel. And the kingdom of Israel is going to be overrun by the Neo-Assyrians in 722, when they refuse to pay tribute to the Neo-Assyrian king. And the kingdom of Judah essentially becomes a client state of the Assyrians. It's important to keep in mind, even though these are called kingdoms, for most of these history, they're client states to larger powers, whether it's the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Egyptians, the Seleucids."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Shortly thereafter, it gets fragmented into two kingdoms, the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel. And the kingdom of Israel is going to be overrun by the Neo-Assyrians in 722, when they refuse to pay tribute to the Neo-Assyrian king. And the kingdom of Judah essentially becomes a client state of the Assyrians. It's important to keep in mind, even though these are called kingdoms, for most of these history, they're client states to larger powers, whether it's the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Egyptians, the Seleucids. They keep being client states, but they are also have some degree of autonomy, which is why they're called kingdoms. So in 722, you have the kingdom of Israel being overrun, and many of the Jewish people having to go into exile and being held captive by the Neo-Assyrians. And then, as we get into the 6th century BCE, you have the famous Babylonian conquest, the Neo-Babylonian conquest of Nebuchadnezzar II, who conquers Judah."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's important to keep in mind, even though these are called kingdoms, for most of these history, they're client states to larger powers, whether it's the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Egyptians, the Seleucids. They keep being client states, but they are also have some degree of autonomy, which is why they're called kingdoms. So in 722, you have the kingdom of Israel being overrun, and many of the Jewish people having to go into exile and being held captive by the Neo-Assyrians. And then, as we get into the 6th century BCE, you have the famous Babylonian conquest, the Neo-Babylonian conquest of Nebuchadnezzar II, who conquers Judah. And once again, this is really a side battle between the Neo-Babylonians and the Egyptians, and we talk about that in other videos. But that takes us to the Babylonian captivity. So this is a picture here of Jerusalem and maybe as equally important, that first Temple of Solomon being destroyed and the Jewish people being taken into captivity, where they are taken from Jerusalem, where they are taken from Jerusalem to Babylon."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then, as we get into the 6th century BCE, you have the famous Babylonian conquest, the Neo-Babylonian conquest of Nebuchadnezzar II, who conquers Judah. And once again, this is really a side battle between the Neo-Babylonians and the Egyptians, and we talk about that in other videos. But that takes us to the Babylonian captivity. So this is a picture here of Jerusalem and maybe as equally important, that first Temple of Solomon being destroyed and the Jewish people being taken into captivity, where they are taken from Jerusalem, where they are taken from Jerusalem to Babylon. And they're held in captivity. A significant fraction of them are held in captivity in Babylon from this period, from around 597, 586 BCE, until Babylon is conquered by Cyrus the Great, conquered by the Achaemenid Persians that we talk about in another video. And so once again, the end of the captivity is really a side effect of larger battles and conquests going on."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is a picture here of Jerusalem and maybe as equally important, that first Temple of Solomon being destroyed and the Jewish people being taken into captivity, where they are taken from Jerusalem, where they are taken from Jerusalem to Babylon. And they're held in captivity. A significant fraction of them are held in captivity in Babylon from this period, from around 597, 586 BCE, until Babylon is conquered by Cyrus the Great, conquered by the Achaemenid Persians that we talk about in another video. And so once again, the end of the captivity is really a side effect of larger battles and conquests going on. But Cyrus the Great, he frees the Jewish people in 538 BCE, this is the end of the Babylonian captivity, and he resettles them back in Jerusalem, and he also assists, and his successors assist in the rebuilding of the temple. And so then you have the Second Temple of Jerusalem. And you often will hear Second Temple Judaism, because this is a period now where the Jewish people are resettled in Jerusalem."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so once again, the end of the captivity is really a side effect of larger battles and conquests going on. But Cyrus the Great, he frees the Jewish people in 538 BCE, this is the end of the Babylonian captivity, and he resettles them back in Jerusalem, and he also assists, and his successors assist in the rebuilding of the temple. And so then you have the Second Temple of Jerusalem. And you often will hear Second Temple Judaism, because this is a period now where the Jewish people are resettled in Jerusalem. They are rebuilding that Second Temple that a lot of the Old Testament takes its modern form. Now this is going to last for several hundred years. As I mentioned, the Kingdom of Judea is a client state of all of these various empires, and it eventually becomes a client state of the Roman Empire as we get into the end of the first millennium BCE."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you often will hear Second Temple Judaism, because this is a period now where the Jewish people are resettled in Jerusalem. They are rebuilding that Second Temple that a lot of the Old Testament takes its modern form. Now this is going to last for several hundred years. As I mentioned, the Kingdom of Judea is a client state of all of these various empires, and it eventually becomes a client state of the Roman Empire as we get into the end of the first millennium BCE. And as we get to 70 CE, so this is shortly after the time of Jesus, you have the first Jewish-Roman War, sometimes referred to as the Jewish Revolt, and in that, the Romans destroy the Second Temple. And this is really significant. The Second Temple, which as we mentioned, it starts getting rebuilt at the end of the captivity, and famously gets really nicely constructed as we get into the first century BCE."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As I mentioned, the Kingdom of Judea is a client state of all of these various empires, and it eventually becomes a client state of the Roman Empire as we get into the end of the first millennium BCE. And as we get to 70 CE, so this is shortly after the time of Jesus, you have the first Jewish-Roman War, sometimes referred to as the Jewish Revolt, and in that, the Romans destroy the Second Temple. And this is really significant. The Second Temple, which as we mentioned, it starts getting rebuilt at the end of the captivity, and famously gets really nicely constructed as we get into the first century BCE. But then in 70 CE, Jerusalem is destroyed again, this time by the Romans. And this begins the beginning, or this is the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora, where they are exiled for now we're talking thousands of years, from Rome, and they spread through the Roman Empire and other empires, and we talk more about that in other videos. And this is a significant thing because now the Jewish people are, for the most part, dispersed."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green! Mr. Green! I don't have time for you today, me from the past. B, when we study history, we tend to study unified polities that we can label, like the Roman Empire, or China, or Beliebers. And this emphasis on unity tends to C, lead to labels that mask a lot of historical difference, like for instance Europe, which is such a weird and nebulous word that we don't even know what it means. Plus D, no offense Europe, but there are not many histories more complex than India. And E, a lot of what we know about Indian history comes from British historians who both used and embodied the phrase historical bias."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "B, when we study history, we tend to study unified polities that we can label, like the Roman Empire, or China, or Beliebers. And this emphasis on unity tends to C, lead to labels that mask a lot of historical difference, like for instance Europe, which is such a weird and nebulous word that we don't even know what it means. Plus D, no offense Europe, but there are not many histories more complex than India. And E, a lot of what we know about Indian history comes from British historians who both used and embodied the phrase historical bias. All of which F, makes it very unfortunate that we only have ten minutes, but we will do our best. Okay, we're going to make this like Voldemort's soul and split it up into eight parts. Part One, the Vedas."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "And E, a lot of what we know about Indian history comes from British historians who both used and embodied the phrase historical bias. All of which F, makes it very unfortunate that we only have ten minutes, but we will do our best. Okay, we're going to make this like Voldemort's soul and split it up into eight parts. Part One, the Vedas. So as you no doubt remember, the Indus River Valley was one of the earliest cradles of civilization. But that original civilization basically disappeared sometime after 1750 BCE. Then there was a long period of Aryan migration, and by Aryans we do not mean like prehistoric Nazis, we mean people from the caucuses who migrated down to the Indogagagag... Can you...?"}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Part One, the Vedas. So as you no doubt remember, the Indus River Valley was one of the earliest cradles of civilization. But that original civilization basically disappeared sometime after 1750 BCE. Then there was a long period of Aryan migration, and by Aryans we do not mean like prehistoric Nazis, we mean people from the caucuses who migrated down to the Indogagagag... Can you...? Stan, can you just spell it for me? Thank you. We know about these Aryans primarily because they left behind religious texts, the earliest of which is called the Vedas."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Then there was a long period of Aryan migration, and by Aryans we do not mean like prehistoric Nazis, we mean people from the caucuses who migrated down to the Indogagagag... Can you...? Stan, can you just spell it for me? Thank you. We know about these Aryans primarily because they left behind religious texts, the earliest of which is called the Vedas. The Vedas are also the earliest text of what will come to be known as Hinduism, although it wasn't known as Hinduism then. And they're responsible for tons of stuff, but we only have ten minutes, so let's just cut to Part 2, the caste system. The caste system is one of India's most enduring and fascinating institutions."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "We know about these Aryans primarily because they left behind religious texts, the earliest of which is called the Vedas. The Vedas are also the earliest text of what will come to be known as Hinduism, although it wasn't known as Hinduism then. And they're responsible for tons of stuff, but we only have ten minutes, so let's just cut to Part 2, the caste system. The caste system is one of India's most enduring and fascinating institutions. Let us read from one of the Vedas about Purusha, the universe-pervading spirit. When they divided Purusha, in how many different portions did they arrange him? What became of his mouth?"}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "The caste system is one of India's most enduring and fascinating institutions. Let us read from one of the Vedas about Purusha, the universe-pervading spirit. When they divided Purusha, in how many different portions did they arrange him? What became of his mouth? What of his two arms? What were his two thighs and his two feet called? His mouth became the Brahmin, his two arms were made into the Kshatriya, his two thighs the Vaishyas, from his two feet the Shudra was born."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "What became of his mouth? What of his two arms? What were his two thighs and his two feet called? His mouth became the Brahmin, his two arms were made into the Kshatriya, his two thighs the Vaishyas, from his two feet the Shudra was born. So this section gives a divine explanation for the caste system. Brahmins, who as Purusha's mouth, speak to the gods, were at the top. Kshatriyas, from Purusha's arm, became the warriors, as you no doubt know, if you've ever attended my gun show."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "His mouth became the Brahmin, his two arms were made into the Kshatriya, his two thighs the Vaishyas, from his two feet the Shudra was born. So this section gives a divine explanation for the caste system. Brahmins, who as Purusha's mouth, speak to the gods, were at the top. Kshatriyas, from Purusha's arm, became the warriors, as you no doubt know, if you've ever attended my gun show. Vaishyas, the merchants and artisans who provide money for the priests and the warriors, came from Purusha's thighs. Because everybody knows the thighs are the money makers and the Shudras are at the bottom. They're the feet, the laborers and the farmers, who are the foundation of the social order."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Kshatriyas, from Purusha's arm, became the warriors, as you no doubt know, if you've ever attended my gun show. Vaishyas, the merchants and artisans who provide money for the priests and the warriors, came from Purusha's thighs. Because everybody knows the thighs are the money makers and the Shudras are at the bottom. They're the feet, the laborers and the farmers, who are the foundation of the social order. Also, the rest of us stand on them. The caste system becomes much more complicated than this, but that basic division into four classes remains throughout much of Indian history. In spite of the efforts of many reformers we'll be meeting in future episodes of Crash Course, the caste system is the foundation for another big concept in Hinduism, Part Three, Dharma."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "They're the feet, the laborers and the farmers, who are the foundation of the social order. Also, the rest of us stand on them. The caste system becomes much more complicated than this, but that basic division into four classes remains throughout much of Indian history. In spite of the efforts of many reformers we'll be meeting in future episodes of Crash Course, the caste system is the foundation for another big concept in Hinduism, Part Three, Dharma. Dharma is basically one's role in life and society, and it is defined primarily by birth and by caste. This whole idea is explained nicely in this passage from the Bhagavad Gita, where Krishna is talking to the warrior Arjuna. \"...having regard to your own duty also, you ought not to falter."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "In spite of the efforts of many reformers we'll be meeting in future episodes of Crash Course, the caste system is the foundation for another big concept in Hinduism, Part Three, Dharma. Dharma is basically one's role in life and society, and it is defined primarily by birth and by caste. This whole idea is explained nicely in this passage from the Bhagavad Gita, where Krishna is talking to the warrior Arjuna. \"...having regard to your own duty also, you ought not to falter. For there is nothing better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle.\" The Bhagavad Gita is a section of a much larger epic poem called the Mahabharata, which basically tells the complicated and long story of a war between two kingdoms. And we can really see how important Dharma is in this passage, because Krishna is basically telling Arjuna that because he is a warrior, a Kshatriya, he must fight."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "\"...having regard to your own duty also, you ought not to falter. For there is nothing better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle.\" The Bhagavad Gita is a section of a much larger epic poem called the Mahabharata, which basically tells the complicated and long story of a war between two kingdoms. And we can really see how important Dharma is in this passage, because Krishna is basically telling Arjuna that because he is a warrior, a Kshatriya, he must fight. Even if he's bad at it, like for instance if he gets killed, it's still preferable to not living his Dharma. It's better to be a bad warrior if you're a Kshatriya than to be the world's best baker. Basically, you're better off fulfilling your own Dharma poorly than doing someone else's well."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "And we can really see how important Dharma is in this passage, because Krishna is basically telling Arjuna that because he is a warrior, a Kshatriya, he must fight. Even if he's bad at it, like for instance if he gets killed, it's still preferable to not living his Dharma. It's better to be a bad warrior if you're a Kshatriya than to be the world's best baker. Basically, you're better off fulfilling your own Dharma poorly than doing someone else's well. That leads us to Part Four, Samsara, Moksha, and Karma. There are both personal and social reasons for doing your Dharma. But right, the social reason is obvious."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Basically, you're better off fulfilling your own Dharma poorly than doing someone else's well. That leads us to Part Four, Samsara, Moksha, and Karma. There are both personal and social reasons for doing your Dharma. But right, the social reason is obvious. Dharma and caste combine for excellent social cohesion. You get the exact right number of bakers and the exact right number of warriors. We could stand to implement this system in the United States, actually, where everyone knows we suffer from a shortage of electrical engineers and a surplus of people who want to be on reality TV shows."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "But right, the social reason is obvious. Dharma and caste combine for excellent social cohesion. You get the exact right number of bakers and the exact right number of warriors. We could stand to implement this system in the United States, actually, where everyone knows we suffer from a shortage of electrical engineers and a surplus of people who want to be on reality TV shows. That would never happen in ancient India. But say that your Dharma is to scoop animal dung your entire life. Why do you keep doing that when you see other lives that at least appear to be far more fulfilling?"}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "We could stand to implement this system in the United States, actually, where everyone knows we suffer from a shortage of electrical engineers and a surplus of people who want to be on reality TV shows. That would never happen in ancient India. But say that your Dharma is to scoop animal dung your entire life. Why do you keep doing that when you see other lives that at least appear to be far more fulfilling? That leads us to the concept of Samsara, or the cycle of rebirth, often called reincarnation. The basic idea is that when you die, your soul is transferred to another living thing as it is being born. And if you fulfill your Dharma, things improve and you get reborn into a higher being."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Why do you keep doing that when you see other lives that at least appear to be far more fulfilling? That leads us to the concept of Samsara, or the cycle of rebirth, often called reincarnation. The basic idea is that when you die, your soul is transferred to another living thing as it is being born. And if you fulfill your Dharma, things improve and you get reborn into a higher being. You don't have to scoop elephant dung anymore. But the ultimate goal is not to be reborn as a Brahmin. The ultimate goal is to be released from the merry-go-round altogether."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you fulfill your Dharma, things improve and you get reborn into a higher being. You don't have to scoop elephant dung anymore. But the ultimate goal is not to be reborn as a Brahmin. The ultimate goal is to be released from the merry-go-round altogether. And that release is called Moksha. The law that holds all this together is Karma, which is summarized really nicely in the Aranyaka Upanishad. The doer of good becomes good."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "The ultimate goal is to be released from the merry-go-round altogether. And that release is called Moksha. The law that holds all this together is Karma, which is summarized really nicely in the Aranyaka Upanishad. The doer of good becomes good. The doer of evil becomes evil. One becomes virtuous by virtuous action, bad by bad action. The Upanishads, by the way, are later religious texts that began as commentaries on the Vedas but later became sacred writings in their own right."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "The doer of good becomes good. The doer of evil becomes evil. One becomes virtuous by virtuous action, bad by bad action. The Upanishads, by the way, are later religious texts that began as commentaries on the Vedas but later became sacred writings in their own right. This is a really great way to organize a social order from top to bottom. Everyone has a role, and because their role has a religious dimension, society stays in balance. But as a religion, Hinduism has a problem, at least if you want to start an empire."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "The Upanishads, by the way, are later religious texts that began as commentaries on the Vedas but later became sacred writings in their own right. This is a really great way to organize a social order from top to bottom. Everyone has a role, and because their role has a religious dimension, society stays in balance. But as a religion, Hinduism has a problem, at least if you want to start an empire. Everyone's path to salvation is individual. The original Brahmins tried to set themselves up as political leaders, but Hinduism doesn't really place a premium on worshippers obeying their leaders. And if you are a leader trying to make your subjects listen to you, that's kind of a bummer."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "But as a religion, Hinduism has a problem, at least if you want to start an empire. Everyone's path to salvation is individual. The original Brahmins tried to set themselves up as political leaders, but Hinduism doesn't really place a premium on worshippers obeying their leaders. And if you are a leader trying to make your subjects listen to you, that's kind of a bummer. Which brings us to part five, Buddhism. We can't establish this historically, but according to traditional biographies, our story begins in the 6th century BCE. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you are a leader trying to make your subjects listen to you, that's kind of a bummer. Which brings us to part five, Buddhism. We can't establish this historically, but according to traditional biographies, our story begins in the 6th century BCE. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So there was this prince at Harta Gautama whose father kept him locked away in a palace because a prophecy foretold that the family would lose the kingdom if he ever left. But as house arrests go, this was a good one. Siddhartha had great food, great entertainment, a hot cousin for a wife, etc."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So there was this prince at Harta Gautama whose father kept him locked away in a palace because a prophecy foretold that the family would lose the kingdom if he ever left. But as house arrests go, this was a good one. Siddhartha had great food, great entertainment, a hot cousin for a wife, etc. But he suspected that there was more to life, so he snuck out of the palace a few times. On these travels, he encountered an old man, a sick man, and finally a corpse. Having realized the ubiquity of suffering, Siddhartha left the palace, renounced the crown, and sought out the holiest men to try to find how it could be possible that life would come to such a terrible end."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Siddhartha had great food, great entertainment, a hot cousin for a wife, etc. But he suspected that there was more to life, so he snuck out of the palace a few times. On these travels, he encountered an old man, a sick man, and finally a corpse. Having realized the ubiquity of suffering, Siddhartha left the palace, renounced the crown, and sought out the holiest men to try to find how it could be possible that life would come to such a terrible end. Eventually Gautama became an ascetic, fasting and meditating for days at a time, hoping to find enlightenment. And finally, after meditating for about a month under a tree, it came to him. Nirvana."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Having realized the ubiquity of suffering, Siddhartha left the palace, renounced the crown, and sought out the holiest men to try to find how it could be possible that life would come to such a terrible end. Eventually Gautama became an ascetic, fasting and meditating for days at a time, hoping to find enlightenment. And finally, after meditating for about a month under a tree, it came to him. Nirvana. No, not that one. Yes, that one. He finally understood the meaning of life and began teaching it to people who would become his disciples."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Nirvana. No, not that one. Yes, that one. He finally understood the meaning of life and began teaching it to people who would become his disciples. He had become the Buddha, which means teacher. And he taught the four noble truths, which are 1. All life is suffering."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "He finally understood the meaning of life and began teaching it to people who would become his disciples. He had become the Buddha, which means teacher. And he taught the four noble truths, which are 1. All life is suffering. 2. The source of suffering is desire. Not just sexual desire, but all-wanting of stuff and prestige."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "All life is suffering. 2. The source of suffering is desire. Not just sexual desire, but all-wanting of stuff and prestige. 3. To stop suffering, you must rid yourself of desire. This sounds simple enough, but if you've ever been dumped by someone, you know that it is not that easy to just stop desiring."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Not just sexual desire, but all-wanting of stuff and prestige. 3. To stop suffering, you must rid yourself of desire. This sounds simple enough, but if you've ever been dumped by someone, you know that it is not that easy to just stop desiring. 4. So how do you do it? By following the Eightfold Path, which, as you may suspect, is a set of eight prescriptions on how to live that we don't have time to talk about because oh wait, look, Thought Bubble!"}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "This sounds simple enough, but if you've ever been dumped by someone, you know that it is not that easy to just stop desiring. 4. So how do you do it? By following the Eightfold Path, which, as you may suspect, is a set of eight prescriptions on how to live that we don't have time to talk about because oh wait, look, Thought Bubble! You put some learning in our learning so we can learn while we learn! Thanks, Thought Bubble. So as a religion, Buddhism involves a lot of meditating and moderation, and there aren't that many fun rituals, and if you're a Buddhist monk, you don't get to have power like most holy people do."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "By following the Eightfold Path, which, as you may suspect, is a set of eight prescriptions on how to live that we don't have time to talk about because oh wait, look, Thought Bubble! You put some learning in our learning so we can learn while we learn! Thanks, Thought Bubble. So as a religion, Buddhism involves a lot of meditating and moderation, and there aren't that many fun rituals, and if you're a Buddhist monk, you don't get to have power like most holy people do. You have to renounce everything, including your hair. And yes, some of them get to be Kung Fu monks, but only in China, where Buddhism eventually migrated and became a religion with fun rituals and all kinds of great stuff that Siddhartha Gautama probably wouldn't have even recognized. But we're not talking about fun, populist religion."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "So as a religion, Buddhism involves a lot of meditating and moderation, and there aren't that many fun rituals, and if you're a Buddhist monk, you don't get to have power like most holy people do. You have to renounce everything, including your hair. And yes, some of them get to be Kung Fu monks, but only in China, where Buddhism eventually migrated and became a religion with fun rituals and all kinds of great stuff that Siddhartha Gautama probably wouldn't have even recognized. But we're not talking about fun, populist religion. We're talking about old-school, ascetic Buddhism. Sure, you might be happy and fulfilled if you follow the Eightfold Path, but from everything we've learned so far, it would appear that humans don't want to be happy and fulfilled, or else they never would have stopped foraging. But Buddhism was very attractive if you were a low-caste Hindu, because there was no caste system."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "But we're not talking about fun, populist religion. We're talking about old-school, ascetic Buddhism. Sure, you might be happy and fulfilled if you follow the Eightfold Path, but from everything we've learned so far, it would appear that humans don't want to be happy and fulfilled, or else they never would have stopped foraging. But Buddhism was very attractive if you were a low-caste Hindu, because there was no caste system. In theory, anyone who follows the Eightfold Path and renounces desire can be freed from suffering and achieve nirvana, maybe even in this life, instead of having to get reborn for maybe millennia and knowing that each time there is only a tiny chance that you will end up something awesome, like a honey badger. By the way, totally tangential part six. Did you know the game Chutes and Ladders has its origins in ancient India?"}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "But Buddhism was very attractive if you were a low-caste Hindu, because there was no caste system. In theory, anyone who follows the Eightfold Path and renounces desire can be freed from suffering and achieve nirvana, maybe even in this life, instead of having to get reborn for maybe millennia and knowing that each time there is only a tiny chance that you will end up something awesome, like a honey badger. By the way, totally tangential part six. Did you know the game Chutes and Ladders has its origins in ancient India? They call it Snakes and Ladders. The ladders are steps forward on the path to moksha, and the snakes take you away from it. Which reminds me, it's time for the open letter."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Did you know the game Chutes and Ladders has its origins in ancient India? They call it Snakes and Ladders. The ladders are steps forward on the path to moksha, and the snakes take you away from it. Which reminds me, it's time for the open letter. That is very close to my head. Wow. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Which reminds me, it's time for the open letter. That is very close to my head. Wow. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment. Oh, look! It's a golf club! Must be so I can play disco golf!"}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment. Oh, look! It's a golf club! Must be so I can play disco golf! An open letter to Chutes and Ladders. Dear Chutes and Ladders, this is disco golf. It's a game of skill."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Must be so I can play disco golf! An open letter to Chutes and Ladders. Dear Chutes and Ladders, this is disco golf. It's a game of skill. My success at disco golf is entirely dependent on whether I am good at disco golf. Now listen, Chutes and Ladders, I remember your game being awesome when I was a kid, but I have a two-year-old son myself, and I recently bought him Chutes and Ladders. And you know what happened the first time we played?"}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a game of skill. My success at disco golf is entirely dependent on whether I am good at disco golf. Now listen, Chutes and Ladders, I remember your game being awesome when I was a kid, but I have a two-year-old son myself, and I recently bought him Chutes and Ladders. And you know what happened the first time we played? He beat me! Chutes and Ladders, this is a child who regularly refers to helicopters as heliflopters. I don't want to say that he's not my intellectual equal, but I'm potty trained."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "And you know what happened the first time we played? He beat me! Chutes and Ladders, this is a child who regularly refers to helicopters as heliflopters. I don't want to say that he's not my intellectual equal, but I'm potty trained. You know why he beat me? Because there is no skill involved in Chutes and Ladders at all. It is completely random and capricious and arbitrary and cold, just like the universe."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "I don't want to say that he's not my intellectual equal, but I'm potty trained. You know why he beat me? Because there is no skill involved in Chutes and Ladders at all. It is completely random and capricious and arbitrary and cold, just like the universe. I don't want to play games that are like the universe. I want to play games so I can forget what the universe is like. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "It is completely random and capricious and arbitrary and cold, just like the universe. I don't want to play games that are like the universe. I want to play games so I can forget what the universe is like. Best wishes, John Green. Okay, part seven, Ashoka. Remember that for most of Indian history, India was not one unified place. It was tons of different principalities and city-states and everything else."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. Okay, part seven, Ashoka. Remember that for most of Indian history, India was not one unified place. It was tons of different principalities and city-states and everything else. But India did experience indigenous political unity twice, first under the Mauryan dynasty in the 3rd century BCE, and then again in the Gupta dynasty from the 300s to the 500s CE, but we're not going to talk about that because it bores me. Right now we're interested in one particular leader from the Mauryan dynasty, Ashoka. Because Ashoka attempted to rule through quasi-Buddhist principles."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "It was tons of different principalities and city-states and everything else. But India did experience indigenous political unity twice, first under the Mauryan dynasty in the 3rd century BCE, and then again in the Gupta dynasty from the 300s to the 500s CE, but we're not going to talk about that because it bores me. Right now we're interested in one particular leader from the Mauryan dynasty, Ashoka. Because Ashoka attempted to rule through quasi-Buddhist principles. So Ashoka was initially a warrior who ended up expanding the empire that his grandfather started, and Ashoka experienced this conversion to Buddhism after he saw his own army devastate the kingdom of Kalinga, something I bring up primarily so that I can say kingdom of Kalinga. Stan, is there any way we could write a song about that? Like, kingdom of Kalinga."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Because Ashoka attempted to rule through quasi-Buddhist principles. So Ashoka was initially a warrior who ended up expanding the empire that his grandfather started, and Ashoka experienced this conversion to Buddhism after he saw his own army devastate the kingdom of Kalinga, something I bring up primarily so that I can say kingdom of Kalinga. Stan, is there any way we could write a song about that? Like, kingdom of Kalinga. Sorry, you got destroyed. So Ashoka built stupas. Stupas?"}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, kingdom of Kalinga. Sorry, you got destroyed. So Ashoka built stupas. Stupas? Hold on. Stupa. Could he have said that any more pretentiously?"}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Stupas? Hold on. Stupa. Could he have said that any more pretentiously? Stupas. So Ashoka built stupas, these mound-like monuments to the Buddha, all over his kingdom to show his devotion. And he also put up pillars all throughout his empire that proclaimed his benevolent rule and said he was going to rule through something he called dhamma, which according to one of the pillars went like this, proper behavior towards servants and employees, respect for mother and father, generosity to friends, companions, relations, brahmins and ascetics, and not killing living beings."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Could he have said that any more pretentiously? Stupas. So Ashoka built stupas, these mound-like monuments to the Buddha, all over his kingdom to show his devotion. And he also put up pillars all throughout his empire that proclaimed his benevolent rule and said he was going to rule through something he called dhamma, which according to one of the pillars went like this, proper behavior towards servants and employees, respect for mother and father, generosity to friends, companions, relations, brahmins and ascetics, and not killing living beings. So those are not individualistic goals like we see in Hinduism. They're relational goals like we're going to see next week when we study Confucianism. And that's one of the reasons why Ashoka's empire wasn't actually very Buddhist, because ultimately Buddhism isn't that concerned with the order of the world."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "And he also put up pillars all throughout his empire that proclaimed his benevolent rule and said he was going to rule through something he called dhamma, which according to one of the pillars went like this, proper behavior towards servants and employees, respect for mother and father, generosity to friends, companions, relations, brahmins and ascetics, and not killing living beings. So those are not individualistic goals like we see in Hinduism. They're relational goals like we're going to see next week when we study Confucianism. And that's one of the reasons why Ashoka's empire wasn't actually very Buddhist, because ultimately Buddhism isn't that concerned with the order of the world. Buddhism argues that the fulfillment of the self will lead to the order of the world. In the end, Ashoka's empire didn't outlast him by much, and soon enough Buddhism declined in India, almost to the point of extinction. Part 8, the big finish."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's one of the reasons why Ashoka's empire wasn't actually very Buddhist, because ultimately Buddhism isn't that concerned with the order of the world. Buddhism argues that the fulfillment of the self will lead to the order of the world. In the end, Ashoka's empire didn't outlast him by much, and soon enough Buddhism declined in India, almost to the point of extinction. Part 8, the big finish. So as anyone who's ever practiced yoga knows, Hinduism is the most flexible of all the world religions, which is part of the reason it's often described as polytheistic. The belief that gods can take many forms makes it easy for Hinduism to assimilate other religious traditions, which is exactly what happened with Buddhism. In time, the Buddha came to be worshipped as another incarnation of one of the Hindu gods and not as a mortal teacher."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Part 8, the big finish. So as anyone who's ever practiced yoga knows, Hinduism is the most flexible of all the world religions, which is part of the reason it's often described as polytheistic. The belief that gods can take many forms makes it easy for Hinduism to assimilate other religious traditions, which is exactly what happened with Buddhism. In time, the Buddha came to be worshipped as another incarnation of one of the Hindu gods and not as a mortal teacher. So in the end, Hinduism, rather than purging the Buddha, enveloped him. So all this means that while Hinduism has a tremendous amount of variety and flexibility, its core tenets of samsara, karma, and the caste system have provided a remarkable amount of cultural and social unity to the Indian subcontinent for millennia. Fortunately for the Buddha, his teachings migrated east to China."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "In time, the Buddha came to be worshipped as another incarnation of one of the Hindu gods and not as a mortal teacher. So in the end, Hinduism, rather than purging the Buddha, enveloped him. So all this means that while Hinduism has a tremendous amount of variety and flexibility, its core tenets of samsara, karma, and the caste system have provided a remarkable amount of cultural and social unity to the Indian subcontinent for millennia. Fortunately for the Buddha, his teachings migrated east to China. We're going to make that same journey next week. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Fortunately for the Buddha, his teachings migrated east to China. We're going to make that same journey next week. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Buddha and Ashoka Crash Course World History #6.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was right here in River City. If you want to guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in comments. Also in comments, please leave your questions and our team will endeavor to answer them."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is an excerpt of the US Declaration of Independence. And the United States goes on with its Constitution, which gets ratified in 1789, to articulate a Bill of Rights. And many will point to the Enlightenment as the inspiration for these ideas. Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence, cited figures like Locke as some of mankind's best thinkers. So at this early date, nations were at least writing these types of words into their Declarations of Independence, into their Constitutions. But despite that, the 20th century is one of the bloodiest centuries in human history. You have World War I, where roughly 17 million people die."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence, cited figures like Locke as some of mankind's best thinkers. So at this early date, nations were at least writing these types of words into their Declarations of Independence, into their Constitutions. But despite that, the 20th century is one of the bloodiest centuries in human history. You have World War I, where roughly 17 million people die. In World War II, 50 to 80 million people die, some directly because of the conflict, but many because of lack of access to food and famine. The Chinese are particularly hit. Over 15 million died during the Japanese occupation of China."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have World War I, where roughly 17 million people die. In World War II, 50 to 80 million people die, some directly because of the conflict, but many because of lack of access to food and famine. The Chinese are particularly hit. Over 15 million died during the Japanese occupation of China. This idea of genocide comes about. First, with the Armenian Genocide in the declining Ottoman Empire, where over a million people are believed to have been killed. And then in World War II, you have the Holocaust, where six to 11 million people were killed, roughly 2 1\u20443 of the Jewish population in Europe and many others."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Over 15 million died during the Japanese occupation of China. This idea of genocide comes about. First, with the Armenian Genocide in the declining Ottoman Empire, where over a million people are believed to have been killed. And then in World War II, you have the Holocaust, where six to 11 million people were killed, roughly 2 1\u20443 of the Jewish population in Europe and many others. The Russian Empire and eventually the Soviet Union gets especially hit hard in the first half of the 20th century. In World War I alone, three million Russians die. Shortly after the war, you have a significant Russian famine that kills five million people."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then in World War II, you have the Holocaust, where six to 11 million people were killed, roughly 2 1\u20443 of the Jewish population in Europe and many others. The Russian Empire and eventually the Soviet Union gets especially hit hard in the first half of the 20th century. In World War I alone, three million Russians die. Shortly after the war, you have a significant Russian famine that kills five million people. Then in the early 30s, you have the Soviet famine, five to seven million people. This is believed to have occurred because of Stalin's attempts to make agriculture collectivized. In the late 30s, you have Stalin's purge, where he goes after political opponents, and it's believed that he killed as many as three million people."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Shortly after the war, you have a significant Russian famine that kills five million people. Then in the early 30s, you have the Soviet famine, five to seven million people. This is believed to have occurred because of Stalin's attempts to make agriculture collectivized. In the late 30s, you have Stalin's purge, where he goes after political opponents, and it's believed that he killed as many as three million people. These things were so shocking to the planet that they made attempts to prevent them in the future. In 1920, out of the trauma of World War I, the League of Nations was founded. It was an attempt to prevent things like this in the future, for nations to talk to each other and to coordinate so they don't go to war, especially at the scale seen in World War I."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In the late 30s, you have Stalin's purge, where he goes after political opponents, and it's believed that he killed as many as three million people. These things were so shocking to the planet that they made attempts to prevent them in the future. In 1920, out of the trauma of World War I, the League of Nations was founded. It was an attempt to prevent things like this in the future, for nations to talk to each other and to coordinate so they don't go to war, especially at the scale seen in World War I. But clearly, that was unsuccessful, and we have World War II, where even more people die. After which, the slightly stronger United Nations gets founded, once again, with the charter of fostering dialogue between nations so that we can prevent these types of trauma for the planet. Early on in the newly founded UN agenda was this idea of revisiting the ideas of the Enlightenment, this idea of human rights, and trying to codify them in international law."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was an attempt to prevent things like this in the future, for nations to talk to each other and to coordinate so they don't go to war, especially at the scale seen in World War I. But clearly, that was unsuccessful, and we have World War II, where even more people die. After which, the slightly stronger United Nations gets founded, once again, with the charter of fostering dialogue between nations so that we can prevent these types of trauma for the planet. Early on in the newly founded UN agenda was this idea of revisiting the ideas of the Enlightenment, this idea of human rights, and trying to codify them in international law. In 1948, you have the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that's drafted by the United Nations, and it was an attempt to make a universal declaration of these rights that all humans on the planet have access to. I'm going to give excerpts of it, and keep a lookout for things that feel awfully close to ideas in the United States Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, or ideas from the Enlightenment. This is part of the preamble."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Early on in the newly founded UN agenda was this idea of revisiting the ideas of the Enlightenment, this idea of human rights, and trying to codify them in international law. In 1948, you have the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that's drafted by the United Nations, and it was an attempt to make a universal declaration of these rights that all humans on the planet have access to. I'm going to give excerpts of it, and keep a lookout for things that feel awfully close to ideas in the United States Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, or ideas from the Enlightenment. This is part of the preamble. Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world. Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, remember, World War II just happened, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want as has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people. Now, therefore, the General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is part of the preamble. Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world. Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, remember, World War II just happened, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want as has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people. Now, therefore, the General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations. You might be thinking, why do they even have to write this? Well, think about it. Things like the constitutions of various countries, especially the United States, these only applied to those countries."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, therefore, the General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations. You might be thinking, why do they even have to write this? Well, think about it. Things like the constitutions of various countries, especially the United States, these only applied to those countries. But now there was an attempt to write down, to codify something that would apply to all human beings, to the entire planet. And here's just some of the 30 articles to that declaration, to that Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Things like the constitutions of various countries, especially the United States, these only applied to those countries. But now there was an attempt to write down, to codify something that would apply to all human beings, to the entire planet. And here's just some of the 30 articles to that declaration, to that Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. This really feels similar to some of the ideas of Locke in the Enlightenment that we talk about in other videos. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political, or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. This really feels similar to some of the ideas of Locke in the Enlightenment that we talk about in other videos. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political, or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. So this is interesting because even though I start this video with the United States Declaration of Independence and a discussion of the Constitution, slavery in the United States would last for another 80 plus years after the Declaration of Independence was written. Women didn't even have the right to vote until the early 20th century. So beyond this being a universal declaration for the entire planet, the attempt is also to make it clear that it needs to apply to everyone."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political, or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. So this is interesting because even though I start this video with the United States Declaration of Independence and a discussion of the Constitution, slavery in the United States would last for another 80 plus years after the Declaration of Independence was written. Women didn't even have the right to vote until the early 20th century. So beyond this being a universal declaration for the entire planet, the attempt is also to make it clear that it needs to apply to everyone. Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So beyond this being a universal declaration for the entire planet, the attempt is also to make it clear that it needs to apply to everyone. Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. Everyone charged with a penal offense has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty. Once again, ideas that seem very similar to what we see in constitutions like that of the United States. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. Everyone charged with a penal offense has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty. Once again, ideas that seem very similar to what we see in constitutions like that of the United States. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, very similar to the First Amendment in the US Constitution. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. No one may be compelled to belong to an association."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, very similar to the First Amendment in the US Constitution. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. No one may be compelled to belong to an association. And Article 21 is especially interesting. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country directly or through freely chosen representatives. Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "No one may be compelled to belong to an association. And Article 21 is especially interesting. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country directly or through freely chosen representatives. Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government. So this is a big statement. It's taking a stand, saying that everyone on the planet should be able to live in a democracy and participate in a democracy."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government. So this is a big statement. It's taking a stand, saying that everyone on the planet should be able to live in a democracy and participate in a democracy. The commission that drafted this declaration was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of Franklin Roosevelt. This is a map of who voted for this declaration, and these are the countries in green. Who abstained, they just decided not to vote, for the declaration, those are the countries in orange."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's taking a stand, saying that everyone on the planet should be able to live in a democracy and participate in a democracy. The commission that drafted this declaration was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of Franklin Roosevelt. This is a map of who voted for this declaration, and these are the countries in green. Who abstained, they just decided not to vote, for the declaration, those are the countries in orange. And then you have a few that voted against it. In gray are the countries that weren't part of the United Nations at the time. An interesting question, looking at this map, is to think about why certain countries were willing to vote for it, and why other countries decided to abstain at the time."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Who abstained, they just decided not to vote, for the declaration, those are the countries in orange. And then you have a few that voted against it. In gray are the countries that weren't part of the United Nations at the time. An interesting question, looking at this map, is to think about why certain countries were willing to vote for it, and why other countries decided to abstain at the time. These articles are talking about people having the right to participate in a democracy, the right to be equal, that all people are equal. And in many of these countries, people did not have equal rights. You had severe discrimination in places like South Africa."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "An interesting question, looking at this map, is to think about why certain countries were willing to vote for it, and why other countries decided to abstain at the time. These articles are talking about people having the right to participate in a democracy, the right to be equal, that all people are equal. And in many of these countries, people did not have equal rights. You had severe discrimination in places like South Africa. In many of these countries, you did not have a democracy. But there's a broader question here. It's nice to be able to write these fairly idealistic ideas, but to what degree does it have an effect?"}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You had severe discrimination in places like South Africa. In many of these countries, you did not have a democracy. But there's a broader question here. It's nice to be able to write these fairly idealistic ideas, but to what degree does it have an effect? And to what degree can it actually be enforced? You might cite things like the American Civil Rights Movement, which did echo some of these ideas that were made in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Maybe they helped the Civil Rights Movement, or maybe the Civil Rights Movement would have happened regardless of what the UN did."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's nice to be able to write these fairly idealistic ideas, but to what degree does it have an effect? And to what degree can it actually be enforced? You might cite things like the American Civil Rights Movement, which did echo some of these ideas that were made in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Maybe they helped the Civil Rights Movement, or maybe the Civil Rights Movement would have happened regardless of what the UN did. But at the same time, you have ideas like apartheid. You had racism and discrimination in South Africa from the beginning of colonial rule, but it was actually at the exact same time as this declaration that the official policy of apartheid, of government-sanctioned discrimination, of government-sanctioned segregation, preventing racial mingling, came into effect and lasted all the way until 1991. And so one could make an argument, maybe things would have been worse without the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, or maybe the Universal Declaration of Human Rights really wasn't in a situation to actually affect things like this."}, {"video_title": "International Human Rights 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Maybe they helped the Civil Rights Movement, or maybe the Civil Rights Movement would have happened regardless of what the UN did. But at the same time, you have ideas like apartheid. You had racism and discrimination in South Africa from the beginning of colonial rule, but it was actually at the exact same time as this declaration that the official policy of apartheid, of government-sanctioned discrimination, of government-sanctioned segregation, preventing racial mingling, came into effect and lasted all the way until 1991. And so one could make an argument, maybe things would have been worse without the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, or maybe the Universal Declaration of Human Rights really wasn't in a situation to actually affect things like this. In many of the countries around the world, not just the orange ones, but often in many of the green ones as well, you continue to see things that go against those ideas of universal human rights. Even if the UN passes something, and if one country doesn't want to abide by it, what action can the other countries take? Economic action, maybe sanctions, maybe military action, and to what degree are people actually willing to do that?"}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It existed for over a thousand years from its founding as a kingdom, if you believe the founding myth founded by Romulus in 753 BCE. Most historians don't accept that founding myth. But then it became, they overthrew their last king in 509 BCE, Tarkin the Proud, and then they established the Roman Republic, which was eventually then turned into an empire by Julius Caesar and Augustus. And so whenever you have something this long lasting, you can imagine the social and the political structures evolved over time. But let's begin with the period when it was a kingdom. Because even then, there were some things that were noteworthy, and some social and political structures that continued into the Republic period and even when it was an empire. So one interesting thing is that when we typically think of kings, we think of it as being dynastic, that if I am king, then my oldest son, or maybe in certain cultures, my oldest daughter might become king or queen."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so whenever you have something this long lasting, you can imagine the social and the political structures evolved over time. But let's begin with the period when it was a kingdom. Because even then, there were some things that were noteworthy, and some social and political structures that continued into the Republic period and even when it was an empire. So one interesting thing is that when we typically think of kings, we think of it as being dynastic, that if I am king, then my oldest son, or maybe in certain cultures, my oldest daughter might become king or queen. But it turns out that many of the, especially the early kings of the Roman kingdom, were actually elected. They had a lot of power. All the power resided in them."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So one interesting thing is that when we typically think of kings, we think of it as being dynastic, that if I am king, then my oldest son, or maybe in certain cultures, my oldest daughter might become king or queen. But it turns out that many of the, especially the early kings of the Roman kingdom, were actually elected. They had a lot of power. All the power resided in them. They were the executive, the legislative, they were the judicial, they even had religious power. But it's interesting to think of the idea of elected kings. Now all of them weren't elected."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "All the power resided in them. They were the executive, the legislative, they were the judicial, they even had religious power. But it's interesting to think of the idea of elected kings. Now all of them weren't elected. Several of them were dynastic, but it is an interesting idea. Now another idea that emerged during the Roman kingdom is this idea of citizenship. Now it's important to realize today, in a lot of countries, we think of, oh, everyone who's a formal resident of that country, you can view them as a citizen, or most of the people, you can think of citizen, especially maybe people born in a country, but that was not the case in Rome."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now all of them weren't elected. Several of them were dynastic, but it is an interesting idea. Now another idea that emerged during the Roman kingdom is this idea of citizenship. Now it's important to realize today, in a lot of countries, we think of, oh, everyone who's a formal resident of that country, you can view them as a citizen, or most of the people, you can think of citizen, especially maybe people born in a country, but that was not the case in Rome. And when we go into this Roman kingdom, I'll remind, and I do this in many videos, we're not thinking about this sprawling Roman empire that we'll see several hundred years later. At that time, Rome was really just in control of Rome, and over time, especially during the Republic period, it starts to expand and eventually have hegemony or dominant power over the Mediterranean and the Middle East, or parts of the Middle East, I should say, and in Southern Europe. But let's go back to this kingdom period, and what I'm about to draw actually stays true through most of Roman civilization."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now it's important to realize today, in a lot of countries, we think of, oh, everyone who's a formal resident of that country, you can view them as a citizen, or most of the people, you can think of citizen, especially maybe people born in a country, but that was not the case in Rome. And when we go into this Roman kingdom, I'll remind, and I do this in many videos, we're not thinking about this sprawling Roman empire that we'll see several hundred years later. At that time, Rome was really just in control of Rome, and over time, especially during the Republic period, it starts to expand and eventually have hegemony or dominant power over the Mediterranean and the Middle East, or parts of the Middle East, I should say, and in Southern Europe. But let's go back to this kingdom period, and what I'm about to draw actually stays true through most of Roman civilization. If this white circle are the people who lived under Roman rule, only a subset were citizens. So this were the citizens. These were male landowners, citizens, right over here."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But let's go back to this kingdom period, and what I'm about to draw actually stays true through most of Roman civilization. If this white circle are the people who lived under Roman rule, only a subset were citizens. So this were the citizens. These were male landowners, citizens, right over here. And within the citizens, they were further divided between patricians, and you could think of them as the nobility. These were people, and they became patrician based on what family they were born into, and it's based on this idea, and the word literally comes from this idea that you are descended from the founding fathers of Rome. And then all the other citizens were the plebeians."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "These were male landowners, citizens, right over here. And within the citizens, they were further divided between patricians, and you could think of them as the nobility. These were people, and they became patrician based on what family they were born into, and it's based on this idea, and the word literally comes from this idea that you are descended from the founding fathers of Rome. And then all the other citizens were the plebeians. So all of the other ones were the plebeians, the plebeians right over here. And as we'll see, over the, the patricians held most of the power and most of the wealth for a significant amount of time, but as we go through the Republic period, the plebeians start to gain more and more and more power, and many plebeians also start to accrue wealth, and some patrician families do end up poor. But for the most part, the patricians, they're the nobility, they're associated with the aristocracy, but the plebeians, some of them become wealthy and powerful as well."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then all the other citizens were the plebeians. So all of the other ones were the plebeians, the plebeians right over here. And as we'll see, over the, the patricians held most of the power and most of the wealth for a significant amount of time, but as we go through the Republic period, the plebeians start to gain more and more and more power, and many plebeians also start to accrue wealth, and some patrician families do end up poor. But for the most part, the patricians, they're the nobility, they're associated with the aristocracy, but the plebeians, some of them become wealthy and powerful as well. Now you're probably saying, what about all of these other people? Well, you can imagine non-landholding males, you can imagine women, you can imagine slaves, and even though we aggrandize Rome, and there were many very interesting things about Rome, one of the legacies that Rome had, which maybe is the, historians reflect a little bit more negatively on, is that Roman society was built on the idea of slaves. And most of the slaves were people that they subjugated, people that they conquered in other lands, they might have been people who, at least the authorities thought they committed a crime of some kind, but the society was built on slavery."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But for the most part, the patricians, they're the nobility, they're associated with the aristocracy, but the plebeians, some of them become wealthy and powerful as well. Now you're probably saying, what about all of these other people? Well, you can imagine non-landholding males, you can imagine women, you can imagine slaves, and even though we aggrandize Rome, and there were many very interesting things about Rome, one of the legacies that Rome had, which maybe is the, historians reflect a little bit more negatively on, is that Roman society was built on the idea of slaves. And most of the slaves were people that they subjugated, people that they conquered in other lands, they might have been people who, at least the authorities thought they committed a crime of some kind, but the society was built on slavery. So you had a large segment of the population that had no rights that were considered slaves. Later on, they start to gain some very, very basic rudimentary rights, but you can imagine as a slave, close to no rights whatsoever. Now other institutions that developed during the time of the Roman Kingdom, or an institution that developed at the time of the Roman Kingdom, was the Senate."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And most of the slaves were people that they subjugated, people that they conquered in other lands, they might have been people who, at least the authorities thought they committed a crime of some kind, but the society was built on slavery. So you had a large segment of the population that had no rights that were considered slaves. Later on, they start to gain some very, very basic rudimentary rights, but you can imagine as a slave, close to no rights whatsoever. Now other institutions that developed during the time of the Roman Kingdom, or an institution that developed at the time of the Roman Kingdom, was the Senate. Was the Roman Senate. And under the king, the king had most of the power, but once the Roman Republic gets established, it's actually the Senate where most of the power resides. Now this right over here is a depiction that came much later of the Roman Senate."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now other institutions that developed during the time of the Roman Kingdom, or an institution that developed at the time of the Roman Kingdom, was the Senate. Was the Roman Senate. And under the king, the king had most of the power, but once the Roman Republic gets established, it's actually the Senate where most of the power resides. Now this right over here is a depiction that came much later of the Roman Senate. And it's important to realize that the Senate was not the only institution or the only position within the Roman Republic. The consuls were there. And you could view the consuls as the executives, or if you think of a system like the United States, the executive power resides in the president."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now this right over here is a depiction that came much later of the Roman Senate. And it's important to realize that the Senate was not the only institution or the only position within the Roman Republic. The consuls were there. And you could view the consuls as the executives, or if you think of a system like the United States, the executive power resides in the president. So it's analogous to the president. They are running the government. They're also commander in chief of the military."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you could view the consuls as the executives, or if you think of a system like the United States, the executive power resides in the president. So it's analogous to the president. They are running the government. They're also commander in chief of the military. Now consuls, even though it was considered a very high title, their power was very limited. There was two of them at any given time. So I just drew the two consuls."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They're also commander in chief of the military. Now consuls, even though it was considered a very high title, their power was very limited. There was two of them at any given time. So I just drew the two consuls. They could veto each other at any given time to keep any one consul from getting too powerful. And they only had a one-year term. And during that one year, they would alternate on a monthly basis on who was the more senior consul."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So I just drew the two consuls. They could veto each other at any given time to keep any one consul from getting too powerful. And they only had a one-year term. And during that one year, they would alternate on a monthly basis on who was the more senior consul. So you could imagine the consuls were limited in many, many, many ways. And even though the Senate officially was supposed to advise the consuls, in practice, what the Senate told the consuls to do, the consuls actually did. So another question is, well, who gets to be a consul and who gets to be a Senate?"}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And during that one year, they would alternate on a monthly basis on who was the more senior consul. So you could imagine the consuls were limited in many, many, many ways. And even though the Senate officially was supposed to advise the consuls, in practice, what the Senate told the consuls to do, the consuls actually did. So another question is, well, who gets to be a consul and who gets to be a Senate? Well, in the early days, the Senate was mainly, or it was patrician, and over time, as you have, as plebeians start to exert more and more power, especially as we go into the mid and later Republic, Roman Republic, you start to have more wealthy plebeians in the Senate. But in general, the Senate is composed of the aristocracy. So wealthy and influential men of Rome are in the Senate."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So another question is, well, who gets to be a consul and who gets to be a Senate? Well, in the early days, the Senate was mainly, or it was patrician, and over time, as you have, as plebeians start to exert more and more power, especially as we go into the mid and later Republic, Roman Republic, you start to have more wealthy plebeians in the Senate. But in general, the Senate is composed of the aristocracy. So wealthy and influential men of Rome are in the Senate. How are they selected for the Senate? Well, in the early days, it was actually the consuls who selected the senators. Later on, or shortly thereafter, and for most of the Republic period of Rome, it was a position called the censor that decided who got to actually serve in the Senate."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So wealthy and influential men of Rome are in the Senate. How are they selected for the Senate? Well, in the early days, it was actually the consuls who selected the senators. Later on, or shortly thereafter, and for most of the Republic period of Rome, it was a position called the censor that decided who got to actually serve in the Senate. Now, another question you might say, well, who's deciding who gets to be a consul, who gets to be a censor? And there's many other of these executive positions that are generally called magistrates, and that came from one of the assemblies of the Roman Republic, in particular, the centurion assembly. Centurion assembly, which elected consuls, the senior executives, the senior magistrates is one way that you could think about it."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Later on, or shortly thereafter, and for most of the Republic period of Rome, it was a position called the censor that decided who got to actually serve in the Senate. Now, another question you might say, well, who's deciding who gets to be a consul, who gets to be a censor? And there's many other of these executive positions that are generally called magistrates, and that came from one of the assemblies of the Roman Republic, in particular, the centurion assembly. Centurion assembly, which elected consuls, the senior executives, the senior magistrates is one way that you could think about it. They elected them. And who was in the centurion assembly, and why did they call it the centurion assembly? Well, it started off as citizen soldiers being grouped into groups of 100, and on a particular issue, including who should be elected consul, this group of 100 would vote, whatever the majority would be, then their representative to the assembly would vote that way."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Centurion assembly, which elected consuls, the senior executives, the senior magistrates is one way that you could think about it. They elected them. And who was in the centurion assembly, and why did they call it the centurion assembly? Well, it started off as citizen soldiers being grouped into groups of 100, and on a particular issue, including who should be elected consul, this group of 100 would vote, whatever the majority would be, then their representative to the assembly would vote that way. So they wouldn't just elect a representative, and that representative could do anything they want. They would tell that representative how to vote. But that's why it was called the centurion assembly, because you had these groups of 100."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, it started off as citizen soldiers being grouped into groups of 100, and on a particular issue, including who should be elected consul, this group of 100 would vote, whatever the majority would be, then their representative to the assembly would vote that way. So they wouldn't just elect a representative, and that representative could do anything they want. They would tell that representative how to vote. But that's why it was called the centurion assembly, because you had these groups of 100. And a lot of their power was in electing these consuls and these other senior magistrates. But that wasn't the only assembly. You also had the tribunal assembly."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But that's why it was called the centurion assembly, because you had these groups of 100. And a lot of their power was in electing these consuls and these other senior magistrates. But that wasn't the only assembly. You also had the tribunal assembly. This is breaking up the Roman population, the Roman citizenry by tribe. And this had both plebeians and patricians in it. So this is the tribunal assembly."}, {"video_title": "Roman social and political structures World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You also had the tribunal assembly. This is breaking up the Roman population, the Roman citizenry by tribe. And this had both plebeians and patricians in it. So this is the tribunal assembly. You also have the plebeian council. This was only plebeians. You also have the plebeian council."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in this video, we're going to focus on what happens in North India, Persia, the Middle East, and the Anatolian Peninsula, what we would consider modern day Turkey. So right here is roughly what Asia looked like around the year 1300. As you might remember from previous videos, as we entered into the 13th century, you have Genghis Khan or Genghis Khan take over much of Asia from Mongolia. But by the time you get to 1300, the empire has fragmented into these various khanates, the Wan Dynasty in China, Shagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Northwest Asia, and the Ilkhanate in Persia and the Middle East. Now two things to keep note of as we look at this map that are relevant to this video is notice this tiny little kingdom right over here. This is one of the many fragmented kingdoms that result after the Sultanate of Rum collapses in the middle of the 13th century. This kingdom in particular is founded by someone by the name of Usman, or the Arabic version of the name would be Utman or Atman."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But by the time you get to 1300, the empire has fragmented into these various khanates, the Wan Dynasty in China, Shagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Northwest Asia, and the Ilkhanate in Persia and the Middle East. Now two things to keep note of as we look at this map that are relevant to this video is notice this tiny little kingdom right over here. This is one of the many fragmented kingdoms that result after the Sultanate of Rum collapses in the middle of the 13th century. This kingdom in particular is founded by someone by the name of Usman, or the Arabic version of the name would be Utman or Atman. And so this is the nascent Ottoman Empire forming right over here. Now over here you have the Delhi Sultanate, which was the first significant Muslim empire over North India. And notably, they were one of the few empires that were able to fend off the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This kingdom in particular is founded by someone by the name of Usman, or the Arabic version of the name would be Utman or Atman. And so this is the nascent Ottoman Empire forming right over here. Now over here you have the Delhi Sultanate, which was the first significant Muslim empire over North India. And notably, they were one of the few empires that were able to fend off the Mongols. But now let's fast forward roughly 100 years. Now a few things have changed. The Ming Dynasty has taken over the Wan Dynasty in the middle of the 14th century."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And notably, they were one of the few empires that were able to fend off the Mongols. But now let's fast forward roughly 100 years. Now a few things have changed. The Ming Dynasty has taken over the Wan Dynasty in the middle of the 14th century. The Mongols in the east are now relegated to the Northern Wan Dynasty, but there still is the Shagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. But much of their territory, including the Ilkhanate, has now been taken over by Timur, who we talk about in previous videos. And Timur famously sacked Delhi and really brought the Delhi Sultanate to its knees, and as we will see, it will only last for roughly another 100 years."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Ming Dynasty has taken over the Wan Dynasty in the middle of the 14th century. The Mongols in the east are now relegated to the Northern Wan Dynasty, but there still is the Shagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. But much of their territory, including the Ilkhanate, has now been taken over by Timur, who we talk about in previous videos. And Timur famously sacked Delhi and really brought the Delhi Sultanate to its knees, and as we will see, it will only last for roughly another 100 years. Now you might also notice that the Ottoman Empire, founded by Usman or Uthman, is continuing to grow and continuing to conquer. Now one thing to keep in mind, in previous videos we talk about the invention of gunpowder in Tang China and the early Song Dynasty, which was about 400 to 500 years before the period that we're talking about right now. As we get into this period, we are now starting to see the use of gunpowder for guns and in particular artillery."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Timur famously sacked Delhi and really brought the Delhi Sultanate to its knees, and as we will see, it will only last for roughly another 100 years. Now you might also notice that the Ottoman Empire, founded by Usman or Uthman, is continuing to grow and continuing to conquer. Now one thing to keep in mind, in previous videos we talk about the invention of gunpowder in Tang China and the early Song Dynasty, which was about 400 to 500 years before the period that we're talking about right now. As we get into this period, we are now starting to see the use of gunpowder for guns and in particular artillery. And when I say artillery, think cannons. So let's fast forward another 200 years to see how the empires of Asia have evolved. So now we see several things."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we get into this period, we are now starting to see the use of gunpowder for guns and in particular artillery. And when I say artillery, think cannons. So let's fast forward another 200 years to see how the empires of Asia have evolved. So now we see several things. The Ming Dynasty is still in control of much of China. The Northern Wan are still in Mongolia. You have a Kazakh Khanate, descendant from the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So now we see several things. The Ming Dynasty is still in control of much of China. The Northern Wan are still in Mongolia. You have a Kazakh Khanate, descendant from the Mongols. By the late 16th and early 17th century, the Ottoman Empire has now expanded significantly, encompassing much of the Middle East. In Persia, you see that the Timurid Empire fell within a few decades after the death of Timur. And as we entered into the 16th century, you have the Safavid Dynasty take over."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have a Kazakh Khanate, descendant from the Mongols. By the late 16th and early 17th century, the Ottoman Empire has now expanded significantly, encompassing much of the Middle East. In Persia, you see that the Timurid Empire fell within a few decades after the death of Timur. And as we entered into the 16th century, you have the Safavid Dynasty take over. And then also in the 16th century, almost coincident with the founding of the Safavid Dynasty in Persia, you have Timur's grandson's great-grandson, Babur, who's born in current-day Uzbekistan, is able to defeat the Delhi Sultanate and establish the Mughal Empire. And Mughal is just the Persian word for Mongol. And Babur is a direct descendant of Timur on his father's side and of Genghis Khan on his mother's side."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we entered into the 16th century, you have the Safavid Dynasty take over. And then also in the 16th century, almost coincident with the founding of the Safavid Dynasty in Persia, you have Timur's grandson's great-grandson, Babur, who's born in current-day Uzbekistan, is able to defeat the Delhi Sultanate and establish the Mughal Empire. And Mughal is just the Persian word for Mongol. And Babur is a direct descendant of Timur on his father's side and of Genghis Khan on his mother's side. Now, many historians often group these three empires or dynasties together because they do share some commonalities. And so let's think about each of them individually and think about where they are similar and where they are different. Not a lot is known about Usman, who founds that first kingdom in the Anatolian Peninsula."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Babur is a direct descendant of Timur on his father's side and of Genghis Khan on his mother's side. Now, many historians often group these three empires or dynasties together because they do share some commonalities. And so let's think about each of them individually and think about where they are similar and where they are different. Not a lot is known about Usman, who founds that first kingdom in the Anatolian Peninsula. It's a Sunni Islamic empire. In fact, the leader is eventually named a caliph. The ruling class of this empire is Turkish."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Not a lot is known about Usman, who founds that first kingdom in the Anatolian Peninsula. It's a Sunni Islamic empire. In fact, the leader is eventually named a caliph. The ruling class of this empire is Turkish. Now, one of their distinguishing characteristics is what's known as the Devshirme system, in which the sultan, the emperor, would have a personal army of what could be called slaves, these janissaries. These janissaries were actually Christian boys taken at a young age and then indoctrinated into the janissary system. The reason why I said you can kind of call them slaves is that although they were forced to become janissaries and taken from their families, they were given many privileges, and over time, many of these janissaries became some of the most notable figures in the Ottoman Empire, some of them even becoming the Grand Vizier, effectively ruling over the empire."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The ruling class of this empire is Turkish. Now, one of their distinguishing characteristics is what's known as the Devshirme system, in which the sultan, the emperor, would have a personal army of what could be called slaves, these janissaries. These janissaries were actually Christian boys taken at a young age and then indoctrinated into the janissary system. The reason why I said you can kind of call them slaves is that although they were forced to become janissaries and taken from their families, they were given many privileges, and over time, many of these janissaries became some of the most notable figures in the Ottoman Empire, some of them even becoming the Grand Vizier, effectively ruling over the empire. Now, the Ottomans are also known for one of the earliest empires to very successfully to use gunpowder in battle. The Safavids, as you can see here, were really founded in the very early 16th century, officially 1501, by their founder Shah Ismail, sometimes known as Ismail I, and he is the heir to a religious dynasty, the Safavids. Safavids, it is a Muslim dynasty like the Ottoman Empire, but unlike the Ottoman Empire, it is based on 12-er Shia Islam."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The reason why I said you can kind of call them slaves is that although they were forced to become janissaries and taken from their families, they were given many privileges, and over time, many of these janissaries became some of the most notable figures in the Ottoman Empire, some of them even becoming the Grand Vizier, effectively ruling over the empire. Now, the Ottomans are also known for one of the earliest empires to very successfully to use gunpowder in battle. The Safavids, as you can see here, were really founded in the very early 16th century, officially 1501, by their founder Shah Ismail, sometimes known as Ismail I, and he is the heir to a religious dynasty, the Safavids. Safavids, it is a Muslim dynasty like the Ottoman Empire, but unlike the Ottoman Empire, it is based on 12-er Shia Islam. 12-er Shia is the major group of Shias today, and it is based on the belief of 12 imams following Muhammad, starting with Ali, and we have videos on the Sunni-Shia split. Now, even though Ismail spoke Turkish and was raised in a Turkic society, this dynasty brought back much of the culture of ancient Persia. In fact, it's viewed as the first dynasty since the Sassanids that actually had native Persian rule and brought back that Persian culture, part of which is using the word Shah."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Safavids, it is a Muslim dynasty like the Ottoman Empire, but unlike the Ottoman Empire, it is based on 12-er Shia Islam. 12-er Shia is the major group of Shias today, and it is based on the belief of 12 imams following Muhammad, starting with Ali, and we have videos on the Sunni-Shia split. Now, even though Ismail spoke Turkish and was raised in a Turkic society, this dynasty brought back much of the culture of ancient Persia. In fact, it's viewed as the first dynasty since the Sassanids that actually had native Persian rule and brought back that Persian culture, part of which is using the word Shah. You remember Cyrus the Great, the Shah and Shah, the king of kings. Now, they had what is known as gulams, which is very similar to the idea of a janissary. These are slave soldiers which are taken as captives but then are raised to be an elite military unit and eventually often have significant wealth and significant power."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, it's viewed as the first dynasty since the Sassanids that actually had native Persian rule and brought back that Persian culture, part of which is using the word Shah. You remember Cyrus the Great, the Shah and Shah, the king of kings. Now, they had what is known as gulams, which is very similar to the idea of a janissary. These are slave soldiers which are taken as captives but then are raised to be an elite military unit and eventually often have significant wealth and significant power. Now, you might be wondering why did any of these empires, and these aren't the only ones. You have the Mamluks in other Muslim empires. Why would people create these elite soldiers out of slaves and give them that much power?"}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "These are slave soldiers which are taken as captives but then are raised to be an elite military unit and eventually often have significant wealth and significant power. Now, you might be wondering why did any of these empires, and these aren't the only ones. You have the Mamluks in other Muslim empires. Why would people create these elite soldiers out of slaves and give them that much power? Well, the answer is they were the safest people to give power to. Remember, these empires are ruling over many tribes and many groups and many kingdoms that are constantly vying for power, trying to establish their own dynasties. And if you allowed people from those various tribes to protect you as emperor, well, there might be a good shot that one of them might wanna kill you and establish their own dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Why would people create these elite soldiers out of slaves and give them that much power? Well, the answer is they were the safest people to give power to. Remember, these empires are ruling over many tribes and many groups and many kingdoms that are constantly vying for power, trying to establish their own dynasties. And if you allowed people from those various tribes to protect you as emperor, well, there might be a good shot that one of them might wanna kill you and establish their own dynasty. But from a young age, if you could indoctrinate these young boys as gulams or as janissaries, well, they might be more loyal to you. And indeed, it did provide an unusual amount of stability. As I mentioned, the Mughal Empire was able to be founded by Babur who was Timur's great-grandson's grandson."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you allowed people from those various tribes to protect you as emperor, well, there might be a good shot that one of them might wanna kill you and establish their own dynasty. But from a young age, if you could indoctrinate these young boys as gulams or as janissaries, well, they might be more loyal to you. And indeed, it did provide an unusual amount of stability. As I mentioned, the Mughal Empire was able to be founded by Babur who was Timur's great-grandson's grandson. And he too was born in a Turko-Mongolian tradition. As he's able to famously defeat the Delhi Sultanate, which had already been significantly weakened, one on its own, but then by Timur over 100 years before, he famously comes to power with the aid of gunpowder, being able to defeat a significantly larger Delhi Sultanate army. The Mughals practiced Sunni Islam, but they ruled over a large Hindu majority."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As I mentioned, the Mughal Empire was able to be founded by Babur who was Timur's great-grandson's grandson. And he too was born in a Turko-Mongolian tradition. As he's able to famously defeat the Delhi Sultanate, which had already been significantly weakened, one on its own, but then by Timur over 100 years before, he famously comes to power with the aid of gunpowder, being able to defeat a significantly larger Delhi Sultanate army. The Mughals practiced Sunni Islam, but they ruled over a large Hindu majority. And so the first several Mughal rulers were actually quite tolerant. Perhaps the most tolerant was Akbar, often known as Akbar the Great, who we'll do other videos on, who actually tried to create a religion which was a merger between Islam and Hinduism and Jainism and Christianity. But then they become less tolerant under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Mughals practiced Sunni Islam, but they ruled over a large Hindu majority. And so the first several Mughal rulers were actually quite tolerant. Perhaps the most tolerant was Akbar, often known as Akbar the Great, who we'll do other videos on, who actually tried to create a religion which was a merger between Islam and Hinduism and Jainism and Christianity. But then they become less tolerant under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. Shah Jahan famous for building the Taj Mahal for his wife, but what's often not noted is he was building this fairly grand mausoleum at a time when there was a famine in India, and he was also known as being fairly intolerant and persecuted many Hindus and Sikhs. And his son, Aurangzeb, continued to do so. Now, some historians will refer to these three empires as the gunpowder empires."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then they become less tolerant under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. Shah Jahan famous for building the Taj Mahal for his wife, but what's often not noted is he was building this fairly grand mausoleum at a time when there was a famine in India, and he was also known as being fairly intolerant and persecuted many Hindus and Sikhs. And his son, Aurangzeb, continued to do so. Now, some historians will refer to these three empires as the gunpowder empires. If someone says gunpowder empires, I'm referring to these three. The reason why they're called that is this view that these major centralized empires were able to form only with the power of gunpowder. The Ottomans, famous for early use of artillery, the Mughals, Babur in particular, came to power with gunpowder."}, {"video_title": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, some historians will refer to these three empires as the gunpowder empires. If someone says gunpowder empires, I'm referring to these three. The reason why they're called that is this view that these major centralized empires were able to form only with the power of gunpowder. The Ottomans, famous for early use of artillery, the Mughals, Babur in particular, came to power with gunpowder. But today, historians are somewhat skeptical of grouping just these three empires as gunpowder empires. You had many other large centralized empires form before the use of gunpowder. So that whole thesis is not as popular today."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the beginnings of Islam really are centered on the life and the revelations of the Muslim prophet Muhammad. Now, the term Islam means surrender, and as we'll see, a lot of the revelations of Muhammad are about surrendering to God, about the oneness of God, about not worshiping idols. And to put Muhammad in perspective on a timeline, I have other significant biblical figures here. And these are important not just to get a reference towards Christianity and Judaism, but because according to Islamic tradition, Islam is built on top of the teachings of Abraham or the teachings of Moses and the Torah and the teachings of Jesus. Muslims believe that the Quran is the final testament, so to speak. Now, to get some context, Muhammad was born in 6th century Arabia. And 6th century Arabia was an interesting place."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And these are important not just to get a reference towards Christianity and Judaism, but because according to Islamic tradition, Islam is built on top of the teachings of Abraham or the teachings of Moses and the Torah and the teachings of Jesus. Muslims believe that the Quran is the final testament, so to speak. Now, to get some context, Muhammad was born in 6th century Arabia. And 6th century Arabia was an interesting place. In many other videos, we've talked about various empires around the Mediterranean, around the Mesopotamia, in Persia. And even on this map, in the time of Muhammad, you see significant empires, the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire. You have Sassanid Persia."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And 6th century Arabia was an interesting place. In many other videos, we've talked about various empires around the Mediterranean, around the Mesopotamia, in Persia. And even on this map, in the time of Muhammad, you see significant empires, the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire. You have Sassanid Persia. But Arabia was never really consolidated or ruled by a formal, or most of Arabia, by a formal government or a formal empire. The rule of law in most of Arabia and the world in which Muhammad was born into was a tribal world where you were protected by your tribe. And it was really the laws of vendetta and revenge that kept certain things in check, but also would lead to a lot of wars and a lot of violence."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have Sassanid Persia. But Arabia was never really consolidated or ruled by a formal, or most of Arabia, by a formal government or a formal empire. The rule of law in most of Arabia and the world in which Muhammad was born into was a tribal world where you were protected by your tribe. And it was really the laws of vendetta and revenge that kept certain things in check, but also would lead to a lot of wars and a lot of violence. And within Arabia, there were many folks who were Bedouins, who were nomadic people, who traveled through the desert, allowing their livestock to graze on whatever suitable land they found. But you also had settled people in places like Mecca. You had people who'd settled and started agriculture around oases."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it was really the laws of vendetta and revenge that kept certain things in check, but also would lead to a lot of wars and a lot of violence. And within Arabia, there were many folks who were Bedouins, who were nomadic people, who traveled through the desert, allowing their livestock to graze on whatever suitable land they found. But you also had settled people in places like Mecca. You had people who'd settled and started agriculture around oases. Remember, most of the Arabian Peninsula is really desert. And Muhammad was born into a fairly, or a very prominent family in Mecca. He was born to the Quraysh tribe."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You had people who'd settled and started agriculture around oases. Remember, most of the Arabian Peninsula is really desert. And Muhammad was born into a fairly, or a very prominent family in Mecca. He was born to the Quraysh tribe. And the Quraysh tribe was essentially in control of Mecca. And Mecca was a very powerful city to control because it was a religious center for the region. This is the Kaaba, which exists today, and is a center of Islamic worship."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He was born to the Quraysh tribe. And the Quraysh tribe was essentially in control of Mecca. And Mecca was a very powerful city to control because it was a religious center for the region. This is the Kaaba, which exists today, and is a center of Islamic worship. And at the time, it housed hundreds of idols, which were important to the various tribes and people of Arabia at the time. And so you can imagine, as they did the pilgrimage towards Mecca to worship their idols, it also benefited the economy of Mecca in a significant way. And not only was Muhammad born into this powerful tribe, he was born into one of the most powerful clans within that tribe, and within one of the most powerful houses within that clan."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is the Kaaba, which exists today, and is a center of Islamic worship. And at the time, it housed hundreds of idols, which were important to the various tribes and people of Arabia at the time. And so you can imagine, as they did the pilgrimage towards Mecca to worship their idols, it also benefited the economy of Mecca in a significant way. And not only was Muhammad born into this powerful tribe, he was born into one of the most powerful clans within that tribe, and within one of the most powerful houses within that clan. But even though he was born into this very powerful family, clan, and tribe, his early life was quite difficult. His father died right before he was born. His mother dies at the age of six years old."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And not only was Muhammad born into this powerful tribe, he was born into one of the most powerful clans within that tribe, and within one of the most powerful houses within that clan. But even though he was born into this very powerful family, clan, and tribe, his early life was quite difficult. His father died right before he was born. His mother dies at the age of six years old. And then his grandfather, who then takes custody of him, and by most accounts, he doesn't get a lot of privileges. When you're a member of a tribe, but you're essentially orphaned, the tribe is doing essentially just the base necessities to keep you alive. But then his grandfather dies when he is eight years old, and he goes under the custody of his uncle, Abu Dhalib."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "His mother dies at the age of six years old. And then his grandfather, who then takes custody of him, and by most accounts, he doesn't get a lot of privileges. When you're a member of a tribe, but you're essentially orphaned, the tribe is doing essentially just the base necessities to keep you alive. But then his grandfather dies when he is eight years old, and he goes under the custody of his uncle, Abu Dhalib. Now, as he grows older, he does learn a skill. He essentially becomes a merchant. He goes on trading journeys with his uncle, Abu Dhalib, to places like Syria."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then his grandfather dies when he is eight years old, and he goes under the custody of his uncle, Abu Dhalib. Now, as he grows older, he does learn a skill. He essentially becomes a merchant. He goes on trading journeys with his uncle, Abu Dhalib, to places like Syria. And as he does that, according to Islamic tradition, he gets a very favorable reputation. He gets these titles like Al-Amin, the trustworthy one, or Al-Siddiq, the truthful. Now, he continues doing that until the age of 25."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He goes on trading journeys with his uncle, Abu Dhalib, to places like Syria. And as he does that, according to Islamic tradition, he gets a very favorable reputation. He gets these titles like Al-Amin, the trustworthy one, or Al-Siddiq, the truthful. Now, he continues doing that until the age of 25. At 25 years old, something very interesting happens. A very wealthy widow, arguably one of the wealthiest people in all of Mecca, who runs a vast trading enterprise, Khadijah, who is 40 years old, she employs Muhammad, and apparently is so impressed by his honesty, by his ability to be trustworthy, that she proposes to him. And remember, she's 40, this would be her third marriage, and he is 25, and he accepts the proposal."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, he continues doing that until the age of 25. At 25 years old, something very interesting happens. A very wealthy widow, arguably one of the wealthiest people in all of Mecca, who runs a vast trading enterprise, Khadijah, who is 40 years old, she employs Muhammad, and apparently is so impressed by his honesty, by his ability to be trustworthy, that she proposes to him. And remember, she's 40, this would be her third marriage, and he is 25, and he accepts the proposal. Now, this is significant, because as we'll see in this video and the next, Khadijah is the first one to follow Muhammad or believe in Muhammad's revelations. So he continues to work with his wife, arguably work for his wife, and then in 610, he's now 40 years old, he is praying in a cave on the outskirts of Mecca, and while he's praying, he is purported to get his first revelation from God, according to Islamic traditions. And that first revelation, and this is the mountain where it is purported to happen, the mountain of light, Jabal al-Nur, this is the cave, Cave Hira."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And remember, she's 40, this would be her third marriage, and he is 25, and he accepts the proposal. Now, this is significant, because as we'll see in this video and the next, Khadijah is the first one to follow Muhammad or believe in Muhammad's revelations. So he continues to work with his wife, arguably work for his wife, and then in 610, he's now 40 years old, he is praying in a cave on the outskirts of Mecca, and while he's praying, he is purported to get his first revelation from God, according to Islamic traditions. And that first revelation, and this is the mountain where it is purported to happen, the mountain of light, Jabal al-Nur, this is the cave, Cave Hira. The first revelation is, proclaim in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, who created man out of a clot of congealed blood. Proclaim, and thy Lord is most bountiful, who taught by the pen, taught man that which he knew not. And so Muhammad, according to Islamic accounts, he's kind of very concerned by this."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that first revelation, and this is the mountain where it is purported to happen, the mountain of light, Jabal al-Nur, this is the cave, Cave Hira. The first revelation is, proclaim in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, who created man out of a clot of congealed blood. Proclaim, and thy Lord is most bountiful, who taught by the pen, taught man that which he knew not. And so Muhammad, according to Islamic accounts, he's kind of very concerned by this. He does not view himself as a preacher, he does not view himself as someone who should be a prophet, and he goes to Khadijah, and he's worried, and Khadijah takes him to her Christian cousin, who reassures Muhammad, who tells Muhammad that he believes that he is a prophet in the tradition of Abraham and Moses. And so that, to some degree, makes Muhammad feel a little bit better, and he doesn't have some revelations for a while, and he becomes concerned, but then he eventually starts to have many, many revelations, but he keeps it to himself at first, but roughly three years later, he starts to publicly preach these revelations. So these revelations, which really talk about the oneness of God, there's no God but God, it's very appealing, especially to some of the economically lower strata."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so Muhammad, according to Islamic accounts, he's kind of very concerned by this. He does not view himself as a preacher, he does not view himself as someone who should be a prophet, and he goes to Khadijah, and he's worried, and Khadijah takes him to her Christian cousin, who reassures Muhammad, who tells Muhammad that he believes that he is a prophet in the tradition of Abraham and Moses. And so that, to some degree, makes Muhammad feel a little bit better, and he doesn't have some revelations for a while, and he becomes concerned, but then he eventually starts to have many, many revelations, but he keeps it to himself at first, but roughly three years later, he starts to publicly preach these revelations. So these revelations, which really talk about the oneness of God, there's no God but God, it's very appealing, especially to some of the economically lower strata. But you could also imagine it's very, very threatening to the establishment of Mecca. You have to remember, the establishment of Mecca, it revolves around the worship of these idols. And now you have this guy, a member of the Quraysh tribe, the tribe that worships Hubal, the tribe that is in charge of Mecca, that benefits from all these people worshiping these various idols, he's now saying that idol worship is a sin, he's saying that there's no God but God, that all of these idols are false idols."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So these revelations, which really talk about the oneness of God, there's no God but God, it's very appealing, especially to some of the economically lower strata. But you could also imagine it's very, very threatening to the establishment of Mecca. You have to remember, the establishment of Mecca, it revolves around the worship of these idols. And now you have this guy, a member of the Quraysh tribe, the tribe that worships Hubal, the tribe that is in charge of Mecca, that benefits from all these people worshiping these various idols, he's now saying that idol worship is a sin, he's saying that there's no God but God, that all of these idols are false idols. And so the Quraysh tribe, Muhammad's own tribe, begins to significantly persecute the early Muslims. So much so that many of the early Muslims have to migrate from Mecca to the kingdom of Aksum, which was ruled by a Christian king who protects them from the Quraysh tribe, this now modern-day Ethiopia or Eritrea. And so things are not going well for these early Muslims."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And now you have this guy, a member of the Quraysh tribe, the tribe that worships Hubal, the tribe that is in charge of Mecca, that benefits from all these people worshiping these various idols, he's now saying that idol worship is a sin, he's saying that there's no God but God, that all of these idols are false idols. And so the Quraysh tribe, Muhammad's own tribe, begins to significantly persecute the early Muslims. So much so that many of the early Muslims have to migrate from Mecca to the kingdom of Aksum, which was ruled by a Christian king who protects them from the Quraysh tribe, this now modern-day Ethiopia or Eritrea. And so things are not going well for these early Muslims. They're really in the, they're being targeted by the Quraysh tribe, they're being killed, they're being tortured. And then things get even worse for Muhammad. In 619, you have the death of his wife, Khadijah."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so things are not going well for these early Muslims. They're really in the, they're being targeted by the Quraysh tribe, they're being killed, they're being tortured. And then things get even worse for Muhammad. In 619, you have the death of his wife, Khadijah. And just to get a sense of how powerful Khadijah was to Muhammad, we have this quote that we get from the Hadith, which are accounts of Muhammad's life and sayings. And it tells us, \"'God Almighty never granted me \"'anyone better in this life than her. \"'She accepted me when people rejected me."}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 619, you have the death of his wife, Khadijah. And just to get a sense of how powerful Khadijah was to Muhammad, we have this quote that we get from the Hadith, which are accounts of Muhammad's life and sayings. And it tells us, \"'God Almighty never granted me \"'anyone better in this life than her. \"'She accepted me when people rejected me. \"'She believed in me when people doubted me. \"'She shared her wealth with me when people deprived me. \"'And God granted me children only through her.'\""}, {"video_title": "Life of Muhammad and beginnings of Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "\"'She accepted me when people rejected me. \"'She believed in me when people doubted me. \"'She shared her wealth with me when people deprived me. \"'And God granted me children only through her.'\" This is, once again, according to the sayings or the life of Muhammad, as accounted for by one of the Hadith. And not only did his wife, who up to that time was his only wife, die and was a significant figure, but in that same year, his uncle also dies. So you can imagine this year, 619, often referred to as the year of sorrows, it's a fairly low point for Muhammad."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as part of that, you start to have Western scholars start to really study Sanskrit and the Vedas. And as they do this, it starts to really open up their mind, not just to the roots of Sanskrit, but also many of the Western languages, including English itself. So this is a quote in 1786 by the English philologist, someone who studies written language, especially from historical sources, Sir William Jones. He wrote, The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of wonderful structure, more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either. Yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of the verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could not possibly have been produced by accident. Let me underline that. Than cannot possibly have been produced by accident."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He wrote, The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of wonderful structure, more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either. Yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of the verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could not possibly have been produced by accident. Let me underline that. Than cannot possibly have been produced by accident. So he says there's a lot of commonality between the Sanskrit and Latin and Greek, and it's a strong affinity, a strong connectedness that could not have been produced by accident. So strong indeed that no philologer could examine all three without believing them to have sprung from some common source. Let me underline that."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Than cannot possibly have been produced by accident. So he says there's a lot of commonality between the Sanskrit and Latin and Greek, and it's a strong affinity, a strong connectedness that could not have been produced by accident. So strong indeed that no philologer could examine all three without believing them to have sprung from some common source. Let me underline that. Without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which perhaps no longer exists, there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit, and the old Persian might be added to the same family. And so when they started to study the Vedas and look at Sanskrit, they started to realize, well, maybe all of these languages are connected. And now modern-day philologists believe this very strongly the more that they have studied it."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Let me underline that. Without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which perhaps no longer exists, there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit, and the old Persian might be added to the same family. And so when they started to study the Vedas and look at Sanskrit, they started to realize, well, maybe all of these languages are connected. And now modern-day philologists believe this very strongly the more that they have studied it. They, based on the connections and the grammar and even the vocabulary and the word structure themselves, they now theorize that a parent language of Sanskrit, Latin, and the Germanic languages and the Celtic languages, we call a language today called Proto-Indo-European, which is a lost language. But we think that Sanskrit is one of the oldest, is one of the oldest evidences that we have of that Proto-Indo-European language. Sanskrit is, of course, the parent language, has evolved in different parts of India into languages like Hindi, Bengali, and Punjabi."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And now modern-day philologists believe this very strongly the more that they have studied it. They, based on the connections and the grammar and even the vocabulary and the word structure themselves, they now theorize that a parent language of Sanskrit, Latin, and the Germanic languages and the Celtic languages, we call a language today called Proto-Indo-European, which is a lost language. But we think that Sanskrit is one of the oldest, is one of the oldest evidences that we have of that Proto-Indo-European language. Sanskrit is, of course, the parent language, has evolved in different parts of India into languages like Hindi, Bengali, and Punjabi. Latin, which is also a dead language now, has evolved into languages like Spanish, Italian, and French. And English, which is considered a Germanic language, structurally, but has significant influence from Latin and French, they all come from that same Proto-Indo-European root. And just to get an appreciation for why these philologists believe this, and this is something when I first saw it really blew my mind a little bit, I'll show you some connections between Sanskrit words, and those of you who might be Hindi, Bengali, or Punjabi speakers, or any of these North Indian languages in India will see the connection to Sanskrit."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Sanskrit is, of course, the parent language, has evolved in different parts of India into languages like Hindi, Bengali, and Punjabi. Latin, which is also a dead language now, has evolved into languages like Spanish, Italian, and French. And English, which is considered a Germanic language, structurally, but has significant influence from Latin and French, they all come from that same Proto-Indo-European root. And just to get an appreciation for why these philologists believe this, and this is something when I first saw it really blew my mind a little bit, I'll show you some connections between Sanskrit words, and those of you who might be Hindi, Bengali, or Punjabi speakers, or any of these North Indian languages in India will see the connection to Sanskrit. But what's amazing is how these words are connected to Latin and many of the languages derived from Latin. Some of you Persian speakers might recognize some commonalities, and most importantly, the language we're speaking right now, how it's related to English. And so here's just a sample of some Sanskrit words that have an eerie resemblance to both English and in some cases, Latin words, or in many cases, Latin words."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And just to get an appreciation for why these philologists believe this, and this is something when I first saw it really blew my mind a little bit, I'll show you some connections between Sanskrit words, and those of you who might be Hindi, Bengali, or Punjabi speakers, or any of these North Indian languages in India will see the connection to Sanskrit. But what's amazing is how these words are connected to Latin and many of the languages derived from Latin. Some of you Persian speakers might recognize some commonalities, and most importantly, the language we're speaking right now, how it's related to English. And so here's just a sample of some Sanskrit words that have an eerie resemblance to both English and in some cases, Latin words, or in many cases, Latin words. I've just given Latin in a few of them. So the Sanskrit matr, well, in English we have mother, and in Latin we have mater. And we also, from Latin in English, via Latin, we have words like maternity and maternal, all referring to the same idea of motherhood."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so here's just a sample of some Sanskrit words that have an eerie resemblance to both English and in some cases, Latin words, or in many cases, Latin words. I've just given Latin in a few of them. So the Sanskrit matr, well, in English we have mother, and in Latin we have mater. And we also, from Latin in English, via Latin, we have words like maternity and maternal, all referring to the same idea of motherhood. And this general trend, this T sound, mater or mater, becoming more of a the sound in English, in the Germanic languages, a trend you'll see over and over again. In Sanskrit, you have piter. In Latin, you have pater."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we also, from Latin in English, via Latin, we have words like maternity and maternal, all referring to the same idea of motherhood. And this general trend, this T sound, mater or mater, becoming more of a the sound in English, in the Germanic languages, a trend you'll see over and over again. In Sanskrit, you have piter. In Latin, you have pater. And by way of Latin, in modern English, we have words like paternity and paternal. But going through the Germanic languages, you have, once again, that the sound becoming more of a the sound, and you also see this pattern as you go from this Proto-Indo-European, this theoretical language, and especially if you think about relative to Sanskrit, that you have this sound going from a pa to a fa as you go to the Germanic languages. So piter becomes, you could say father."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In Latin, you have pater. And by way of Latin, in modern English, we have words like paternity and paternal. But going through the Germanic languages, you have, once again, that the sound becoming more of a the sound, and you also see this pattern as you go from this Proto-Indo-European, this theoretical language, and especially if you think about relative to Sanskrit, that you have this sound going from a pa to a fa as you go to the Germanic languages. So piter becomes, you could say father. In other words, na in Sanskrit, and those of you who speak Hindi or Bengali would recognize that, of course, and in English, it is no. Gau, which is still, it's the Hindi word for cow. In English, it's cow, gau, cow."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So piter becomes, you could say father. In other words, na in Sanskrit, and those of you who speak Hindi or Bengali would recognize that, of course, and in English, it is no. Gau, which is still, it's the Hindi word for cow. In English, it's cow, gau, cow. Nama, name, in Latin, nomen. Dwar, door. This one I thought was really interesting."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In English, it's cow, gau, cow. Nama, name, in Latin, nomen. Dwar, door. This one I thought was really interesting. I didn't know this until I started looking it up a little bit. Anamika is Sanskrit, and it means anonymous. Kal, which is referring to time in Sanskrit, and in modern Sanskrit-derived languages like Hindi and Bengali, it's referring to references in time, tomorrow, yesterday, and in English, you have calendar."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This one I thought was really interesting. I didn't know this until I started looking it up a little bit. Anamika is Sanskrit, and it means anonymous. Kal, which is referring to time in Sanskrit, and in modern Sanskrit-derived languages like Hindi and Bengali, it's referring to references in time, tomorrow, yesterday, and in English, you have calendar. Naz, and in something like, in modern languages, in the subcontinent, you have knock, and in English, you have nose. Lok, in English, you have the prefix lok, as in location or locate, and then this is, of course, a very nice one. Sanskrit lub, which means desire."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Kal, which is referring to time in Sanskrit, and in modern Sanskrit-derived languages like Hindi and Bengali, it's referring to references in time, tomorrow, yesterday, and in English, you have calendar. Naz, and in something like, in modern languages, in the subcontinent, you have knock, and in English, you have nose. Lok, in English, you have the prefix lok, as in location or locate, and then this is, of course, a very nice one. Sanskrit lub, which means desire. Well, in English, we have the word love, and this is just a sample. I encourage you to look it up more. You'll be amazed by the connections between Sanskrit and English, and now I'm gonna show you what I think is one of the coolest because it isn't just a linguistic connection, but it is also a, I guess you could say, a spiritual connection, and this is the names for the sky god from several different traditions."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Sanskrit lub, which means desire. Well, in English, we have the word love, and this is just a sample. I encourage you to look it up more. You'll be amazed by the connections between Sanskrit and English, and now I'm gonna show you what I think is one of the coolest because it isn't just a linguistic connection, but it is also a, I guess you could say, a spiritual connection, and this is the names for the sky god from several different traditions. So in the Vedas, they make reference to a god, Dios Pithar, and it's literally referring to, in Dios, it's referring to sky, and we already talked about pithar being the word for father, so it's referring to this idea of sky father, and some of you might be getting goosebumps now when you see where this is going. Well, in Greek, we have a very similar word. Instead of Dios, we have Zeus, and those are very similar words, the spelling might be different, but the way it comes out of your mouth is very similar."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You'll be amazed by the connections between Sanskrit and English, and now I'm gonna show you what I think is one of the coolest because it isn't just a linguistic connection, but it is also a, I guess you could say, a spiritual connection, and this is the names for the sky god from several different traditions. So in the Vedas, they make reference to a god, Dios Pithar, and it's literally referring to, in Dios, it's referring to sky, and we already talked about pithar being the word for father, so it's referring to this idea of sky father, and some of you might be getting goosebumps now when you see where this is going. Well, in Greek, we have a very similar word. Instead of Dios, we have Zeus, and those are very similar words, the spelling might be different, but the way it comes out of your mouth is very similar. Dios or Dios, Zeus. Instead of pithar, you have father. Once again, you have sky, you have sky father, sky father right over here, and this is another connection that blew my mind."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Instead of Dios, we have Zeus, and those are very similar words, the spelling might be different, but the way it comes out of your mouth is very similar. Dios or Dios, Zeus. Instead of pithar, you have father. Once again, you have sky, you have sky father, sky father right over here, and this is another connection that blew my mind. It wasn't obvious when I first saw it, but Jupiter from Latin, the Roman god. You could use Jupiter. This is, once again, instead of deuce, you have Jew."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Once again, you have sky, you have sky father, sky father right over here, and this is another connection that blew my mind. It wasn't obvious when I first saw it, but Jupiter from Latin, the Roman god. You could use Jupiter. This is, once again, instead of deuce, you have Jew. Instead of pithar, you have pitter. So instead of Dios pithar, you have Jupiter. Deuce pithar, Jupiter."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is, once again, instead of deuce, you have Jew. Instead of pithar, you have pitter. So instead of Dios pithar, you have Jupiter. Deuce pithar, Jupiter. These are very, very similar words, even though the spelling seems different. The way it comes out of your mouth is very, very, very, very, very close, and this is further evidence for the closeness between Sanskrit, between Greek, and between Latin. So once again, we have sky father, and this is, of course, an image of, well, it's hard to tell whether that's Jupiter or Zeus."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Deuce pithar, Jupiter. These are very, very similar words, even though the spelling seems different. The way it comes out of your mouth is very, very, very, very, very close, and this is further evidence for the closeness between Sanskrit, between Greek, and between Latin. So once again, we have sky father, and this is, of course, an image of, well, it's hard to tell whether that's Jupiter or Zeus. I believe this is a picture of Jupiter. And what's also interesting is the Vedas cite Dios pithar as the father of Indra, who's considered the king of the gods, one of the most significant, if not the most significant god in Hinduism. And Indra is now, especially in the Vedas, and this is the most spoken about god in the Vedas, has many of the qualities that we now, in Greek and Roman traditions, associate with Zeus and Jupiter."}, {"video_title": "Sanskrit connections to English World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So once again, we have sky father, and this is, of course, an image of, well, it's hard to tell whether that's Jupiter or Zeus. I believe this is a picture of Jupiter. And what's also interesting is the Vedas cite Dios pithar as the father of Indra, who's considered the king of the gods, one of the most significant, if not the most significant god in Hinduism. And Indra is now, especially in the Vedas, and this is the most spoken about god in the Vedas, has many of the qualities that we now, in Greek and Roman traditions, associate with Zeus and Jupiter. Indra is a sky god, throws bolts of lightning, actually eerie similarities with the Nordic god of Thor, where, and Nordic people were also Indo-European people, where Indra, he throws a hammer, and he defeats these monsters, and all of these things, very similar to Thor. So hopefully this, when I first learned this, this just kind of made me realize how connected the world is, and it started to make me start to look for patterns where I hadn't seen them before, and it really shows how these civilizations that seemed very unconnected might have, and probably we do believe, emerged in, emerged from the same place. Modern philologists and historians believe that this proto-Indo-European might have been spoken by people in the Caucasus, the word Caucasian is referring, really, to people from that Caucasus area there, but we don't know for sure, and we believe that they migrated out, and so when we talk about the Germanic tribes going into Northern Europe, the Celtic tribes going into, I guess you could say, North, South, Central Europe, you could talk about the Italic, the Latin tribes, you could talk about the Greek tribes, and you could also talk about the, you could also talk about the Indo-Aryan tribes, which eventually would settle into Persia and into Northern India."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's just make sure we have a good hold on the context. So over here we have our timeline. It's occurring during the High Middle Ages. In other videos, we saw the first Crusades start at the end of the 11th century, started really by Pope Urban II with the purported reason to help the Byzantines take land from the Muslims, especially the Holy Land. The first Crusade is, for the most part, successful, but they don't return that land to the Byzantines. They set up what are known as Crusader States or Crusader Kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem. And just to read this timeline that I drew up here, green shows the time period when at least Jerusalem is controlled by the Muslims."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In other videos, we saw the first Crusades start at the end of the 11th century, started really by Pope Urban II with the purported reason to help the Byzantines take land from the Muslims, especially the Holy Land. The first Crusade is, for the most part, successful, but they don't return that land to the Byzantines. They set up what are known as Crusader States or Crusader Kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem. And just to read this timeline that I drew up here, green shows the time period when at least Jerusalem is controlled by the Muslims. Red shows when Jerusalem is controlled by Western European powers or by these Crusader Kingdoms, which were essentially Western European. These red parts on our timeline show when the actual Crusades occurred. So you see the first Crusade causes the change of control of Jerusalem from the Muslims to the Western European Christians."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And just to read this timeline that I drew up here, green shows the time period when at least Jerusalem is controlled by the Muslims. Red shows when Jerusalem is controlled by Western European powers or by these Crusader Kingdoms, which were essentially Western European. These red parts on our timeline show when the actual Crusades occurred. So you see the first Crusade causes the change of control of Jerusalem from the Muslims to the Western European Christians. And once Jerusalem was under their control and it would continue to be under their control for roughly 90 years, you could imagine that many pilgrims from Europe went to the holy sites in the Holy Land, especially in Jerusalem. But this was not an easy journey. Not only was it a long journey, these are the pats that I showed in previous videos that the Crusaders took, but this could also be the pats that many of the pilgrims took in order to go to the Holy Land."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So you see the first Crusade causes the change of control of Jerusalem from the Muslims to the Western European Christians. And once Jerusalem was under their control and it would continue to be under their control for roughly 90 years, you could imagine that many pilgrims from Europe went to the holy sites in the Holy Land, especially in Jerusalem. But this was not an easy journey. Not only was it a long journey, these are the pats that I showed in previous videos that the Crusaders took, but this could also be the pats that many of the pilgrims took in order to go to the Holy Land. And you could imagine a journey of this distance going through multiple kingdoms in this time period could be incredibly dangerous. And many of the pilgrims actually were robbed or sometimes worse, on their way to the Holy Land. So in 1119, a small group of knights led by Hugues de Pins, they go to King Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Not only was it a long journey, these are the pats that I showed in previous videos that the Crusaders took, but this could also be the pats that many of the pilgrims took in order to go to the Holy Land. And you could imagine a journey of this distance going through multiple kingdoms in this time period could be incredibly dangerous. And many of the pilgrims actually were robbed or sometimes worse, on their way to the Holy Land. So in 1119, a small group of knights led by Hugues de Pins, they go to King Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem. Remember, they set up this crusader state, the kingdom of Jerusalem, headquartered on the Temple Mount. And these knights tell King Baldwin II and Warmund, or Patriarch Warmund, the patriarch of Jerusalem, they say, we would like to protect these pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem. These guys think it is a good idea, and so in 1120, they give them some space, a headquarters on the Temple Mount, in order to start their group."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in 1119, a small group of knights led by Hugues de Pins, they go to King Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem. Remember, they set up this crusader state, the kingdom of Jerusalem, headquartered on the Temple Mount. And these knights tell King Baldwin II and Warmund, or Patriarch Warmund, the patriarch of Jerusalem, they say, we would like to protect these pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem. These guys think it is a good idea, and so in 1120, they give them some space, a headquarters on the Temple Mount, in order to start their group. If you translate the Latin version of their name, it translates to poor fellow soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Solomon. Now the reason why it says and the Temple of Solomon is because they were headquartered on the Temple Mount and the Al-Aqsa Mosque is believed by many to be on the site of the original Temple of Solomon. But this is often shortened to the Knights Templar."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "These guys think it is a good idea, and so in 1120, they give them some space, a headquarters on the Temple Mount, in order to start their group. If you translate the Latin version of their name, it translates to poor fellow soldiers of Christ and the Temple of Solomon. Now the reason why it says and the Temple of Solomon is because they were headquartered on the Temple Mount and the Al-Aqsa Mosque is believed by many to be on the site of the original Temple of Solomon. But this is often shortened to the Knights Templar. This is their symbol, two knights riding on a horse to show their poverty, but they don't stay poor for long. They are shortly thereafter recognized by the Pope, and many people start donating money to this order, and many more people volunteer to be Knights Templar, and so over the remainder of the Crusades, they become an important institution in medieval Europe. Now most folks often associate the Knights Templar with being knights."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But this is often shortened to the Knights Templar. This is their symbol, two knights riding on a horse to show their poverty, but they don't stay poor for long. They are shortly thereafter recognized by the Pope, and many people start donating money to this order, and many more people volunteer to be Knights Templar, and so over the remainder of the Crusades, they become an important institution in medieval Europe. Now most folks often associate the Knights Templar with being knights. You can see here one of the knights on horseback. Here you see the knights protecting pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem, and they did do that. They did protect the pilgrims, and they were also active in battle during the Crusades thereafter."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now most folks often associate the Knights Templar with being knights. You can see here one of the knights on horseback. Here you see the knights protecting pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem, and they did do that. They did protect the pilgrims, and they were also active in battle during the Crusades thereafter. But it turns out that even though at the peak there were on the order of 20,000 Knights Templar, only about 10% of them were actual soldiers, were actually these warrior monks, as they're sometimes called, the rest of the Templars created this fairly significant, complex infrastructure to do multiple things to support the goal of the Knights Templar, and perhaps most significantly, they developed a sprawling financial enterprise of the time. If you were in London, and you wanted to do a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, you would need resources in order to do that, and you would want to have access to your wealth once you got to Jerusalem, and so you could imagine if you're traveling over a long journey to take gold coins with you, not only would they be heavy, but more importantly, they would be dangerous. A lot of people might want to take that gold from you."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They did protect the pilgrims, and they were also active in battle during the Crusades thereafter. But it turns out that even though at the peak there were on the order of 20,000 Knights Templar, only about 10% of them were actual soldiers, were actually these warrior monks, as they're sometimes called, the rest of the Templars created this fairly significant, complex infrastructure to do multiple things to support the goal of the Knights Templar, and perhaps most significantly, they developed a sprawling financial enterprise of the time. If you were in London, and you wanted to do a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, you would need resources in order to do that, and you would want to have access to your wealth once you got to Jerusalem, and so you could imagine if you're traveling over a long journey to take gold coins with you, not only would they be heavy, but more importantly, they would be dangerous. A lot of people might want to take that gold from you. And so one of the services that the Knights Templar developed was that you could go to their temple in London, essentially deposit your money, they'll give you a note of credit saying that we, the Knights, owe you a certain amount of money, and then you make your journey, and when you get to Jerusalem, you can give that note to the Knights there, and they will give you your money. Now this is something that we take for granted today. I can go to an ATM machine anywhere in the world, and for the most part, I can put in my ATM card and get access to money."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "A lot of people might want to take that gold from you. And so one of the services that the Knights Templar developed was that you could go to their temple in London, essentially deposit your money, they'll give you a note of credit saying that we, the Knights, owe you a certain amount of money, and then you make your journey, and when you get to Jerusalem, you can give that note to the Knights there, and they will give you your money. Now this is something that we take for granted today. I can go to an ATM machine anywhere in the world, and for the most part, I can put in my ATM card and get access to money. But there's a lot of infrastructure that makes that happen. Today we have telecommunications, we have satellites that help information go back and forth, we have servers that keep track of all of that data. They didn't have that in the Middle Ages."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I can go to an ATM machine anywhere in the world, and for the most part, I can put in my ATM card and get access to money. But there's a lot of infrastructure that makes that happen. Today we have telecommunications, we have satellites that help information go back and forth, we have servers that keep track of all of that data. They didn't have that in the Middle Ages. And so you can imagine this is a very powerful idea, that I could deposit money one place, and then I could withdraw it someplace else. And we still don't fully understand how the Knights were able to pull this off. It requires a lot of trust, and how were they able to authenticate the notes of credit at any of these points?"}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They didn't have that in the Middle Ages. And so you can imagine this is a very powerful idea, that I could deposit money one place, and then I could withdraw it someplace else. And we still don't fully understand how the Knights were able to pull this off. It requires a lot of trust, and how were they able to authenticate the notes of credit at any of these points? Now not only did they do this type of deposit and withdrawal in multiple locations, they also, because they had all of these deposits, and people were also donating money to them just to support their cause, they were able to provide loans, oftentimes loans to very powerful individuals like kings and nobility. They were often brokers in major transactions. This is the reason why historians really do consider them perhaps the first true international bank."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It requires a lot of trust, and how were they able to authenticate the notes of credit at any of these points? Now not only did they do this type of deposit and withdrawal in multiple locations, they also, because they had all of these deposits, and people were also donating money to them just to support their cause, they were able to provide loans, oftentimes loans to very powerful individuals like kings and nobility. They were often brokers in major transactions. This is the reason why historians really do consider them perhaps the first true international bank. In other videos we talk about how in 1187, Salah al-Din is able to retake Jerusalem, but then in the Sixth Crusade and the Barons' Crusades, it goes back to Christian hands. But then 1244, it's retaken again by the Muslims and it stays under Muslim control all the way until the end of World War I. And so with Jerusalem taken in 1244, the whole goal of the Knights Templar, the whole purpose of their existence, starts to become less important."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is the reason why historians really do consider them perhaps the first true international bank. In other videos we talk about how in 1187, Salah al-Din is able to retake Jerusalem, but then in the Sixth Crusade and the Barons' Crusades, it goes back to Christian hands. But then 1244, it's retaken again by the Muslims and it stays under Muslim control all the way until the end of World War I. And so with Jerusalem taken in 1244, the whole goal of the Knights Templar, the whole purpose of their existence, starts to become less important. Although at this point, they are a significant and influential financial institution. As we go to the end of the 13th century, the whole crusader mentality starts to lose steam. You have the Eighth and Ninth Crusades, but they aren't successful."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so with Jerusalem taken in 1244, the whole goal of the Knights Templar, the whole purpose of their existence, starts to become less important. Although at this point, they are a significant and influential financial institution. As we go to the end of the 13th century, the whole crusader mentality starts to lose steam. You have the Eighth and Ninth Crusades, but they aren't successful. And as we get into the early 14th century, you have this character, Philip IV, King of France. And he has incurred a lot of debt in order to have wars, especially with England. And a good bit of this financing comes from the Knights Templar."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the Eighth and Ninth Crusades, but they aren't successful. And as we get into the early 14th century, you have this character, Philip IV, King of France. And he has incurred a lot of debt in order to have wars, especially with England. And a good bit of this financing comes from the Knights Templar. He is a powerful man looking for solutions to his debt situation. And he realizes one solution is maybe just to arrest the people who you owe money to, and then not only do you not owe money to them, but you can seize their assets. And Philip IV does exactly that."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And a good bit of this financing comes from the Knights Templar. He is a powerful man looking for solutions to his debt situation. And he realizes one solution is maybe just to arrest the people who you owe money to, and then not only do you not owe money to them, but you can seize their assets. And Philip IV does exactly that. Famously, on a Friday the 13th in 1307, he arrests many Knights Templars, including the grandmaster, the leader of the Knights Templar, Jacques de Molay. He tortures them, they eventually confess to a whole bunch of things, but then they retract that confession, and they're not willing to retract the retraction. And so in 1314, Jacques de Molay, as well as other Knights Templar, especially in the leadership, who do not agree to those confessions, are burned at the stake in Paris."}, {"video_title": "Knights Templar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Philip IV does exactly that. Famously, on a Friday the 13th in 1307, he arrests many Knights Templars, including the grandmaster, the leader of the Knights Templar, Jacques de Molay. He tortures them, they eventually confess to a whole bunch of things, but then they retract that confession, and they're not willing to retract the retraction. And so in 1314, Jacques de Molay, as well as other Knights Templar, especially in the leadership, who do not agree to those confessions, are burned at the stake in Paris. And this is considered the end of the Knights Templar. Although there are many legends of how they have continued on, perhaps in secrecy. So the Knights Templar, to this day, are a subject of fascination."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi there, my name is John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about the Crusades. Oh, Stan, do we have to talk about the Crusades? I hate them. Here's the thing about the Crusades, which were a series of military expeditions from parts of Europe to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. The real reason they feature so prominently in history is because we've endlessly romanticized the story of the Crusades. We've created this simple narrative with characters to root for and to root against, and it's been endlessly idealized by the likes of Sir Walter Scott and their knights with swords and lion hearts. No, Stan, lion hearts."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Here's the thing about the Crusades, which were a series of military expeditions from parts of Europe to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. The real reason they feature so prominently in history is because we've endlessly romanticized the story of the Crusades. We've created this simple narrative with characters to root for and to root against, and it's been endlessly idealized by the likes of Sir Walter Scott and their knights with swords and lion hearts. No, Stan, lion hearts. Thank you. [\u266a INTRO MUSIC \u266a, as the video plays throughout the video, with the title of the video being read aloud.] Let's start by saying that initially the Crusades were not a holy war on the part of Europeans against Islam, but in important ways, the Crusades were driven by religious faith."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "No, Stan, lion hearts. Thank you. [\u266a INTRO MUSIC \u266a, as the video plays throughout the video, with the title of the video being read aloud.] Let's start by saying that initially the Crusades were not a holy war on the part of Europeans against Islam, but in important ways, the Crusades were driven by religious faith. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, religion causes all wars. Imagine no religion. I'm going to cut you off right there before you violate copyright me from the past, but as usual, you're wrong."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's start by saying that initially the Crusades were not a holy war on the part of Europeans against Islam, but in important ways, the Crusades were driven by religious faith. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, religion causes all wars. Imagine no religion. I'm going to cut you off right there before you violate copyright me from the past, but as usual, you're wrong. Simple readings of history are rarely sufficient. By the way, when did my handwriting get so much better? I mean, if the Crusades had been brought on by the lightning-fast rise of the Islamic Empire and a desire to keep in Christian hands the land of Jesus, then they would have started in the 8th century."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm going to cut you off right there before you violate copyright me from the past, but as usual, you're wrong. Simple readings of history are rarely sufficient. By the way, when did my handwriting get so much better? I mean, if the Crusades had been brought on by the lightning-fast rise of the Islamic Empire and a desire to keep in Christian hands the land of Jesus, then they would have started in the 8th century. But early Islamic dynasties like the Umayyads and the Abbasids were perfectly happy with Christians and Jews living among them, as long as they paid a tax. And plus, the Christian pilgrimage business was awesome for the Islamic Empire's economy. But then a new group of Muslims, the Seljuk Turks, moved into the region, and they sacked the holy cities and made it much more difficult for Christians to make their pilgrimages, and while they quickly realized their mistake, it was already too late."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, if the Crusades had been brought on by the lightning-fast rise of the Islamic Empire and a desire to keep in Christian hands the land of Jesus, then they would have started in the 8th century. But early Islamic dynasties like the Umayyads and the Abbasids were perfectly happy with Christians and Jews living among them, as long as they paid a tax. And plus, the Christian pilgrimage business was awesome for the Islamic Empire's economy. But then a new group of Muslims, the Seljuk Turks, moved into the region, and they sacked the holy cities and made it much more difficult for Christians to make their pilgrimages, and while they quickly realized their mistake, it was already too late. The Byzantines, who'd had their literal asses kicked at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, felt the threat and called upon the West for help. So the First Official Crusade began with a call to arms by Pope Urban II in 1095 CE. This was partly because Urban wanted to unite Europe, and he'd figured out the lesson the rest of us learned from alien invasion movies."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "But then a new group of Muslims, the Seljuk Turks, moved into the region, and they sacked the holy cities and made it much more difficult for Christians to make their pilgrimages, and while they quickly realized their mistake, it was already too late. The Byzantines, who'd had their literal asses kicked at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, felt the threat and called upon the West for help. So the First Official Crusade began with a call to arms by Pope Urban II in 1095 CE. This was partly because Urban wanted to unite Europe, and he'd figured out the lesson the rest of us learned from alien invasion movies. The best way to get people to unite is to give them a common enemy. So Urban called on all the bickering knights and nobility of Europe, and he saideth unto his people, Let us go forth and help the Byzantines, because then maybe they will acknowledge my awesomeness and get rid of their stupid not-having-me-as-Pope thing, and while we're at it, let's liberate Jerusalem. I'm paraphrasing, by the way."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "This was partly because Urban wanted to unite Europe, and he'd figured out the lesson the rest of us learned from alien invasion movies. The best way to get people to unite is to give them a common enemy. So Urban called on all the bickering knights and nobility of Europe, and he saideth unto his people, Let us go forth and help the Byzantines, because then maybe they will acknowledge my awesomeness and get rid of their stupid not-having-me-as-Pope thing, and while we're at it, let's liberate Jerusalem. I'm paraphrasing, by the way. Shifting the focus to Jerusalem was really important because the Crusades were not primarily military operations. They were pilgrimages. Theologically, Christianity didn't have an idea of a holy war."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm paraphrasing, by the way. Shifting the focus to Jerusalem was really important because the Crusades were not primarily military operations. They were pilgrimages. Theologically, Christianity didn't have an idea of a holy war. Like, war might be just, but fighting wasn't something that got you into heaven. But pilgrimage to a holy shrine could help you out on that front, and Urban had the key insight to pitch the Crusade as a pilgrimage with a touch of warring on the side. I do the same thing to my kid every night."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Theologically, Christianity didn't have an idea of a holy war. Like, war might be just, but fighting wasn't something that got you into heaven. But pilgrimage to a holy shrine could help you out on that front, and Urban had the key insight to pitch the Crusade as a pilgrimage with a touch of warring on the side. I do the same thing to my kid every night. I'm not feeding you dinner featuring animal crackers, I'm feeding you animal crackers featuring dinner. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to animal crackers."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "I do the same thing to my kid every night. I'm not feeding you dinner featuring animal crackers, I'm feeding you animal crackers featuring dinner. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to animal crackers. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's animal crackers. Thanks, Stan."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to animal crackers. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's animal crackers. Thanks, Stan. Hi there, animal crackers. It's me, John Green. Thanks for being delicious, but let me throw out a crazy idea here."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Stan. Hi there, animal crackers. It's me, John Green. Thanks for being delicious, but let me throw out a crazy idea here. Maybe foods that are already delicious do not need the added benefit of being pleasingly shaped. I mean, why can't I get my kid animal spinach, or animal sweet potato, or even animal cooked animal? I mean, we can put a man on Mars, but we can't make spinach shaped like elephants?"}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for being delicious, but let me throw out a crazy idea here. Maybe foods that are already delicious do not need the added benefit of being pleasingly shaped. I mean, why can't I get my kid animal spinach, or animal sweet potato, or even animal cooked animal? I mean, we can put a man on Mars, but we can't make spinach shaped like elephants? What, Stan? We haven't put a man on Mars? Stupid world, always disappointing me."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, we can put a man on Mars, but we can't make spinach shaped like elephants? What, Stan? We haven't put a man on Mars? Stupid world, always disappointing me. Best wishes, John Green. One last myth to dispel. The Crusades were not an example of early European colonization of the Middle East, even if they did create some European-ish kingdoms there for a while."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Stupid world, always disappointing me. Best wishes, John Green. One last myth to dispel. The Crusades were not an example of early European colonization of the Middle East, even if they did create some European-ish kingdoms there for a while. That's a much later post- and anti-colonialist view that comes, at least in part, from a Marxist reading of history. In the case of the Crusades, it was argued the knights who went adventuring in the Levant were the second and third sons of wealthy nobles, who, because of European inheritance rules, had little to look forward to by staying in Europe, and lots to gain in terms of plunder by going to the East. Tool theory, bro, but it's not true."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "The Crusades were not an example of early European colonization of the Middle East, even if they did create some European-ish kingdoms there for a while. That's a much later post- and anti-colonialist view that comes, at least in part, from a Marxist reading of history. In the case of the Crusades, it was argued the knights who went adventuring in the Levant were the second and third sons of wealthy nobles, who, because of European inheritance rules, had little to look forward to by staying in Europe, and lots to gain in terms of plunder by going to the East. Tool theory, bro, but it's not true. First, most of the people who responded to the call to crusade weren't knights at all. They were poor people. And secondly, most of the nobles who did go crusading were lords of estates, not their wastrel kids."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Tool theory, bro, but it's not true. First, most of the people who responded to the call to crusade weren't knights at all. They were poor people. And secondly, most of the nobles who did go crusading were lords of estates, not their wastrel kids. But more importantly, that analysis ignores religious motivations. We've approached religions as historical phenomena, thinking about how, for instance, the capricious environment of Mesopotamia led to a capricious cadre of Mesopotamian gods. But just as the world shapes religion, religion also shapes the world."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "And secondly, most of the nobles who did go crusading were lords of estates, not their wastrel kids. But more importantly, that analysis ignores religious motivations. We've approached religions as historical phenomena, thinking about how, for instance, the capricious environment of Mesopotamia led to a capricious cadre of Mesopotamian gods. But just as the world shapes religion, religion also shapes the world. And some modern historians might ignore religious motivations, but medieval crusaders sure as hell didn't. I mean, when people came up with that idiom, they clearly thought hell was for sure. To the crusaders, they were taking up arms to protect Christ and his kingdom."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "But just as the world shapes religion, religion also shapes the world. And some modern historians might ignore religious motivations, but medieval crusaders sure as hell didn't. I mean, when people came up with that idiom, they clearly thought hell was for sure. To the crusaders, they were taking up arms to protect Christ and his kingdom. And what better way to show your devotion to God than putting a cross on your sleeve, spending five to six times your annual income to outfit yourself and all your horses, and heading for the Holy Land? So when these people cried out, God wills it, to explain their reasons for going, we should do them the favor of believing them. And the results of the first crusade seemed to indicate that God had willed it."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "To the crusaders, they were taking up arms to protect Christ and his kingdom. And what better way to show your devotion to God than putting a cross on your sleeve, spending five to six times your annual income to outfit yourself and all your horses, and heading for the Holy Land? So when these people cried out, God wills it, to explain their reasons for going, we should do them the favor of believing them. And the results of the first crusade seemed to indicate that God had willed it. Following the lead of roving preachers with names like Peter the Rabbit, Peter the Hermit. Stan, you're always making history less cool. Fine."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "And the results of the first crusade seemed to indicate that God had willed it. Following the lead of roving preachers with names like Peter the Rabbit, Peter the Hermit. Stan, you're always making history less cool. Fine. Following preachers like Peter the Hermit, thousands of peasants and nobles alike volunteered for the first crusade. It got off to kind of a rough start because pilgrims kept robbing those they'd encounter along the way. Plus, there was no real leader, so there were constant rivalries between nobles about who could supply the most troops."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Fine. Following preachers like Peter the Hermit, thousands of peasants and nobles alike volunteered for the first crusade. It got off to kind of a rough start because pilgrims kept robbing those they'd encounter along the way. Plus, there was no real leader, so there were constant rivalries between nobles about who could supply the most troops. Notable among the notables were Godfrey of Bullion, Bohemond of Toronto, and Raymond of Toulouse. But despite the rivalries and the disorganization, the crusaders were remarkably, some would say miraculously, successful. By the time they arrived in the Levant, they were fighting not against the Seljuq Turks, but against Fatimid Egyptians, who had captured the Holy Land from the Seljuqs, thereby making the Turks none too pleased with the Egyptians."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Plus, there was no real leader, so there were constant rivalries between nobles about who could supply the most troops. Notable among the notables were Godfrey of Bullion, Bohemond of Toronto, and Raymond of Toulouse. But despite the rivalries and the disorganization, the crusaders were remarkably, some would say miraculously, successful. By the time they arrived in the Levant, they were fighting not against the Seljuq Turks, but against Fatimid Egyptians, who had captured the Holy Land from the Seljuqs, thereby making the Turks none too pleased with the Egyptians. At Antioch, the crusaders reversed a seemingly hopeless situation when a peasant found the spear that had pierced Christ's side, hidden under a church, thereby raising morale enough to win the day. And then they did the impossible. They took Jerusalem, securing it for Christendom and famously killing a lot of people in the Alaska Mosque."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "By the time they arrived in the Levant, they were fighting not against the Seljuq Turks, but against Fatimid Egyptians, who had captured the Holy Land from the Seljuqs, thereby making the Turks none too pleased with the Egyptians. At Antioch, the crusaders reversed a seemingly hopeless situation when a peasant found the spear that had pierced Christ's side, hidden under a church, thereby raising morale enough to win the day. And then they did the impossible. They took Jerusalem, securing it for Christendom and famously killing a lot of people in the Alaska Mosque. Now, the crusaders succeeded in part because the Turkish Muslims, who were Sunnis, did not step up to help the Egyptians, who were Shia. But that kind of complicated, intra-Islamic rivalry gets in the way of the awesome narrative. The Christians just saw it as a miracle."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "They took Jerusalem, securing it for Christendom and famously killing a lot of people in the Alaska Mosque. Now, the crusaders succeeded in part because the Turkish Muslims, who were Sunnis, did not step up to help the Egyptians, who were Shia. But that kind of complicated, intra-Islamic rivalry gets in the way of the awesome narrative. The Christians just saw it as a miracle. So by 1100 CE, European nobles held both Antioch and Jerusalem as Latin Christian kingdoms. I say Latin to make the point that there were lots of Christians living in these cities before the crusaders arrived. They just weren't Catholic, they were Orthodox, a point that will become relevant shortly."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "The Christians just saw it as a miracle. So by 1100 CE, European nobles held both Antioch and Jerusalem as Latin Christian kingdoms. I say Latin to make the point that there were lots of Christians living in these cities before the crusaders arrived. They just weren't Catholic, they were Orthodox, a point that will become relevant shortly. We're going to skip the Second Crusade because it bores me and move on to the Third Crusade because it's the famous one. Broadly speaking, the Third Crusade was a European response to the emergence of a new Islamic power, neither Turkish nor Abbasid. The Egyptian, although he was really a Kurd, Sultan Amalik al-Nasr Salih al-Din Yusuf, better known to the West as Saladin."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "They just weren't Catholic, they were Orthodox, a point that will become relevant shortly. We're going to skip the Second Crusade because it bores me and move on to the Third Crusade because it's the famous one. Broadly speaking, the Third Crusade was a European response to the emergence of a new Islamic power, neither Turkish nor Abbasid. The Egyptian, although he was really a Kurd, Sultan Amalik al-Nasr Salih al-Din Yusuf, better known to the West as Saladin. Saladin, having consolidated his power in Egypt, sought to expand by taking Damascus and eventually Jerusalem, which he did successfully because he was an amazing general. And then the loss of Jerusalem caused Pope Gregory VIII to call for a Third Crusade. Three of the most important kings in Europe answered the call."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "The Egyptian, although he was really a Kurd, Sultan Amalik al-Nasr Salih al-Din Yusuf, better known to the West as Saladin. Saladin, having consolidated his power in Egypt, sought to expand by taking Damascus and eventually Jerusalem, which he did successfully because he was an amazing general. And then the loss of Jerusalem caused Pope Gregory VIII to call for a Third Crusade. Three of the most important kings in Europe answered the call. Philip, cowardly schemer II of France, Richard, Lionheart I of England, and Frederick, I am going to drown anticlimactically on the journey while trying to bathe in a river, Barbarossa, of the not-holy, not-Roman, and not-imperial Holy Roman Empire. Both Richard and Saladin were great generals who earned the respect of their troops. And while from the European perspective the crusade was a failure because they didn't take Jerusalem, it did radically change crusading forever by making Egypt a target."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Three of the most important kings in Europe answered the call. Philip, cowardly schemer II of France, Richard, Lionheart I of England, and Frederick, I am going to drown anticlimactically on the journey while trying to bathe in a river, Barbarossa, of the not-holy, not-Roman, and not-imperial Holy Roman Empire. Both Richard and Saladin were great generals who earned the respect of their troops. And while from the European perspective the crusade was a failure because they didn't take Jerusalem, it did radically change crusading forever by making Egypt a target. Richard understood that his best chance to take Jerusalem involved first taking Egypt, but he couldn't convince any crusaders to join him because Egypt had a lot less religious value to Christians than Jerusalem. So Richard was forced to call off the crusade early, but if he had just hung around until Easter of 1192, he would have seen Saladin die. And then Richard probably could have fulfilled all his crusading dreams, but you know, then we wouldn't have needed the Fourth Crusade."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "And while from the European perspective the crusade was a failure because they didn't take Jerusalem, it did radically change crusading forever by making Egypt a target. Richard understood that his best chance to take Jerusalem involved first taking Egypt, but he couldn't convince any crusaders to join him because Egypt had a lot less religious value to Christians than Jerusalem. So Richard was forced to call off the crusade early, but if he had just hung around until Easter of 1192, he would have seen Saladin die. And then Richard probably could have fulfilled all his crusading dreams, but you know, then we wouldn't have needed the Fourth Crusade. Although crusading continued through the 14th century, mostly with an emphasis on North Africa and not the Holy Land, the Fourth Crusade is the last one we'll focus on because it was the crazy one. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So a lot of people volunteered for the Fourth Crusade, more than 35,000, and the generals didn't want to march them all the way across Anatolia because they knew from experience that it was A. dangerous and B. hot."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "And then Richard probably could have fulfilled all his crusading dreams, but you know, then we wouldn't have needed the Fourth Crusade. Although crusading continued through the 14th century, mostly with an emphasis on North Africa and not the Holy Land, the Fourth Crusade is the last one we'll focus on because it was the crazy one. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So a lot of people volunteered for the Fourth Crusade, more than 35,000, and the generals didn't want to march them all the way across Anatolia because they knew from experience that it was A. dangerous and B. hot. So they decided to go by boat, which necessitated the building of the largest naval fleet Europe had seen since the Roman Empire. The Venetians built 500 ships, but then only 11,000 crusaders actually made it down to Venice because like, oh, I meant to go, but I had a thing come up, etc. There wasn't enough money to pay for those boats, so the Venetians made the crusaders a deal."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "So a lot of people volunteered for the Fourth Crusade, more than 35,000, and the generals didn't want to march them all the way across Anatolia because they knew from experience that it was A. dangerous and B. hot. So they decided to go by boat, which necessitated the building of the largest naval fleet Europe had seen since the Roman Empire. The Venetians built 500 ships, but then only 11,000 crusaders actually made it down to Venice because like, oh, I meant to go, but I had a thing come up, etc. There wasn't enough money to pay for those boats, so the Venetians made the crusaders a deal. Help us capture the rebellious city of Zara and we'll ferry you to Anatolia. This was a smidge problematic, crusading-wise, because Zara was a Christian city, but the crusaders agreed to help, resulting in the Pope excommunicating both them and the Venetians. Then, after the crusaders failed to take Zara and were still broke, a would-be Byzantine emperor named Alexius III promised the crusaders that he would pay them if they helped him out, so the excommunicated Catholic crusaders fought on behalf of the Orthodox Alexius, who soon became emperor in Constantinople."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "There wasn't enough money to pay for those boats, so the Venetians made the crusaders a deal. Help us capture the rebellious city of Zara and we'll ferry you to Anatolia. This was a smidge problematic, crusading-wise, because Zara was a Christian city, but the crusaders agreed to help, resulting in the Pope excommunicating both them and the Venetians. Then, after the crusaders failed to take Zara and were still broke, a would-be Byzantine emperor named Alexius III promised the crusaders that he would pay them if they helped him out, so the excommunicated Catholic crusaders fought on behalf of the Orthodox Alexius, who soon became emperor in Constantinople. But it took Alexius a while to come up with the money he'd promised the crusaders, so they were waiting around in Constantinople, and then Alexius was suddenly dethroned by the awesomely named Morsophos, leaving the crusaders stuck in Constantinople with no money. Christian warriors couldn't very well sack the largest city in Christendom, could they? Well, it turns out they could, and boy did they."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Then, after the crusaders failed to take Zara and were still broke, a would-be Byzantine emperor named Alexius III promised the crusaders that he would pay them if they helped him out, so the excommunicated Catholic crusaders fought on behalf of the Orthodox Alexius, who soon became emperor in Constantinople. But it took Alexius a while to come up with the money he'd promised the crusaders, so they were waiting around in Constantinople, and then Alexius was suddenly dethroned by the awesomely named Morsophos, leaving the crusaders stuck in Constantinople with no money. Christian warriors couldn't very well sack the largest city in Christendom, could they? Well, it turns out they could, and boy did they. They took all the wealth they could find, killed and raped Christians as they went, stole the statues of horses that now adorn St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, and retook exactly none of the Holy Land. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So you'd think this disaster would discredit the whole notion of crusading, right?"}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, it turns out they could, and boy did they. They took all the wealth they could find, killed and raped Christians as they went, stole the statues of horses that now adorn St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, and retook exactly none of the Holy Land. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So you'd think this disaster would discredit the whole notion of crusading, right? No. Instead, it legitimized the idea that crusading didn't have to be about pilgrimage, that any enemies of the Catholic Church were fair game. Also, the Fourth Crusade pretty much doomed the Byzantine Empire, which never really recovered."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "So you'd think this disaster would discredit the whole notion of crusading, right? No. Instead, it legitimized the idea that crusading didn't have to be about pilgrimage, that any enemies of the Catholic Church were fair game. Also, the Fourth Crusade pretty much doomed the Byzantine Empire, which never really recovered. Constantinople, a shadow of its former self, was conquered by the Turks in 1453. So ultimately, the crusades were a total failure at establishing Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land long term. And with the coming of the Ottomans, the region remained solidly Muslim, as it mostly is today."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, the Fourth Crusade pretty much doomed the Byzantine Empire, which never really recovered. Constantinople, a shadow of its former self, was conquered by the Turks in 1453. So ultimately, the crusades were a total failure at establishing Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land long term. And with the coming of the Ottomans, the region remained solidly Muslim, as it mostly is today. And the crusades didn't really open up lines of communication between the Christian and Muslim worlds, because those lines of communication were already open. Plus, most historians now agree that the crusades didn't bring Europe out of the Middle Ages by offering it contact with the superior intellectual accomplishments of the Islamic world. In fact, they were a tremendous drain on Europe's resources."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "And with the coming of the Ottomans, the region remained solidly Muslim, as it mostly is today. And the crusades didn't really open up lines of communication between the Christian and Muslim worlds, because those lines of communication were already open. Plus, most historians now agree that the crusades didn't bring Europe out of the Middle Ages by offering it contact with the superior intellectual accomplishments of the Islamic world. In fact, they were a tremendous drain on Europe's resources. For me, the crusades matter because they remind us that the medieval world was fundamentally different from ours. The men and women who took up the cross believed in the sacrality of their work in a way that we often can't even conceive of today. And when we focus so much on the heroic narrative, or the anti-imperialist narrative, or all the political infighting, we can lose sight of what the crusades must have meant to the crusaders."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, they were a tremendous drain on Europe's resources. For me, the crusades matter because they remind us that the medieval world was fundamentally different from ours. The men and women who took up the cross believed in the sacrality of their work in a way that we often can't even conceive of today. And when we focus so much on the heroic narrative, or the anti-imperialist narrative, or all the political infighting, we can lose sight of what the crusades must have meant to the crusaders. How that journey from pilgrimage to holy war transformed their faith and their lives. And ultimately, that exercise in empathy is the coolest thing about studying history. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "And when we focus so much on the heroic narrative, or the anti-imperialist narrative, or all the political infighting, we can lose sight of what the crusades must have meant to the crusaders. How that journey from pilgrimage to holy war transformed their faith and their lives. And ultimately, that exercise in empathy is the coolest thing about studying history. Thanks for watching. We'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Mellor. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. We'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Mellor. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. And the show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. If you enjoyed today's video, don't forget to like and favorite it."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. And the show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. If you enjoyed today's video, don't forget to like and favorite it. Also, you can follow us on Twitter or at Facebook. There are links in the video info. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Ali Frazier."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "If you enjoyed today's video, don't forget to like and favorite it. Also, you can follow us on Twitter or at Facebook. There are links in the video info. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Ali Frazier. You can guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones in comments, where you can also ask questions that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thanks for watching. I apologize to my prudish fans for leaving both buttons unbuttoned."}, {"video_title": "The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War Crash Course World History #15.m4a", "Sentence": "Last week's Phrase of the Week was Ali Frazier. You can guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones in comments, where you can also ask questions that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thanks for watching. I apologize to my prudish fans for leaving both buttons unbuttoned. And as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Whoa! Globe, globe, globe."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Road to Tokyo is made up of ten different exhibits which take you through the very beginning of the war to the end of the war. You're going to find yourself in New Guinea, you're going to find yourself over the Himalayas, in Burma, in the island hopping through Iwo Jima, all the way to the firebombing and the atomic bombs that were dropped in Japan. It focuses not only on the strategies that the Allies took, but also the strategies that the Japanese employed. It takes you through the major battles, it takes you through cultural differences, logistical challenges, and it is filled with artifacts including a shark-faced P-40 Warhawk. You're going to be able to get a personalized dog tag, there are oral histories, recreated environments, short films. It is incredible. So let's take you through the ten different exhibits really quickly, and then before you know it you're going to be going to the website down below and getting your tickets."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "It takes you through the major battles, it takes you through cultural differences, logistical challenges, and it is filled with artifacts including a shark-faced P-40 Warhawk. You're going to be able to get a personalized dog tag, there are oral histories, recreated environments, short films. It is incredible. So let's take you through the ten different exhibits really quickly, and then before you know it you're going to be going to the website down below and getting your tickets. The first exhibit, a huge visual display on the screen, the road to Tokyo facing the rising sun, really witnessing Japan's imperialistic moves on the big map prior to, of course, the big day, December 7th, 1941, the Pearl Harbor attack. We declare war on Japan. Four days later, everything changes again with Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's take you through the ten different exhibits really quickly, and then before you know it you're going to be going to the website down below and getting your tickets. The first exhibit, a huge visual display on the screen, the road to Tokyo facing the rising sun, really witnessing Japan's imperialistic moves on the big map prior to, of course, the big day, December 7th, 1941, the Pearl Harbor attack. We declare war on Japan. Four days later, everything changes again with Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States. We're really introduced in this first exhibit to the leaders on all sides, and then really to the beginnings of what's going to be the strategical and logistical challenges of fighting a two-front war. In the second exhibit, briefing room, Japanese onslaught, you walk onto a replica of a bridge on the USS Enterprise. It is breathtaking."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "Four days later, everything changes again with Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States. We're really introduced in this first exhibit to the leaders on all sides, and then really to the beginnings of what's going to be the strategical and logistical challenges of fighting a two-front war. In the second exhibit, briefing room, Japanese onslaught, you walk onto a replica of a bridge on the USS Enterprise. It is breathtaking. You're going to be introduced to the key nine military leaders on both sides, as well as being introduced to the U.S. strategy of a two-front attack on Japan, not only using the U.S. Navy to make a beeline through the Central Pacific, but also that Southwest corridor, New Guinea, the Philippines. And you're also going to witness those early Japanese victories, including Singapore and the Philippines, and the treatment that occurred to the American POWs in the Philippines. As you walk off the USS Enterprise, you walk into the third exhibit, a new naval warfare, which focuses on aircraft carriers and submarines."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "It is breathtaking. You're going to be introduced to the key nine military leaders on both sides, as well as being introduced to the U.S. strategy of a two-front attack on Japan, not only using the U.S. Navy to make a beeline through the Central Pacific, but also that Southwest corridor, New Guinea, the Philippines. And you're also going to witness those early Japanese victories, including Singapore and the Philippines, and the treatment that occurred to the American POWs in the Philippines. As you walk off the USS Enterprise, you walk into the third exhibit, a new naval warfare, which focuses on aircraft carriers and submarines. You have to remember that we lost most of our battleships at Pearl Harbor, so this is going to be the way to go. The exhibit focuses not only on what life was like on these aircraft carriers, which is extensive and incredibly fascinating, but also on the warfare, including the Doolittle Raid, the Coral Sea Battle, and Midway, of course. You're going to get to see on these humongous screens what it was really like as you watch the planes take off."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "As you walk off the USS Enterprise, you walk into the third exhibit, a new naval warfare, which focuses on aircraft carriers and submarines. You have to remember that we lost most of our battleships at Pearl Harbor, so this is going to be the way to go. The exhibit focuses not only on what life was like on these aircraft carriers, which is extensive and incredibly fascinating, but also on the warfare, including the Doolittle Raid, the Coral Sea Battle, and Midway, of course. You're going to get to see on these humongous screens what it was really like as you watch the planes take off. The fourth exhibit focuses on Guadalcanal, a green hell, and you are literally walking through the jungle as you go through this exhibit, focusing on what the warfare was like when you launched these amphibious assaults, these D-Days, on all of these islands. The hunger and the mosquitoes and the heat and what it was like to fight a relentless Japanese enemy. And Guadalcanal proved to be the first time that the Allies are going to gain a foothold in the Pacific as we make our way to Tokyo."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "You're going to get to see on these humongous screens what it was really like as you watch the planes take off. The fourth exhibit focuses on Guadalcanal, a green hell, and you are literally walking through the jungle as you go through this exhibit, focusing on what the warfare was like when you launched these amphibious assaults, these D-Days, on all of these islands. The hunger and the mosquitoes and the heat and what it was like to fight a relentless Japanese enemy. And Guadalcanal proved to be the first time that the Allies are going to gain a foothold in the Pacific as we make our way to Tokyo. Pacific Theater challenges, fighting in the tropics, that's the fifth exhibit. And as you walk out of Guadalcanal, you literally walk into a recreated rice hut where you're going to learn all about the different challenges that these soldiers faced, including disease, which killed more Americans than gunfire did, as well as the nurses and the medics and the chaplains and the Seabees that laid all the groundwork of infrastructure like airports and roads for the coming invasion. Island hopping footholds in the Pacific, and you literally walk onto a recreated beachhead of Tarawa, which really gives you the idea of what these soldiers were walking into."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "And Guadalcanal proved to be the first time that the Allies are going to gain a foothold in the Pacific as we make our way to Tokyo. Pacific Theater challenges, fighting in the tropics, that's the fifth exhibit. And as you walk out of Guadalcanal, you literally walk into a recreated rice hut where you're going to learn all about the different challenges that these soldiers faced, including disease, which killed more Americans than gunfire did, as well as the nurses and the medics and the chaplains and the Seabees that laid all the groundwork of infrastructure like airports and roads for the coming invasion. Island hopping footholds in the Pacific, and you literally walk onto a recreated beachhead of Tarawa, which really gives you the idea of what these soldiers were walking into. Now that the Seabees have laid down the groundwork of infrastructure, now we can land our B-52 bombers as we get closer and closer to Tokyo. And it's this island hopping strategy that is going to be successful at the end of the day. One of the more visually stunning pieces of the exhibit is the second front, the CBI."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "Island hopping footholds in the Pacific, and you literally walk onto a recreated beachhead of Tarawa, which really gives you the idea of what these soldiers were walking into. Now that the Seabees have laid down the groundwork of infrastructure, now we can land our B-52 bombers as we get closer and closer to Tokyo. And it's this island hopping strategy that is going to be successful at the end of the day. One of the more visually stunning pieces of the exhibit is the second front, the CBI. That's China, Burma, and India. And you're met with three humongous video panels, and suspended in the air is a replica of a P-40 Warhawk. On those three panels, you see all of the routes that the Americans had to take to keep supplying China in the Sino-Japanese War."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "One of the more visually stunning pieces of the exhibit is the second front, the CBI. That's China, Burma, and India. And you're met with three humongous video panels, and suspended in the air is a replica of a P-40 Warhawk. On those three panels, you see all of the routes that the Americans had to take to keep supplying China in the Sino-Japanese War. You have to remember that this was tying up the Japanese. More than 40 army divisions and a million men were committed to fighting the Chinese rather than fighting us in the Pacific. On those video panels, you're going to see the Himalayan Mountains, which we had to fly over."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "On those three panels, you see all of the routes that the Americans had to take to keep supplying China in the Sino-Japanese War. You have to remember that this was tying up the Japanese. More than 40 army divisions and a million men were committed to fighting the Chinese rather than fighting us in the Pacific. On those video panels, you're going to see the Himalayan Mountains, which we had to fly over. This is a humongous piece of this war that in many cases gets overlooked. Returning to the Philippines, you know I'm talking about Douglas MacArthur. The Philippines and American Commonwealth dating back to the Spanish-American War was taken by the Japanese."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "On those video panels, you're going to see the Himalayan Mountains, which we had to fly over. This is a humongous piece of this war that in many cases gets overlooked. Returning to the Philippines, you know I'm talking about Douglas MacArthur. The Philippines and American Commonwealth dating back to the Spanish-American War was taken by the Japanese. MacArthur and the United States, we wanted back and we're going back. The Gulf of Late Battle, the biggest naval battle in World War II. There's artifacts from the battleship Nagato in the exhibit, as well as the ruins of Manila."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "The Philippines and American Commonwealth dating back to the Spanish-American War was taken by the Japanese. MacArthur and the United States, we wanted back and we're going back. The Gulf of Late Battle, the biggest naval battle in World War II. There's artifacts from the battleship Nagato in the exhibit, as well as the ruins of Manila. Recapturing the Philippines is going to become a turning point in this war as we march to Tokyo. We're going to march in the war. The ninth exhibit is Death at Japanese Doorstep, the first assault on Japanese soil."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "There's artifacts from the battleship Nagato in the exhibit, as well as the ruins of Manila. Recapturing the Philippines is going to become a turning point in this war as we march to Tokyo. We're going to march in the war. The ninth exhibit is Death at Japanese Doorstep, the first assault on Japanese soil. The last two D-Days, Okinawa and Iwo Jima, proved to be some of the most fierce fighting in world history. The Japanese had built extensive underground defense tunnels and caves, which are realistically portrayed in this part of the exhibit. You also learn about all of the Medal of Honors that were given out."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "The ninth exhibit is Death at Japanese Doorstep, the first assault on Japanese soil. The last two D-Days, Okinawa and Iwo Jima, proved to be some of the most fierce fighting in world history. The Japanese had built extensive underground defense tunnels and caves, which are realistically portrayed in this part of the exhibit. You also learn about all of the Medal of Honors that were given out. There are 27 at Iwo Jima alone, and you're introduced to the Navajo code talkers who played a pivotal point in this part of the war. As you walk into the last exhibit, you realize that Downfall, Endgame Against Japan, is a different piece of this exhibit. The music is much more somber and reflective as you watch on the humongous video screens what occurred at the end of the war, including the firebombing by United States forces of hundreds of Japanese cities."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "You also learn about all of the Medal of Honors that were given out. There are 27 at Iwo Jima alone, and you're introduced to the Navajo code talkers who played a pivotal point in this part of the war. As you walk into the last exhibit, you realize that Downfall, Endgame Against Japan, is a different piece of this exhibit. The music is much more somber and reflective as you watch on the humongous video screens what occurred at the end of the war, including the firebombing by United States forces of hundreds of Japanese cities. And you are faced with the same decision that Harry Truman had to make, which is dropping the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war earlier. At the end of the day, coming down to the point that the continuing firebombing of cities and a land invasion by American forces would have been much more deadlier, which have cost the United States and Japan much more human life. So as you walk out of that final piece, you see on the TV screens there the surrender signing on the USS Missouri, and you really are filled with history."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "The music is much more somber and reflective as you watch on the humongous video screens what occurred at the end of the war, including the firebombing by United States forces of hundreds of Japanese cities. And you are faced with the same decision that Harry Truman had to make, which is dropping the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war earlier. At the end of the day, coming down to the point that the continuing firebombing of cities and a land invasion by American forces would have been much more deadlier, which have cost the United States and Japan much more human life. So as you walk out of that final piece, you see on the TV screens there the surrender signing on the USS Missouri, and you really are filled with history. It's somber, it's reflective, it's powerful, it's exciting, it's what everybody who loves history loves. So next time you're in New Orleans, you best be checking out the World War II Museum. Check out The Road to Berlin, which is fantastic and deserved its own video in its own right."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "So as you walk out of that final piece, you see on the TV screens there the surrender signing on the USS Missouri, and you really are filled with history. It's somber, it's reflective, it's powerful, it's exciting, it's what everybody who loves history loves. So next time you're in New Orleans, you best be checking out the World War II Museum. Check out The Road to Berlin, which is fantastic and deserved its own video in its own right. But that road to Tokyo, it'll shake you to your boots. So follow your NOLA, go to New Orleans. If you're a social studies teacher, take all the kids."}, {"video_title": "The Road to Tokyo Exhibit The National WW2 Museum.m4a", "Sentence": "Check out The Road to Berlin, which is fantastic and deserved its own video in its own right. But that road to Tokyo, it'll shake you to your boots. So follow your NOLA, go to New Orleans. If you're a social studies teacher, take all the kids. Every American, heck, every world citizen should see The Road to Tokyo. So we'll see you guys next time that you press my buttons. I always say it, I'm going to say it now, where tension goes, energy flows."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as we saw in the last video, as soon as the Persians are dealt with, tensions start to rise between Athens and Sparta and their various allies. Sparta gets worried that the Athenian navy is looking maybe a little bit too strong. They were decisively important in the second Persian invasion. And they build this Delian League, whose purpose is to go on the offensive against the Persians, but more and more so, it's starting to look like an Athenian empire. And a lot of this, you can imagine, it's like a game of risk. The more you take over, the more resources you have, the more that you can build more ships and have more soldiers so that you can take on even more. So as Sparta and Athens are starting to become more and more rivals, Sparta's getting insecure about Athens' influence and their resources and their military power."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they build this Delian League, whose purpose is to go on the offensive against the Persians, but more and more so, it's starting to look like an Athenian empire. And a lot of this, you can imagine, it's like a game of risk. The more you take over, the more resources you have, the more that you can build more ships and have more soldiers so that you can take on even more. So as Sparta and Athens are starting to become more and more rivals, Sparta's getting insecure about Athens' influence and their resources and their military power. And we even saw it in the last video. You have an earthquake in Sparta, potentially right around the same time that Sparta was planning an invasion of Athens, leaving the Spartans vulnerable. There's a helot uprising, these Spartan slaves."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So as Sparta and Athens are starting to become more and more rivals, Sparta's getting insecure about Athens' influence and their resources and their military power. And we even saw it in the last video. You have an earthquake in Sparta, potentially right around the same time that Sparta was planning an invasion of Athens, leaving the Spartans vulnerable. There's a helot uprising, these Spartan slaves. The Athenians send hoplites to apparently help the Spartans, but the Spartans are suspicious of it and they send them back. And then it culminates with the skirmish you have between Megara and Corinth, which were historically two Spartan allies, but Athens decides to take sides, gets an alliance with Megara. And that's one thing too many for the Spartans, and so they declare war."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a helot uprising, these Spartan slaves. The Athenians send hoplites to apparently help the Spartans, but the Spartans are suspicious of it and they send them back. And then it culminates with the skirmish you have between Megara and Corinth, which were historically two Spartan allies, but Athens decides to take sides, gets an alliance with Megara. And that's one thing too many for the Spartans, and so they declare war. And you have what's called the First Peloponnesian War, but that's not the Peloponnesian War. That's the first time that you start having a very open conflict between the Spartans and the Athenians. And these conflicts last for on the order of about 15 years, and they're ended with what's called the Peace of 30 Years."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's one thing too many for the Spartans, and so they declare war. And you have what's called the First Peloponnesian War, but that's not the Peloponnesian War. That's the first time that you start having a very open conflict between the Spartans and the Athenians. And these conflicts last for on the order of about 15 years, and they're ended with what's called the Peace of 30 Years. But as we will see, this Peace of 30 Years only lasts about 15 years. And the whole time, tensions continue to arise. The Delian League, or you could call it the Athenian Empire, is getting more and more powerful."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And these conflicts last for on the order of about 15 years, and they're ended with what's called the Peace of 30 Years. But as we will see, this Peace of 30 Years only lasts about 15 years. And the whole time, tensions continue to arise. The Delian League, or you could call it the Athenian Empire, is getting more and more powerful. The Athenian Navy is getting more and more powerful. And once again, things culminate. And now this is the beginning of the actual Peloponnesian War, the thing that people are referring to when they talk about the Peloponnesian War."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Delian League, or you could call it the Athenian Empire, is getting more and more powerful. The Athenian Navy is getting more and more powerful. And once again, things culminate. And now this is the beginning of the actual Peloponnesian War, the thing that people are referring to when they talk about the Peloponnesian War. In 431 BCE, the king of Asparta is convinced, or is, I guess you could say, he is influenced to, even though he himself was somewhat skeptical of the idea, he decides to invade Attica. Attica is something you'll hear a lot about. It is this region right over here, this little out-jutting of land that Athens is on."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And now this is the beginning of the actual Peloponnesian War, the thing that people are referring to when they talk about the Peloponnesian War. In 431 BCE, the king of Asparta is convinced, or is, I guess you could say, he is influenced to, even though he himself was somewhat skeptical of the idea, he decides to invade Attica. Attica is something you'll hear a lot about. It is this region right over here, this little out-jutting of land that Athens is on. And this first phase of the Peloponnesian War is called the Arcadamian War, named for the king of Asparta, who somewhat reluctantly decides to invade Attica. And so that's stage one, Arcadamian War. And the Arcadamian War, its essential ingredients, you have Asparta with its dominant army going and having repeated attacks onto Attica, and the Athenians with their dominant navy going and having raids throughout the Peloponnese and along the Aegean coast."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It is this region right over here, this little out-jutting of land that Athens is on. And this first phase of the Peloponnesian War is called the Arcadamian War, named for the king of Asparta, who somewhat reluctantly decides to invade Attica. And so that's stage one, Arcadamian War. And the Arcadamian War, its essential ingredients, you have Asparta with its dominant army going and having repeated attacks onto Attica, and the Athenians with their dominant navy going and having raids throughout the Peloponnese and along the Aegean coast. So here you have the Athenians going, let me do the Athenians and the Spartans in two different colors, actually. So here you go, let's do the Spartans in this red color, attacking Attica with their army, and now let's have the Athenians with this light blue color coming here and attacking various points on the Peloponnese and in the Aegean, further extending their influence. Now that first phase ends, and it goes on for quite a bit, it goes on for about 10 years, ends with the Peace of Nicaeus, or Nicaeus, but as you'll see, that was actually intended to be a 50-year peace, but as you'll see, it doesn't last long at all."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Arcadamian War, its essential ingredients, you have Asparta with its dominant army going and having repeated attacks onto Attica, and the Athenians with their dominant navy going and having raids throughout the Peloponnese and along the Aegean coast. So here you have the Athenians going, let me do the Athenians and the Spartans in two different colors, actually. So here you go, let's do the Spartans in this red color, attacking Attica with their army, and now let's have the Athenians with this light blue color coming here and attacking various points on the Peloponnese and in the Aegean, further extending their influence. Now that first phase ends, and it goes on for quite a bit, it goes on for about 10 years, ends with the Peace of Nicaeus, or Nicaeus, but as you'll see, that was actually intended to be a 50-year peace, but as you'll see, it doesn't last long at all. The skirmishes continue, and in 415, the Athenians say, hey, we want to extend our power. Remember, it's like this game of Risk. The more city-states you take over, the more citizens that you're able to tax, the more soldiers you will have, the more wealth you will have, the more shipbuilding capability you will have."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now that first phase ends, and it goes on for quite a bit, it goes on for about 10 years, ends with the Peace of Nicaeus, or Nicaeus, but as you'll see, that was actually intended to be a 50-year peace, but as you'll see, it doesn't last long at all. The skirmishes continue, and in 415, the Athenians say, hey, we want to extend our power. Remember, it's like this game of Risk. The more city-states you take over, the more citizens that you're able to tax, the more soldiers you will have, the more wealth you will have, the more shipbuilding capability you will have. So the Athenians get this great idea to sail all the way to Syracuse, and just to be clear, where Syracuse is, Syracuse right over here on the coast of Sicily, and this is a long distance in this ancient world, so they get this idea to sail all the way to Syracuse to try to take it over, and essentially to extend their empire. So this right over here is in 415, this long voyage to take over Syracuse, and it is disastrous. The fleet that tries to go is able to be destroyed, and the folks in Syracuse are able to get the assistance of the Spartans, and so that Greek fleet is destroyed, and this is often viewed as the second phase of the Peloponnesian War, and so this is the attack at Syracuse, attack at Syracuse, the failed attempt of the Athenians to get Syracuse, to get Syracuse, and this is a two-year period of time, because once again, this is no joke, to send your navy and to try to get at Syracuse."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The more city-states you take over, the more citizens that you're able to tax, the more soldiers you will have, the more wealth you will have, the more shipbuilding capability you will have. So the Athenians get this great idea to sail all the way to Syracuse, and just to be clear, where Syracuse is, Syracuse right over here on the coast of Sicily, and this is a long distance in this ancient world, so they get this idea to sail all the way to Syracuse to try to take it over, and essentially to extend their empire. So this right over here is in 415, this long voyage to take over Syracuse, and it is disastrous. The fleet that tries to go is able to be destroyed, and the folks in Syracuse are able to get the assistance of the Spartans, and so that Greek fleet is destroyed, and this is often viewed as the second phase of the Peloponnesian War, and so this is the attack at Syracuse, attack at Syracuse, the failed attempt of the Athenians to get Syracuse, to get Syracuse, and this is a two-year period of time, because once again, this is no joke, to send your navy and to try to get at Syracuse. And then that takes us into the third phase, the third phase of the Peloponnesian War. Let me scroll this over a little bit. The third phase is often called the Ionian War."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The fleet that tries to go is able to be destroyed, and the folks in Syracuse are able to get the assistance of the Spartans, and so that Greek fleet is destroyed, and this is often viewed as the second phase of the Peloponnesian War, and so this is the attack at Syracuse, attack at Syracuse, the failed attempt of the Athenians to get Syracuse, to get Syracuse, and this is a two-year period of time, because once again, this is no joke, to send your navy and to try to get at Syracuse. And then that takes us into the third phase, the third phase of the Peloponnesian War. Let me scroll this over a little bit. The third phase is often called the Ionian War. Ionian War, Ionian, Ionian War. Ionia is this region that's now in modern day, off the coast of modern day Turkey. You have many of the city states that were part of this Athenian Empire, they're starting to revolt."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The third phase is often called the Ionian War. Ionian War, Ionian, Ionian War. Ionia is this region that's now in modern day, off the coast of modern day Turkey. You have many of the city states that were part of this Athenian Empire, they're starting to revolt. You can imagine that the Spartans are trying to help those revolts, because they're trying to get the Athenians wherever they are. This is often also called the Decellian, or Decellian, Decellian War. Decellia, or Decellia, I'm probably not pronouncing well, is a little village right over here at the top of Attica, and it was a strategic location that went over to the Spartans, and that's where the Decellian War gets its name."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have many of the city states that were part of this Athenian Empire, they're starting to revolt. You can imagine that the Spartans are trying to help those revolts, because they're trying to get the Athenians wherever they are. This is often also called the Decellian, or Decellian, Decellian War. Decellia, or Decellia, I'm probably not pronouncing well, is a little village right over here at the top of Attica, and it was a strategic location that went over to the Spartans, and that's where the Decellian War gets its name. But over the course of this third phase, the Spartans get help from the Persians. Remember, this was their enemy. They had, the Spartans and Athenians had unified against the Persians, but some time has passed."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Decellia, or Decellia, I'm probably not pronouncing well, is a little village right over here at the top of Attica, and it was a strategic location that went over to the Spartans, and that's where the Decellian War gets its name. But over the course of this third phase, the Spartans get help from the Persians. Remember, this was their enemy. They had, the Spartans and Athenians had unified against the Persians, but some time has passed. We're now 70 or 80 years later, and the Spartans say, hey, we want to win this thing decisively. They get the help of the Persians. And finally, in 405 BCE, there's a decisive naval battle at Aegospotami, and I'm sorry to all of you Greeks out there that might be listening."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They had, the Spartans and Athenians had unified against the Persians, but some time has passed. We're now 70 or 80 years later, and the Spartans say, hey, we want to win this thing decisively. They get the help of the Persians. And finally, in 405 BCE, there's a decisive naval battle at Aegospotami, and I'm sorry to all of you Greeks out there that might be listening. I know my pronunciation is not perfect, or close to perfect. But this is a decisive victory right over here for the Spartans. They're able to destroy the Athenian navy, and that causes, that's the decisive victory, and then in 404, this is 405, in 404, the Athenians surrender, and the famous Peloponnesian War is over."}, {"video_title": "The Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And finally, in 405 BCE, there's a decisive naval battle at Aegospotami, and I'm sorry to all of you Greeks out there that might be listening. I know my pronunciation is not perfect, or close to perfect. But this is a decisive victory right over here for the Spartans. They're able to destroy the Athenian navy, and that causes, that's the decisive victory, and then in 404, this is 405, in 404, the Athenians surrender, and the famous Peloponnesian War is over. The Spartans are victorious. But it's not a great victory because, as you can imagine, you have towns that have been destroyed. Large parts of Greece have been weakened, and it leaves the whole area open to attack from others."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's interesting for several reasons. First, it is considered to be one of the oldest religions that is still practiced. Some historians would place the origins of Hinduism at 5,000 years into the past. It has elements that may have been practiced in the Indus Valley civilization. You also have significant elements that come from the Vedic period, in fact, the Vedas, for which the Vedic period is named, really form the root of Hinduism as it is practiced today. And it is believed that the Vedas come from an Indo-Aryan people that many historians believe came from Central Asia and were related to many of the people who colonized Europe. Now, the other thing that is fascinating about Hinduism, and I really just referred to some of it, it is a combination of many cultures that really merged over thousands of years."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It has elements that may have been practiced in the Indus Valley civilization. You also have significant elements that come from the Vedic period, in fact, the Vedas, for which the Vedic period is named, really form the root of Hinduism as it is practiced today. And it is believed that the Vedas come from an Indo-Aryan people that many historians believe came from Central Asia and were related to many of the people who colonized Europe. Now, the other thing that is fascinating about Hinduism, and I really just referred to some of it, it is a combination of many cultures that really merged over thousands of years. And they merged around the Indian subcontinent. As you will see, there are many traditions, many cultures, many different ways that one can, and many different ways that people do practice Hinduism. But there are also core beliefs that we wanna get to the heart of in this video, and we'll discuss more in future videos."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the other thing that is fascinating about Hinduism, and I really just referred to some of it, it is a combination of many cultures that really merged over thousands of years. And they merged around the Indian subcontinent. As you will see, there are many traditions, many cultures, many different ways that one can, and many different ways that people do practice Hinduism. But there are also core beliefs that we wanna get to the heart of in this video, and we'll discuss more in future videos. Now, what's also interesting is where the name Hinduism or Hindu comes from, a Hindu being someone who practices Hinduism. The name for what we now call the Indus River in Sanskrit was Sindhu. And Sindh is still a region in the Indian subcontinent."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But there are also core beliefs that we wanna get to the heart of in this video, and we'll discuss more in future videos. Now, what's also interesting is where the name Hinduism or Hindu comes from, a Hindu being someone who practices Hinduism. The name for what we now call the Indus River in Sanskrit was Sindhu. And Sindh is still a region in the Indian subcontinent. The version that the Persian said was Hindus, and this got converted to Indus in Latin. So really, Hinduism is the term for the cultural and religious practices of people beyond the Indus River. The word India really comes from this same root."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Sindh is still a region in the Indian subcontinent. The version that the Persian said was Hindus, and this got converted to Indus in Latin. So really, Hinduism is the term for the cultural and religious practices of people beyond the Indus River. The word India really comes from this same root. Indus is where India comes from, but Indus comes from Hindus, which comes from Sindhu, and these are all related to the word Hindu. And you can see that very clearly in the Persian version. Now, as I mentioned, there's many different practices in Hinduism, many different traditions, many different rituals in Hinduism."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The word India really comes from this same root. Indus is where India comes from, but Indus comes from Hindus, which comes from Sindhu, and these are all related to the word Hindu. And you can see that very clearly in the Persian version. Now, as I mentioned, there's many different practices in Hinduism, many different traditions, many different rituals in Hinduism. But I'm going to try to focus in on what could be considered the spiritual core. And a lot of this comes out of the Vedas. They're a collection of hymns, rituals, but also philosophy."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, as I mentioned, there's many different practices in Hinduism, many different traditions, many different rituals in Hinduism. But I'm going to try to focus in on what could be considered the spiritual core. And a lot of this comes out of the Vedas. They're a collection of hymns, rituals, but also philosophy. And the subset of the Vedas that are very concerned with the spiritual and the philosophical are known as the Upanishads, which means sitting down or coming near to. Some people say coming near to God. Some people say coming near to the actual reality or coming near to a teacher, as in sitting down to get a lesson or to have a dialogue."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They're a collection of hymns, rituals, but also philosophy. And the subset of the Vedas that are very concerned with the spiritual and the philosophical are known as the Upanishads, which means sitting down or coming near to. Some people say coming near to God. Some people say coming near to the actual reality or coming near to a teacher, as in sitting down to get a lesson or to have a dialogue. Now, the central idea in Hinduism is the idea of Brahman. And Brahman should not be confused with the god Brahma. Brahma is sometimes you could view as a aspect of Brahman, but Brahman is viewed as the true reality of things."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some people say coming near to the actual reality or coming near to a teacher, as in sitting down to get a lesson or to have a dialogue. Now, the central idea in Hinduism is the idea of Brahman. And Brahman should not be confused with the god Brahma. Brahma is sometimes you could view as a aspect of Brahman, but Brahman is viewed as the true reality of things. It is shapeless, genderless, bodiless. It cannot be described. It can only be experienced."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Brahma is sometimes you could view as a aspect of Brahman, but Brahman is viewed as the true reality of things. It is shapeless, genderless, bodiless. It cannot be described. It can only be experienced. Now, according to Hindu belief, we are all part of Brahman. And what we perceive as our individuality is really you can consider to be a quasi-illusion. So this might be one individual right over here, and then we might have another individual right over here."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It can only be experienced. Now, according to Hindu belief, we are all part of Brahman. And what we perceive as our individuality is really you can consider to be a quasi-illusion. So this might be one individual right over here, and then we might have another individual right over here. And this separateness, the illusion of the reality that we see around us, this is referred to as maya. And maya is not just the illusion or the quasi-illusion created by our senses. It is even notions like our ego, our identity."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this might be one individual right over here, and then we might have another individual right over here. And this separateness, the illusion of the reality that we see around us, this is referred to as maya. And maya is not just the illusion or the quasi-illusion created by our senses. It is even notions like our ego, our identity. And within that context, that inner self, that thing that is even within our, that is even deeper than our sense of identity, this is referred to as atman. And as you can see, the way it's been diagrammed here, the way we've drawn it out, atman is essentially the same thing as Brahman. And oftentimes, you will see it referred to as atman dash Brahman."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It is even notions like our ego, our identity. And within that context, that inner self, that thing that is even within our, that is even deeper than our sense of identity, this is referred to as atman. And as you can see, the way it's been diagrammed here, the way we've drawn it out, atman is essentially the same thing as Brahman. And oftentimes, you will see it referred to as atman dash Brahman. They're really the same thing, but it's really a, it's an illusion that there is this separateness of our reality. Now, according to Hindu belief, in each life, you have this core part of yourself, which is atman, which is part of Brahman. And when you die, it doesn't disappear, but it will take on or it will subjugate itself to another reality."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And oftentimes, you will see it referred to as atman dash Brahman. They're really the same thing, but it's really a, it's an illusion that there is this separateness of our reality. Now, according to Hindu belief, in each life, you have this core part of yourself, which is atman, which is part of Brahman. And when you die, it doesn't disappear, but it will take on or it will subjugate itself to another reality. So after death, this individual or this perceived individual might take on another identity and another reality. They would perceive it as another life. And this notion of one life after another, one reality after another, is sometimes referred to as transmigration of the soul, sometimes referred to as reincarnation, or this notion of samsara, which is this endless cycle of birth and rebirth."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And when you die, it doesn't disappear, but it will take on or it will subjugate itself to another reality. So after death, this individual or this perceived individual might take on another identity and another reality. They would perceive it as another life. And this notion of one life after another, one reality after another, is sometimes referred to as transmigration of the soul, sometimes referred to as reincarnation, or this notion of samsara, which is this endless cycle of birth and rebirth. It really comes from this notion of same flowing, this thing, this pattern that goes on and on and on. And according to Hindu belief, what that next life is, what that next reality is, is based on your actions in this life. Karma literally is referring to actions, but it's really actions driving consequences, not only in this reality, but in the next reality."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this notion of one life after another, one reality after another, is sometimes referred to as transmigration of the soul, sometimes referred to as reincarnation, or this notion of samsara, which is this endless cycle of birth and rebirth. It really comes from this notion of same flowing, this thing, this pattern that goes on and on and on. And according to Hindu belief, what that next life is, what that next reality is, is based on your actions in this life. Karma literally is referring to actions, but it's really actions driving consequences, not only in this reality, but in the next reality. Now there's another notion of dharma. Dharma is based on what is the role you should play given the reality, given the life that you are in. So in a very simplified way, you could say, well, dharma is the rightful role, the rightful actions, your duty, depending on your role, depending on your reality."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Karma literally is referring to actions, but it's really actions driving consequences, not only in this reality, but in the next reality. Now there's another notion of dharma. Dharma is based on what is the role you should play given the reality, given the life that you are in. So in a very simplified way, you could say, well, dharma is the rightful role, the rightful actions, your duty, depending on your role, depending on your reality. Karma is how that action translates into consequences, which is going to drive what happens in this endless cycle. Now a core idea of Hinduism is to try to escape from this cycle, to awaken to the true reality, awaken from this quasi-reality. And this is really one of the central ideas of the Upanishads, that eventually, if you can awaken, so let's say that this is an awakening, this entity, this atman, this self right over here, this perceived individual has now awoken and can see through, pierces the veil of that maya, now they have rejoined Brahman, and they've recognized that atman and Brahman are the same."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in a very simplified way, you could say, well, dharma is the rightful role, the rightful actions, your duty, depending on your role, depending on your reality. Karma is how that action translates into consequences, which is going to drive what happens in this endless cycle. Now a core idea of Hinduism is to try to escape from this cycle, to awaken to the true reality, awaken from this quasi-reality. And this is really one of the central ideas of the Upanishads, that eventually, if you can awaken, so let's say that this is an awakening, this entity, this atman, this self right over here, this perceived individual has now awoken and can see through, pierces the veil of that maya, now they have rejoined Brahman, and they've recognized that atman and Brahman are the same. And this freeing from samsara, from this birth-death cycle, this is referred to as moksha. Now to make this idea a little bit clearer, let's look at some quotes from the actual Upanishads. So this is two versions from the Isha Upanishad, and the reason why I like to show it is because it shows that if you're translating from Sanskrit into English, or really from any one language into another, there's going to be some room for interpretation."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is really one of the central ideas of the Upanishads, that eventually, if you can awaken, so let's say that this is an awakening, this entity, this atman, this self right over here, this perceived individual has now awoken and can see through, pierces the veil of that maya, now they have rejoined Brahman, and they've recognized that atman and Brahman are the same. And this freeing from samsara, from this birth-death cycle, this is referred to as moksha. Now to make this idea a little bit clearer, let's look at some quotes from the actual Upanishads. So this is two versions from the Isha Upanishad, and the reason why I like to show it is because it shows that if you're translating from Sanskrit into English, or really from any one language into another, there's going to be some room for interpretation. But we can see it here. So this is from the Isha Upanishad, which is considered one of the most important ones, it's a subset, it's a section of the Yajur Veda, one of the four early Vedas, and they write, and this is an English translation, the wise man beholds all beings in the self, or the atman, and the self in all beings. For that reason, he does not hate anyone."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is two versions from the Isha Upanishad, and the reason why I like to show it is because it shows that if you're translating from Sanskrit into English, or really from any one language into another, there's going to be some room for interpretation. But we can see it here. So this is from the Isha Upanishad, which is considered one of the most important ones, it's a subset, it's a section of the Yajur Veda, one of the four early Vedas, and they write, and this is an English translation, the wise man beholds all beings in the self, or the atman, and the self in all beings. For that reason, he does not hate anyone. To the seer, all things have verily become the self. What delusion, what sorrow can there be for him who beholds that oneness? This is another version of the same verses from the Isha Upanishad."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "For that reason, he does not hate anyone. To the seer, all things have verily become the self. What delusion, what sorrow can there be for him who beholds that oneness? This is another version of the same verses from the Isha Upanishad. He who sees all beings in the self, and the self in all beings, he never turns away from it, the self. For he who perceives all beings as the self, how can there be delusion or grief when he sees this oneness everywhere? So I might be getting into an argument with someone, but deep down if I recognize that both myself and that individual, that we are part of this same Brahman, that he is me and I am it, or I am he, well then that anger seems a little bit misguided."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is another version of the same verses from the Isha Upanishad. He who sees all beings in the self, and the self in all beings, he never turns away from it, the self. For he who perceives all beings as the self, how can there be delusion or grief when he sees this oneness everywhere? So I might be getting into an argument with someone, but deep down if I recognize that both myself and that individual, that we are part of this same Brahman, that he is me and I am it, or I am he, well then that anger seems a little bit misguided. Now to get a little bit more context on this notion of oneness, here's another verse from the Chandogya Upanishad, which is also considered one of the significant Upanishads, and it's part of the Sama Veda. As the rivers flowing east and west merge in the sea and become one with it, forgetting they were separate rivers, so do all creatures lose their separateness when they merge at last into pure being, into Brahman. There is nothing that does not come from him."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So I might be getting into an argument with someone, but deep down if I recognize that both myself and that individual, that we are part of this same Brahman, that he is me and I am it, or I am he, well then that anger seems a little bit misguided. Now to get a little bit more context on this notion of oneness, here's another verse from the Chandogya Upanishad, which is also considered one of the significant Upanishads, and it's part of the Sama Veda. As the rivers flowing east and west merge in the sea and become one with it, forgetting they were separate rivers, so do all creatures lose their separateness when they merge at last into pure being, into Brahman. There is nothing that does not come from him. And the use of the word him is really an anthropomorphism of this notion that has really no gender or body or form. Of everything, he is the inmost self. He is the truth."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There is nothing that does not come from him. And the use of the word him is really an anthropomorphism of this notion that has really no gender or body or form. Of everything, he is the inmost self. He is the truth. He is the self-supreme. You are that, shiveta ketu, you are that. And this last verse is referring, it's in this Chandogya Upanishad, it's a conversation between the teacher and his son, and the son is shiveta ketu, my apologies for pronunciation."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism Introduction Core ideas of Brahman, Atman, Samsara and Moksha History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is the truth. He is the self-supreme. You are that, shiveta ketu, you are that. And this last verse is referring, it's in this Chandogya Upanishad, it's a conversation between the teacher and his son, and the son is shiveta ketu, my apologies for pronunciation. So once he's saying that these rivers is an analogy for you and I, and we might see ourselves as different, but at some point we will flow and become one with the ocean. And he's pointing out to his son, you are not different from that. You, yourself, you are atman."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "anatomically modern human beings have been on this planet for roughly 200,000 years. And even though that's a small fraction of the amount of time the Earth has been around, which is over four billion years, on a human scale, it's an incredibly long amount of time. Just to put it in perspective, if this is present time, if you wanted to put, when was the Roman Empire, well, if we're talking about about 2,000 years ago, it would show up on our timeline right about, right about there. If you wanted to talk about when the pyramids were constructed, it would be right about there. You can hardly see the time difference between now and several thousand years ago. If you wanna see how long we've had writing, about 5,000 years is our current best estimate. Once again, it barely shows up on this timeline."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If you wanted to talk about when the pyramids were constructed, it would be right about there. You can hardly see the time difference between now and several thousand years ago. If you wanna see how long we've had writing, about 5,000 years is our current best estimate. Once again, it barely shows up on this timeline. How long have we had agriculture? Well, 10 to 15,000 years. Once again, it's a small fraction of this."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Once again, it barely shows up on this timeline. How long have we had agriculture? Well, 10 to 15,000 years. Once again, it's a small fraction of this. Another way to think about it, think about all of our ancestors, the various generations that have passed since the first emergence of, the first appearance of anatomically modern human beings. This is over 6,000 or 7,000 generations into the past. Think about all of the stories that must have happened, a lot of simple things."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Once again, it's a small fraction of this. Another way to think about it, think about all of our ancestors, the various generations that have passed since the first emergence of, the first appearance of anatomically modern human beings. This is over 6,000 or 7,000 generations into the past. Think about all of the stories that must have happened, a lot of simple things. It might be a founding of a village, a killing of an animal, a very simple courtship, a tenderness between a mother and their child. Think about the big things, the wars, the battles, the natural disasters. It's hard for us to imagine how much has occurred even in the last 100 or 200 or 1,000 years, much less 200,000 years."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Think about all of the stories that must have happened, a lot of simple things. It might be a founding of a village, a killing of an animal, a very simple courtship, a tenderness between a mother and their child. Think about the big things, the wars, the battles, the natural disasters. It's hard for us to imagine how much has occurred even in the last 100 or 200 or 1,000 years, much less 200,000 years. But we seek to understand regardless. That is what history is all about. As we'll see, history is in general trying to understand the stories of our past."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's hard for us to imagine how much has occurred even in the last 100 or 200 or 1,000 years, much less 200,000 years. But we seek to understand regardless. That is what history is all about. As we'll see, history is in general trying to understand the stories of our past. And if we wanna get a little bit more technical, we can also think about prehistory, which is technically the things that happened before we had writing. Because writing is our main tool for history. What I have right over here, this picture, this is Egyptian hieroglyphs."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we'll see, history is in general trying to understand the stories of our past. And if we wanna get a little bit more technical, we can also think about prehistory, which is technically the things that happened before we had writing. Because writing is our main tool for history. What I have right over here, this picture, this is Egyptian hieroglyphs. And Egyptian hieroglyphs are over 5,000 years old. So you could write 5,000 years before the present. But even when you have writing, it's not enough."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What I have right over here, this picture, this is Egyptian hieroglyphs. And Egyptian hieroglyphs are over 5,000 years old. So you could write 5,000 years before the present. But even when you have writing, it's not enough. As we'll see, not only in this video, but in many videos as we study history and world history, it's really a lot of science and a lot of detective work to make sense of what has happened. And that understanding will constantly evolve. For example, we didn't know what these hieroglyphs said until 1799 when we found the Rosetta Stone."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But even when you have writing, it's not enough. As we'll see, not only in this video, but in many videos as we study history and world history, it's really a lot of science and a lot of detective work to make sense of what has happened. And that understanding will constantly evolve. For example, we didn't know what these hieroglyphs said until 1799 when we found the Rosetta Stone. And what was useful about the Rosetta Stone is that they had some text written in the hieroglyphs and they had the same text then written in a Greek that we were able to understand. And that started to help unlock what these hieroglyphs said. But even once you have a sense of what they say, and even if you understand it quite well, you still have to do a lot of detective work and take everything with a grain of salt."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "For example, we didn't know what these hieroglyphs said until 1799 when we found the Rosetta Stone. And what was useful about the Rosetta Stone is that they had some text written in the hieroglyphs and they had the same text then written in a Greek that we were able to understand. And that started to help unlock what these hieroglyphs said. But even once you have a sense of what they say, and even if you understand it quite well, you still have to do a lot of detective work and take everything with a grain of salt. You can imagine if one, you can imagine if one, if there's a bunch of groups of people here and we get the history from this group, for some reason we're able to find what they wrote, well, it might not be completely unbiased. They might have a negative view of this group or that group. And so you have to take it with all the grain of salt."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But even once you have a sense of what they say, and even if you understand it quite well, you still have to do a lot of detective work and take everything with a grain of salt. You can imagine if one, you can imagine if one, if there's a bunch of groups of people here and we get the history from this group, for some reason we're able to find what they wrote, well, it might not be completely unbiased. They might have a negative view of this group or that group. And so you have to take it with all the grain of salt. At the extreme form, they might have eliminated some of these groups and then only they were around to say what actually happened. You also have to be skeptical because you don't know whether these stories are actual accounts or whether someone just made it up to fit a worldview. You also have to keep in mind that these stories, whether they were transmitted written or orally, they're oftentimes retransmitted from generation to generation."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you have to take it with all the grain of salt. At the extreme form, they might have eliminated some of these groups and then only they were around to say what actually happened. You also have to be skeptical because you don't know whether these stories are actual accounts or whether someone just made it up to fit a worldview. You also have to keep in mind that these stories, whether they were transmitted written or orally, they're oftentimes retransmitted from generation to generation. And especially in the oral case, but even in the written, you gotta wonder what's added over each generation. You can imagine people embellishing, making the story a little bit better, or taking out things of the story that really doesn't fit in with their worldview. So even when we have the writing, and this is, once again, some images of early writing."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You also have to keep in mind that these stories, whether they were transmitted written or orally, they're oftentimes retransmitted from generation to generation. And especially in the oral case, but even in the written, you gotta wonder what's added over each generation. You can imagine people embellishing, making the story a little bit better, or taking out things of the story that really doesn't fit in with their worldview. So even when we have the writing, and this is, once again, some images of early writing. This is the famous Sumerian cuneiform, this is a Sumerian cuneiform tablet here. Even when we have it, and obviously we have much, much more writing as we get to the more recent past, we have to be very, very, very skeptical. We know today, even if two observers observed something yesterday, something that just happened, they might have very, very different perceptions of what happened."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So even when we have the writing, and this is, once again, some images of early writing. This is the famous Sumerian cuneiform, this is a Sumerian cuneiform tablet here. Even when we have it, and obviously we have much, much more writing as we get to the more recent past, we have to be very, very, very skeptical. We know today, even if two observers observed something yesterday, something that just happened, they might have very, very different perceptions of what happened. So even if there's writing, we have to be skeptical. But things get, in some ways, even more interesting before we have writing, when we go into prehistory. You might wonder, how do we know anything about what happened if there's no written accounts?"}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We know today, even if two observers observed something yesterday, something that just happened, they might have very, very different perceptions of what happened. So even if there's writing, we have to be skeptical. But things get, in some ways, even more interesting before we have writing, when we go into prehistory. You might wonder, how do we know anything about what happened if there's no written accounts? Well, that's where the science, and we get even more detective work. For example, this is a Neanderthal skull. And the type of people, the scientists that will study this, you'll hear terms like anthropologists, anthropologists, or anthropology."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might wonder, how do we know anything about what happened if there's no written accounts? Well, that's where the science, and we get even more detective work. For example, this is a Neanderthal skull. And the type of people, the scientists that will study this, you'll hear terms like anthropologists, anthropologists, or anthropology. This is a study of present and past humans in human society. And then a subset of anthropology, which is really delving into prehistory, and even history itself, is archeology. Archeology."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the type of people, the scientists that will study this, you'll hear terms like anthropologists, anthropologists, or anthropology. This is a study of present and past humans in human society. And then a subset of anthropology, which is really delving into prehistory, and even history itself, is archeology. Archeology. Which is the subset of anthropology that focuses on the past study of humans in human society. And they're mainly going to do it through remains. Now there's other fields."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Archeology. Which is the subset of anthropology that focuses on the past study of humans in human society. And they're mainly going to do it through remains. Now there's other fields. You might associate the term of, the field of paleontologist. Paleo, paleon, paleontologist. Untalo, untal, logi."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now there's other fields. You might associate the term of, the field of paleontologist. Paleo, paleon, paleontologist. Untalo, untal, logi. Paleontology. You might associate this with things like dinosaur bones. But their techniques are also useful for old human remains, or even pre-human remains."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Untalo, untal, logi. Paleontology. You might associate this with things like dinosaur bones. But their techniques are also useful for old human remains, or even pre-human remains. And so it might inform archeology and anthropology. So for example, an archeologist might unearth this Neanderthal skull. They will use some science in order to figure out when did this skull enter into the ground?"}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But their techniques are also useful for old human remains, or even pre-human remains. And so it might inform archeology and anthropology. So for example, an archeologist might unearth this Neanderthal skull. They will use some science in order to figure out when did this skull enter into the ground? They might use a technique like radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating. Which could be used for things up to around 50,000 years old."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They will use some science in order to figure out when did this skull enter into the ground? They might use a technique like radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating. Which could be used for things up to around 50,000 years old. So around that time span on our timeline. And it's based on this idea that you have this atmospheric carbon-14 that actually comes from nitrogen-14 that gets between interactions with the solar wind and these cosmic particles becomes this radioactive carbon-14 and that carbon-14, which can become part of carbon dioxide, incorporated into plants through photosynthesis, which then get eaten into animals. So while something is living, they will have a certain amount of carbon-14 in their tissue."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Which could be used for things up to around 50,000 years old. So around that time span on our timeline. And it's based on this idea that you have this atmospheric carbon-14 that actually comes from nitrogen-14 that gets between interactions with the solar wind and these cosmic particles becomes this radioactive carbon-14 and that carbon-14, which can become part of carbon dioxide, incorporated into plants through photosynthesis, which then get eaten into animals. So while something is living, they will have a certain amount of carbon-14 in their tissue. But then once they die, they're no longer adding more carbon-14. And the carbon-14 decays into the more stable carbon-12. And so based on the ratio between the carbon-14 to the carbon-12, and it takes roughly 5,000 years, 5,730 years to be exact, for roughly half of the carbon-14 to decay into carbon-12."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So while something is living, they will have a certain amount of carbon-14 in their tissue. But then once they die, they're no longer adding more carbon-14. And the carbon-14 decays into the more stable carbon-12. And so based on the ratio between the carbon-14 to the carbon-12, and it takes roughly 5,000 years, 5,730 years to be exact, for roughly half of the carbon-14 to decay into carbon-12. So based on this ratio, and I go into much more detail in other videos, you can figure out how old these things are. And you get reasonably precise within a couple of hundreds of years. If you wanna go further into the past, there's things like potassium-argon dating, which is once again taking a radioactive form of potassium and using the idea that it decays into argon, and that when a volcano releases, the argon in that rock is able to go into the atmosphere, but then once it hardens, you have the decay."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so based on the ratio between the carbon-14 to the carbon-12, and it takes roughly 5,000 years, 5,730 years to be exact, for roughly half of the carbon-14 to decay into carbon-12. So based on this ratio, and I go into much more detail in other videos, you can figure out how old these things are. And you get reasonably precise within a couple of hundreds of years. If you wanna go further into the past, there's things like potassium-argon dating, which is once again taking a radioactive form of potassium and using the idea that it decays into argon, and that when a volcano releases, the argon in that rock is able to go into the atmosphere, but then once it hardens, you have the decay. And so you can see how long since that volcanic eruption are we looking at. And so for example, you can dig, you can do stratigraphic techniques right over here. Stratigraphy, I have trouble saying these words, that's looking at the various layers of the Earth."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If you wanna go further into the past, there's things like potassium-argon dating, which is once again taking a radioactive form of potassium and using the idea that it decays into argon, and that when a volcano releases, the argon in that rock is able to go into the atmosphere, but then once it hardens, you have the decay. And so you can see how long since that volcanic eruption are we looking at. And so for example, you can dig, you can do stratigraphic techniques right over here. Stratigraphy, I have trouble saying these words, that's looking at the various layers of the Earth. And you might use some dating techniques, for example, potassium-argon, say, okay, this is that, a certain amount of age, that is a certain amount of age, these were maybe, this was volcanic rock from a volcanic eruption. And then you can look at the fossils. You could say, okay, a fossil that I found here is going to be newer than the stuff here, and it's gonna be older than the stuff here."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Stratigraphy, I have trouble saying these words, that's looking at the various layers of the Earth. And you might use some dating techniques, for example, potassium-argon, say, okay, this is that, a certain amount of age, that is a certain amount of age, these were maybe, this was volcanic rock from a volcanic eruption. And then you can look at the fossils. You could say, okay, a fossil that I found here is going to be newer than the stuff here, and it's gonna be older than the stuff here. This might be the newest of all. So you can look at relative dating, and if you're lucky enough to have some volcanic rock, you could do some of this potassium-argon dating. And there's many, many, many other techniques."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You could say, okay, a fossil that I found here is going to be newer than the stuff here, and it's gonna be older than the stuff here. This might be the newest of all. So you can look at relative dating, and if you're lucky enough to have some volcanic rock, you could do some of this potassium-argon dating. And there's many, many, many other techniques. And it isn't just about saying, oh, this skull was in this place in the world at this time. You can start to infer other things. You can look for fossils of the type of animals, the type of plants near these burial sites."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's many, many, many other techniques. And it isn't just about saying, oh, this skull was in this place in the world at this time. You can start to infer other things. You can look for fossils of the type of animals, the type of plants near these burial sites. You could see how dense these burial sites were, what type of cultures were there. You can start to make inferences. You can try to infer how these people died."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You can look for fossils of the type of animals, the type of plants near these burial sites. You could see how dense these burial sites were, what type of cultures were there. You can start to make inferences. You can try to infer how these people died. You might have some trauma fractures here, and you might say, okay, that was a violent death. You might look at their teeth to think about the type of things they might have eaten or their general health. You might look at the tools that are buried near them."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You can try to infer how these people died. You might have some trauma fractures here, and you might say, okay, that was a violent death. You might look at their teeth to think about the type of things they might have eaten or their general health. You might look at the tools that are buried near them. This right over here, these are Paleolithic arrow, I guess, spearheads or tools right over here. Paleolithic is defined by more of these harder edges. You have Neolithic tools, which have more of these smoother edges."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might look at the tools that are buried near them. This right over here, these are Paleolithic arrow, I guess, spearheads or tools right over here. Paleolithic is defined by more of these harder edges. You have Neolithic tools, which have more of these smoother edges. The Old Stone Age, New Stone Age right over here. And by looking at all of that, you have all of these scientists, you have these anthropologists, archeologists, paleontologists who are starting to piece together prehistory. And sometimes these techniques are done together."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have Neolithic tools, which have more of these smoother edges. The Old Stone Age, New Stone Age right over here. And by looking at all of that, you have all of these scientists, you have these anthropologists, archeologists, paleontologists who are starting to piece together prehistory. And sometimes these techniques are done together. Sometimes we have writing and we have these techniques to try to get a more complete picture. Now I wanna end with just a note of caution. Even though we have all of these techniques and we're learning more every day, our understanding of all that has happened is very, very incomplete."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And sometimes these techniques are done together. Sometimes we have writing and we have these techniques to try to get a more complete picture. Now I wanna end with just a note of caution. Even though we have all of these techniques and we're learning more every day, our understanding of all that has happened is very, very incomplete. And even more, it constantly gets challenged the more we learn. There are things that very serious people believed 50 or 100 years ago that we have now proven to be false. And things that we now take very seriously, it's likely that in 50 or 100 years, people might prove some of that wrong."}, {"video_title": "History and prehistory The Origin of Humans and Human Societies World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Even though we have all of these techniques and we're learning more every day, our understanding of all that has happened is very, very incomplete. And even more, it constantly gets challenged the more we learn. There are things that very serious people believed 50 or 100 years ago that we have now proven to be false. And things that we now take very seriously, it's likely that in 50 or 100 years, people might prove some of that wrong. So history, even though it's about the past, it is constantly evolving. We're constantly learning more. And we should have a very solid humility about what we know and what we don't know."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So get ready to grow your brain as we do a little bit of the giddying up for the learning. Here we go. Let's get it done right now. Alright before we get to the good stuff guys, we're going to talk about what we always talk about when we talk about history and that's the impact of geography. Well number one, when you look at a map of China you can see that it's huge, completely big country. But it's also isolated in a sense by all of the geographical features that surround it. Right to the east you're going to be in the Pacific Ocean if you want to go swim with the fishies."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright before we get to the good stuff guys, we're going to talk about what we always talk about when we talk about history and that's the impact of geography. Well number one, when you look at a map of China you can see that it's huge, completely big country. But it's also isolated in a sense by all of the geographical features that surround it. Right to the east you're going to be in the Pacific Ocean if you want to go swim with the fishies. And if you go to the north you have the Gobi Desert. And directly next to that desert you have another desert, the Taklamakan Desert. And then if you want to get even groovier you have the Plateau of Tibet which is directly to the west about 14,000 feet that it rises."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Right to the east you're going to be in the Pacific Ocean if you want to go swim with the fishies. And if you go to the north you have the Gobi Desert. And directly next to that desert you have another desert, the Taklamakan Desert. And then if you want to get even groovier you have the Plateau of Tibet which is directly to the west about 14,000 feet that it rises. And then you have the Himalayan Mountains to the southwest which are some of the biggest peaks in the world. Now we have good news. Even though two-thirds of China is covered by desert or mountain, we have 90% of the fertile soil that's going to be trapped between two glorious rivers that you should know the name of."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And then if you want to get even groovier you have the Plateau of Tibet which is directly to the west about 14,000 feet that it rises. And then you have the Himalayan Mountains to the southwest which are some of the biggest peaks in the world. Now we have good news. Even though two-thirds of China is covered by desert or mountain, we have 90% of the fertile soil that's going to be trapped between two glorious rivers that you should know the name of. In the southern part of China we have the Yangtze River which is flowing off those Himalayan Mountains into the Pacific Ocean. And then directly to the north we have off the Plateau of Tibet the Huangshi River flowing into the Pacific Ocean. And it's going to be the Huangshi, I'm going to say Yellow River."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Even though two-thirds of China is covered by desert or mountain, we have 90% of the fertile soil that's going to be trapped between two glorious rivers that you should know the name of. In the southern part of China we have the Yangtze River which is flowing off those Himalayan Mountains into the Pacific Ocean. And then directly to the north we have off the Plateau of Tibet the Huangshi River flowing into the Pacific Ocean. And it's going to be the Huangshi, I'm going to say Yellow River. Why don't we just call it the Yellow River? The Huangshi River is the Yellow River. It's called the Yellow River because of all the desert sands that are yellow that blow into the river and when it floods you get a yellow silt that's going to be 90% of the fertile soil of China and that's why the ancient civilization is going to grow up on the Yellow River or the Huangshi."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's going to be the Huangshi, I'm going to say Yellow River. Why don't we just call it the Yellow River? The Huangshi River is the Yellow River. It's called the Yellow River because of all the desert sands that are yellow that blow into the river and when it floods you get a yellow silt that's going to be 90% of the fertile soil of China and that's why the ancient civilization is going to grow up on the Yellow River or the Huangshi. You could say either one. I'm good with either one, I really am. But at the end of the day we want to understand that China's isolation is going to be really important to their growth in terms of them seeing themselves as the center of the world and also that there's going to be much less trade with the other civilizations."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "It's called the Yellow River because of all the desert sands that are yellow that blow into the river and when it floods you get a yellow silt that's going to be 90% of the fertile soil of China and that's why the ancient civilization is going to grow up on the Yellow River or the Huangshi. You could say either one. I'm good with either one, I really am. But at the end of the day we want to understand that China's isolation is going to be really important to their growth in terms of them seeing themselves as the center of the world and also that there's going to be much less trade with the other civilizations. But if you remember anything, remember the power of water. The Huangshi River, the Yellow River in 1887, it flooded, killed like I don't know a million people. That's how powerful it is."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But at the end of the day we want to understand that China's isolation is going to be really important to their growth in terms of them seeing themselves as the center of the world and also that there's going to be much less trade with the other civilizations. But if you remember anything, remember the power of water. The Huangshi River, the Yellow River in 1887, it flooded, killed like I don't know a million people. That's how powerful it is. So let's go back in time and see how these early people of China mastered the water. So let's start in the very beginning. You probably don't want me to start in the very beginning because we have found our evolutionary ancestors in the land known as China that are two million years old."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "That's how powerful it is. So let's go back in time and see how these early people of China mastered the water. So let's start in the very beginning. You probably don't want me to start in the very beginning because we have found our evolutionary ancestors in the land known as China that are two million years old. Direct lineage to human beings, we have Peking Man who's 500,000 years old and we know that these people lived in those river valleys and that they built small villages and they began to domesticate animals and plant food. So they were there a really long time. Where can I start?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You probably don't want me to start in the very beginning because we have found our evolutionary ancestors in the land known as China that are two million years old. Direct lineage to human beings, we have Peking Man who's 500,000 years old and we know that these people lived in those river valleys and that they built small villages and they began to domesticate animals and plant food. So they were there a really long time. Where can I start? So legend has it that the first dynasty and the dynasties are going to be kind of the periods of rules by different families throughout Chinese history. The first one is called the Xia Dynasty and the Xia Dynasty is thought to be originated around 2000 BCE and legend has it that it was an engineer mathematician, a shout out to the nerds of the world who end up ruling the world. Now you, this mathematician engineer, was the first one who could figure out actually doing flood controls on the Yellow River which made him the man and that legend has it is the first dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Where can I start? So legend has it that the first dynasty and the dynasties are going to be kind of the periods of rules by different families throughout Chinese history. The first one is called the Xia Dynasty and the Xia Dynasty is thought to be originated around 2000 BCE and legend has it that it was an engineer mathematician, a shout out to the nerds of the world who end up ruling the world. Now you, this mathematician engineer, was the first one who could figure out actually doing flood controls on the Yellow River which made him the man and that legend has it is the first dynasty. How do we know it if it's a legend Mr. Hughes? We know it because the Shang Dynasty which ruled from 1532 BCE to about 1027 BCE actually wrote stuff down. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Now you, this mathematician engineer, was the first one who could figure out actually doing flood controls on the Yellow River which made him the man and that legend has it is the first dynasty. How do we know it if it's a legend Mr. Hughes? We know it because the Shang Dynasty which ruled from 1532 BCE to about 1027 BCE actually wrote stuff down. How about that? A shout out to the Shang for writing stuff down. We know that because we have found what are called Oracle Bones and their religious beliefs took to them writing questions on these animal bones then they put a hot poker in it and crack it and read it. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that? A shout out to the Shang for writing stuff down. We know that because we have found what are called Oracle Bones and their religious beliefs took to them writing questions on these animal bones then they put a hot poker in it and crack it and read it. How about that? But that symbology, those ideas that they wrote down are going to carry on to the Chinese writing system that we know today. But talking about the Shang Dynasty is pretty easy because they had written records and controlling knowledge back then, controlling history, you control the Middle Kingdom which is what they called themselves because they were all isolated and they thought that their stuff was the best in the world. But whatever we are going to move on."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that? But that symbology, those ideas that they wrote down are going to carry on to the Chinese writing system that we know today. But talking about the Shang Dynasty is pretty easy because they had written records and controlling knowledge back then, controlling history, you control the Middle Kingdom which is what they called themselves because they were all isolated and they thought that their stuff was the best in the world. But whatever we are going to move on. Now what else do we know about the Shang Dynasty? We know that their capital was at Angyang and this was a city that was built differently than the other cities we have looked at in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and in Egypt. They are not using brick stones, they are literally using wood."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But whatever we are going to move on. Now what else do we know about the Shang Dynasty? We know that their capital was at Angyang and this was a city that was built differently than the other cities we have looked at in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and in Egypt. They are not using brick stones, they are literally using wood. It's a city of wood. And we also know that there was a very strict social class system that developed in the Shang Dynasty. We know that the upper class lived within the city walls."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They are not using brick stones, they are literally using wood. It's a city of wood. And we also know that there was a very strict social class system that developed in the Shang Dynasty. We know that the upper class lived within the city walls. You want to talk about walls? These guys had walls that were 118 feet wide of just packed earth. It's thought that these 1.2 square miles of walls took about 10,000 men 12 years to build."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "We know that the upper class lived within the city walls. You want to talk about walls? These guys had walls that were 118 feet wide of just packed earth. It's thought that these 1.2 square miles of walls took about 10,000 men 12 years to build. So what I do know is that they had some type of organized government and they could get slaves and they could get peasants to do stuff like build those walls to protect the upper class who lived in timber framed houses. They were living like gangsters back then. And outside the walls, bum bum bum bum, that's where the peasants and the artisans lived."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "It's thought that these 1.2 square miles of walls took about 10,000 men 12 years to build. So what I do know is that they had some type of organized government and they could get slaves and they could get peasants to do stuff like build those walls to protect the upper class who lived in timber framed houses. They were living like gangsters back then. And outside the walls, bum bum bum bum, that's where the peasants and the artisans lived. They lived in these little hovels and they scattered around for food. So a very strict social class system is evident from the Shang Dynasty. We also know that military and defense was very important to the Shang Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And outside the walls, bum bum bum bum, that's where the peasants and the artisans lived. They lived in these little hovels and they scattered around for food. So a very strict social class system is evident from the Shang Dynasty. We also know that military and defense was very important to the Shang Dynasty. Now I talked about all those awesome geographical features that protected them forever. Well, not forever. That means that a lot of their technology is going to be focused on military."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "We also know that military and defense was very important to the Shang Dynasty. Now I talked about all those awesome geographical features that protected them forever. Well, not forever. That means that a lot of their technology is going to be focused on military. First with bronze, later with steel. But these are the guys that are going to come up with the cool swords and axes and knives and things to protect themselves from invasion. So let's talk a little bit about Shang culture, which is really Chinese culture because unlike these other civilizations that disappear from the face of the earth and don't affect the real now today, the Chinese early civilization did."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "That means that a lot of their technology is going to be focused on military. First with bronze, later with steel. But these are the guys that are going to come up with the cool swords and axes and knives and things to protect themselves from invasion. So let's talk a little bit about Shang culture, which is really Chinese culture because unlike these other civilizations that disappear from the face of the earth and don't affect the real now today, the Chinese early civilization did. And what's most important to know is that it's actually the group that is more important than the individual. Family is the most important thing. And a lot of the religious beliefs actually revolved around family."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's talk a little bit about Shang culture, which is really Chinese culture because unlike these other civilizations that disappear from the face of the earth and don't affect the real now today, the Chinese early civilization did. And what's most important to know is that it's actually the group that is more important than the individual. Family is the most important thing. And a lot of the religious beliefs actually revolved around family. It was thought that when you died, these ancestral spirits would hang out. That they would kind of rule the roost. And that they weren't gods, but they were kind of like spirits you had to deal with."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And a lot of the religious beliefs actually revolved around family. It was thought that when you died, these ancestral spirits would hang out. That they would kind of rule the roost. And that they weren't gods, but they were kind of like spirits you had to deal with. So they'd give them sacrifices. They would honor them. And at the heart of Chinese civilization is honoring thy father, honoring thy parents."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And that they weren't gods, but they were kind of like spirits you had to deal with. So they'd give them sacrifices. They would honor them. And at the heart of Chinese civilization is honoring thy father, honoring thy parents. Really the dad. Because at the end of the day, it's very patriarchal. Individuals were married off at the age of 13."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And at the heart of Chinese civilization is honoring thy father, honoring thy parents. Really the dad. Because at the end of the day, it's very patriarchal. Individuals were married off at the age of 13. They have to listen to their brothers. They have to listen to their fathers. And they live in the shadow of men."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Individuals were married off at the age of 13. They have to listen to their brothers. They have to listen to their fathers. And they live in the shadow of men. But this obedience, this kind of idea that you have to listen to your elders, is going to translate into you have to listen to the ruler. You have to listen to the king. There's a sense that you have to bend yourself to authority in early Chinese civilization."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And they live in the shadow of men. But this obedience, this kind of idea that you have to listen to your elders, is going to translate into you have to listen to the ruler. You have to listen to the king. There's a sense that you have to bend yourself to authority in early Chinese civilization. And that probably carries on to today when we're talking about modern political systems in the evolution of China. Now if we go back to religion, they worshiped a god called Shangdi. But they also believed that Shangdi was in charge of other gods."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a sense that you have to bend yourself to authority in early Chinese civilization. And that probably carries on to today when we're talking about modern political systems in the evolution of China. Now if we go back to religion, they worshiped a god called Shangdi. But they also believed that Shangdi was in charge of other gods. So they're polytheistic. They believe that there's a god for the sun and the moon and all of that great stuff. And again, back to oracle bones."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But they also believed that Shangdi was in charge of other gods. So they're polytheistic. They believe that there's a god for the sun and the moon and all of that great stuff. And again, back to oracle bones. If you don't learn anything, learn about the oracle bones for goodness sake so you can write about that. So the first writing systems developed writing questions to ancestral spirits and gods on these animal fragments. They would stick those hot pokers in them, crack them, and then the mystics would read them in order for the king to rule wisely."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And again, back to oracle bones. If you don't learn anything, learn about the oracle bones for goodness sake so you can write about that. So the first writing systems developed writing questions to ancestral spirits and gods on these animal fragments. They would stick those hot pokers in them, crack them, and then the mystics would read them in order for the king to rule wisely. So again, this writing system which is really revolving around ideas rather than sounds is going to carry on to Chinese writing today. You can speak the Chinese language, but you might not be able to read the Chinese word. So that's going to be really important in the sense of you're going to have a lot of different languages that are spoken throughout China."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They would stick those hot pokers in them, crack them, and then the mystics would read them in order for the king to rule wisely. So again, this writing system which is really revolving around ideas rather than sounds is going to carry on to Chinese writing today. You can speak the Chinese language, but you might not be able to read the Chinese word. So that's going to be really important in the sense of you're going to have a lot of different languages that are spoken throughout China. But the written language will unite them all. Of course, it means you're going to have a lot of people who can't read as well. You have to know like a thousand symbols to be able to read a sentence."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So that's going to be really important in the sense of you're going to have a lot of different languages that are spoken throughout China. But the written language will unite them all. Of course, it means you're going to have a lot of people who can't read as well. You have to know like a thousand symbols to be able to read a sentence. It's ridiculous. And again, if we take a look at kind of that technology and artisan department of world history, we can see that the Chinese are masters at weapons, at jewelry, jade, at clothing like cloth and silk. They figured out the silk thing."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You have to know like a thousand symbols to be able to read a sentence. It's ridiculous. And again, if we take a look at kind of that technology and artisan department of world history, we can see that the Chinese are masters at weapons, at jewelry, jade, at clothing like cloth and silk. They figured out the silk thing. I was like 19 until I figured out where silk comes from. Come from a silk worm. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They figured out the silk thing. I was like 19 until I figured out where silk comes from. Come from a silk worm. How about that? So that silk, which is some of the finest threads in the world, are going to be in China and China alone. It was actually a capital offense to try to smuggle silkworm out of the country. They're also at the forefront of things like music and calendar systems, mathematics, astronomy."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that? So that silk, which is some of the finest threads in the world, are going to be in China and China alone. It was actually a capital offense to try to smuggle silkworm out of the country. They're also at the forefront of things like music and calendar systems, mathematics, astronomy. So at the end of the day, the ancient Chinese, the Shang Dynasty, they're going to be the bomb, but they're not going to be the bomb forever because of something called dynastic cycles, which I have to explain to you in the next section, which we're going to do right now. All good things must come to an end. And I'm telling you, the Shang, 500 years."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They're also at the forefront of things like music and calendar systems, mathematics, astronomy. So at the end of the day, the ancient Chinese, the Shang Dynasty, they're going to be the bomb, but they're not going to be the bomb forever because of something called dynastic cycles, which I have to explain to you in the next section, which we're going to do right now. All good things must come to an end. And I'm telling you, the Shang, 500 years. They had a 500 year run. 500 years is a very long time, but eventually their day is going to come and they're going to be replaced by the next dynasty, which is called the Cho Dynasty, the vocab right up on the wall. And they're going to rationalize them taking over because really they're going to keep a lot of the Shang culture."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And I'm telling you, the Shang, 500 years. They had a 500 year run. 500 years is a very long time, but eventually their day is going to come and they're going to be replaced by the next dynasty, which is called the Cho Dynasty, the vocab right up on the wall. And they're going to rationalize them taking over because really they're going to keep a lot of the Shang culture. The Chinese culture is a continuous culture. Different families, dynasties are going to come and go. There's going to be like 24 of them, but at the center of Chinese civilization are going to be the things that we talked about, like the importance of family and your elders and rulers."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're going to rationalize them taking over because really they're going to keep a lot of the Shang culture. The Chinese culture is a continuous culture. Different families, dynasties are going to come and go. There's going to be like 24 of them, but at the center of Chinese civilization are going to be the things that we talked about, like the importance of family and your elders and rulers. But what the Cho figure out is that they can justify themselves taking over with something called the mandate of heaven. And the mandate of heaven basically says that I have the right to rule you because God told me I had the right to rule you. But what the Cho Dynasty explains is that this is a cycle that doesn't last forever."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "There's going to be like 24 of them, but at the center of Chinese civilization are going to be the things that we talked about, like the importance of family and your elders and rulers. But what the Cho figure out is that they can justify themselves taking over with something called the mandate of heaven. And the mandate of heaven basically says that I have the right to rule you because God told me I had the right to rule you. But what the Cho Dynasty explains is that this is a cycle that doesn't last forever. Now first you're going to have the mandate of heaven obviously give power to the Cho because they're the most powerful and the wise. But with that mandate of heaven comes a responsibility. And like in most cases, when you're in power a long time, you're going to see corruption."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But what the Cho Dynasty explains is that this is a cycle that doesn't last forever. Now first you're going to have the mandate of heaven obviously give power to the Cho because they're the most powerful and the wise. But with that mandate of heaven comes a responsibility. And like in most cases, when you're in power a long time, you're going to see corruption. And the cyclical nature of the mandate of heaven says that eventually when that corruption comes you're going to have revolt. You're going to have the gods putting down natural disasters. You're going to have invasions because you're not doing the right thing."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And like in most cases, when you're in power a long time, you're going to see corruption. And the cyclical nature of the mandate of heaven says that eventually when that corruption comes you're going to have revolt. You're going to have the gods putting down natural disasters. You're going to have invasions because you're not doing the right thing. And that this loss of the mandate of heaven gives the people the right to rebel. It justifies rebellion. And that eventually through these revolutions you're going to have a new dynasty which is going to bring peace and order."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You're going to have invasions because you're not doing the right thing. And that this loss of the mandate of heaven gives the people the right to rebel. It justifies rebellion. And that eventually through these revolutions you're going to have a new dynasty which is going to bring peace and order. The mandate of heaven is going to give you justice. And eventually that dynasty is going to get corrupt and that's going to justify. You get it?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And that eventually through these revolutions you're going to have a new dynasty which is going to bring peace and order. The mandate of heaven is going to give you justice. And eventually that dynasty is going to get corrupt and that's going to justify. You get it? It goes on forever and ever and ever. So the mandate of heaven is going to be what the Chinese people believe in terms of where the power comes to the rulers. Now let's look a little bit at the Cho dynasty itself."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You get it? It goes on forever and ever and ever. So the mandate of heaven is going to be what the Chinese people believe in terms of where the power comes to the rulers. Now let's look a little bit at the Cho dynasty itself. Luckily for us the Cho dynasty isn't going to be a lot different culturally than the Shang dynasty. That's going to carry on. But they are going to develop a different type of system for controlling the vast amount of land under their umbrella."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Now let's look a little bit at the Cho dynasty itself. Luckily for us the Cho dynasty isn't going to be a lot different culturally than the Shang dynasty. That's going to carry on. But they are going to develop a different type of system for controlling the vast amount of land under their umbrella. And this is a system of feudalism. You better know what feudalism is because it's going to be popping up all over in Japan and Europe. So you might as well learn it now."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But they are going to develop a different type of system for controlling the vast amount of land under their umbrella. And this is a system of feudalism. You better know what feudalism is because it's going to be popping up all over in Japan and Europe. So you might as well learn it now. And the main idea in feudalism is that the king can't control everything. He's got all these cities. There's no like internets or anything like that."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So you might as well learn it now. And the main idea in feudalism is that the king can't control everything. He's got all these cities. There's no like internets or anything like that. So he has to figure out that he's going to have to delegate power. So he might give a town to his son or maybe a noble in order to rule over it. In order not only to protect the king's assets but to protect the populations themselves."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "There's no like internets or anything like that. So he has to figure out that he's going to have to delegate power. So he might give a town to his son or maybe a noble in order to rule over it. In order not only to protect the king's assets but to protect the populations themselves. Now the Cho, they also developed vast bureaucracy systems in order to run government more efficiently. They built roads to connect their cities and canals in order to irrigate the fields in a more proficient way. And they really mastered iron."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "In order not only to protect the king's assets but to protect the populations themselves. Now the Cho, they also developed vast bureaucracy systems in order to run government more efficiently. They built roads to connect their cities and canals in order to irrigate the fields in a more proficient way. And they really mastered iron. And iron's a big deal. You got an iron sword and I got a copper sword. That's not going to be a very good battle."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And they really mastered iron. And iron's a big deal. You got an iron sword and I got a copper sword. That's not going to be a very good battle. I think I'm going to get my head chopped off. So by developing iron swords and axes and knives and farm tools, not only are they going to be able to kill more efficiently, but they're going to be able to grow rice more efficiently as well. All right."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "That's not going to be a very good battle. I think I'm going to get my head chopped off. So by developing iron swords and axes and knives and farm tools, not only are they going to be able to kill more efficiently, but they're going to be able to grow rice more efficiently as well. All right. It's almost time to take down the Cho because like I said before, all good things must come to an end. All right guys. Now even though the Cho dynasty ruled from about 1027 BCE to 256 BCE, which is an awesome 700 years, they really didn't rule for 700 years."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "All right. It's almost time to take down the Cho because like I said before, all good things must come to an end. All right guys. Now even though the Cho dynasty ruled from about 1027 BCE to 256 BCE, which is an awesome 700 years, they really didn't rule for 700 years. We know through written records that around 771 BCE, different nomadic tribes from the north conquered their capital city of Hau. They sacked it. They killed the king."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Now even though the Cho dynasty ruled from about 1027 BCE to 256 BCE, which is an awesome 700 years, they really didn't rule for 700 years. We know through written records that around 771 BCE, different nomadic tribes from the north conquered their capital city of Hau. They sacked it. They killed the king. What are you doing? Kill him. The king."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They killed the king. What are you doing? Kill him. The king. But enough royal family members escaped to the east where they still kind of grasped to the dynasty. So they're in power, but they're really not in power. It's a breakdown in law and order."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The king. But enough royal family members escaped to the east where they still kind of grasped to the dynasty. So they're in power, but they're really not in power. It's a breakdown in law and order. The different nobles and feudal lords are really running the show. If you have any doubt about how chaotic it was, historians refer to this time period as the time of the warring states. And for about 500 years of Chinese history, they're confused."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a breakdown in law and order. The different nobles and feudal lords are really running the show. If you have any doubt about how chaotic it was, historians refer to this time period as the time of the warring states. And for about 500 years of Chinese history, they're confused. They're lost in the wind. Now they did make some awesome weapons. They've mastered the crossbow."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And for about 500 years of Chinese history, they're confused. They're lost in the wind. Now they did make some awesome weapons. They've mastered the crossbow. They're using mercenaries and cavalries and it's really awesome warfare, but there's no real centralized authority to be heard of. So we hope you guys know something about early Chinese civilization, the geography, the beginning of the dynasty, the oracle bones. You've got to remember the oracle bones."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They've mastered the crossbow. They're using mercenaries and cavalries and it's really awesome warfare, but there's no real centralized authority to be heard of. So we hope you guys know something about early Chinese civilization, the geography, the beginning of the dynasty, the oracle bones. You've got to remember the oracle bones. So I'm going to end it here, guys. We hope your brain is nice and big and bubbly. And I'm going to say it because I say it at the end of every video lecture because I know it's true with all my heart."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You've got to remember the oracle bones. So I'm going to end it here, guys. We hope your brain is nice and big and bubbly. And I'm going to say it because I say it at the end of every video lecture because I know it's true with all my heart. Where tension goes, energy flows. We'll see you guys next time that you press my buttons. I want to give a huge shout out to our first hip-hues here, studentsofhistory.org."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And I'm going to say it because I say it at the end of every video lecture because I know it's true with all my heart. Where tension goes, energy flows. We'll see you guys next time that you press my buttons. I want to give a huge shout out to our first hip-hues here, studentsofhistory.org. That's designed for social studies teacher. If you're teaching US history or world history, you want to check out this website. Interactive lessons up for the grabs."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Chinese Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "I want to give a huge shout out to our first hip-hues here, studentsofhistory.org. That's designed for social studies teacher. If you're teaching US history or world history, you want to check out this website. Interactive lessons up for the grabs. There are editable tests and quizzes and worksheets, online notes, all kinds of PowerPoints, resources that you're going to want to get your hands on. So go check that out right now. That's studentsofhistory.org."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in particular, we're gonna talk about the Eastern Slavs who, not just modern Russians, but also Ukrainians and Belorussians view as their ancestors. So let's think about the world in the ninth century. The early ninth century, we see the reign of Charlemagne which we talk about in some depth in other videos. As we get into the 10th century, you see the reign of Otto the Great, Holy Roman Emperor over the Germanic kingdoms. The ninth century is also the time of Tang China. You have the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate in control over most of the Middle East and North Africa. And it is also the Viking Age."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we get into the 10th century, you see the reign of Otto the Great, Holy Roman Emperor over the Germanic kingdoms. The ninth century is also the time of Tang China. You have the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate in control over most of the Middle East and North Africa. And it is also the Viking Age. So what we have here in this magenta color, this would be modern day Sweden. But it was also the home of the Varangians or whom we later would refer to as the Vikings. And we know them to be great seafarers."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it is also the Viking Age. So what we have here in this magenta color, this would be modern day Sweden. But it was also the home of the Varangians or whom we later would refer to as the Vikings. And we know them to be great seafarers. In Western Europe, they're viewed as raiders of towns along the coast. But you have to remember, these histories are often written by the Western Europeans, not by the Vikings themselves. But they were also known as traders."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we know them to be great seafarers. In Western Europe, they're viewed as raiders of towns along the coast. But you have to remember, these histories are often written by the Western Europeans, not by the Vikings themselves. But they were also known as traders. What you see here are two of the major centers of power and trade in the ninth century. You have Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, and you have Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. You also see these major waterways in Eastern Europe, in particular the Dnieper and the Volga Rivers."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But they were also known as traders. What you see here are two of the major centers of power and trade in the ninth century. You have Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, and you have Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. You also see these major waterways in Eastern Europe, in particular the Dnieper and the Volga Rivers. And so you have these significant trade routes going from the Baltic Sea, either via the Dnieper, crossing the Black Sea to Constantinople, or going from the Baltic to the Volga, all the way to the Caspian Sea, and eventually making their way to Baghdad. And this is well documented. There is archeological evidence of Viking jewelry along these routes."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You also see these major waterways in Eastern Europe, in particular the Dnieper and the Volga Rivers. And so you have these significant trade routes going from the Baltic Sea, either via the Dnieper, crossing the Black Sea to Constantinople, or going from the Baltic to the Volga, all the way to the Caspian Sea, and eventually making their way to Baghdad. And this is well documented. There is archeological evidence of Viking jewelry along these routes. There's evidence of artifacts from these far off lands in Viking territory. And we believe what the Varangians traded were furs that they hunted in this area of Northern Europe. Now the people who lived in this area were known as the Slavs."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There is archeological evidence of Viking jewelry along these routes. There's evidence of artifacts from these far off lands in Viking territory. And we believe what the Varangians traded were furs that they hunted in this area of Northern Europe. Now the people who lived in this area were known as the Slavs. And there were several broad groups of Slavs that you will hear historians refer to. You have the Western Slavs, who you could view as some of the ancestors of modern Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks. You have the Southern Slavs, in what would eventually be referred to as the Balkans."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the people who lived in this area were known as the Slavs. And there were several broad groups of Slavs that you will hear historians refer to. You have the Western Slavs, who you could view as some of the ancestors of modern Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks. You have the Southern Slavs, in what would eventually be referred to as the Balkans. And then you have the Eastern Slavs, in what will eventually be Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. Now to be clear, they weren't unified groups. There were many, many, many, for example, Eastern Slavic tribes."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the Southern Slavs, in what would eventually be referred to as the Balkans. And then you have the Eastern Slavs, in what will eventually be Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. Now to be clear, they weren't unified groups. There were many, many, many, for example, Eastern Slavic tribes. Our best account of the early history, especially in the period as we get into the ninth century, comes from what is known as the Russian Primary Chronicle. And keep in mind, this was written at a much later period. It was written in the early 12th century."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There were many, many, many, for example, Eastern Slavic tribes. Our best account of the early history, especially in the period as we get into the ninth century, comes from what is known as the Russian Primary Chronicle. And keep in mind, this was written at a much later period. It was written in the early 12th century. It is sometimes ascribed to the Kievan monk Nestor. So at previous times, it was known as Nestor's Chronicles. But we don't even have surviving accounts of this."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was written in the early 12th century. It is sometimes ascribed to the Kievan monk Nestor. So at previous times, it was known as Nestor's Chronicles. But we don't even have surviving accounts of this. We have surviving accounts of copies of this, or what we believe are copies of this. What I'll share is a version of the Russian Primary Chronicle known as the Laurentian Text from 1377. And this is, of course, an English translation."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But we don't even have surviving accounts of this. We have surviving accounts of copies of this, or what we believe are copies of this. What I'll share is a version of the Russian Primary Chronicle known as the Laurentian Text from 1377. And this is, of course, an English translation. It gives us some of the earliest accounts of the relationship between the Varangians and the Eastern Slavs, and how what we have come to identify as the Russian people, and the Ukrainian people, and the Belarusian people, how they got their start. So right before this passage, it talks about how the Varangians tried to get tribute from some of the Eastern Slavic tribes. And it says, the tributaries of the Varangians drove them back beyond the sea, and refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is, of course, an English translation. It gives us some of the earliest accounts of the relationship between the Varangians and the Eastern Slavs, and how what we have come to identify as the Russian people, and the Ukrainian people, and the Belarusian people, how they got their start. So right before this passage, it talks about how the Varangians tried to get tribute from some of the Eastern Slavic tribes. And it says, the tributaries of the Varangians drove them back beyond the sea, and refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves. So they pushed them back beyond what we now call the Baltic Sea, and they decided to govern themselves. There was no law among them. Tribe rose against tribe, and they began to war one against another."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it says, the tributaries of the Varangians drove them back beyond the sea, and refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves. So they pushed them back beyond what we now call the Baltic Sea, and they decided to govern themselves. There was no law among them. Tribe rose against tribe, and they began to war one against another. They said to themselves, let us seek a prince who may rule over us and judge us according to the law. They accordingly went overseas to the Varangian Rus'. So they went back to the Rus', and they said, these warring Eastern Slavic tribes said, our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Tribe rose against tribe, and they began to war one against another. They said to themselves, let us seek a prince who may rule over us and judge us according to the law. They accordingly went overseas to the Varangian Rus'. So they went back to the Rus', and they said, these warring Eastern Slavic tribes said, our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come to rule and reign over us. They thus selected three brothers. The oldest, Rurik, located himself in Novgorod."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So they went back to the Rus', and they said, these warring Eastern Slavic tribes said, our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come to rule and reign over us. They thus selected three brothers. The oldest, Rurik, located himself in Novgorod. Right over here. So Novgorod literally means new town. Gorod means town."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The oldest, Rurik, located himself in Novgorod. Right over here. So Novgorod literally means new town. Gorod means town. The district of Novgorod became known as the land of Rus'. So a lot of really interesting things going on. The Varangians first are trying to get tribute from these tribes, which is a way of saying, tax them, making them subservient to these Vikings."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Gorod means town. The district of Novgorod became known as the land of Rus'. So a lot of really interesting things going on. The Varangians first are trying to get tribute from these tribes, which is a way of saying, tax them, making them subservient to these Vikings. And even though these Eastern Slavs were able to push them back, according to the primary chronicle, they said, hey, we need your help. We want you to rule over us. There's very few times in history where people are asking a foreign group to rule over them."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Varangians first are trying to get tribute from these tribes, which is a way of saying, tax them, making them subservient to these Vikings. And even though these Eastern Slavs were able to push them back, according to the primary chronicle, they said, hey, we need your help. We want you to rule over us. There's very few times in history where people are asking a foreign group to rule over them. And so this is an interesting question. Remember, this history is written under the rule of one of the descendants of Rurik. So do you think it was actually this way?"}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's very few times in history where people are asking a foreign group to rule over them. And so this is an interesting question. Remember, this history is written under the rule of one of the descendants of Rurik. So do you think it was actually this way? Or do you think the Varangians maybe forced themselves on the Eastern Slavs and later created this narrative that they were invited to come in? But according to the primary chronicle, we have Rurik coming from Scandinavia to Novgorod and establishing the land of Rus'. Now the word Rus' is really interesting."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So do you think it was actually this way? Or do you think the Varangians maybe forced themselves on the Eastern Slavs and later created this narrative that they were invited to come in? But according to the primary chronicle, we have Rurik coming from Scandinavia to Novgorod and establishing the land of Rus'. Now the word Rus' is really interesting. Most historians believe it to be the source of what we now say Russia or even Belarus, which means white Rus'. Some historians think it comes from the name of Sweden at the time. Some believe that the Rus' were a subgroup of Varangians, of Vikings."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the word Rus' is really interesting. Most historians believe it to be the source of what we now say Russia or even Belarus, which means white Rus'. Some historians think it comes from the name of Sweden at the time. Some believe that the Rus' were a subgroup of Varangians, of Vikings. Some believe that the word is derived from those who row. But either way, the primary chronicle goes on to tell us, from 870 to 879, on his deathbed, Rurik bequeathed his realm to Oleg, who belonged to his kin and entrusted to Oleg's hands his son Igor, for he was very young. And then from 880 to 882, Oleg set himself up as prince in Kiev and declared that it should be the mother of Russian cities."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some believe that the Rus' were a subgroup of Varangians, of Vikings. Some believe that the word is derived from those who row. But either way, the primary chronicle goes on to tell us, from 870 to 879, on his deathbed, Rurik bequeathed his realm to Oleg, who belonged to his kin and entrusted to Oleg's hands his son Igor, for he was very young. And then from 880 to 882, Oleg set himself up as prince in Kiev and declared that it should be the mother of Russian cities. So Rurik's immediate successor is Oleg. And in the early 880s, he goes and establishes himself in Kiev, expanding the land of Rus'. This is Kiev right over here."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then from 880 to 882, Oleg set himself up as prince in Kiev and declared that it should be the mother of Russian cities. So Rurik's immediate successor is Oleg. And in the early 880s, he goes and establishes himself in Kiev, expanding the land of Rus'. This is Kiev right over here. And because Oleg was able to take Kiev, the state that emerges from Rurik and Oleg, not only is it known as the land of the Rus', but is often known as the Kievan state and they're often known as the Kievan Rus'. And you can see here how that state expands over the next few hundred years. As we get to the year 900, you have this off-white color and you can see it is in control of both Novgorod and Kiev."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is Kiev right over here. And because Oleg was able to take Kiev, the state that emerges from Rurik and Oleg, not only is it known as the land of the Rus', but is often known as the Kievan state and they're often known as the Kievan Rus'. And you can see here how that state expands over the next few hundred years. As we get to the year 900, you have this off-white color and you can see it is in control of both Novgorod and Kiev. As you get to 1015, it's taken even more territory and by 1113, which is near the peak of the Kievan state, you see that it has taken control of a good chunk of Eastern Europe. And as the state expands, its character changes as well. As you get to the end of the 10th century, you have a major event in one of Rurik's descendants, Vladimir, often known as Vladimir the Great."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we get to the year 900, you have this off-white color and you can see it is in control of both Novgorod and Kiev. As you get to 1015, it's taken even more territory and by 1113, which is near the peak of the Kievan state, you see that it has taken control of a good chunk of Eastern Europe. And as the state expands, its character changes as well. As you get to the end of the 10th century, you have a major event in one of Rurik's descendants, Vladimir, often known as Vladimir the Great. He decides to convert to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. And in a future video, I might talk about his rationales or what historians view as his rationales for conversion. And as we will see, over time, and because of not only his conversion, but essentially the conversion of the entire Kievan state, over time, especially with the eventual decline of the Byzantine Empire, what would eventually be Russia becomes a center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As you get to the end of the 10th century, you have a major event in one of Rurik's descendants, Vladimir, often known as Vladimir the Great. He decides to convert to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. And in a future video, I might talk about his rationales or what historians view as his rationales for conversion. And as we will see, over time, and because of not only his conversion, but essentially the conversion of the entire Kievan state, over time, especially with the eventual decline of the Byzantine Empire, what would eventually be Russia becomes a center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Now, the Kievan state lasts as an independent state until we get to the 13th century. And for many other videos, you might be guessing what happens in the 13th century. You have Genghis Khan and then his descendants emerge out of Eastern and Central Asia."}, {"video_title": "How did Russia begin 1450 - Present AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we will see, over time, and because of not only his conversion, but essentially the conversion of the entire Kievan state, over time, especially with the eventual decline of the Byzantine Empire, what would eventually be Russia becomes a center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Now, the Kievan state lasts as an independent state until we get to the 13th century. And for many other videos, you might be guessing what happens in the 13th century. You have Genghis Khan and then his descendants emerge out of Eastern and Central Asia. And in 1240, you have the Mongol invasion, at which point, many of the principalities within the land of Rus become tributaries to the Mongolians. And they would be so for the next roughly 200 years until Ivan the Great comes along and is able to exert independence from the Mongols for the Rus. But we will cover that in a future video."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we have archeological evidence of humans in Southern Chile as early as 14,500 years ago, and as well in Florida as early as 14,500 years ago. So humans had migrated into and settled in the Americas many, many, many thousands of years ago. And like other places in the world, they followed similar development patterns. The first evidence we have of the development of agriculture in the Americas is about seven to eight or 9,000 years ago. So once again, it coincides with when agriculture, we believe, started to emerge in other parts of the world. And the more archeological evidence we find, we'll probably find dates that go even further back than that. In fact, I've seen some that go eight, 9,000 years ago."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The first evidence we have of the development of agriculture in the Americas is about seven to eight or 9,000 years ago. So once again, it coincides with when agriculture, we believe, started to emerge in other parts of the world. And the more archeological evidence we find, we'll probably find dates that go even further back than that. In fact, I've seen some that go eight, 9,000 years ago. Now one misconception, significant misconception, about the Americas is that when the Europeans colonized, remember Columbus sailing in 1492 looking for the East Indies, and then he bumps into this, he actually doesn't bump into the whole continent, he bumps into an island that's close to the continent. But with that, you start having the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas, roughly the last 500 years. And one misconception that folks often have is, well, it was maybe sparsely populated, mainly by hunter-gatherer nomadic people, and nothing could be further from the truth."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, I've seen some that go eight, 9,000 years ago. Now one misconception, significant misconception, about the Americas is that when the Europeans colonized, remember Columbus sailing in 1492 looking for the East Indies, and then he bumps into this, he actually doesn't bump into the whole continent, he bumps into an island that's close to the continent. But with that, you start having the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas, roughly the last 500 years. And one misconception that folks often have is, well, it was maybe sparsely populated, mainly by hunter-gatherer nomadic people, and nothing could be further from the truth. The modern estimates of the population of the Americas at the time of the European colonization, roughly around 1500, is one is 50 to 100 million people. And to put that in perspective, so that's right around there, that's about 10 to 20% of the world population at that time. The world population at that time was about 500 million people."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And one misconception that folks often have is, well, it was maybe sparsely populated, mainly by hunter-gatherer nomadic people, and nothing could be further from the truth. The modern estimates of the population of the Americas at the time of the European colonization, roughly around 1500, is one is 50 to 100 million people. And to put that in perspective, so that's right around there, that's about 10 to 20% of the world population at that time. The world population at that time was about 500 million people. And given that the Americas is about 1 3rd of the land, if you don't count Antarctica, it's not that different of a population density than the other continents. And we have significant cities that were in place in the pre-Columbian era, in the era before Columbus and the European colonization. For example, you might have heard of the Aztecs, that's really the core, the Mexica people, the Mexica tribe, in many ways, the foundations of the Mexican people pre-European colonization."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The world population at that time was about 500 million people. And given that the Americas is about 1 3rd of the land, if you don't count Antarctica, it's not that different of a population density than the other continents. And we have significant cities that were in place in the pre-Columbian era, in the era before Columbus and the European colonization. For example, you might have heard of the Aztecs, that's really the core, the Mexica people, the Mexica tribe, in many ways, the foundations of the Mexican people pre-European colonization. You might have also be familiar with the Mayan civilization, one of the longest-lasting civilizations in, actually, in history. They're famous for one of the earliest cultures where we have the hieroglyphics, where we have writing. You are probably familiar with the Inca Empire, and yes, that is me on a recent trip."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "For example, you might have heard of the Aztecs, that's really the core, the Mexica people, the Mexica tribe, in many ways, the foundations of the Mexican people pre-European colonization. You might have also be familiar with the Mayan civilization, one of the longest-lasting civilizations in, actually, in history. They're famous for one of the earliest cultures where we have the hieroglyphics, where we have writing. You are probably familiar with the Inca Empire, and yes, that is me on a recent trip. And at the time of the Inca Empire, it is believed that it was possibly the largest empire on the Earth at that time, incredibly complex structures and social structures they had. Now, what's often less talked about are things like the Mississippian culture, which was in North America, right over here. The Mississippi River is named for them."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You are probably familiar with the Inca Empire, and yes, that is me on a recent trip. And at the time of the Inca Empire, it is believed that it was possibly the largest empire on the Earth at that time, incredibly complex structures and social structures they had. Now, what's often less talked about are things like the Mississippian culture, which was in North America, right over here. The Mississippi River is named for them. This is their famous city of Cahokia, near St. Louis. And in that peak, it would have 40,000 people in it. Around the world at that time, at the time of the Mississippian culture, there weren't many cities in the world that had 40,000 people."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Mississippi River is named for them. This is their famous city of Cahokia, near St. Louis. And in that peak, it would have 40,000 people in it. Around the world at that time, at the time of the Mississippian culture, there weren't many cities in the world that had 40,000 people. So it wasn't these just hunter-gatherers and people who were nomadic. There were sophisticated civilizations with sophisticated cultures and dense population centers. And it had also been in place for a long time, similar in time frame to some of the great ancient civilizations that we see in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and in China."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Around the world at that time, at the time of the Mississippian culture, there weren't many cities in the world that had 40,000 people. So it wasn't these just hunter-gatherers and people who were nomadic. There were sophisticated civilizations with sophisticated cultures and dense population centers. And it had also been in place for a long time, similar in time frame to some of the great ancient civilizations that we see in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and in China. For example, the oldest civilization we know of in Mesoamerica is the Olmec civilization, right over here. Here's a few of their artifacts they have. If we go into the Andes, near modern-day Peru, we have the Chavin culture, right over there."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it had also been in place for a long time, similar in time frame to some of the great ancient civilizations that we see in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and in China. For example, the oldest civilization we know of in Mesoamerica is the Olmec civilization, right over here. Here's a few of their artifacts they have. If we go into the Andes, near modern-day Peru, we have the Chavin culture, right over there. As you can see, a lot of these cultures, at least the ones that I'm putting here, and this is just a sample, I'm sampling some of North America, some around Mesoamerica, and some in the Andes. And then you can even go further back, and you can go to the Coral civilization. And what's really interesting about the Coral civilization is some archaeologists call this the first civilization."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If we go into the Andes, near modern-day Peru, we have the Chavin culture, right over there. As you can see, a lot of these cultures, at least the ones that I'm putting here, and this is just a sample, I'm sampling some of North America, some around Mesoamerica, and some in the Andes. And then you can even go further back, and you can go to the Coral civilization. And what's really interesting about the Coral civilization is some archaeologists call this the first civilization. And it's unclear whether they farmed grains and cereals that we often associate with civilizations. They used their surplus crops to have a more specialized labor force. But they were a maritime culture."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's really interesting about the Coral civilization is some archaeologists call this the first civilization. And it's unclear whether they farmed grains and cereals that we often associate with civilizations. They used their surplus crops to have a more specialized labor force. But they were a maritime culture. Even today, the coast of Peru is a significant source of all of the, or a good chunk of the seafood in the world. But a significant culture developed there. These are the remnants of their pyramids."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But they were a maritime culture. Even today, the coast of Peru is a significant source of all of the, or a good chunk of the seafood in the world. But a significant culture developed there. These are the remnants of their pyramids. And they developed, we believe, in the fourth millennium BCE. So this is around the same time as when Egypt first got unified by Menes, or you have the first Sumerians in Mesopotamia. And as far back as them, you have these khipu knots, which many archaeologists view as a form of writing, as a form of record-keeping."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "These are the remnants of their pyramids. And they developed, we believe, in the fourth millennium BCE. So this is around the same time as when Egypt first got unified by Menes, or you have the first Sumerians in Mesopotamia. And as far back as them, you have these khipu knots, which many archaeologists view as a form of writing, as a form of record-keeping. And it was even used later on by the Incas. So the big takeaway here is to challenge that misconception that the Americas somehow were not as populations and civilizations like everything else. It was only when the Europeans came in that all of that started to happen."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as far back as them, you have these khipu knots, which many archaeologists view as a form of writing, as a form of record-keeping. And it was even used later on by the Incas. So the big takeaway here is to challenge that misconception that the Americas somehow were not as populations and civilizations like everything else. It was only when the Europeans came in that all of that started to happen. No, well before the Europeans came in, North and South America had been settled. Agriculture developed at a similar time scale. Significant complex civilizations, writing developed on a similar time scale."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was only when the Europeans came in that all of that started to happen. No, well before the Europeans came in, North and South America had been settled. Agriculture developed at a similar time scale. Significant complex civilizations, writing developed on a similar time scale. But once you have the European colonization, some people say it was intentional. It was probably a combination of intentional and just diseases that were unfamiliar to the people here. Within 150 years, that 50 to 100 million population, so now we're talking about roughly by 1650, so you move a little bit future forward in time, the population had gone to roughly six million people."}, {"video_title": "Pre Columbian Americas World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Significant complex civilizations, writing developed on a similar time scale. But once you have the European colonization, some people say it was intentional. It was probably a combination of intentional and just diseases that were unfamiliar to the people here. Within 150 years, that 50 to 100 million population, so now we're talking about roughly by 1650, so you move a little bit future forward in time, the population had gone to roughly six million people. Some people refer to it a genocide. Some people would say it's a combination of an intentional extermination of people plus just inadvertent disease. Whatever it is, this was the significant decline of a complex and diverse set of populations."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "discussed in previous videos, how Rome became a republic in 509 BCE. But it's worth noting, and I've done this in other videos, that at that point, Rome was not this vast empire. It was really just in control of Rome itself. But over the next few hundred years, it starts to expand. Rome is a militaristic society. The Roman legions start to exert its influence over more and more of the surrounding people on the Italian peninsula. And we keep going several hundred years until we enter into the third century BCE."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But over the next few hundred years, it starts to expand. Rome is a militaristic society. The Roman legions start to exert its influence over more and more of the surrounding people on the Italian peninsula. And we keep going several hundred years until we enter into the third century BCE. And this is a map of what the Mediterranean at least looks like, roughly as we enter into that third century BCE. And you see, even though that Rome has now exerted its power over most of the Italian peninsula right over here, it was not the dominant power in the Mediterranean. It was really the upstart, the new and growing empire."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we keep going several hundred years until we enter into the third century BCE. And this is a map of what the Mediterranean at least looks like, roughly as we enter into that third century BCE. And you see, even though that Rome has now exerted its power over most of the Italian peninsula right over here, it was not the dominant power in the Mediterranean. It was really the upstart, the new and growing empire. There were other significant empires. You see here the remnants of Alexander the Great's empire, his successors, each now with their own significant empire, and in particular, Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Persia, which had control over much of the Middle East. And the other empire that you see here in blue was the Carthaginian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was really the upstart, the new and growing empire. There were other significant empires. You see here the remnants of Alexander the Great's empire, his successors, each now with their own significant empire, and in particular, Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Persia, which had control over much of the Middle East. And the other empire that you see here in blue was the Carthaginian Empire. And as we will see, in the third and second centuries BCE, Rome and Carthage are going to come at loggerheads. And Rome eventually is going to overthrow Carthage as the dominant empire in the Mediterranean. But you can see in this map right over here, entering into the third century BCE, Carthage that you see in blue was a significant empire."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the other empire that you see here in blue was the Carthaginian Empire. And as we will see, in the third and second centuries BCE, Rome and Carthage are going to come at loggerheads. And Rome eventually is going to overthrow Carthage as the dominant empire in the Mediterranean. But you can see in this map right over here, entering into the third century BCE, Carthage that you see in blue was a significant empire. So the question is, who were these Carthaginians? So the answer is that they were Phoenicians. And another answer is even the Phoenicians did not call themselves Phoenicians, but to understand where all of this came from, we have to go back 5,000 years ago, 5,000 years before, roughly 5,000 years before now, around 3,000 BCE, where you have these city states like Tyre and Sidon."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But you can see in this map right over here, entering into the third century BCE, Carthage that you see in blue was a significant empire. So the question is, who were these Carthaginians? So the answer is that they were Phoenicians. And another answer is even the Phoenicians did not call themselves Phoenicians, but to understand where all of this came from, we have to go back 5,000 years ago, 5,000 years before, roughly 5,000 years before now, around 3,000 BCE, where you have these city states like Tyre and Sidon. I don't know if you can see those well. Let me rewrite it. That is Tyre."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And another answer is even the Phoenicians did not call themselves Phoenicians, but to understand where all of this came from, we have to go back 5,000 years ago, 5,000 years before, roughly 5,000 years before now, around 3,000 BCE, where you have these city states like Tyre and Sidon. I don't know if you can see those well. Let me rewrite it. That is Tyre. This is Sidon. Now this map is obviously a map of the third century BCE. But if you go back to when these cities were founded, in fact, before they were, I guess you could say, put under the influence of Nebuchadnezzar and then Achaemenid Persia, these were independent city states."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That is Tyre. This is Sidon. Now this map is obviously a map of the third century BCE. But if you go back to when these cities were founded, in fact, before they were, I guess you could say, put under the influence of Nebuchadnezzar and then Achaemenid Persia, these were independent city states. And they're actually existing cities in modern-day Lebanon. And in this region, then the leading cities were Tyre and Sidon, you had a group of people that would later be known as the Phoenicians. And the Phoenicians were famous for many things."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But if you go back to when these cities were founded, in fact, before they were, I guess you could say, put under the influence of Nebuchadnezzar and then Achaemenid Persia, these were independent city states. And they're actually existing cities in modern-day Lebanon. And in this region, then the leading cities were Tyre and Sidon, you had a group of people that would later be known as the Phoenicians. And the Phoenicians were famous for many things. So they were famous as traders, as really shipbuilders and traders. And they colonized much of, or large segments of the coastline of the Mediterranean. And this is going back thousands and thousands of years."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Phoenicians were famous for many things. So they were famous as traders, as really shipbuilders and traders. And they colonized much of, or large segments of the coastline of the Mediterranean. And this is going back thousands and thousands of years. And Carthage was one of those colonies. It was established in the ninth century, this is what modern-day historians believe, sometime between 846 and 813 BCE. It was a Phoenician colony."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is going back thousands and thousands of years. And Carthage was one of those colonies. It was established in the ninth century, this is what modern-day historians believe, sometime between 846 and 813 BCE. It was a Phoenician colony. It was set up as really a trading post for the Tyrians right over here. And the reason why they're called Phoenicians, they didn't call themselves Phoenicians, these Phoenician people. They were called that by the Greeks and later the Romans, because they were famous for trading their purple dye."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was a Phoenician colony. It was set up as really a trading post for the Tyrians right over here. And the reason why they're called Phoenicians, they didn't call themselves Phoenicians, these Phoenician people. They were called that by the Greeks and later the Romans, because they were famous for trading their purple dye. So they had their purple dye, which they got, which was derived from mollusk mucus that they were able to get from the sea, as great sea traders and shipbuilders. So they had this purple dye. And the term for this purple dye, it was related to the word Panican or Phoenician, and I know I'm not pronouncing it well."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were called that by the Greeks and later the Romans, because they were famous for trading their purple dye. So they had their purple dye, which they got, which was derived from mollusk mucus that they were able to get from the sea, as great sea traders and shipbuilders. So they had this purple dye. And the term for this purple dye, it was related to the word Panican or Phoenician, and I know I'm not pronouncing it well. And so the Greeks and the Romans of the time called them the Phoenician people for their purple dye. Now Carthage, as we will see in probably the next video, Carthage has a series of wars with Rome, which are called the Punic Wars. And I've always wondered, where does that term Punic come from?"}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the term for this purple dye, it was related to the word Panican or Phoenician, and I know I'm not pronouncing it well. And so the Greeks and the Romans of the time called them the Phoenician people for their purple dye. Now Carthage, as we will see in probably the next video, Carthage has a series of wars with Rome, which are called the Punic Wars. And I've always wondered, where does that term Punic come from? Why isn't it called the Carthaginian Wars or the Roman-Carthaginian Wars? And that's because the Carthaginians were referred to their origins as coming from Phoenicia, and the Latin term for that was Ponicus, once again related to the Greek word for that purple dye. So Ponicus became Punic, and so the idea of Phoenician, Phoenician, these are all related words to each other."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I've always wondered, where does that term Punic come from? Why isn't it called the Carthaginian Wars or the Roman-Carthaginian Wars? And that's because the Carthaginians were referred to their origins as coming from Phoenicia, and the Latin term for that was Ponicus, once again related to the Greek word for that purple dye. So Ponicus became Punic, and so the idea of Phoenician, Phoenician, these are all related words to each other. So when we're talking about the Punic Wars, these are the Romans, or this is the modern-day English, the Romans would have said Ponicus, these wars referring to the wars with Carthage who are descendant from the Phoenicians. Now, just as a side note, another thing that you might be wondering about is hey, this word Phoenician, it looks familiar. It looks like phonetic, like the phonetic alphabet, and that was the other famous contribution of the Phoenicians is that our alphabet, the idea of our alphabet was derived from the phonetic alphabet of the Phoenicians."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So Ponicus became Punic, and so the idea of Phoenician, Phoenician, these are all related words to each other. So when we're talking about the Punic Wars, these are the Romans, or this is the modern-day English, the Romans would have said Ponicus, these wars referring to the wars with Carthage who are descendant from the Phoenicians. Now, just as a side note, another thing that you might be wondering about is hey, this word Phoenician, it looks familiar. It looks like phonetic, like the phonetic alphabet, and that was the other famous contribution of the Phoenicians is that our alphabet, the idea of our alphabet was derived from the phonetic alphabet of the Phoenicians. So the Phoenicians did many, many, many things. They settled much, they were one of the real naval powers of the Mediterranean going back thousands and thousands of years. By the time we get to the Middle Roman Republic, we're in the third century BCE, we're in the 200s BCE, the ancient cities of Tyre and Sedan, they're now part of the Seleucid Empire."}, {"video_title": "Background of the Carthaginians World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It looks like phonetic, like the phonetic alphabet, and that was the other famous contribution of the Phoenicians is that our alphabet, the idea of our alphabet was derived from the phonetic alphabet of the Phoenicians. So the Phoenicians did many, many, many things. They settled much, they were one of the real naval powers of the Mediterranean going back thousands and thousands of years. By the time we get to the Middle Roman Republic, we're in the third century BCE, we're in the 200s BCE, the ancient cities of Tyre and Sedan, they're now part of the Seleucid Empire. The Seleucid Empire was one of the successor empires of Alexander the Great, but their offspring, so to speak, Carthage, is now a dominant power in the Mediterranean. And with Rome starting to exert its might, although it has very powerful armies, it does not at this point have a very powerful navy. But as we will see, as we get to 264 BCE, these two great powers in the Mediterranean start to come into a little bit of conflict."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "World War I changed our outlook. It normalized cynicism and irony, which I think you'll agree are the dominant lenses for describing our world today. Basically, I'd argue that World War I helped make possible everything from The Simpsons to intentionally unattractive mustaches. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, are you referring to me? Oh, me from the past. You're an embarrassment to our family, also to all our other selves. Most people think of World War I as a tragedy, because it didn't need to happen, and it didn't accomplish much except for creating social and economic conditions that made World War II possible."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green, Mr. Green, are you referring to me? Oh, me from the past. You're an embarrassment to our family, also to all our other selves. Most people think of World War I as a tragedy, because it didn't need to happen, and it didn't accomplish much except for creating social and economic conditions that made World War II possible. So when we're talking about causes of the war, inevitably we're also assigning blame. The immediate cause was, of course, the assassination in Sarajevo of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 by a Bosnian-Serb nationalist named Gavrilo Princip. Quick aside, it's worth noting that the first big war of the 20th century began with an act of terrorism."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Most people think of World War I as a tragedy, because it didn't need to happen, and it didn't accomplish much except for creating social and economic conditions that made World War II possible. So when we're talking about causes of the war, inevitably we're also assigning blame. The immediate cause was, of course, the assassination in Sarajevo of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 by a Bosnian-Serb nationalist named Gavrilo Princip. Quick aside, it's worth noting that the first big war of the 20th century began with an act of terrorism. So Franz Ferdinand wasn't particularly well-liked by his uncle, the Emperor Franz Joseph. Now that is a mustache. But even so, the assassination led Austria to issue an ultimatum to Serbia, whereupon Serbia accepted some, but not all, of Austria's demands, leading Austria to declare war against Serbia."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Quick aside, it's worth noting that the first big war of the 20th century began with an act of terrorism. So Franz Ferdinand wasn't particularly well-liked by his uncle, the Emperor Franz Joseph. Now that is a mustache. But even so, the assassination led Austria to issue an ultimatum to Serbia, whereupon Serbia accepted some, but not all, of Austria's demands, leading Austria to declare war against Serbia. And then Russia, due to its alliance with the Serbs, mobilized its army. Germany, because it had an alliance with Austria, told Russia to stop mobilizing, which Russia failed to do. So then Germany mobilized its own army, declared war on Russia, cemented an alliance with the Ottomans, and then declared war on France, because, you know, France."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "But even so, the assassination led Austria to issue an ultimatum to Serbia, whereupon Serbia accepted some, but not all, of Austria's demands, leading Austria to declare war against Serbia. And then Russia, due to its alliance with the Serbs, mobilized its army. Germany, because it had an alliance with Austria, told Russia to stop mobilizing, which Russia failed to do. So then Germany mobilized its own army, declared war on Russia, cemented an alliance with the Ottomans, and then declared war on France, because, you know, France. Germany's war plan, the Schlieffen Plan, required that it invade France in the most expedient way possible, which as you can see is via Belgium. And Great Britain was a friend of Belgium, I mean as much as anyone can be a friend of Belgium, and so they declared war on Germany. So by August 4th, all the major powers of Europe were at war with each other."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "So then Germany mobilized its own army, declared war on Russia, cemented an alliance with the Ottomans, and then declared war on France, because, you know, France. Germany's war plan, the Schlieffen Plan, required that it invade France in the most expedient way possible, which as you can see is via Belgium. And Great Britain was a friend of Belgium, I mean as much as anyone can be a friend of Belgium, and so they declared war on Germany. So by August 4th, all the major powers of Europe were at war with each other. By the end of the month, Japan, honoring its alliance with Britain, would be at war with Germany and Austria as well. When all was said and done, counting colonies and spheres of influence, the world map would eventually look like this. You'll never guess who wins."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "So by August 4th, all the major powers of Europe were at war with each other. By the end of the month, Japan, honoring its alliance with Britain, would be at war with Germany and Austria as well. When all was said and done, counting colonies and spheres of influence, the world map would eventually look like this. You'll never guess who wins. So there were many opportunities not to mobilize and declare war, none of which were taken. Some blamed the web of alliances itself, which is what Woodrow Wilson wanted to fix with the League of Nations. Some blamed Russia, the first big country to mobilize."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "You'll never guess who wins. So there were many opportunities not to mobilize and declare war, none of which were taken. Some blamed the web of alliances itself, which is what Woodrow Wilson wanted to fix with the League of Nations. Some blamed Russia, the first big country to mobilize. Some blamed Germany for the inflexibility of the Schlieffen Plan. Leninists claimed the war grew out of imperialism and was fueled by capitalist rivalries. And others claimed it was a war between Germany's radical modernism and Britain's traditional conservatism."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Some blamed Russia, the first big country to mobilize. Some blamed Germany for the inflexibility of the Schlieffen Plan. Leninists claimed the war grew out of imperialism and was fueled by capitalist rivalries. And others claimed it was a war between Germany's radical modernism and Britain's traditional conservatism. But if I had to assign blame, I'd go with the alliance system and the cultural belief that war was, in general, good for nations. War helped define who was them and who was us, and doing that strengthened the idea of us. And in World War I, war was perceived to be necessary and often even glorious."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "And others claimed it was a war between Germany's radical modernism and Britain's traditional conservatism. But if I had to assign blame, I'd go with the alliance system and the cultural belief that war was, in general, good for nations. War helped define who was them and who was us, and doing that strengthened the idea of us. And in World War I, war was perceived to be necessary and often even glorious. The trench warfare on the Western Front is most famous for its brutal futility. Great Britain and France on one side, Germany on the other, with no man's land in between. World War I was a writer's war, and there's a lot of metaphorical resonance in living men digging holes where they would in time die."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "And in World War I, war was perceived to be necessary and often even glorious. The trench warfare on the Western Front is most famous for its brutal futility. Great Britain and France on one side, Germany on the other, with no man's land in between. World War I was a writer's war, and there's a lot of metaphorical resonance in living men digging holes where they would in time die. The lines of trenches on the Western Front covered only about 400 miles as the crow flies, but because of the endless zigzagging, the trenches themselves may have run as much as 25,000 miles. But the stalemate of trench warfare wasn't seen on every front. Especially at the beginning of the war, there was a lot of offensive movement, especially in the initial German strikes."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "World War I was a writer's war, and there's a lot of metaphorical resonance in living men digging holes where they would in time die. The lines of trenches on the Western Front covered only about 400 miles as the crow flies, but because of the endless zigzagging, the trenches themselves may have run as much as 25,000 miles. But the stalemate of trench warfare wasn't seen on every front. Especially at the beginning of the war, there was a lot of offensive movement, especially in the initial German strikes. Especially on the Eastern Front, where the Germans were very successful against the Russians, who had a large but pretty hapless army. Also for the blessed few of you who sat through all of Lawrence of Arabia, you'll remember that T.E. Lawrence's exploits took place in the context of World War I, with the British battling the Ottomans."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Especially at the beginning of the war, there was a lot of offensive movement, especially in the initial German strikes. Especially on the Eastern Front, where the Germans were very successful against the Russians, who had a large but pretty hapless army. Also for the blessed few of you who sat through all of Lawrence of Arabia, you'll remember that T.E. Lawrence's exploits took place in the context of World War I, with the British battling the Ottomans. This brings up an important point. World War I featured combatants from around the world. Britain's army especially included soldiers from India, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, who was just happy to be invited."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Lawrence's exploits took place in the context of World War I, with the British battling the Ottomans. This brings up an important point. World War I featured combatants from around the world. Britain's army especially included soldiers from India, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, who was just happy to be invited. Africans also served with the French, and for a lot of these people, their experiences helped build nationalist movements when the survivors returned home after the war. That's about as close as we get to a silver lining. The war itself was incredibly destructive."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Britain's army especially included soldiers from India, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, who was just happy to be invited. Africans also served with the French, and for a lot of these people, their experiences helped build nationalist movements when the survivors returned home after the war. That's about as close as we get to a silver lining. The war itself was incredibly destructive. Over 15 million people were killed and over 20 million wounded. In France, 13.3% of the male population between the age of 15 and 49 died in the war. The war also saw a lot of civilians die, especially in the Ottoman Empire, where more than 2 million of the 3 million people killed were non-combatants."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "The war itself was incredibly destructive. Over 15 million people were killed and over 20 million wounded. In France, 13.3% of the male population between the age of 15 and 49 died in the war. The war also saw a lot of civilians die, especially in the Ottoman Empire, where more than 2 million of the 3 million people killed were non-combatants. But like so many other wars, World War I's most efficient killer was disease. Stupid disease, always hijacking history. Dysentery, typhus, and cholera were rampant, and otherwise minor injuries would prove fatal when gangrene set in."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "The war also saw a lot of civilians die, especially in the Ottoman Empire, where more than 2 million of the 3 million people killed were non-combatants. But like so many other wars, World War I's most efficient killer was disease. Stupid disease, always hijacking history. Dysentery, typhus, and cholera were rampant, and otherwise minor injuries would prove fatal when gangrene set in. I mean, 25% of arm wounds among German soldiers were fatal. And that's not even to mention the famous influenza epidemic that broke out toward the end of the war, which killed more than three times as many people as the war itself. The main reason the war was so deadly was the combination of new technology and outdated tactics."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Dysentery, typhus, and cholera were rampant, and otherwise minor injuries would prove fatal when gangrene set in. I mean, 25% of arm wounds among German soldiers were fatal. And that's not even to mention the famous influenza epidemic that broke out toward the end of the war, which killed more than three times as many people as the war itself. The main reason the war was so deadly was the combination of new technology and outdated tactics. While we may think about tanks, airplanes, and poison gas, all of which made their debut in the First World War, the two most devastating technologies were American. Machine guns and barbed wire. Attempting to march in lines toward an enemy's trench, soldiers of both sides were mowed down by machine gun fire."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "The main reason the war was so deadly was the combination of new technology and outdated tactics. While we may think about tanks, airplanes, and poison gas, all of which made their debut in the First World War, the two most devastating technologies were American. Machine guns and barbed wire. Attempting to march in lines toward an enemy's trench, soldiers of both sides were mowed down by machine gun fire. According to one German machine gunner at the Battle of Somme in 1916, the British officers went in front. I noticed one of them walking calmly, carrying a walking stick. When we started firing, we just had to load and reload."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Attempting to march in lines toward an enemy's trench, soldiers of both sides were mowed down by machine gun fire. According to one German machine gunner at the Battle of Somme in 1916, the British officers went in front. I noticed one of them walking calmly, carrying a walking stick. When we started firing, we just had to load and reload. They went down in their hundreds. You didn't have to aim. We just fired into them."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "When we started firing, we just had to load and reload. They went down in their hundreds. You didn't have to aim. We just fired into them. At the Somme, the British lost 60,000 men in the first day of fighting. Remember the old colonialist verse, whatever happens, we have got the maxim gun and they have not? Yeah, well, now everybody had machine guns."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "We just fired into them. At the Somme, the British lost 60,000 men in the first day of fighting. Remember the old colonialist verse, whatever happens, we have got the maxim gun and they have not? Yeah, well, now everybody had machine guns. One of the things we try to remember here at Crash Course is that people both make history and are made by it. World War I brings this fact into stark relief because we know so much about the soldiers who fought in it, and how they wrote about the war really changed our relationship with systemic violence. For most soldiers, there was nothing glamorous or heroic about this war."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, well, now everybody had machine guns. One of the things we try to remember here at Crash Course is that people both make history and are made by it. World War I brings this fact into stark relief because we know so much about the soldiers who fought in it, and how they wrote about the war really changed our relationship with systemic violence. For most soldiers, there was nothing glamorous or heroic about this war. For the British, for example, the trenches were two things above all, wet and smelly. The dampness came from the fact that the British trenches were in the wettest part of Flanders. The smell was mainly decomposing flesh."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "For most soldiers, there was nothing glamorous or heroic about this war. For the British, for example, the trenches were two things above all, wet and smelly. The dampness came from the fact that the British trenches were in the wettest part of Flanders. The smell was mainly decomposing flesh. Nothing glorious about that. On the upside, soldiers were at least rarely hungry, and there was a lot of food from home, which is worth underscoring because it reminds us that home wasn't very far away. Even for the British, at their closest, the front was only 70 miles from England."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "The smell was mainly decomposing flesh. Nothing glorious about that. On the upside, soldiers were at least rarely hungry, and there was a lot of food from home, which is worth underscoring because it reminds us that home wasn't very far away. Even for the British, at their closest, the front was only 70 miles from England. They could read newspapers from London one day later than Londoners could. While going over the top \u2013 Stan, no puns in this episode! Right, while going over the top of the trench to cross no man's land and attack the enemy trench is what lights our romantic imagination, most soldiers' lives were dominated by the fear of shelling."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Even for the British, at their closest, the front was only 70 miles from England. They could read newspapers from London one day later than Londoners could. While going over the top \u2013 Stan, no puns in this episode! Right, while going over the top of the trench to cross no man's land and attack the enemy trench is what lights our romantic imagination, most soldiers' lives were dominated by the fear of shelling. According to a journal published by French soldiers, there's nothing more horrible in war than being shelled. It's a form of torture that the soldier can't see the end of. Suddenly, he's afraid of being buried alive."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, while going over the top of the trench to cross no man's land and attack the enemy trench is what lights our romantic imagination, most soldiers' lives were dominated by the fear of shelling. According to a journal published by French soldiers, there's nothing more horrible in war than being shelled. It's a form of torture that the soldier can't see the end of. Suddenly, he's afraid of being buried alive. The man stays put in his hole, helplessly waiting for, hoping for, a miracle. Although soldiers then, as now, lived under conditions it's difficult to imagine, there was more than the threat of death to distress them. According to German officer Ernst J\u00fcnger, it was not danger, however extreme, that depresses the spirit of men so much as over-fatigue and wretched conditions."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Suddenly, he's afraid of being buried alive. The man stays put in his hole, helplessly waiting for, hoping for, a miracle. Although soldiers then, as now, lived under conditions it's difficult to imagine, there was more than the threat of death to distress them. According to German officer Ernst J\u00fcnger, it was not danger, however extreme, that depresses the spirit of men so much as over-fatigue and wretched conditions. And for most soldiers, especially the British and French, the pay for their efforts was pitiful, so why did they even keep fighting? Duty, nationalism, loyalty to comrades, and fear of being shot for desertion all played a role, but so did alcohol. As one British medical officer said, had it not been for the rum ration, I do not think we should have won the war."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "According to German officer Ernst J\u00fcnger, it was not danger, however extreme, that depresses the spirit of men so much as over-fatigue and wretched conditions. And for most soldiers, especially the British and French, the pay for their efforts was pitiful, so why did they even keep fighting? Duty, nationalism, loyalty to comrades, and fear of being shot for desertion all played a role, but so did alcohol. As one British medical officer said, had it not been for the rum ration, I do not think we should have won the war. Ernst J\u00fcnger also remarked on the propensity of soldiers to drink their troubles away. Though ten out of twelve had fallen still, the last two, as sure as death, were to be found on the first evening of rest over the bottle, drinking a silent health to their dead companions. Oh, it's time for the open letter?"}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "As one British medical officer said, had it not been for the rum ration, I do not think we should have won the war. Ernst J\u00fcnger also remarked on the propensity of soldiers to drink their troubles away. Though ten out of twelve had fallen still, the last two, as sure as death, were to be found on the first evening of rest over the bottle, drinking a silent health to their dead companions. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Whew! An open letter to alcohol. I wonder what's in today's secret compartment."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's time for the open letter? Whew! An open letter to alcohol. I wonder what's in today's secret compartment. Oh, shocking, it's a golf club. And an actual disco golf ball made by a Crash Course fan. Dear Alcohol, Oh, that's... Like disease, you've been a key figure in human history, despite not actually being a person."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "I wonder what's in today's secret compartment. Oh, shocking, it's a golf club. And an actual disco golf ball made by a Crash Course fan. Dear Alcohol, Oh, that's... Like disease, you've been a key figure in human history, despite not actually being a person. And for millennia, you've played an important role in war, often helping soldiers do their duty, often distracting them from it. But here's the thing, Alcohol, in my experience, which is extensive, if you need to be drunk to do something, you should maybe not do the thing. Unless of course the thing is golf."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Dear Alcohol, Oh, that's... Like disease, you've been a key figure in human history, despite not actually being a person. And for millennia, you've played an important role in war, often helping soldiers do their duty, often distracting them from it. But here's the thing, Alcohol, in my experience, which is extensive, if you need to be drunk to do something, you should maybe not do the thing. Unless of course the thing is golf. Best wishes, John Green. So what did we take away from the so-called Great War? Well, not much."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Unless of course the thing is golf. Best wishes, John Green. So what did we take away from the so-called Great War? Well, not much. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, fixed the blame for the war on Germany, which proved ruinous to the German economy and destructive to its political institutions, and unless you're really nostalgic for totalitarian communism, you've got to say that World War I was also a disaster for Russia, because it facilitated the rise of the Bolsheviks. The Russian Revolution had two phases."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, not much. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, fixed the blame for the war on Germany, which proved ruinous to the German economy and destructive to its political institutions, and unless you're really nostalgic for totalitarian communism, you've got to say that World War I was also a disaster for Russia, because it facilitated the rise of the Bolsheviks. The Russian Revolution had two phases. In the first phase, called the February Revolution, because get this, it occurred in February, army mutinies and civil unrest forced the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty, which had been in power in Russia since, like, forever, to use a proper historian term. The monarchy was replaced by a provisional government, led eventually by Alexander Kerensky, who made the terrible decision to keep Russia in the war, which led to the October Revolution, so-called because it happened in October, in which Vladimir Lenin and his Bolsheviks took over, famously promising the Russian people peace, bread, and land, to which the Russian people responded, hey, you just named three of our favorite things. Lenin's first big achievement was signing a separate peace with Germany and getting Russia out of the war, which was helpful to him since he needed to fight a civil war that wouldn't end until 1922."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "The Russian Revolution had two phases. In the first phase, called the February Revolution, because get this, it occurred in February, army mutinies and civil unrest forced the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty, which had been in power in Russia since, like, forever, to use a proper historian term. The monarchy was replaced by a provisional government, led eventually by Alexander Kerensky, who made the terrible decision to keep Russia in the war, which led to the October Revolution, so-called because it happened in October, in which Vladimir Lenin and his Bolsheviks took over, famously promising the Russian people peace, bread, and land, to which the Russian people responded, hey, you just named three of our favorite things. Lenin's first big achievement was signing a separate peace with Germany and getting Russia out of the war, which was helpful to him since he needed to fight a civil war that wouldn't end until 1922. This might have helped Germany, too, except the US entered the war on the side of the British and the French, which led to another outcome of the war, increased geopolitical influence for the US. The US was already becoming a major economic power, and being able to avoid the destruction and loss of manpower associated with World War I certainly didn't hurt. The war helped catapult the US from being a debtor nation to a creditor one, and Wilson's leading role in negotiations at Versailles, even though he didn't actually get what he wanted, made America a big player on the world stage for the first time."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Lenin's first big achievement was signing a separate peace with Germany and getting Russia out of the war, which was helpful to him since he needed to fight a civil war that wouldn't end until 1922. This might have helped Germany, too, except the US entered the war on the side of the British and the French, which led to another outcome of the war, increased geopolitical influence for the US. The US was already becoming a major economic power, and being able to avoid the destruction and loss of manpower associated with World War I certainly didn't hurt. The war helped catapult the US from being a debtor nation to a creditor one, and Wilson's leading role in negotiations at Versailles, even though he didn't actually get what he wanted, made America a big player on the world stage for the first time. Thanks, Thought Bubble. But just so we don't get completely Eurocentric, another major outcome of the war was the end of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of the nation-state of Turkey. The rest of the world saw some change, too, but not much for the better."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "The war helped catapult the US from being a debtor nation to a creditor one, and Wilson's leading role in negotiations at Versailles, even though he didn't actually get what he wanted, made America a big player on the world stage for the first time. Thanks, Thought Bubble. But just so we don't get completely Eurocentric, another major outcome of the war was the end of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of the nation-state of Turkey. The rest of the world saw some change, too, but not much for the better. In Africa, Britain took Germany's colonies, and even though Indians fought and died in a higher percentage than Americans in World War I, India didn't gain any real autonomy. All these terrible outcomes led to a general sense of disappointment in literary circles. And this feeling of pointlessness and cynicism was expressed by the writers of The Lost Generation."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "The rest of the world saw some change, too, but not much for the better. In Africa, Britain took Germany's colonies, and even though Indians fought and died in a higher percentage than Americans in World War I, India didn't gain any real autonomy. All these terrible outcomes led to a general sense of disappointment in literary circles. And this feeling of pointlessness and cynicism was expressed by the writers of The Lost Generation. It was a war full of loss. Millions of people were lost. Traditional ideas of war's nobility and heroism were lost as well."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "And this feeling of pointlessness and cynicism was expressed by the writers of The Lost Generation. It was a war full of loss. Millions of people were lost. Traditional ideas of war's nobility and heroism were lost as well. I mean, what is heroism when you're just sitting in a trench waiting to be blown up? And after World War I, war might be necessary, but it would never again be glorious. We see this shift in the writing and art that emerged from the Great War, as artists transitioned from Romanticism to Modernism."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "Traditional ideas of war's nobility and heroism were lost as well. I mean, what is heroism when you're just sitting in a trench waiting to be blown up? And after World War I, war might be necessary, but it would never again be glorious. We see this shift in the writing and art that emerged from the Great War, as artists transitioned from Romanticism to Modernism. Think of Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises, which is about a man rendered not noble, but impotent by war. The dark, cruel irony there, that you go to war to become a man, and then war takes away the organ often called your manhood? That defined Hemingway's worldview."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "We see this shift in the writing and art that emerged from the Great War, as artists transitioned from Romanticism to Modernism. Think of Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises, which is about a man rendered not noble, but impotent by war. The dark, cruel irony there, that you go to war to become a man, and then war takes away the organ often called your manhood? That defined Hemingway's worldview. And it also defines ours. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "That defined Hemingway's worldview. And it also defines ours. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I Crash Course World History #36.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, Unless You Are the Mongols, we brought it back for you. If you'd like to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Today we're gonna talk about war. AHH! EXPLOSIONS EVERYWHERE! So traditionally, historians are pretty keen on wars because they feature clearly delineated beginnings and middles and ends, and because they always have a fair bit of death and drama and mortally wounded generals who have great last words like, let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of those trees. Whereas the last words of plague victims are always like, ugggghh. Sorry, plague victims, as if you don't have enough troubles, now you've got me teasing you about your uninspired death throes. Wars have easy whens, wheres, whos, and whys."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "So traditionally, historians are pretty keen on wars because they feature clearly delineated beginnings and middles and ends, and because they always have a fair bit of death and drama and mortally wounded generals who have great last words like, let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of those trees. Whereas the last words of plague victims are always like, ugggghh. Sorry, plague victims, as if you don't have enough troubles, now you've got me teasing you about your uninspired death throes. Wars have easy whens, wheres, whos, and whys. 1861 to 1865, the United States, the North versus the South to end slavery and save the Union. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, are you gonna show us the hidden complexities behind something we already think we understand again? Sorry me from the past, but yes."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Wars have easy whens, wheres, whos, and whys. 1861 to 1865, the United States, the North versus the South to end slavery and save the Union. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, are you gonna show us the hidden complexities behind something we already think we understand again? Sorry me from the past, but yes. However, to placate you, here are some more explosions. Boom boom boom boom boom boom. The 17th and 18th centuries saw a bunch of top-notch wars, but today we're going to focus on the Seven Years' War, also called the French and Indian Wars, because it was the first truly global war."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Sorry me from the past, but yes. However, to placate you, here are some more explosions. Boom boom boom boom boom boom. The 17th and 18th centuries saw a bunch of top-notch wars, but today we're going to focus on the Seven Years' War, also called the French and Indian Wars, because it was the first truly global war. In fact, no less a historian than Winston Churchill called it the First World War. But we've been so Eurocentric here on Crash Course that all we are going to say about the entire war in Europe is that Prussia and Great Britain fought France and Austria, and that the Austrian Habsburgs wanted to win back Silesia, which they failed to do there. That's all you get, Europe!"}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "The 17th and 18th centuries saw a bunch of top-notch wars, but today we're going to focus on the Seven Years' War, also called the French and Indian Wars, because it was the first truly global war. In fact, no less a historian than Winston Churchill called it the First World War. But we've been so Eurocentric here on Crash Course that all we are going to say about the entire war in Europe is that Prussia and Great Britain fought France and Austria, and that the Austrian Habsburgs wanted to win back Silesia, which they failed to do there. That's all you get, Europe! So the Seven Years' War lasted for... anyone? Anyone? 23 years?"}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "That's all you get, Europe! So the Seven Years' War lasted for... anyone? Anyone? 23 years? I hate you, me from the past. But as it happens, by sheer coincidence, you are not necessarily wrong. INTRO So the when."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "23 years? I hate you, me from the past. But as it happens, by sheer coincidence, you are not necessarily wrong. INTRO So the when. The Seven Years' War began in 1756 and ended in 1763. Unless you believe, as many historians do, that the Seven Years' War lasted 23 years because it was really a continuation of the war for Austrian succession. Then you have the fact that much of the information in today's episode is taken from a book called The Global Seven Years' War, 1754-1763, a nine year period."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "INTRO So the when. The Seven Years' War began in 1756 and ended in 1763. Unless you believe, as many historians do, that the Seven Years' War lasted 23 years because it was really a continuation of the war for Austrian succession. Then you have the fact that much of the information in today's episode is taken from a book called The Global Seven Years' War, 1754-1763, a nine year period. As for the who, it was mainly fought between the British and the French, seen here reenacting the knife fight from either Beat It or West Side Story, depending on your age. But some of the British were actually Americans, and both the British and the French were supported by American Indians. And there was fighting in India between Indian Indians, the British, and the French."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Then you have the fact that much of the information in today's episode is taken from a book called The Global Seven Years' War, 1754-1763, a nine year period. As for the who, it was mainly fought between the British and the French, seen here reenacting the knife fight from either Beat It or West Side Story, depending on your age. But some of the British were actually Americans, and both the British and the French were supported by American Indians. And there was fighting in India between Indian Indians, the British, and the French. And as previously noted, the French were fighting the Prussians and the British were fighting the Austrians. The where, Europe, the continental US, the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Africa, India, basically the world. And the why?"}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "And there was fighting in India between Indian Indians, the British, and the French. And as previously noted, the French were fighting the Prussians and the British were fighting the Austrians. The where, Europe, the continental US, the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Africa, India, basically the world. And the why? Ostensibly, land. British colonists wanted to expand into land west of the original 13 colonies. And that land was technically held by the French, who left it alone except for a bunch of trading posts, and they were like, je ne veux pas l'Anglais."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "And the why? Ostensibly, land. British colonists wanted to expand into land west of the original 13 colonies. And that land was technically held by the French, who left it alone except for a bunch of trading posts, and they were like, je ne veux pas l'Anglais. Thank you, four years of high school French. Anyway, the war wasn't really about land. It was really about our old friend, trade."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "And that land was technically held by the French, who left it alone except for a bunch of trading posts, and they were like, je ne veux pas l'Anglais. Thank you, four years of high school French. Anyway, the war wasn't really about land. It was really about our old friend, trade. The British wanted to expand into the American interior to allow for more colonists, because the British benefited both from the export of raw materials from the Americas and the import of British consumer goods to the Americas. So more colonists meant more trade, which meant more wealth, which meant ever fancier hats. And the French realized that this British Atlantic Maritime trade was making Britain so rich that Britain might come for France's actually valuable colonies, which were not in the continental US, but those slave-based sugar plantations in the Caribbean."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "It was really about our old friend, trade. The British wanted to expand into the American interior to allow for more colonists, because the British benefited both from the export of raw materials from the Americas and the import of British consumer goods to the Americas. So more colonists meant more trade, which meant more wealth, which meant ever fancier hats. And the French realized that this British Atlantic Maritime trade was making Britain so rich that Britain might come for France's actually valuable colonies, which were not in the continental US, but those slave-based sugar plantations in the Caribbean. So the fighting began around here, and while the British did send over actual British troops, much of the early fighting was done by colonial militias. Probably the most famous commander of British troops was a Virginia colonel named George Washington. In fact, he may have actually started the shooting at the Battle of Fort Necessity in May of 1754."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "And the French realized that this British Atlantic Maritime trade was making Britain so rich that Britain might come for France's actually valuable colonies, which were not in the continental US, but those slave-based sugar plantations in the Caribbean. So the fighting began around here, and while the British did send over actual British troops, much of the early fighting was done by colonial militias. Probably the most famous commander of British troops was a Virginia colonel named George Washington. In fact, he may have actually started the shooting at the Battle of Fort Necessity in May of 1754. Washington was captured in that battle, but then he was immediately released, because 18th century war was super weird. Anyway, the real North American action was in New York and Canada. At the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759, for instance, the British defeated the French and captured the city of Quebec."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, he may have actually started the shooting at the Battle of Fort Necessity in May of 1754. Washington was captured in that battle, but then he was immediately released, because 18th century war was super weird. Anyway, the real North American action was in New York and Canada. At the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759, for instance, the British defeated the French and captured the city of Quebec. Both the British commander General Wolfe and the French commander General Montcalm were killed in that battle, with the death of the former being immortalized in this famous painting by Benjamin West. As indicated by the picture, almost all the battles in North America featured significant participation by Native Americans. Different Native tribes sided with both the British and the French, but as a broad generalization, Native Americans were more likely to support the French."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "At the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759, for instance, the British defeated the French and captured the city of Quebec. Both the British commander General Wolfe and the French commander General Montcalm were killed in that battle, with the death of the former being immortalized in this famous painting by Benjamin West. As indicated by the picture, almost all the battles in North America featured significant participation by Native Americans. Different Native tribes sided with both the British and the French, but as a broad generalization, Native Americans were more likely to support the French. Up to this point, shrewd Indian tribes had been able to play the British and the French off each other and maintain a degree of autonomy for themselves. And as long as the French were present, the British were prevented from encroaching too much on lands Native Americans were using for hunting and agriculture. Now, we haven't talked much about American Indians, mostly because they were geographically isolated and didn't have a written language, but let's at least give them a thought bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Different Native tribes sided with both the British and the French, but as a broad generalization, Native Americans were more likely to support the French. Up to this point, shrewd Indian tribes had been able to play the British and the French off each other and maintain a degree of autonomy for themselves. And as long as the French were present, the British were prevented from encroaching too much on lands Native Americans were using for hunting and agriculture. Now, we haven't talked much about American Indians, mostly because they were geographically isolated and didn't have a written language, but let's at least give them a thought bubble. Before the arrival of the Europeans, most Native Americans lived in tribal groups, and they subsisted on a combination of small-scale agriculture and hunting and gathering, depending on where they were situated. There were too many tribes to generalize about specific social structures, but it's probably safe to say that in terms of gender, they were much more egalitarian than the Europeans who they met up with, which may explain why European women who were taken captive by Indians sometimes preferred to stay with the tribe rather than be rescued, although that's somewhat controversial. One thing we can say about the Indians, their notions of what it meant to hold property were very different from those of the Europeans."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, we haven't talked much about American Indians, mostly because they were geographically isolated and didn't have a written language, but let's at least give them a thought bubble. Before the arrival of the Europeans, most Native Americans lived in tribal groups, and they subsisted on a combination of small-scale agriculture and hunting and gathering, depending on where they were situated. There were too many tribes to generalize about specific social structures, but it's probably safe to say that in terms of gender, they were much more egalitarian than the Europeans who they met up with, which may explain why European women who were taken captive by Indians sometimes preferred to stay with the tribe rather than be rescued, although that's somewhat controversial. One thing we can say about the Indians, their notions of what it meant to hold property were very different from those of the Europeans. Individual Indians did not own land in the European sense. They used it, and not always particularly intensively. Europeans, when they came to North America, had a hard time even recognizing that the Indians were raising crops because their forms of farming were so different from European agriculture."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "One thing we can say about the Indians, their notions of what it meant to hold property were very different from those of the Europeans. Individual Indians did not own land in the European sense. They used it, and not always particularly intensively. Europeans, when they came to North America, had a hard time even recognizing that the Indians were raising crops because their forms of farming were so different from European agriculture. So the French, and especially the English, just assumed that the Indians weren't improving the land, which meant that they didn't own the land, so that meant that it was okay for Europeans to take it. As you might imagine, that was problematic for the Indians. In general, Indian tribes initially got along better with the French than with the Dutch or English because 1."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Europeans, when they came to North America, had a hard time even recognizing that the Indians were raising crops because their forms of farming were so different from European agriculture. So the French, and especially the English, just assumed that the Indians weren't improving the land, which meant that they didn't own the land, so that meant that it was okay for Europeans to take it. As you might imagine, that was problematic for the Indians. In general, Indian tribes initially got along better with the French than with the Dutch or English because 1. The French did not settle in large numbers, as they were mostly traders and fur trappers, and 2. French missionaries who made the journey to the Americas were Catholic, often Jesuits, who were so intent on converting the Indians that they took the time to learn Indian languages and try to make Catholicism more amenable to Indian religion. The end result of the war, a greatly reduced French presence on the American mainland, meant that Indians could no longer easily play the British and French off each other, which opened the floodgates of British settlers."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "In general, Indian tribes initially got along better with the French than with the Dutch or English because 1. The French did not settle in large numbers, as they were mostly traders and fur trappers, and 2. French missionaries who made the journey to the Americas were Catholic, often Jesuits, who were so intent on converting the Indians that they took the time to learn Indian languages and try to make Catholicism more amenable to Indian religion. The end result of the war, a greatly reduced French presence on the American mainland, meant that Indians could no longer easily play the British and French off each other, which opened the floodgates of British settlers. In the end, the American Indians were perhaps the biggest losers of the Seven Years War. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So 2,000 miles south, in the Caribbean, there was also quite a lot of fighting between the British and the French over sugar colonies."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "The end result of the war, a greatly reduced French presence on the American mainland, meant that Indians could no longer easily play the British and French off each other, which opened the floodgates of British settlers. In the end, the American Indians were perhaps the biggest losers of the Seven Years War. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So 2,000 miles south, in the Caribbean, there was also quite a lot of fighting between the British and the French over sugar colonies. Most of these were naval battles, and by 1761, Spain got involved because, you know, they had some sugar colonies of their own. While these battles get a lot of ink, it's interesting to note that by far the greatest threat to combatants was disease. By October of 1761, the British had lost about 1,000 men to war and 5,000 to disease."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "So 2,000 miles south, in the Caribbean, there was also quite a lot of fighting between the British and the French over sugar colonies. Most of these were naval battles, and by 1761, Spain got involved because, you know, they had some sugar colonies of their own. While these battles get a lot of ink, it's interesting to note that by far the greatest threat to combatants was disease. By October of 1761, the British had lost about 1,000 men to war and 5,000 to disease. Meanwhile, in West Africa, the British and the French were fighting there, too, because, you know, why not? The British attacked the French at a trading post called St. Louis. Oh, Stan, don't make me say it right."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "By October of 1761, the British had lost about 1,000 men to war and 5,000 to disease. Meanwhile, in West Africa, the British and the French were fighting there, too, because, you know, why not? The British attacked the French at a trading post called St. Louis. Oh, Stan, don't make me say it right. Fine. Saint Louis. And at a town called Goree, both in Senegal."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, Stan, don't make me say it right. Fine. Saint Louis. And at a town called Goree, both in Senegal. Why? Well, trade, of course. Senegal was the main source of gum Arabic, which is notable for many reasons, but most importantly it is a key ingredient in the diet coke and Mentos phenomenon, so of course the British wanted lots of it."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "And at a town called Goree, both in Senegal. Why? Well, trade, of course. Senegal was the main source of gum Arabic, which is notable for many reasons, but most importantly it is a key ingredient in the diet coke and Mentos phenomenon, so of course the British wanted lots of it. And the French were also fighting the British in India. In the 18th century, India was nominally ruled by the Mughal Empire. I bet I'm saying that wrong, aren't I?"}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Senegal was the main source of gum Arabic, which is notable for many reasons, but most importantly it is a key ingredient in the diet coke and Mentos phenomenon, so of course the British wanted lots of it. And the French were also fighting the British in India. In the 18th century, India was nominally ruled by the Mughal Empire. I bet I'm saying that wrong, aren't I? Mughals. Yeah, that sounds more plausible. But as throughout most of its history, the real power in India lay with local kings and princes, sometimes called Nawabs."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "I bet I'm saying that wrong, aren't I? Mughals. Yeah, that sounds more plausible. But as throughout most of its history, the real power in India lay with local kings and princes, sometimes called Nawabs. And these princes, just like their European counterparts, were constantly vying for power and control over more territory. And to get it, they often enlisted the help, especially the military help, of Europeans. This is what happened in the most notorious event in the Seven Years' War in India, the Black Hole of Calcutta."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "But as throughout most of its history, the real power in India lay with local kings and princes, sometimes called Nawabs. And these princes, just like their European counterparts, were constantly vying for power and control over more territory. And to get it, they often enlisted the help, especially the military help, of Europeans. This is what happened in the most notorious event in the Seven Years' War in India, the Black Hole of Calcutta. In June of 1756, the British governor of Calcutta, Roger Drake, made the mistake of insulting the emissaries sent by the Nawab Siraj ad-Dula, who duly besieged and captured the English garrison of 500 with his own army of 30,000. Drake escaped to nearby ships with the town's women and children. You know the old saying, women, children, and governors first."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "This is what happened in the most notorious event in the Seven Years' War in India, the Black Hole of Calcutta. In June of 1756, the British governor of Calcutta, Roger Drake, made the mistake of insulting the emissaries sent by the Nawab Siraj ad-Dula, who duly besieged and captured the English garrison of 500 with his own army of 30,000. Drake escaped to nearby ships with the town's women and children. You know the old saying, women, children, and governors first. But the town's defenders remained, and the survivors were imprisoned in a small, windowless room that came to be known as the Black Hole. And 40 of 63 prisoners suffocated overnight. This story is mostly famous in a war that killed a million people, because the British press exaggerated the numbers in order to build support for the war in India."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "You know the old saying, women, children, and governors first. But the town's defenders remained, and the survivors were imprisoned in a small, windowless room that came to be known as the Black Hole. And 40 of 63 prisoners suffocated overnight. This story is mostly famous in a war that killed a million people, because the British press exaggerated the numbers in order to build support for the war in India. Not the last time that exaggerations of enemy brutality would be used to gin up support for a war. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the military campaigns in this part of the world is that, at least initially, they were not undertaken by governments themselves, but by corporations that had their own armies. The British East India Company was the most successful of these corporations, primarily because of the military skill of its leader, Robert Clive."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "This story is mostly famous in a war that killed a million people, because the British press exaggerated the numbers in order to build support for the war in India. Not the last time that exaggerations of enemy brutality would be used to gin up support for a war. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the military campaigns in this part of the world is that, at least initially, they were not undertaken by governments themselves, but by corporations that had their own armies. The British East India Company was the most successful of these corporations, primarily because of the military skill of its leader, Robert Clive. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Robert Clive. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "The British East India Company was the most successful of these corporations, primarily because of the military skill of its leader, Robert Clive. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Robert Clive. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, bubbles. That makes sense, Stan. The British East India Company was involved in several early market bubbles."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, bubbles. That makes sense, Stan. The British East India Company was involved in several early market bubbles. Mmm, bubbles. Dear Robert Clive, you were a complicated man and not entirely likable, but you did win a very important battle at Plassey in 1757. And the way you won it says a lot about the relationship between Europe and its colonies."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "The British East India Company was involved in several early market bubbles. Mmm, bubbles. Dear Robert Clive, you were a complicated man and not entirely likable, but you did win a very important battle at Plassey in 1757. And the way you won it says a lot about the relationship between Europe and its colonies. So the key to your success was a conspiracy to overthrow the existing Nawab orchestrated by a Bengali banking family called the Seths. No, Stan. The Seths."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "And the way you won it says a lot about the relationship between Europe and its colonies. So the key to your success was a conspiracy to overthrow the existing Nawab orchestrated by a Bengali banking family called the Seths. No, Stan. The Seths. Yes. Come on. And in thanks for your support of their conspiracy, the new Nawab quickly signed a treaty with your company, the East India Company."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "The Seths. Yes. Come on. And in thanks for your support of their conspiracy, the new Nawab quickly signed a treaty with your company, the East India Company. And thereafter, the British had effective control over trade in Bengal, and the French were excluded from it. This was an incredibly valuable region because it produced silk and inexpensive cotton cloth for export, and it gave the British a decisive advantage over the French and eventually allowed them to control all of India. And you accomplished this, Robert Clive, primarily by fomenting revolution."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "And in thanks for your support of their conspiracy, the new Nawab quickly signed a treaty with your company, the East India Company. And thereafter, the British had effective control over trade in Bengal, and the French were excluded from it. This was an incredibly valuable region because it produced silk and inexpensive cotton cloth for export, and it gave the British a decisive advantage over the French and eventually allowed them to control all of India. And you accomplished this, Robert Clive, primarily by fomenting revolution. How does this work for you and it never works for the CIA? Best wishes, John Green. So by now you've probably figured out that since the French kept losing battles, they eventually lost the war."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "And you accomplished this, Robert Clive, primarily by fomenting revolution. How does this work for you and it never works for the CIA? Best wishes, John Green. So by now you've probably figured out that since the French kept losing battles, they eventually lost the war. The main peace treaty signed in Paris in 1763 limited French presence in the Caribbean, in India, and in North America. Although not completely, otherwise they couldn't have sold Louisiana to Thomas Jefferson in 1803. So France was obviously dramatically weakened, but overall, so was Britain."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "So by now you've probably figured out that since the French kept losing battles, they eventually lost the war. The main peace treaty signed in Paris in 1763 limited French presence in the Caribbean, in India, and in North America. Although not completely, otherwise they couldn't have sold Louisiana to Thomas Jefferson in 1803. So France was obviously dramatically weakened, but overall, so was Britain. One thing rarely mentioned is the actual human cost of war. As many as a million combatants died in the Seven Years' War, but even that doesn't tell the whole story. In the 18th century, armies usually fed themselves by foraging, which really meant just pillaging the countryside."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "So France was obviously dramatically weakened, but overall, so was Britain. One thing rarely mentioned is the actual human cost of war. As many as a million combatants died in the Seven Years' War, but even that doesn't tell the whole story. In the 18th century, armies usually fed themselves by foraging, which really meant just pillaging the countryside. In Europe, a single Prussian province lost a fifth of its population to pillaging, and in North America, settlers in frontier regions lived in constant fear of raids. And one of the perhaps lesser known outcomes of the war was the systematic deportation of French Acadians from Maine to Louisiana, where they became Cajuns. Meaning that the stars of the television shows Lobster Wars and Swamp Wars are basically the same people."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "In the 18th century, armies usually fed themselves by foraging, which really meant just pillaging the countryside. In Europe, a single Prussian province lost a fifth of its population to pillaging, and in North America, settlers in frontier regions lived in constant fear of raids. And one of the perhaps lesser known outcomes of the war was the systematic deportation of French Acadians from Maine to Louisiana, where they became Cajuns. Meaning that the stars of the television shows Lobster Wars and Swamp Wars are basically the same people. What's that? There's no television show called Swamp Wars? Stan, cancel everything and get me on the phone with the Discovery Channel!"}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Meaning that the stars of the television shows Lobster Wars and Swamp Wars are basically the same people. What's that? There's no television show called Swamp Wars? Stan, cancel everything and get me on the phone with the Discovery Channel! One last thing about wars, they are expensive. In 1756, the British national debt was 75 million pounds. In 1763, it was 133 million pounds."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, cancel everything and get me on the phone with the Discovery Channel! One last thing about wars, they are expensive. In 1756, the British national debt was 75 million pounds. In 1763, it was 133 million pounds. Someone had to pay for this, and the British felt it was only fair that the American colonists should foot the bill. Those taxes, which helped fuel the American Revolution, were a direct result of the Seven Years' War. So in one way, winning the Seven Years' War cost Britain its first empire."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1763, it was 133 million pounds. Someone had to pay for this, and the British felt it was only fair that the American colonists should foot the bill. Those taxes, which helped fuel the American Revolution, were a direct result of the Seven Years' War. So in one way, winning the Seven Years' War cost Britain its first empire. But when we remember that it was a global war, and especially when we think about what happened in India, then the Seven Years' War also begins to look like the beginning of Britain's second and much greater empire. Winning is losing is winning is losing. Such is life, and such is history."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "So in one way, winning the Seven Years' War cost Britain its first empire. But when we remember that it was a global war, and especially when we think about what happened in India, then the Seven Years' War also begins to look like the beginning of Britain's second and much greater empire. Winning is losing is winning is losing. Such is life, and such is history. Thanks for watching. See you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher, Roland Meyer, and myself, and the graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Seven Years War Crash Course World History #26.m4a", "Sentence": "Such is life, and such is history. Thanks for watching. See you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher, Roland Meyer, and myself, and the graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Your Grandpa. If you want to take a guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in the comments, or you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we stay in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But his early life is difficult. His mother dies when he's six. His grandfather, who's taken charge of him, dies when he's eight years old. But he's able to, under the care of his uncle, become a merchant. And at the age of 25, he marries a wealthy merchant widow named Khadijah, who is 15 years his senior. Then we saw at age 40, in 610, while meditating in a mountain outside of Mecca, he receives the first revelations of the Quran, according to Islamic tradition. And he's skeptical of it at first, but he is reassured."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But he's able to, under the care of his uncle, become a merchant. And at the age of 25, he marries a wealthy merchant widow named Khadijah, who is 15 years his senior. Then we saw at age 40, in 610, while meditating in a mountain outside of Mecca, he receives the first revelations of the Quran, according to Islamic tradition. And he's skeptical of it at first, but he is reassured. And then he soon receives many more revelations. And within roughly three years, he starts to preach those revelations. Now, as we mentioned in that last video, what he was preaching did not sit well with his own tribe, those who ruled Mecca, the Quraysh."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he's skeptical of it at first, but he is reassured. And then he soon receives many more revelations. And within roughly three years, he starts to preach those revelations. Now, as we mentioned in that last video, what he was preaching did not sit well with his own tribe, those who ruled Mecca, the Quraysh. He was preaching a monotheistic tradition based on Judaism and Christianity. He was preaching that there is no god but God. But Mecca's power, its economy, was based on people making pilgrimages there to worship the idols at the Kaaba."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, as we mentioned in that last video, what he was preaching did not sit well with his own tribe, those who ruled Mecca, the Quraysh. He was preaching a monotheistic tradition based on Judaism and Christianity. He was preaching that there is no god but God. But Mecca's power, its economy, was based on people making pilgrimages there to worship the idols at the Kaaba. So the Quraysh did not like Muhammad's revelations, and they did not like these early Muslims, and they persecuted them. They killed them, they tortured them. And we saw in 615, the migration of some of Muhammad's followers to Abyssinia, the kingdom of Aksum, modern-day Eritrea in Ethiopia, to escape some of that persecution."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But Mecca's power, its economy, was based on people making pilgrimages there to worship the idols at the Kaaba. So the Quraysh did not like Muhammad's revelations, and they did not like these early Muslims, and they persecuted them. They killed them, they tortured them. And we saw in 615, the migration of some of Muhammad's followers to Abyssinia, the kingdom of Aksum, modern-day Eritrea in Ethiopia, to escape some of that persecution. Things got worse for Muhammad. We saw in that last video the death of his first wife, and up to that point, his only wife. And this is where we start to see a bit of a turning point for Muhammad and his followers."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we saw in 615, the migration of some of Muhammad's followers to Abyssinia, the kingdom of Aksum, modern-day Eritrea in Ethiopia, to escape some of that persecution. Things got worse for Muhammad. We saw in that last video the death of his first wife, and up to that point, his only wife. And this is where we start to see a bit of a turning point for Muhammad and his followers. In 620, and this is according to Muslim traditions, there isn't historical evidence for this, and this is one of the more metaphysical events that we'll talk about in this narrative. But according to the Islamic faith, in 620, Muhammad had a night journey from Mecca to the farthest mosque, which today is believed by many Muslims to be the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which was built later in Jerusalem. So right, right, let me, right over here."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is where we start to see a bit of a turning point for Muhammad and his followers. In 620, and this is according to Muslim traditions, there isn't historical evidence for this, and this is one of the more metaphysical events that we'll talk about in this narrative. But according to the Islamic faith, in 620, Muhammad had a night journey from Mecca to the farthest mosque, which today is believed by many Muslims to be the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which was built later in Jerusalem. So right, right, let me, right over here. So a night journey, according to the Muslim faith, to Jerusalem, where he ascended with Gabriel to the heavens and he conversed with some of the prophets of old. And once again, this is clearly a metaphysical thing, but it's a significant event in the Muslim faith. Now, the Quraysh continued to persecute Muhammad and the early Muslims in Mecca."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So right, right, let me, right over here. So a night journey, according to the Muslim faith, to Jerusalem, where he ascended with Gabriel to the heavens and he conversed with some of the prophets of old. And once again, this is clearly a metaphysical thing, but it's a significant event in the Muslim faith. Now, the Quraysh continued to persecute Muhammad and the early Muslims in Mecca. We have some of them that are now in the kingdom of Aksum. And Muhammad learns that there's a community, a growing community of Muslims in the town of Yathrib who are starting to follow Muhammad or his revelations, and they come to him and they invite him to come to Yathrib because there's actually a lot of fragmentation, there's warring tribes, and they're seeking an outsider to help bring some peace and authority to this place where there is already a burgeoning Muslim community. So in 622, you have the famous migration of Muhammad and his followers to Yathrib, which is renamed Medina, and Medina literally means the city."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the Quraysh continued to persecute Muhammad and the early Muslims in Mecca. We have some of them that are now in the kingdom of Aksum. And Muhammad learns that there's a community, a growing community of Muslims in the town of Yathrib who are starting to follow Muhammad or his revelations, and they come to him and they invite him to come to Yathrib because there's actually a lot of fragmentation, there's warring tribes, and they're seeking an outsider to help bring some peace and authority to this place where there is already a burgeoning Muslim community. So in 622, you have the famous migration of Muhammad and his followers to Yathrib, which is renamed Medina, and Medina literally means the city. And from then on, it really becomes the base of Muhammad and the early Muslims. And Muhammad, once he's in Medina, he is no longer just a prophet. He isn't just continuing to have his revelations, according to Islamic tradition, but he essentially rules over Medina and governs it."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in 622, you have the famous migration of Muhammad and his followers to Yathrib, which is renamed Medina, and Medina literally means the city. And from then on, it really becomes the base of Muhammad and the early Muslims. And Muhammad, once he's in Medina, he is no longer just a prophet. He isn't just continuing to have his revelations, according to Islamic tradition, but he essentially rules over Medina and governs it. So he's starting to become both a political ruler and a spiritual ruler. Now, the Quraysh in Mecca are still not happy because Muhammad is continuing to preach and he's continuing to get more and more followers. And so you start having, at first, a series of skirmishes between the armies of the Quraysh, or the members of the Quraysh, and some of the early Muslims."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He isn't just continuing to have his revelations, according to Islamic tradition, but he essentially rules over Medina and governs it. So he's starting to become both a political ruler and a spiritual ruler. Now, the Quraysh in Mecca are still not happy because Muhammad is continuing to preach and he's continuing to get more and more followers. And so you start having, at first, a series of skirmishes between the armies of the Quraysh, or the members of the Quraysh, and some of the early Muslims. But these skirmishes eventually emerge into full-on conflict. And here are some of the significant battles that occurred between the Quraysh tribe, remember, that's Muhammad's own tribe, and the early Muslims, the early followers of Muhammad and his revelations. So most famously, perhaps, you have the Battle of Badr, because this is the first time that you have a significant confrontation between a very small, you wouldn't even necessarily call this an army, a small group of Muslims, roughly a little over 300, according to Muslim tradition, versus 900, or a little over 900, on the Quraysh side."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you start having, at first, a series of skirmishes between the armies of the Quraysh, or the members of the Quraysh, and some of the early Muslims. But these skirmishes eventually emerge into full-on conflict. And here are some of the significant battles that occurred between the Quraysh tribe, remember, that's Muhammad's own tribe, and the early Muslims, the early followers of Muhammad and his revelations. So most famously, perhaps, you have the Battle of Badr, because this is the first time that you have a significant confrontation between a very small, you wouldn't even necessarily call this an army, a small group of Muslims, roughly a little over 300, according to Muslim tradition, versus 900, or a little over 900, on the Quraysh side. And the Muslims are outnumbered three to one. But this results in a Muslim victory. And so you can imagine, the early Muslims start to see this as a turning tide."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So most famously, perhaps, you have the Battle of Badr, because this is the first time that you have a significant confrontation between a very small, you wouldn't even necessarily call this an army, a small group of Muslims, roughly a little over 300, according to Muslim tradition, versus 900, or a little over 900, on the Quraysh side. And the Muslims are outnumbered three to one. But this results in a Muslim victory. And so you can imagine, the early Muslims start to see this as a turning tide. They were able to defeat the powerful Quraysh tribe. Now, the Quraysh weren't happy with that. And roughly a year later, you have another battle outside of Medina, on Mount Uhud."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you can imagine, the early Muslims start to see this as a turning tide. They were able to defeat the powerful Quraysh tribe. Now, the Quraysh weren't happy with that. And roughly a year later, you have another battle outside of Medina, on Mount Uhud. And once again, the Muslims, which are now larger, but they continue to be outnumbered even more than three to one. This is closer to four to one right over here. And this results in a Quraysh victory."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And roughly a year later, you have another battle outside of Medina, on Mount Uhud. And once again, the Muslims, which are now larger, but they continue to be outnumbered even more than three to one. This is closer to four to one right over here. And this results in a Quraysh victory. This is right over there, outside on the northern side of what is now called Medina. But then a few years later, you have a significant battle, where the Quraysh have built a confederacy, and they wanna end the teachings of Muhammad. They wanna end these Muslims who are threatening, whose preachings are threatening the pilgrimage, the legitimacy of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this results in a Quraysh victory. This is right over there, outside on the northern side of what is now called Medina. But then a few years later, you have a significant battle, where the Quraysh have built a confederacy, and they wanna end the teachings of Muhammad. They wanna end these Muslims who are threatening, whose preachings are threatening the pilgrimage, the legitimacy of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. And so they laid siege to the city of Medina. And as a defensive measure, the Muslims in Medina create a trench around the city. And that's why this is called the Battle of the Trench."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They wanna end these Muslims who are threatening, whose preachings are threatening the pilgrimage, the legitimacy of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. And so they laid siege to the city of Medina. And as a defensive measure, the Muslims in Medina create a trench around the city. And that's why this is called the Battle of the Trench. And once again, according to Islamic tradition, the Muslims are outnumbered three to one. So this is right over here, the Battle of the Trench, in which the Muslims are victorious. And this is a significant blow to the legitimacy, the prestige of the Quraysh tribe."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's why this is called the Battle of the Trench. And once again, according to Islamic tradition, the Muslims are outnumbered three to one. So this is right over here, the Battle of the Trench, in which the Muslims are victorious. And this is a significant blow to the legitimacy, the prestige of the Quraysh tribe. A year later, you have the Treaty of Hudabiyah between the Quraysh and the Muslims. And this is significant because it's starting to put these early Muslims on the same footing as the powerful Quraysh tribe. It has some allowances for the Muslims to make pilgrimages to the Kaaba."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is a significant blow to the legitimacy, the prestige of the Quraysh tribe. A year later, you have the Treaty of Hudabiyah between the Quraysh and the Muslims. And this is significant because it's starting to put these early Muslims on the same footing as the powerful Quraysh tribe. It has some allowances for the Muslims to make pilgrimages to the Kaaba. But then as we go into 630, there's an incident in which one tribe is, kills some members of another tribe. Remember, we're still in a very tribal society. And the other tribe, the one that had some members killed, was aligned, was friendly with the early Muslims."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It has some allowances for the Muslims to make pilgrimages to the Kaaba. But then as we go into 630, there's an incident in which one tribe is, kills some members of another tribe. Remember, we're still in a very tribal society. And the other tribe, the one that had some members killed, was aligned, was friendly with the early Muslims. So the early Muslims did not appreciate this. They sent an ultimatum to the Quraysh. And the Quraysh essentially say, well, you know, that doesn't matter."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the other tribe, the one that had some members killed, was aligned, was friendly with the early Muslims. So the early Muslims did not appreciate this. They sent an ultimatum to the Quraysh. And the Quraysh essentially say, well, you know, that doesn't matter. We don't really take what you have to say seriously. And they take one of the options of the ultimatum, which is making the Treaty of Hudabiyah null and void. So now that the treaty is not there, and once again, this is according to Muslim traditions, which are our main accounts that we have of this time, we then have in 630, 10,000 Muslims, which is a very significant number."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Quraysh essentially say, well, you know, that doesn't matter. We don't really take what you have to say seriously. And they take one of the options of the ultimatum, which is making the Treaty of Hudabiyah null and void. So now that the treaty is not there, and once again, this is according to Muslim traditions, which are our main accounts that we have of this time, we then have in 630, 10,000 Muslims, which is a very significant number. Remember, where six years ago, we're talking about only 300 Muslims in the Battle of Badr. But 10,000 Muslims march on Mecca, and they're able to take the city peacefully. And what this results in is essentially most of the city converting to Islam."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So now that the treaty is not there, and once again, this is according to Muslim traditions, which are our main accounts that we have of this time, we then have in 630, 10,000 Muslims, which is a very significant number. Remember, where six years ago, we're talking about only 300 Muslims in the Battle of Badr. But 10,000 Muslims march on Mecca, and they're able to take the city peacefully. And what this results in is essentially most of the city converting to Islam. And famously, Muhammad goes into the Kaaba and destroys the idols there. And according to Islamic tradition, makes the Kaaba a center of the Muslim faith, and it is even today. Now from that point, the spread of Islam continues."}, {"video_title": "Beginnings of Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what this results in is essentially most of the city converting to Islam. And famously, Muhammad goes into the Kaaba and destroys the idols there. And according to Islamic tradition, makes the Kaaba a center of the Muslim faith, and it is even today. Now from that point, the spread of Islam continues. You have Muhammad and his armies. This green area is essentially what they were able to conquer in the remainder of his life. And he lives for another, he lives, whoops, he lives for another two years after the acceptance of Islam by Mecca."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi there, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about the Silk Road, so-called because it was not a road, and was not made of silk. So this is a t-shirt. It was designed in Belgium and contains cotton from both Brazil and Texas, which was turned into cloth in China, stitched in Haiti, screen-printed in Washington, sold to me in Indiana, and now that I am too fat to wear it, it will soon make its way to Cameroon or Honduras or possibly even back to Haiti. Can we just pause for a moment to consider the astonishing fact that most t-shirts see more of the world than most of us do? Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but t-shirts can't see the world because they don't have eyes. Look me from the past. It's difficult for me to isolate what I hate most about you because there is so much to hate."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Can we just pause for a moment to consider the astonishing fact that most t-shirts see more of the world than most of us do? Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but t-shirts can't see the world because they don't have eyes. Look me from the past. It's difficult for me to isolate what I hate most about you because there is so much to hate. But very near the top is your relentless talent for ignoring everything that is interesting and beautiful about our species in favor of pedantic sniveling in which no one loses or gains anything of value. I'm going to go put on a collared shirt because we're here to tackle the big picture. INTRO So the Silk Road didn't begin trade, but it did radically expand its scope, and the connections that were formed by mostly unknown merchants arguably changed the world more than any political or religious leaders."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "It's difficult for me to isolate what I hate most about you because there is so much to hate. But very near the top is your relentless talent for ignoring everything that is interesting and beautiful about our species in favor of pedantic sniveling in which no one loses or gains anything of value. I'm going to go put on a collared shirt because we're here to tackle the big picture. INTRO So the Silk Road didn't begin trade, but it did radically expand its scope, and the connections that were formed by mostly unknown merchants arguably changed the world more than any political or religious leaders. It was especially cool if you were rich because you finally had something to spend your money on other than temples. But even if you weren't rich, the Silk Road reshaped the lives of everyone living in Africa and Eurasia as we will see today. Let's go straight to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "INTRO So the Silk Road didn't begin trade, but it did radically expand its scope, and the connections that were formed by mostly unknown merchants arguably changed the world more than any political or religious leaders. It was especially cool if you were rich because you finally had something to spend your money on other than temples. But even if you weren't rich, the Silk Road reshaped the lives of everyone living in Africa and Eurasia as we will see today. Let's go straight to the Thought Bubble. As previously mentioned, the Silk Road was not a road. It's not like archaeologists working in Uzbekistan have uncovered a bunch of yield signs and baby on board stickers. It was an overland route where merchants carried goods for trade."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go straight to the Thought Bubble. As previously mentioned, the Silk Road was not a road. It's not like archaeologists working in Uzbekistan have uncovered a bunch of yield signs and baby on board stickers. It was an overland route where merchants carried goods for trade. But it was really two routes, one that connected the eastern Mediterranean to Central Asia and one that went from Central Asia to China. Further complicating things, the Silk Road involved sea routes. Many goods reached Rome via the Mediterranean, and goods from Central Asia found their way across the Pacific to Japan and even Java."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "It was an overland route where merchants carried goods for trade. But it was really two routes, one that connected the eastern Mediterranean to Central Asia and one that went from Central Asia to China. Further complicating things, the Silk Road involved sea routes. Many goods reached Rome via the Mediterranean, and goods from Central Asia found their way across the Pacific to Japan and even Java. So we shouldn't think of the Silk Road as a road, but rather as a network of trade routes. But just as now, the goods traveled more than the people who traded them. Very few traders traversed the entire Silk Road."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Many goods reached Rome via the Mediterranean, and goods from Central Asia found their way across the Pacific to Japan and even Java. So we shouldn't think of the Silk Road as a road, but rather as a network of trade routes. But just as now, the goods traveled more than the people who traded them. Very few traders traversed the entire Silk Road. Instead, they'd move back and forth between towns, selling to traders who'd take the goods further toward their destination, with everybody marking up prices along the way. So what'd they trade? Well, silk, for starters."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Very few traders traversed the entire Silk Road. Instead, they'd move back and forth between towns, selling to traders who'd take the goods further toward their destination, with everybody marking up prices along the way. So what'd they trade? Well, silk, for starters. For millennia, silk was only produced in China. It is spun from the cocoons of mulberry tree-eating worms, and the process of silk making, as well as the techniques for raising the worms, were closely guarded secrets since the lion's share of China's wealth came from silk production. The Chinese used silk as fishing line, to buy off nomadic raiders to keep things peaceful, and to write before they invented paper."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, silk, for starters. For millennia, silk was only produced in China. It is spun from the cocoons of mulberry tree-eating worms, and the process of silk making, as well as the techniques for raising the worms, were closely guarded secrets since the lion's share of China's wealth came from silk production. The Chinese used silk as fishing line, to buy off nomadic raiders to keep things peaceful, and to write before they invented paper. But as an export, silk was mostly used for clothes. Silk clothing feels light in the summer and warm in the winter, and until we invented $700 pre-distress designer jeans, decking yourself out in silk was the number one way to show people that you were wealthy. Thanks, Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "The Chinese used silk as fishing line, to buy off nomadic raiders to keep things peaceful, and to write before they invented paper. But as an export, silk was mostly used for clothes. Silk clothing feels light in the summer and warm in the winter, and until we invented $700 pre-distress designer jeans, decking yourself out in silk was the number one way to show people that you were wealthy. Thanks, Thought Bubble. But the Silk Road wasn't all about silk. The Mediterranean exported such clich\u00e9 goods as olives, olive oil, wine, and mustachioed plumbers. China also exported raw materials like jade, silver, and iron."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. But the Silk Road wasn't all about silk. The Mediterranean exported such clich\u00e9 goods as olives, olive oil, wine, and mustachioed plumbers. China also exported raw materials like jade, silver, and iron. India exported fine cotton textiles. Ivory that originated in East Africa made its way across the Silk Road. And Arabia exported incense and spices and tortoise shells."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "China also exported raw materials like jade, silver, and iron. India exported fine cotton textiles. Ivory that originated in East Africa made its way across the Silk Road. And Arabia exported incense and spices and tortoise shells. Oh god, it's a red one, isn't it? It's just gonna chase me. I just... Ow!"}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "And Arabia exported incense and spices and tortoise shells. Oh god, it's a red one, isn't it? It's just gonna chase me. I just... Ow! Up until now on Crash Course, we've been focused on city-dwelling, civilizational types. But with the growth of the Silk Road, the nomadic peoples of Central Asia suddenly become much more important to world history. Most of Central Asia isn't great for agriculture, but it's difficult to conquer unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "I just... Ow! Up until now on Crash Course, we've been focused on city-dwelling, civilizational types. But with the growth of the Silk Road, the nomadic peoples of Central Asia suddenly become much more important to world history. Most of Central Asia isn't great for agriculture, but it's difficult to conquer unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. It also lends itself fairly well to herding, and since nomads are definitionally good at moving around, they're also good at moving stuff from point A to point B, which makes them good traders. Plus, all their travel made them more resistant to diseases. One group of such nomads, the Yuezhi, were humiliated in battle in the 2nd century BCE by their bitter rivals the Xiongnu, who turned the Yuezhi's king's skull into a drinking cup, in fact."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Most of Central Asia isn't great for agriculture, but it's difficult to conquer unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. It also lends itself fairly well to herding, and since nomads are definitionally good at moving around, they're also good at moving stuff from point A to point B, which makes them good traders. Plus, all their travel made them more resistant to diseases. One group of such nomads, the Yuezhi, were humiliated in battle in the 2nd century BCE by their bitter rivals the Xiongnu, who turned the Yuezhi's king's skull into a drinking cup, in fact. And in the wake of that, the Yuezhi migrated to Bactria and started the Kushan Empire in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. Although Silk Road trading began more than a century before the birth of Jesus, it really took off in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, and the Kushan Empire became a huge hub for that Silk Road trade. By then, nomads were being eclipsed by professional merchants who traveled the Silk Roads, often making huge profits."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "One group of such nomads, the Yuezhi, were humiliated in battle in the 2nd century BCE by their bitter rivals the Xiongnu, who turned the Yuezhi's king's skull into a drinking cup, in fact. And in the wake of that, the Yuezhi migrated to Bactria and started the Kushan Empire in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. Although Silk Road trading began more than a century before the birth of Jesus, it really took off in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, and the Kushan Empire became a huge hub for that Silk Road trade. By then, nomads were being eclipsed by professional merchants who traveled the Silk Roads, often making huge profits. But those cities that had been founded by nomadic peoples became hugely important. They continued to grow because most of the trade on the Silk Road was by caravan, and those caravans had to stop frequently, you know, for like food and water and prostitutes. These towns became fantastically wealthy."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "By then, nomads were being eclipsed by professional merchants who traveled the Silk Roads, often making huge profits. But those cities that had been founded by nomadic peoples became hugely important. They continued to grow because most of the trade on the Silk Road was by caravan, and those caravans had to stop frequently, you know, for like food and water and prostitutes. These towns became fantastically wealthy. One, Palmyra, was particularly important because all of the incense and silk that traveled to Rome had to go through Palmyra. Silk was so popular among the Roman elite that the Roman Senate repeatedly tried to ban it, complaining about trade imbalances caused by the silk trade and also that silk was inadequately modest. To quote Seneca the Younger, I see clothes of silk if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one's decency, can be called clothes."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "These towns became fantastically wealthy. One, Palmyra, was particularly important because all of the incense and silk that traveled to Rome had to go through Palmyra. Silk was so popular among the Roman elite that the Roman Senate repeatedly tried to ban it, complaining about trade imbalances caused by the silk trade and also that silk was inadequately modest. To quote Seneca the Younger, I see clothes of silk if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one's decency, can be called clothes. He also said of the woman who wears silk, Her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife's body. And yet, all attempts to ban silk failed, which speaks to how much, even in the ancient world, wealth shaped governance. And with trade there was a way of becoming wealthy without being a king or a lord who takes part of what your citizens produce."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "To quote Seneca the Younger, I see clothes of silk if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one's decency, can be called clothes. He also said of the woman who wears silk, Her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife's body. And yet, all attempts to ban silk failed, which speaks to how much, even in the ancient world, wealth shaped governance. And with trade there was a way of becoming wealthy without being a king or a lord who takes part of what your citizens produce. The merchant class that grew along with the Silk Road came to have a lot of political clout, and in some ways that began the tension that we still see today between wealth and politics, whether it's, you know, corporations making large donations or Vladimir Putin periodically jailing billionaires. Mr. Putin, I just want to state for the record that I did not mean that in any way. I was... Stan wrote that joke."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "And with trade there was a way of becoming wealthy without being a king or a lord who takes part of what your citizens produce. The merchant class that grew along with the Silk Road came to have a lot of political clout, and in some ways that began the tension that we still see today between wealth and politics, whether it's, you know, corporations making large donations or Vladimir Putin periodically jailing billionaires. Mr. Putin, I just want to state for the record that I did not mean that in any way. I was... Stan wrote that joke. Oh, it's time for the open letter. An open letter to billionaires. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "I was... Stan wrote that joke. Oh, it's time for the open letter. An open letter to billionaires. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's some fake silk. The stuff that put real silk out of business. Dear billionaires, I've wrapped myself in the finest of polyester so that you will take my message seriously."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's some fake silk. The stuff that put real silk out of business. Dear billionaires, I've wrapped myself in the finest of polyester so that you will take my message seriously. Here at Crash Course we've done a lot of research into our demographics, and our show is watched primarily by grammar Nazis, muggle quidditch players, people who have a test tomorrow, and billionaires. And I have a message for you, billionaires. It will never be enough."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Dear billionaires, I've wrapped myself in the finest of polyester so that you will take my message seriously. Here at Crash Course we've done a lot of research into our demographics, and our show is watched primarily by grammar Nazis, muggle quidditch players, people who have a test tomorrow, and billionaires. And I have a message for you, billionaires. It will never be enough. Your relentless yearning is going to kill us all. Best wishes, John Green. Speaking of billionaires, the goods that traveled on the Silk Road really only changed the lives of rich people."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "It will never be enough. Your relentless yearning is going to kill us all. Best wishes, John Green. Speaking of billionaires, the goods that traveled on the Silk Road really only changed the lives of rich people. Did the Silk Road affect the rest of us? Yes, for three reasons. First, wider economic impact, relatively few people could afford silk, but a lot of people devoted their lives to making that silk."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Speaking of billionaires, the goods that traveled on the Silk Road really only changed the lives of rich people. Did the Silk Road affect the rest of us? Yes, for three reasons. First, wider economic impact, relatively few people could afford silk, but a lot of people devoted their lives to making that silk. And as the market for silk grew, more and more people chose to go into silk production rather than doing something else with their lives. Second, the Silk Road didn't just trade luxury goods. In fact, arguably the most important thing traded along the Silk Road?"}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "First, wider economic impact, relatively few people could afford silk, but a lot of people devoted their lives to making that silk. And as the market for silk grew, more and more people chose to go into silk production rather than doing something else with their lives. Second, the Silk Road didn't just trade luxury goods. In fact, arguably the most important thing traded along the Silk Road? Ideas. For example, the Silk Road was the primary route for the spread of Buddhism. When we last saw the Buddha's eightfold path to escaping the cycle of suffering and desire that's inherent to humans, it was beginning to dwindle in India."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, arguably the most important thing traded along the Silk Road? Ideas. For example, the Silk Road was the primary route for the spread of Buddhism. When we last saw the Buddha's eightfold path to escaping the cycle of suffering and desire that's inherent to humans, it was beginning to dwindle in India. But through contacts with other cultures and traditions, Buddhism grew and flourished and became one of the great religious traditions of the world. The variation of Buddhism that took root in China, Korea, Japan, and Central Asia is known as Mahayana Buddhism. And it differed from the original teachings of the Buddha in many ways, but one that was fundamental."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "When we last saw the Buddha's eightfold path to escaping the cycle of suffering and desire that's inherent to humans, it was beginning to dwindle in India. But through contacts with other cultures and traditions, Buddhism grew and flourished and became one of the great religious traditions of the world. The variation of Buddhism that took root in China, Korea, Japan, and Central Asia is known as Mahayana Buddhism. And it differed from the original teachings of the Buddha in many ways, but one that was fundamental. For Mahayana Buddhists, the Buddha was divine. I mean, we can, and religious historians do, fight over the exact definition of divine. But in Mahayana Buddhism, there's no question that the Buddha is venerated to a greater degree."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "And it differed from the original teachings of the Buddha in many ways, but one that was fundamental. For Mahayana Buddhists, the Buddha was divine. I mean, we can, and religious historians do, fight over the exact definition of divine. But in Mahayana Buddhism, there's no question that the Buddha is venerated to a greater degree. The idea of nirvana also transformed from a release from that cycle of suffering and desire to something much more heavenly and, frankly, more fun. And in some versions of Mahayana Buddhism, there are lots of different heavens, each more awesome than the last. Rather than focusing on the fundamental fact of suffering, Mahayana Buddhism offered the hope that through worship of the Buddha, or one of the many bodhisattvas, holy people who could have achieved nirvana but chose to hang out on Earth with us because they're super nice, one could attain a good afterlife."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "But in Mahayana Buddhism, there's no question that the Buddha is venerated to a greater degree. The idea of nirvana also transformed from a release from that cycle of suffering and desire to something much more heavenly and, frankly, more fun. And in some versions of Mahayana Buddhism, there are lots of different heavens, each more awesome than the last. Rather than focusing on the fundamental fact of suffering, Mahayana Buddhism offered the hope that through worship of the Buddha, or one of the many bodhisattvas, holy people who could have achieved nirvana but chose to hang out on Earth with us because they're super nice, one could attain a good afterlife. Many merchants on the Silk Road became strong supporters of monasteries, which in turn became convenient way stations for caravans. And by endowing the monasteries, rich merchants were buying a form of supernatural insurance. Monks who lived in the monasteries would pray for the success of trade missions and the health of their patrons."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Rather than focusing on the fundamental fact of suffering, Mahayana Buddhism offered the hope that through worship of the Buddha, or one of the many bodhisattvas, holy people who could have achieved nirvana but chose to hang out on Earth with us because they're super nice, one could attain a good afterlife. Many merchants on the Silk Road became strong supporters of monasteries, which in turn became convenient way stations for caravans. And by endowing the monasteries, rich merchants were buying a form of supernatural insurance. Monks who lived in the monasteries would pray for the success of trade missions and the health of their patrons. It was win-win, especially when you consider that one of the central materials used in Mahayana Buddhist rituals is silk. And a third reason the Silk Road changed all our lives, worldwide interconnectedness of populations led to the spread of disease. Measles and smallpox traveled along it, as did bubonic plague, which came from the east to the west in 534, 750, and most devastatingly in 1346."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Monks who lived in the monasteries would pray for the success of trade missions and the health of their patrons. It was win-win, especially when you consider that one of the central materials used in Mahayana Buddhist rituals is silk. And a third reason the Silk Road changed all our lives, worldwide interconnectedness of populations led to the spread of disease. Measles and smallpox traveled along it, as did bubonic plague, which came from the east to the west in 534, 750, and most devastatingly in 1346. This last plague, known as the Black Death, resulted in the largest population decimation in human history, with nearly half of Europeans dying in a four-year period. A sizable majority of people living in Italy died, as did two-thirds of Londoners. And it quite possibly wouldn't have happened without the Silk Road."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Measles and smallpox traveled along it, as did bubonic plague, which came from the east to the west in 534, 750, and most devastatingly in 1346. This last plague, known as the Black Death, resulted in the largest population decimation in human history, with nearly half of Europeans dying in a four-year period. A sizable majority of people living in Italy died, as did two-thirds of Londoners. And it quite possibly wouldn't have happened without the Silk Road. If you were living in London in the 14th century, you probably didn't blame the Silk Road trade for your community's devastation. But it played a role. If you look at it that way, the interconnectedness fostered by the Silk Road affected way, way more people than just those rich enough to buy silk, just as today's globalization offers both promise and threat to each of us."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "And it quite possibly wouldn't have happened without the Silk Road. If you were living in London in the 14th century, you probably didn't blame the Silk Road trade for your community's devastation. But it played a role. If you look at it that way, the interconnectedness fostered by the Silk Road affected way, way more people than just those rich enough to buy silk, just as today's globalization offers both promise and threat to each of us. Next week, we'll talk about Julius Caesar and in what situation, if any, it's okay to stab your friend in the gut. Until then, thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "If you look at it that way, the interconnectedness fostered by the Silk Road affected way, way more people than just those rich enough to buy silk, just as today's globalization offers both promise and threat to each of us. Next week, we'll talk about Julius Caesar and in what situation, if any, it's okay to stab your friend in the gut. Until then, thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. And the show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. And the show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Kim Kardashian. If you didn't like it, suggest better Phrases of the Week in comments. Every week I take one of your suggestions and find a way to squeeze it into the new episode."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "And the show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Kim Kardashian. If you didn't like it, suggest better Phrases of the Week in comments. Every week I take one of your suggestions and find a way to squeeze it into the new episode. If you liked today's episode of Crash Course, please click the like button and consider sharing the show with your friends. You can also follow us on Twitter, at The Crash Course, or on Facebook, links below. Raoul also has a Twitter where he tweets Crash Course pop quizzes, as do I."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Every week I take one of your suggestions and find a way to squeeze it into the new episode. If you liked today's episode of Crash Course, please click the like button and consider sharing the show with your friends. You can also follow us on Twitter, at The Crash Course, or on Facebook, links below. Raoul also has a Twitter where he tweets Crash Course pop quizzes, as do I. All of those links can be found below. Also, the beloved and I promise not fictitious Stan has agreed to start tweeting, so that's exciting. Thanks for watching and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "The Silk Road and Ancient Trade Crash Course World History #9.m4a", "Sentence": "Raoul also has a Twitter where he tweets Crash Course pop quizzes, as do I. All of those links can be found below. Also, the beloved and I promise not fictitious Stan has agreed to start tweeting, so that's exciting. Thanks for watching and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Oh hey, remember that Mongol shirt from the beginning of the episode? In addition to being a joke, it's a shirt. So many of you requested Mongol shirts that we are giving them to you."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "We haven't talked about Russia much so far because 1. It's complicated and 2. I actually speak Russian a little bit because I had some Russian in college and that makes it difficult to mispronounce things, which is my thing. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, why'd you take Russian? Well, because I had this big crush on a Russian major. But anyway, I'm sure I'll still mispronounce everything. So today we're going to talk about persistent stereotypes about Russia and how Russia came to take its current shape, a turn of events we owe largely to the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green, Mr. Green, why'd you take Russian? Well, because I had this big crush on a Russian major. But anyway, I'm sure I'll still mispronounce everything. So today we're going to talk about persistent stereotypes about Russia and how Russia came to take its current shape, a turn of events we owe largely to the Mongols. But before we talk about the Mongol conquest of Russia, let's discuss exactly what got conquered. So before there was a Russian empire or even a Russian kingdom, there was the Kievan Rus. We know Kiev was a powerful city-state, but who exactly founded it is a subject of debate."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "So today we're going to talk about persistent stereotypes about Russia and how Russia came to take its current shape, a turn of events we owe largely to the Mongols. But before we talk about the Mongol conquest of Russia, let's discuss exactly what got conquered. So before there was a Russian empire or even a Russian kingdom, there was the Kievan Rus. We know Kiev was a powerful city-state, but who exactly founded it is a subject of debate. Most historians now believe that the settlers of Kiev were Slavic people who migrated from around the Black Sea, but there's an older theory that the settlers of Kiev were actually like Vikings. That theory goes that Vikings came down to Kiev from rivers like the Dnieper and founded a trading outpost similar to ones they founded in Iceland and Greenland. Which is an awesome idea and everything, but Russian, the language that developed from what the Rus spoke, sounds a lot more Slavic than it sounds, you know, Swedish."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "We know Kiev was a powerful city-state, but who exactly founded it is a subject of debate. Most historians now believe that the settlers of Kiev were Slavic people who migrated from around the Black Sea, but there's an older theory that the settlers of Kiev were actually like Vikings. That theory goes that Vikings came down to Kiev from rivers like the Dnieper and founded a trading outpost similar to ones they founded in Iceland and Greenland. Which is an awesome idea and everything, but Russian, the language that developed from what the Rus spoke, sounds a lot more Slavic than it sounds, you know, Swedish. To illustrate, here is a Swede fighting a Russian over who founded Kiev. Kiev was founded by the Slavic ancestors of Russia. No, of course Kiev was founded by the Swedes."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Which is an awesome idea and everything, but Russian, the language that developed from what the Rus spoke, sounds a lot more Slavic than it sounds, you know, Swedish. To illustrate, here is a Swede fighting a Russian over who founded Kiev. Kiev was founded by the Slavic ancestors of Russia. No, of course Kiev was founded by the Swedes. Right. Okay, so trade was hugely important to Kiev. Almost all of their wars ended with trade concession treaties, and their law codes were unusually devoted to the subject of commerce."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "No, of course Kiev was founded by the Swedes. Right. Okay, so trade was hugely important to Kiev. Almost all of their wars ended with trade concession treaties, and their law codes were unusually devoted to the subject of commerce. The Rus traded raw materials like fur, wax, and also slaves. We're not going to venture into the astonishingly intense etymological debate over whether the word Slav derives from the Latin word for slave, because there is nothing more terrifying and verbose than an etymologist's flame war. But yeah, the Rus traded slaves."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Almost all of their wars ended with trade concession treaties, and their law codes were unusually devoted to the subject of commerce. The Rus traded raw materials like fur, wax, and also slaves. We're not going to venture into the astonishingly intense etymological debate over whether the word Slav derives from the Latin word for slave, because there is nothing more terrifying and verbose than an etymologist's flame war. But yeah, the Rus traded slaves. They also relied upon agriculture, and your relationship to the land determined both your social status and your tax burden. And if you ever fell into tax debt, which a lot of peasants did, then you became bonded to the land you farmed for the rest of your life. I guess that slave-like dynamic is okay as a model for social organization, but if you step on the proletariat for too long, you might end up with a communist revolution."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "But yeah, the Rus traded slaves. They also relied upon agriculture, and your relationship to the land determined both your social status and your tax burden. And if you ever fell into tax debt, which a lot of peasants did, then you became bonded to the land you farmed for the rest of your life. I guess that slave-like dynamic is okay as a model for social organization, but if you step on the proletariat for too long, you might end up with a communist revolution. But I'm getting way ahead of myself. Couple more things about Kiev. First, the ruler of Kiev was called the Grand Prince, and he became the model for future Russian kings."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "I guess that slave-like dynamic is okay as a model for social organization, but if you step on the proletariat for too long, you might end up with a communist revolution. But I'm getting way ahead of myself. Couple more things about Kiev. First, the ruler of Kiev was called the Grand Prince, and he became the model for future Russian kings. Also, the early Grand Princes made a fateful decision. They became Byzantine Christians. According to legend, Prince Vladimir chose to convert the Rus to Byzantine Christianity in the 11th century."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "First, the ruler of Kiev was called the Grand Prince, and he became the model for future Russian kings. Also, the early Grand Princes made a fateful decision. They became Byzantine Christians. According to legend, Prince Vladimir chose to convert the Rus to Byzantine Christianity in the 11th century. He purportedly chose Christianity over Islam because of Islam's prohibition on alcohol, saying, Drink is the joy of the Russian. Anyway, the Kievian Rus eventually fell in 1240, when these guys showed up and replaced them. After that, they'd been at war with pastoral nomads for centuries, from the Khazars to the Pechenegs to the Cumans, and they were tired."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "According to legend, Prince Vladimir chose to convert the Rus to Byzantine Christianity in the 11th century. He purportedly chose Christianity over Islam because of Islam's prohibition on alcohol, saying, Drink is the joy of the Russian. Anyway, the Kievian Rus eventually fell in 1240, when these guys showed up and replaced them. After that, they'd been at war with pastoral nomads for centuries, from the Khazars to the Pechenegs to the Cumans, and they were tired. Which made them easy targets. The period of Mongol rule over Russia is also known as Apennage Russia. And Apennage is a princedom, and this period basically featured a bunch of Russian princes vying for control over territory, which is not a recipe for political stability or economic growth, another theme that will re-emerge in Russian history."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "After that, they'd been at war with pastoral nomads for centuries, from the Khazars to the Pechenegs to the Cumans, and they were tired. Which made them easy targets. The period of Mongol rule over Russia is also known as Apennage Russia. And Apennage is a princedom, and this period basically featured a bunch of Russian princes vying for control over territory, which is not a recipe for political stability or economic growth, another theme that will re-emerge in Russian history. By the way, I'm describing all of this as Russia, even though if you did that in the 13th century, people would look at you funny. They'd be all like, what do you mean Russia? Also, where'd you get those pants?"}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "And Apennage is a princedom, and this period basically featured a bunch of Russian princes vying for control over territory, which is not a recipe for political stability or economic growth, another theme that will re-emerge in Russian history. By the way, I'm describing all of this as Russia, even though if you did that in the 13th century, people would look at you funny. They'd be all like, what do you mean Russia? Also, where'd you get those pants? And all those teeth? Mmm, you smell pretty. Right, so to discuss how important the Mongols were to Russia, let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, where'd you get those pants? And all those teeth? Mmm, you smell pretty. Right, so to discuss how important the Mongols were to Russia, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Mongols did set up the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia, but it didn't leave much lasting impact on the institutions of the region, which had already been set up by the Kievans. But they did bring about a population shift, away from the south, where Kiev was, toward the northeast. This was partly to get away from the Mongols and their massacring, but that noted, the Mongols were comparatively light rulers."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, so to discuss how important the Mongols were to Russia, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Mongols did set up the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia, but it didn't leave much lasting impact on the institutions of the region, which had already been set up by the Kievans. But they did bring about a population shift, away from the south, where Kiev was, toward the northeast. This was partly to get away from the Mongols and their massacring, but that noted, the Mongols were comparatively light rulers. They were happy to live in their yurts and collect tribute from the ever-bickering Russian princes, and all the princes had to do in exchange for their relative freedom was recognize the Mongol khans as their rulers and allow the Mongols to pick the Grand Prince from among the Russians. Perhaps most importantly, Mongol rule cut the Russians off from the Byzantines and further isolated them from Europe, leaving Russia not Byzantine, not European, and not really Mongol either, since they hated the Mongols and generally believed that the Mongols were a scourge sent from God to punish them for their sinfulness and everything. But the Mongols did help propel Moscow to prominence, and in doing so, created the idea that this was Russia."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "This was partly to get away from the Mongols and their massacring, but that noted, the Mongols were comparatively light rulers. They were happy to live in their yurts and collect tribute from the ever-bickering Russian princes, and all the princes had to do in exchange for their relative freedom was recognize the Mongol khans as their rulers and allow the Mongols to pick the Grand Prince from among the Russians. Perhaps most importantly, Mongol rule cut the Russians off from the Byzantines and further isolated them from Europe, leaving Russia not Byzantine, not European, and not really Mongol either, since they hated the Mongols and generally believed that the Mongols were a scourge sent from God to punish them for their sinfulness and everything. But the Mongols did help propel Moscow to prominence, and in doing so, created the idea that this was Russia. And as an aside, they also did what Napoleon, Hitler, and many others couldn't. The Mongols successfully conquered Russia in the winter. Thanks, Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Mongols did help propel Moscow to prominence, and in doing so, created the idea that this was Russia. And as an aside, they also did what Napoleon, Hitler, and many others couldn't. The Mongols successfully conquered Russia in the winter. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So how did the Mongols help catapult Moscow and its princes to prominence? Well, first, they named Muscovite princes the Grand Prince on more than one occasion. More importantly, the Muscovite princes won, that is to say, purchased, the right to collect tribute on behalf of the Khan from other princes."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. So how did the Mongols help catapult Moscow and its princes to prominence? Well, first, they named Muscovite princes the Grand Prince on more than one occasion. More importantly, the Muscovite princes won, that is to say, purchased, the right to collect tribute on behalf of the Khan from other princes. That's a good gig, because it's easy to skim a little bit off the top before you send it down the line to the Mongols. Which is precisely what the Muscovite princes did to enrich themselves. One prince who was particularly good at this was known as Ivan Kalita, using my Russian I can tell you that that translates to Johnny Moneybags."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "More importantly, the Muscovite princes won, that is to say, purchased, the right to collect tribute on behalf of the Khan from other princes. That's a good gig, because it's easy to skim a little bit off the top before you send it down the line to the Mongols. Which is precisely what the Muscovite princes did to enrich themselves. One prince who was particularly good at this was known as Ivan Kalita, using my Russian I can tell you that that translates to Johnny Moneybags. As my Russian professor would tell you, I'm a creative translator. All this loot helped Moscow expand their influence and buy up principalities. The Mongols also helped them more directly by attacking their enemies."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "One prince who was particularly good at this was known as Ivan Kalita, using my Russian I can tell you that that translates to Johnny Moneybags. As my Russian professor would tell you, I'm a creative translator. All this loot helped Moscow expand their influence and buy up principalities. The Mongols also helped them more directly by attacking their enemies. Plus, Moscow was at the headwaters of four rivers, which made it well positioned for trade. And because they were kind of the allies of the Mongols, the Mongols rarely attacked them, which meant that lots of people went to Moscow because it was relatively safe, including churchy people. And in fact, Moscow became the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1325, when the metropolitan Peter moved there."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "The Mongols also helped them more directly by attacking their enemies. Plus, Moscow was at the headwaters of four rivers, which made it well positioned for trade. And because they were kind of the allies of the Mongols, the Mongols rarely attacked them, which meant that lots of people went to Moscow because it was relatively safe, including churchy people. And in fact, Moscow became the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1325, when the metropolitan Peter moved there. So you might think that the Muscovites would be grateful for all of this help from the Mongols. But you would be wrong. In fact, as the Mongols' position weakened in Russia in the latter half of the 14th century, one of Moscow's princes, Dmitry Donskoy, made war on them and inflicted the first major defeat of Mongols in Russia at the Battle of Kulikovo Field."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "And in fact, Moscow became the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1325, when the metropolitan Peter moved there. So you might think that the Muscovites would be grateful for all of this help from the Mongols. But you would be wrong. In fact, as the Mongols' position weakened in Russia in the latter half of the 14th century, one of Moscow's princes, Dmitry Donskoy, made war on them and inflicted the first major defeat of Mongols in Russia at the Battle of Kulikovo Field. This showed that the Mongols weren't invincible, which is always really bad for an imperial force. Plus, it made Moscow look like the hero of the Russians. And that helped strengthen the idea of a unified Russia, just as you'll remember the Persians helped unify the Greeks a long time ago."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, as the Mongols' position weakened in Russia in the latter half of the 14th century, one of Moscow's princes, Dmitry Donskoy, made war on them and inflicted the first major defeat of Mongols in Russia at the Battle of Kulikovo Field. This showed that the Mongols weren't invincible, which is always really bad for an imperial force. Plus, it made Moscow look like the hero of the Russians. And that helped strengthen the idea of a unified Russia, just as you'll remember the Persians helped unify the Greeks a long time ago. Aiding this growth was stability, which Moscow owed largely to luck. Muscovite princes usually had sons, which allowed them to have successors. In fact, there was only one major succession struggle, and it was between two blind guys named Basil."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "And that helped strengthen the idea of a unified Russia, just as you'll remember the Persians helped unify the Greeks a long time ago. Aiding this growth was stability, which Moscow owed largely to luck. Muscovite princes usually had sons, which allowed them to have successors. In fact, there was only one major succession struggle, and it was between two blind guys named Basil. That's not a joke, by the way. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Basil and Basil."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, there was only one major succession struggle, and it was between two blind guys named Basil. That's not a joke, by the way. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Basil and Basil. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's grislor. Yeah, I guess that is kind of how the Russians saw the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to Basil and Basil. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's grislor. Yeah, I guess that is kind of how the Russians saw the Mongols. Dear Basils, the 15th century Muscovite Civil War was insanely complicated, but it culminated with you guys essentially blinding each other. First, Basil II, the eventual winner of the Civil War, had Basil the Cross-Eyed blinded \u2013 because being cross-eyed wasn't bad enough \u2013 and that was seen as the end of the political career of Basil the Cross-Eyed. But then Basil the Cross-Eyed's brother tracked down Basil II and he was like, I'm gonna blind you back!"}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, I guess that is kind of how the Russians saw the Mongols. Dear Basils, the 15th century Muscovite Civil War was insanely complicated, but it culminated with you guys essentially blinding each other. First, Basil II, the eventual winner of the Civil War, had Basil the Cross-Eyed blinded \u2013 because being cross-eyed wasn't bad enough \u2013 and that was seen as the end of the political career of Basil the Cross-Eyed. But then Basil the Cross-Eyed's brother tracked down Basil II and he was like, I'm gonna blind you back! And of course, everybody thought that would end Basil II's political career, but they were wrong. It turns out you can rule Russia like a boss, even if you're blind. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "But then Basil the Cross-Eyed's brother tracked down Basil II and he was like, I'm gonna blind you back! And of course, everybody thought that would end Basil II's political career, but they were wrong. It turns out you can rule Russia like a boss, even if you're blind. Best wishes, John Green. After Basil the Blind came the real man who expanded Moscow's power, Ivan III, later known as Ivan the Great. First, he asserted Russian independence from the Mongols and stopped paying tribute to the Khan, after the Khan had named him Grand Prince, of course. Then, Ivan purchased, negotiated for, or conquered multiple appendages, thus expanding Muscovite power even more."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. After Basil the Blind came the real man who expanded Moscow's power, Ivan III, later known as Ivan the Great. First, he asserted Russian independence from the Mongols and stopped paying tribute to the Khan, after the Khan had named him Grand Prince, of course. Then, Ivan purchased, negotiated for, or conquered multiple appendages, thus expanding Muscovite power even more. Ivan later declared himself sovereign over all Russians and then married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, thus giving him even more legitimacy. And he took the titles autocrat and czar, which means Caesar. Basically, Ivan created the first centralized Russian state, and for doing that, he probably deserves the title the Great."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Then, Ivan purchased, negotiated for, or conquered multiple appendages, thus expanding Muscovite power even more. Ivan later declared himself sovereign over all Russians and then married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, thus giving him even more legitimacy. And he took the titles autocrat and czar, which means Caesar. Basically, Ivan created the first centralized Russian state, and for doing that, he probably deserves the title the Great. And that would be a great place to stop, except then we wouldn't see the kind of absolute rule that characterized Russia for most of the rest of its history, even unto Putin. Oh, I'm just kidding, Putin! You would never rig an election!"}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Basically, Ivan created the first centralized Russian state, and for doing that, he probably deserves the title the Great. And that would be a great place to stop, except then we wouldn't see the kind of absolute rule that characterized Russia for most of the rest of its history, even unto Putin. Oh, I'm just kidding, Putin! You would never rig an election! No, I don't, don't, please don't put me in jail! While Ivan III consolidated Muscovite power, the undeniably brutal streak in Russian governance comes not from the Mongols, but from Ivan IV. Better known as Ivan the Terrible."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "You would never rig an election! No, I don't, don't, please don't put me in jail! While Ivan III consolidated Muscovite power, the undeniably brutal streak in Russian governance comes not from the Mongols, but from Ivan IV. Better known as Ivan the Terrible. Ivan the Terrible ruled from 1533 to 1584, taking the throne at the age of 16. Yet more evidence that adolescents should not be trusted with emerging empires. Ivan the Terrible's reign represents the end of princely power and the beginning of the autocracy that Russia is famous for."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Better known as Ivan the Terrible. Ivan the Terrible ruled from 1533 to 1584, taking the throne at the age of 16. Yet more evidence that adolescents should not be trusted with emerging empires. Ivan the Terrible's reign represents the end of princely power and the beginning of the autocracy that Russia is famous for. But in the beginning, he was really an innovative leader. As a young king, he worked with a group of advisors called the Chosen Council, which certainly sounds like a good thing. He also called the very first meeting of the Zemsky Sabor a grand council of representatives similar to the Estates General that would become so important in France 200 years later."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Ivan the Terrible's reign represents the end of princely power and the beginning of the autocracy that Russia is famous for. But in the beginning, he was really an innovative leader. As a young king, he worked with a group of advisors called the Chosen Council, which certainly sounds like a good thing. He also called the very first meeting of the Zemsky Sabor a grand council of representatives similar to the Estates General that would become so important in France 200 years later. And he reformed the army, emphasizing the new technology of muskets. But in the second part of his reign, Ivan earned his nickname the Terrible, which can mean either bad or just awe-inspiring, depending on your perspective. Psychological historians will point out that things started to go terribly wrong with Ivan after the death of his beloved wife, Anastasia Romanov, or they might point to the fact that he enjoyed torturing animals when he was a kid."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "He also called the very first meeting of the Zemsky Sabor a grand council of representatives similar to the Estates General that would become so important in France 200 years later. And he reformed the army, emphasizing the new technology of muskets. But in the second part of his reign, Ivan earned his nickname the Terrible, which can mean either bad or just awe-inspiring, depending on your perspective. Psychological historians will point out that things started to go terribly wrong with Ivan after the death of his beloved wife, Anastasia Romanov, or they might point to the fact that he enjoyed torturing animals when he was a kid. Regardless, Ivan set out to break the power of the nobility, the former princes and landowners, called the Boyars. They were the last link to princely rule, and after an odd episode that saw him briefly abdicate, Ivan returned to Moscow and declared that he had the right to punish all traitors and evildoers. To help him in this effort, Ivan created the Oprechniki, a corps of secret police who rode around on black horses wearing all black, whose job it was to hunt down and destroy any enemies of the Tsar."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Psychological historians will point out that things started to go terribly wrong with Ivan after the death of his beloved wife, Anastasia Romanov, or they might point to the fact that he enjoyed torturing animals when he was a kid. Regardless, Ivan set out to break the power of the nobility, the former princes and landowners, called the Boyars. They were the last link to princely rule, and after an odd episode that saw him briefly abdicate, Ivan returned to Moscow and declared that he had the right to punish all traitors and evildoers. To help him in this effort, Ivan created the Oprechniki, a corps of secret police who rode around on black horses wearing all black, whose job it was to hunt down and destroy any enemies of the Tsar. See also Nazgul and Dementors. So this was the first of Russia's purges, and over the latter half of Ivan's reign, whole towns were destroyed. It was in effect a civil war, except with no resistance."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "To help him in this effort, Ivan created the Oprechniki, a corps of secret police who rode around on black horses wearing all black, whose job it was to hunt down and destroy any enemies of the Tsar. See also Nazgul and Dementors. So this was the first of Russia's purges, and over the latter half of Ivan's reign, whole towns were destroyed. It was in effect a civil war, except with no resistance. One historian called it a civil massacre. In the end, Ivan the Terrible established absolute control of the Tsar over all the Russian people, but he also set the precedent of accomplishing this through terror, secret police, and the suspension of law. And that would echo through the ages of Russian history."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "It was in effect a civil war, except with no resistance. One historian called it a civil massacre. In the end, Ivan the Terrible established absolute control of the Tsar over all the Russian people, but he also set the precedent of accomplishing this through terror, secret police, and the suspension of law. And that would echo through the ages of Russian history. I mean, until Vladimir Putin heroically put an end to it. His little eyes. They're scary."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "And that would echo through the ages of Russian history. I mean, until Vladimir Putin heroically put an end to it. His little eyes. They're scary. So hence the stereotype of Russian brutality and barbarism, but here's the truth. The rest of Europe also knew a lot about brutality and secret police forces. For centuries, Russia was seen by Western Europe as both European and not."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "They're scary. So hence the stereotype of Russian brutality and barbarism, but here's the truth. The rest of Europe also knew a lot about brutality and secret police forces. For centuries, Russia was seen by Western Europe as both European and not. An other that was to be doubly feared because it wasn't fully other. And when we think of all these historical stereotypes about Russia, it's worth remembering that what you see as barbaric about others is often what they see as barbaric about you. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "For centuries, Russia was seen by Western Europe as both European and not. An other that was to be doubly feared because it wasn't fully other. And when we think of all these historical stereotypes about Russia, it's worth remembering that what you see as barbaric about others is often what they see as barbaric about you. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols Crash Course World History #20.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, Nobody's business but the Turks. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, or you can also ask questions related to today's video that will be answered by our team of historians."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, Mr. Green, capitalism just turns men into wolves. Your purportedly free markets only make slaves of us all. Oh God, Stan, it's me from college. Me from the past has become me from college. This is a disaster. The reason he's so unbearable, Stan, is that he refuses to recognize the legitimacy of other people's narratives, and that means that he will never, ever be able to have a productive conversation with another human in his entire life. So listen, me from the past, I'm going to disappoint you by being too capitalist, and I'm going to disappoint a lot of other people by not being capitalist enough, and I'm going to disappoint the historians by not using enough jargon."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Me from the past has become me from college. This is a disaster. The reason he's so unbearable, Stan, is that he refuses to recognize the legitimacy of other people's narratives, and that means that he will never, ever be able to have a productive conversation with another human in his entire life. So listen, me from the past, I'm going to disappoint you by being too capitalist, and I'm going to disappoint a lot of other people by not being capitalist enough, and I'm going to disappoint the historians by not using enough jargon. But what can I do? We only have 12 minutes. Fortunately, capitalism is all about efficiency, so let's do this, me from college."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "So listen, me from the past, I'm going to disappoint you by being too capitalist, and I'm going to disappoint a lot of other people by not being capitalist enough, and I'm going to disappoint the historians by not using enough jargon. But what can I do? We only have 12 minutes. Fortunately, capitalism is all about efficiency, so let's do this, me from college. Randy Riggs becomes a best-selling author, Josh Radner stars in a great sitcom, it is not going to work out with Emily, and do not go to Alaska with a girl you've known for 10 days. Okay, let's talk capitalism. Intro So capitalism is an economic system, but it's also a cultural system."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Fortunately, capitalism is all about efficiency, so let's do this, me from college. Randy Riggs becomes a best-selling author, Josh Radner stars in a great sitcom, it is not going to work out with Emily, and do not go to Alaska with a girl you've known for 10 days. Okay, let's talk capitalism. Intro So capitalism is an economic system, but it's also a cultural system. It's characterized by innovation and investment to increase wealth, but today we're going to focus on production and how industrial capitalism changed it. Stan, I can't wear these emblems of the bourgeoisie while Karl Marx himself is looking at me, it's ridiculous. I'm changing."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Intro So capitalism is an economic system, but it's also a cultural system. It's characterized by innovation and investment to increase wealth, but today we're going to focus on production and how industrial capitalism changed it. Stan, I can't wear these emblems of the bourgeoisie while Karl Marx himself is looking at me, it's ridiculous. I'm changing. Very hard to take off a shirt dramatically. So let's say it's 1200 CE and you're a rug merchant. Just like merchants today, you sometimes need to borrow money in order to buy the rugs you want to resell at a profit, and then you pay that money back, often with interest, once you've resold the rugs."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm changing. Very hard to take off a shirt dramatically. So let's say it's 1200 CE and you're a rug merchant. Just like merchants today, you sometimes need to borrow money in order to buy the rugs you want to resell at a profit, and then you pay that money back, often with interest, once you've resold the rugs. This is called mercantile capitalism, and it was a global phenomenon, from the Chinese to the Indian Ocean Trade Network, to Muslim merchants who would sponsor trade caravans across the Sahara. But by the 17th century, merchants in the Netherlands and in Britain had expanded upon this idea to create joint stock companies. Those companies could finance bigger trade missions and also spread the risk of international trade."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Just like merchants today, you sometimes need to borrow money in order to buy the rugs you want to resell at a profit, and then you pay that money back, often with interest, once you've resold the rugs. This is called mercantile capitalism, and it was a global phenomenon, from the Chinese to the Indian Ocean Trade Network, to Muslim merchants who would sponsor trade caravans across the Sahara. But by the 17th century, merchants in the Netherlands and in Britain had expanded upon this idea to create joint stock companies. Those companies could finance bigger trade missions and also spread the risk of international trade. But the thing about international trade is sometimes boats sink or they get taken by pirates, and while that's bad if you're a sailor because, you know, you lose your life, it's really bad if you're a mercantile capitalist because you lost all your money. But if you own one-tenth of ten boats, your risk is much better managed. That kind of investment definitely increased wealth, but it only affected a sliver of the population, and it didn't create a culture of capitalism."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Those companies could finance bigger trade missions and also spread the risk of international trade. But the thing about international trade is sometimes boats sink or they get taken by pirates, and while that's bad if you're a sailor because, you know, you lose your life, it's really bad if you're a mercantile capitalist because you lost all your money. But if you own one-tenth of ten boats, your risk is much better managed. That kind of investment definitely increased wealth, but it only affected a sliver of the population, and it didn't create a culture of capitalism. Industrial capitalism was something altogether different, both in scale and in practice. Let's use Joyce Appleby's definition of industrial capitalism, an economic system that relies on investment of capital in machines and technology that are used to increase production of marketable goods. So imagine that someone made a Stan machine."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "That kind of investment definitely increased wealth, but it only affected a sliver of the population, and it didn't create a culture of capitalism. Industrial capitalism was something altogether different, both in scale and in practice. Let's use Joyce Appleby's definition of industrial capitalism, an economic system that relies on investment of capital in machines and technology that are used to increase production of marketable goods. So imagine that someone made a Stan machine. By the way, Stan, this is a remarkable likeness. And that Stan machine could produce and direct ten times more episodes of Crash Course than a human Stan. Well, of course, even if there are significant upfront costs, I'm going to invest in a Stan machine so I can start cranking out ten times the knowledge."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "So imagine that someone made a Stan machine. By the way, Stan, this is a remarkable likeness. And that Stan machine could produce and direct ten times more episodes of Crash Course than a human Stan. Well, of course, even if there are significant upfront costs, I'm going to invest in a Stan machine so I can start cranking out ten times the knowledge. Stan, are you focusing on the robot instead of me? I am the star of the show! Stan, bud, you're going behind the globe."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, of course, even if there are significant upfront costs, I'm going to invest in a Stan machine so I can start cranking out ten times the knowledge. Stan, are you focusing on the robot instead of me? I am the star of the show! Stan, bud, you're going behind the globe. So when most of us think about capitalism, especially when we think about its downsides, long hours, low wages, miserable working conditions, child labor, unemployed Stans, that's what we're thinking about. Now, admittedly, this is just one definition of industrial capitalism among many, but it's the definition we're going with. Alright, let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, bud, you're going behind the globe. So when most of us think about capitalism, especially when we think about its downsides, long hours, low wages, miserable working conditions, child labor, unemployed Stans, that's what we're thinking about. Now, admittedly, this is just one definition of industrial capitalism among many, but it's the definition we're going with. Alright, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Industrial capitalism developed first in Britain in the 19th century. Britain had a bunch of advantages. It was the dominant power on the seas, and it was making good money off of trade with its colonies, including the slave trade."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Industrial capitalism developed first in Britain in the 19th century. Britain had a bunch of advantages. It was the dominant power on the seas, and it was making good money off of trade with its colonies, including the slave trade. Also, the growth of capitalism was helped by the half-century of civil unrest that resulted from the 17th century English Civil War. Now, I'm not advocating for civil wars or anything, but in this particular case, it was useful, because before the war, the British crown had put a lot of regulations on the economy. Complicated licenses, royal monopolies, etc."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "It was the dominant power on the seas, and it was making good money off of trade with its colonies, including the slave trade. Also, the growth of capitalism was helped by the half-century of civil unrest that resulted from the 17th century English Civil War. Now, I'm not advocating for civil wars or anything, but in this particular case, it was useful, because before the war, the British crown had put a lot of regulations on the economy. Complicated licenses, royal monopolies, etc. But during the turmoil, it couldn't enforce them, which made for freer markets. Another factor was a remarkable increase in agricultural productivity in the 16th century. As food prices started to rise, it became profitable for farmers, both large and small, to invest in agricultural technologies that would improve crop yields."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Complicated licenses, royal monopolies, etc. But during the turmoil, it couldn't enforce them, which made for freer markets. Another factor was a remarkable increase in agricultural productivity in the 16th century. As food prices started to rise, it became profitable for farmers, both large and small, to invest in agricultural technologies that would improve crop yields. Those higher prices for grain probably resulted from population growth, which in turn was encouraged by increased production of food crops. A number of these agricultural improvements came from the Dutch, who had chronic problems feeding themselves, and discovered that planting different kinds of crops, like clover, that added nitrogen to the soil and could be used to feed livestock at the same time, meant that more fields could be used at once. This increased productivity eventually brought down prices, and this encouraged further innovation in order to increase yield to make up for the drop in prices."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "As food prices started to rise, it became profitable for farmers, both large and small, to invest in agricultural technologies that would improve crop yields. Those higher prices for grain probably resulted from population growth, which in turn was encouraged by increased production of food crops. A number of these agricultural improvements came from the Dutch, who had chronic problems feeding themselves, and discovered that planting different kinds of crops, like clover, that added nitrogen to the soil and could be used to feed livestock at the same time, meant that more fields could be used at once. This increased productivity eventually brought down prices, and this encouraged further innovation in order to increase yield to make up for the drop in prices. Lower food prices had an added benefit. Since food cost less and wages in England remained high, workers would have more disposable income, which meant that if there were consumer goods available, they would be consumed, which incentivized people to make consumer goods more efficiently, and therefore more cheaply. You can see how this positive feedback loop leads to more food and more stuff, culminating in a world where people have so much stuff that we must rent space to store it, and so much food that obesity has become a bigger killer than starvation."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "This increased productivity eventually brought down prices, and this encouraged further innovation in order to increase yield to make up for the drop in prices. Lower food prices had an added benefit. Since food cost less and wages in England remained high, workers would have more disposable income, which meant that if there were consumer goods available, they would be consumed, which incentivized people to make consumer goods more efficiently, and therefore more cheaply. You can see how this positive feedback loop leads to more food and more stuff, culminating in a world where people have so much stuff that we must rent space to store it, and so much food that obesity has become a bigger killer than starvation. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So this increased productivity also meant that fewer people needed to work in agriculture in order to feed the population. To put this in perspective, in 1520, 80% of the English population worked the land."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "You can see how this positive feedback loop leads to more food and more stuff, culminating in a world where people have so much stuff that we must rent space to store it, and so much food that obesity has become a bigger killer than starvation. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So this increased productivity also meant that fewer people needed to work in agriculture in order to feed the population. To put this in perspective, in 1520, 80% of the English population worked the land. By 1800, only 36% of adult male laborers were working in agriculture, and by 1850, that percentage had dropped to 25. This meant that when the factories started humming, there were plenty of workers to hum along with them, especially child laborers. Err, err, err."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "To put this in perspective, in 1520, 80% of the English population worked the land. By 1800, only 36% of adult male laborers were working in agriculture, and by 1850, that percentage had dropped to 25. This meant that when the factories started humming, there were plenty of workers to hum along with them, especially child laborers. Err, err, err. So far all this sounds pretty good, right? I mean, except for the child laborer, who wouldn't want more, cheaper food. Yeah, well, not so fast."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Err, err, err. So far all this sounds pretty good, right? I mean, except for the child laborer, who wouldn't want more, cheaper food. Yeah, well, not so fast. One of the ways the British achieved all this agricultural productivity was through the process of enclosure, whereby landlords would reclaim and privatize fields that for centuries had been held in common by multiple tenants. This increased agricultural productivity, but it also impoverished many tenant farmers, many of whom lost their livelihoods. Okay, for our purposes, capitalism is also a cultural system rooted in the need of private investors to turn a profit."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, well, not so fast. One of the ways the British achieved all this agricultural productivity was through the process of enclosure, whereby landlords would reclaim and privatize fields that for centuries had been held in common by multiple tenants. This increased agricultural productivity, but it also impoverished many tenant farmers, many of whom lost their livelihoods. Okay, for our purposes, capitalism is also a cultural system rooted in the need of private investors to turn a profit. So the real change needed here was a change of mind. People had to develop the capitalist values of taking risks and appreciating innovation. And they had to come to believe that making an upfront investment in something like a stand machine could pay for itself and then some."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, for our purposes, capitalism is also a cultural system rooted in the need of private investors to turn a profit. So the real change needed here was a change of mind. People had to develop the capitalist values of taking risks and appreciating innovation. And they had to come to believe that making an upfront investment in something like a stand machine could pay for itself and then some. One of the reasons that these values developed in Britain was that the people who initially held them were really good at publicizing them. Writers like Thomas Munn, who worked for the English East India Company, exposed people to the idea that the economy was controlled by markets, and other writers popularized the idea that it was human nature for individuals to participate in markets as rational actors. Even our language changed."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "And they had to come to believe that making an upfront investment in something like a stand machine could pay for itself and then some. One of the reasons that these values developed in Britain was that the people who initially held them were really good at publicizing them. Writers like Thomas Munn, who worked for the English East India Company, exposed people to the idea that the economy was controlled by markets, and other writers popularized the idea that it was human nature for individuals to participate in markets as rational actors. Even our language changed. The word individuals did not apply to persons until the 17th century. And in the 18th century, a career still referred only to horses racing lives. Perhaps the most important idea that was popularized in England was that men and women were consumers as well as producers, and that this was actually a good thing because the desire to consume manufactured goods could spur economic growth."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Even our language changed. The word individuals did not apply to persons until the 17th century. And in the 18th century, a career still referred only to horses racing lives. Perhaps the most important idea that was popularized in England was that men and women were consumers as well as producers, and that this was actually a good thing because the desire to consume manufactured goods could spur economic growth. The main spur to trade, or rather to industry and ingenuity, is the exorbitant appetite of men, which they will take pain to gratify. So wrote John Kerry, one of capitalism's cheerleaders, in 1695. And in talking about our appetites, he wasn't just talking about food."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Perhaps the most important idea that was popularized in England was that men and women were consumers as well as producers, and that this was actually a good thing because the desire to consume manufactured goods could spur economic growth. The main spur to trade, or rather to industry and ingenuity, is the exorbitant appetite of men, which they will take pain to gratify. So wrote John Kerry, one of capitalism's cheerleaders, in 1695. And in talking about our appetites, he wasn't just talking about food. That doesn't seem radical now, but it sure did back then. So here in the 21st century, it's clear that industrial capitalism, at least for now, has won. Sorry, buddy, but, you know, you gave it a good run."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "And in talking about our appetites, he wasn't just talking about food. That doesn't seem radical now, but it sure did back then. So here in the 21st century, it's clear that industrial capitalism, at least for now, has won. Sorry, buddy, but, you know, you gave it a good run. You didn't know about Stalin. But capitalism isn't without its problems or its critics, and there were certainly lots of shortcomings to industrial capitalism in the 19th century. Working conditions were awful."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Sorry, buddy, but, you know, you gave it a good run. You didn't know about Stalin. But capitalism isn't without its problems or its critics, and there were certainly lots of shortcomings to industrial capitalism in the 19th century. Working conditions were awful. Days were long, arduous, and monotonous. Workers lived in conditions that people living in the developed world today would associate with abject poverty. One way that workers responded to these conditions was by organizing into labor unions."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Working conditions were awful. Days were long, arduous, and monotonous. Workers lived in conditions that people living in the developed world today would associate with abject poverty. One way that workers responded to these conditions was by organizing into labor unions. Another response was in many cases purely theoretical. Socialism, most famously Marxian socialism. I should probably point out here that socialism is an imperfect opposite to capitalism, even though the two are often juxtaposed."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "One way that workers responded to these conditions was by organizing into labor unions. Another response was in many cases purely theoretical. Socialism, most famously Marxian socialism. I should probably point out here that socialism is an imperfect opposite to capitalism, even though the two are often juxtaposed. Capitalism's defenders like to point out that it's natural, meaning that if left to our own devices, humans would construct economic relationships that resemble capitalism. Socialism, at least in its modern incarnations, makes fewer pretenses toward being an expression of human nature. It's the result of human choice and human planning."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "I should probably point out here that socialism is an imperfect opposite to capitalism, even though the two are often juxtaposed. Capitalism's defenders like to point out that it's natural, meaning that if left to our own devices, humans would construct economic relationships that resemble capitalism. Socialism, at least in its modern incarnations, makes fewer pretenses toward being an expression of human nature. It's the result of human choice and human planning. So socialism as an intellectual construct began in France. How'd I do, Stan? Mmm, the border between Egypt and Libya."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the result of human choice and human planning. So socialism as an intellectual construct began in France. How'd I do, Stan? Mmm, the border between Egypt and Libya. There were two branches of socialism in France, utopian and revolutionary. Utopian socialism is often associated with Comte de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier, both of whom rejected revolutionary action after having seen the disaster of the French Revolution. Both were critical of capitalism, and while Fourier is usually a punchline in history classes because he believed that in his ideal socialist world, the seas would turn to lemonade, he was right that human beings have desires that go beyond basic self-interest and that we aren't always economically rational actors."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Mmm, the border between Egypt and Libya. There were two branches of socialism in France, utopian and revolutionary. Utopian socialism is often associated with Comte de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier, both of whom rejected revolutionary action after having seen the disaster of the French Revolution. Both were critical of capitalism, and while Fourier is usually a punchline in history classes because he believed that in his ideal socialist world, the seas would turn to lemonade, he was right that human beings have desires that go beyond basic self-interest and that we aren't always economically rational actors. The other French socialists were the revolutionaries, and they saw the French Revolution, even its violence, in a much more positive light. The most important of these revolutionaries was Auguste Blanqui, and we associate a lot of his ideas with communism, which is a term that he used. Like the utopians, he criticized capitalism, but he believed that it could only be overthrown through violent revolution by the working classes."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Both were critical of capitalism, and while Fourier is usually a punchline in history classes because he believed that in his ideal socialist world, the seas would turn to lemonade, he was right that human beings have desires that go beyond basic self-interest and that we aren't always economically rational actors. The other French socialists were the revolutionaries, and they saw the French Revolution, even its violence, in a much more positive light. The most important of these revolutionaries was Auguste Blanqui, and we associate a lot of his ideas with communism, which is a term that he used. Like the utopians, he criticized capitalism, but he believed that it could only be overthrown through violent revolution by the working classes. However, while Blanqui thought that the workers would come to dominate a communist world, he was an elitist. And he believed that workers could never on their own overcome their superstitions and their prejudices in order to throw off bourgeois oppression. And that brings us to Karl Marx, whose ideas and beard cast a shadow over most of the 20th century."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Like the utopians, he criticized capitalism, but he believed that it could only be overthrown through violent revolution by the working classes. However, while Blanqui thought that the workers would come to dominate a communist world, he was an elitist. And he believed that workers could never on their own overcome their superstitions and their prejudices in order to throw off bourgeois oppression. And that brings us to Karl Marx, whose ideas and beard cast a shadow over most of the 20th century. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Karl Marx's beard. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "And that brings us to Karl Marx, whose ideas and beard cast a shadow over most of the 20th century. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Karl Marx's beard. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, robots? Stanbots? Two Stanbots, one of them female."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, robots? Stanbots? Two Stanbots, one of them female. Now I own all the means of production. You're officially useless to me, Stan. Now turn the camera off."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Two Stanbots, one of them female. Now I own all the means of production. You're officially useless to me, Stan. Now turn the camera off. Turn the ca- I'm gonna have to get up and turn the camera off? Stanbot, go turn the camera off! Hey there, Karl Marx's beard."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Now turn the camera off. Turn the ca- I'm gonna have to get up and turn the camera off? Stanbot, go turn the camera off! Hey there, Karl Marx's beard. Wow, you are intense! Karl Marx, these days there are a lot of young men who think beards are cool. Beard lovers, if you will."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey there, Karl Marx's beard. Wow, you are intense! Karl Marx, these days there are a lot of young men who think beards are cool. Beard lovers, if you will. Those aren't beards, they're glorified milk mustaches. I mean, I haven't shaved for a couple weeks, Karl Marx, but I'm not claiming a beard. You don't get a beard by being lazy, you get a beard by being a committed revolutionary."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Beard lovers, if you will. Those aren't beards, they're glorified milk mustaches. I mean, I haven't shaved for a couple weeks, Karl Marx, but I'm not claiming a beard. You don't get a beard by being lazy, you get a beard by being a committed revolutionary. That's why hardcore Marxists are literally known as bearded Marxists. These days, that's an insult. But you know what, Karl Marx, when I look back at history, I prefer the bearded communists."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "You don't get a beard by being lazy, you get a beard by being a committed revolutionary. That's why hardcore Marxists are literally known as bearded Marxists. These days, that's an insult. But you know what, Karl Marx, when I look back at history, I prefer the bearded communists. Let's talk about some communists who didn't have beards. Mao Zedong, Pol Pot, Kim Jong-il, Joseph freakin' Stalin with his face caterpillar. So yeah, Karl Marx's beard, it's my great regret to inform you that there are some paltry beards trying to take up the class struggle these days."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "But you know what, Karl Marx, when I look back at history, I prefer the bearded communists. Let's talk about some communists who didn't have beards. Mao Zedong, Pol Pot, Kim Jong-il, Joseph freakin' Stalin with his face caterpillar. So yeah, Karl Marx's beard, it's my great regret to inform you that there are some paltry beards trying to take up the class struggle these days. Best wishes, John Green. Although he's often considered the father of communism because he co-wrote the Communist Manifesto, Marx was above all a philosopher and a historian. It's just that unlike most philosophers and historians, he advocated for revolution."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "So yeah, Karl Marx's beard, it's my great regret to inform you that there are some paltry beards trying to take up the class struggle these days. Best wishes, John Green. Although he's often considered the father of communism because he co-wrote the Communist Manifesto, Marx was above all a philosopher and a historian. It's just that unlike most philosophers and historians, he advocated for revolution. His greatest work, Das Kapital, sets out to explain the world of the 19th century in historical and philosophical terms. Marx's thinking is deep and dense and we're low on time, but I want to introduce one of his ideas, that of class struggle. So for Marx, the focus isn't on the class, it's on the struggle."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "It's just that unlike most philosophers and historians, he advocated for revolution. His greatest work, Das Kapital, sets out to explain the world of the 19th century in historical and philosophical terms. Marx's thinking is deep and dense and we're low on time, but I want to introduce one of his ideas, that of class struggle. So for Marx, the focus isn't on the class, it's on the struggle. Basically, Marx believed that classes don't only struggle to make history, but that the struggle is what makes classes into themselves. The idea is that through conflict, classes develop a sense of themselves, and without conflict, there is no such thing as class consciousness. So Marx was writing in 19th century England, and there were two classes that mattered, the workers and the capitalists."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "So for Marx, the focus isn't on the class, it's on the struggle. Basically, Marx believed that classes don't only struggle to make history, but that the struggle is what makes classes into themselves. The idea is that through conflict, classes develop a sense of themselves, and without conflict, there is no such thing as class consciousness. So Marx was writing in 19th century England, and there were two classes that mattered, the workers and the capitalists. The capitalists owned most of the factors of production, in this case, land and the capital to invest in factories. The workers just had their labor. So the class struggle here is between capitalists, who want labor at the lowest possible price, and the workers, who want to be paid as much as possible for their work."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "So Marx was writing in 19th century England, and there were two classes that mattered, the workers and the capitalists. The capitalists owned most of the factors of production, in this case, land and the capital to invest in factories. The workers just had their labor. So the class struggle here is between capitalists, who want labor at the lowest possible price, and the workers, who want to be paid as much as possible for their work. There are two key ideas that underlie this theory of class struggle. First, Marx believed that production, or work, was the thing that gave life material meaning. Second is that we are by nature social animals."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "So the class struggle here is between capitalists, who want labor at the lowest possible price, and the workers, who want to be paid as much as possible for their work. There are two key ideas that underlie this theory of class struggle. First, Marx believed that production, or work, was the thing that gave life material meaning. Second is that we are by nature social animals. We work together, we collaborate, we are more efficient when we share resources. Marx's criticism of capitalism is that capitalism replaces this egalitarian collaboration with conflict, and that means that it isn't a natural system after all. And by arguing that capitalism actually isn't consistent with human nature, Marx sought to empower the workers."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Second is that we are by nature social animals. We work together, we collaborate, we are more efficient when we share resources. Marx's criticism of capitalism is that capitalism replaces this egalitarian collaboration with conflict, and that means that it isn't a natural system after all. And by arguing that capitalism actually isn't consistent with human nature, Marx sought to empower the workers. That's a lot more attractive than Blanqui's elitist socialism, and while purportedly Marxist states like the USSR usually abandon worker empowerment pretty quickly, the idea of protecting our collective interest remains powerful. That's where we'll leave it for now, lest I start reading from the Communist Manifesto. But ultimately, socialism has not succeeded in supplanting capitalism, as its proponents had hoped."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "And by arguing that capitalism actually isn't consistent with human nature, Marx sought to empower the workers. That's a lot more attractive than Blanqui's elitist socialism, and while purportedly Marxist states like the USSR usually abandon worker empowerment pretty quickly, the idea of protecting our collective interest remains powerful. That's where we'll leave it for now, lest I start reading from the Communist Manifesto. But ultimately, socialism has not succeeded in supplanting capitalism, as its proponents had hoped. In the United States, at least, socialism has become something of a dirty word. So industrial capitalism certainly seems to have won out, and in terms of material well-being and access to goods and services for people around the world, that's probably a good thing. Ugh, you keep falling over!"}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "But ultimately, socialism has not succeeded in supplanting capitalism, as its proponents had hoped. In the United States, at least, socialism has become something of a dirty word. So industrial capitalism certainly seems to have won out, and in terms of material well-being and access to goods and services for people around the world, that's probably a good thing. Ugh, you keep falling over! You're a great bit, but a very flimsy one. Actually, come to think of it, you're more of an 8-bit. But how and to what extent we use socialist principles to regulate free markets remains an open question, and one that is answered very differently in, say, Sweden than in the United States."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Ugh, you keep falling over! You're a great bit, but a very flimsy one. Actually, come to think of it, you're more of an 8-bit. But how and to what extent we use socialist principles to regulate free markets remains an open question, and one that is answered very differently in, say, Sweden than in the United States. And this, I would argue, is where Marx still matters. Is capitalist competition natural and good, or should there be systems in place to check it for the sake of our collective well-being? Should we band together to provide health care for the sick or pensions for the old?"}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "But how and to what extent we use socialist principles to regulate free markets remains an open question, and one that is answered very differently in, say, Sweden than in the United States. And this, I would argue, is where Marx still matters. Is capitalist competition natural and good, or should there be systems in place to check it for the sake of our collective well-being? Should we band together to provide health care for the sick or pensions for the old? Should governments run businesses, and if so, which ones? The mail delivery business? The airport security business?"}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Should we band together to provide health care for the sick or pensions for the old? Should governments run businesses, and if so, which ones? The mail delivery business? The airport security business? The education business? Those are the places where industrial capitalism and socialism are still competing. And in that sense, at least, the struggle continues."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "The airport security business? The education business? Those are the places where industrial capitalism and socialism are still competing. And in that sense, at least, the struggle continues. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "And in that sense, at least, the struggle continues. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. We're ably interned by Meredith Danko."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. We're ably interned by Meredith Danko. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was the TARDIS, so you can stop suggesting that now. If you'd like to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guess at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians."}, {"video_title": "Capitalism and Socialism Crash Course World History #33.m4a", "Sentence": "We're ably interned by Meredith Danko. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was the TARDIS, so you can stop suggesting that now. If you'd like to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guess at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Alright, Stan, bring the movie magic. Yes!"}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Today we'll be considering whether globalization is a good thing, and along the way we'll try to do something that you may not be used to doing in history classes, imagining the future. Mr. Green! Mr. Green! In the future, I'm going to get to second base with Molly Brown. No, you won't, Me From the Past. But the fact that when asked to imagine the future, you imagine your future, says a lot about the contemporary world. And listen, Me From the Past, while there's no question that your solipsistic individualism is bad both for you and for our species, the broader implications of individualism in general are a lot more complex."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "In the future, I'm going to get to second base with Molly Brown. No, you won't, Me From the Past. But the fact that when asked to imagine the future, you imagine your future, says a lot about the contemporary world. And listen, Me From the Past, while there's no question that your solipsistic individualism is bad both for you and for our species, the broader implications of individualism in general are a lot more complex. Intro Man, I'm going to miss you, intro. So last week, ta-da, we discussed how global economic interdependence has led, on average, to longer, healthier, more prosperous lives for humans, not to mention an astonishing change in the overall human population. In the West, globalization has also led to the rise of a service economy."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "And listen, Me From the Past, while there's no question that your solipsistic individualism is bad both for you and for our species, the broader implications of individualism in general are a lot more complex. Intro Man, I'm going to miss you, intro. So last week, ta-da, we discussed how global economic interdependence has led, on average, to longer, healthier, more prosperous lives for humans, not to mention an astonishing change in the overall human population. In the West, globalization has also led to the rise of a service economy. In the US and Europe, most people now work not in agriculture or manufacturing, but in some kind of service sector. Healthcare, retail, education, entertainment, information technology, internet videos about world history, etc. And that switch has really changed our psychology, especially the psychology of upper classes living in the industrialized world."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "In the West, globalization has also led to the rise of a service economy. In the US and Europe, most people now work not in agriculture or manufacturing, but in some kind of service sector. Healthcare, retail, education, entertainment, information technology, internet videos about world history, etc. And that switch has really changed our psychology, especially the psychology of upper classes living in the industrialized world. I mean, to quote Frederick Jameson, we are so far removed from the realities of production and work that we inhabit a dream world of artificial stimuli and televised experience. Think of it this way, if you had to kill a chicken every time you visited KFC, you would probably eat fewer chickens. Another change of psychology?"}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "And that switch has really changed our psychology, especially the psychology of upper classes living in the industrialized world. I mean, to quote Frederick Jameson, we are so far removed from the realities of production and work that we inhabit a dream world of artificial stimuli and televised experience. Think of it this way, if you had to kill a chicken every time you visited KFC, you would probably eat fewer chickens. Another change of psychology? Many historians of the now note that globalization has also led to a celebration of individualism, particularly in the wake of the failures of the Marxist-Collectivist utopias. The generation that lived through the Depression and World War II saw large-scale, collectivist responses to both those crises. And they were responses that limited freedom, like the military draft, for instance, which limited your freedom, you know, not to be a soldier."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Another change of psychology? Many historians of the now note that globalization has also led to a celebration of individualism, particularly in the wake of the failures of the Marxist-Collectivist utopias. The generation that lived through the Depression and World War II saw large-scale, collectivist responses to both those crises. And they were responses that limited freedom, like the military draft, for instance, which limited your freedom, you know, not to be a soldier. Or the collectivization of health insurance seen in most of the post-war West, which limited your freedom to go bankrupt from healthcare costs. Or also government programs like Social Security, which limit your freedom not to pay for old people's retirement. But since the 1960s, the ascendant idea of personal freedom minimally limited by government intervention has become very powerful."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "And they were responses that limited freedom, like the military draft, for instance, which limited your freedom, you know, not to be a soldier. Or the collectivization of health insurance seen in most of the post-war West, which limited your freedom to go bankrupt from healthcare costs. Or also government programs like Social Security, which limit your freedom not to pay for old people's retirement. But since the 1960s, the ascendant idea of personal freedom minimally limited by government intervention has become very powerful. Even the Catholic Church was part of this new search for individual freedom, as the Second Vatican Council relaxed church rules in ways that weakened central authority, made concessions to individual styles of worship, even said that people of different religions could go to heaven. What good is heaven if it's going to be full of Protestants? It's just going to be like Minnesota."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "But since the 1960s, the ascendant idea of personal freedom minimally limited by government intervention has become very powerful. Even the Catholic Church was part of this new search for individual freedom, as the Second Vatican Council relaxed church rules in ways that weakened central authority, made concessions to individual styles of worship, even said that people of different religions could go to heaven. What good is heaven if it's going to be full of Protestants? It's just going to be like Minnesota. So here in the last episode of Crash Course World History, in the last 30 seconds, I've offended 5 6ths of the world's population in the form of non-Catholics and all Republicans and probably some political moderates who are confused about what Obama's healthcare law will and will not do. Ugggghhh. Stan, maybe I should just make this episode just an extended rant where I reveal all of my political biases and also my personal biases."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "It's just going to be like Minnesota. So here in the last episode of Crash Course World History, in the last 30 seconds, I've offended 5 6ths of the world's population in the form of non-Catholics and all Republicans and probably some political moderates who are confused about what Obama's healthcare law will and will not do. Ugggghhh. Stan, maybe I should just make this episode just an extended rant where I reveal all of my political biases and also my personal biases. Look, you're never going to meet a historian who doesn't have biases, but good historians try to acknowledge their biases, and I am biased toward Canada and its awesome healthcare system. I can't lie, I'm very jealous of you guys. But perhaps the greatest effect of the victory of individualism was on sex and the family."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, maybe I should just make this episode just an extended rant where I reveal all of my political biases and also my personal biases. Look, you're never going to meet a historian who doesn't have biases, but good historians try to acknowledge their biases, and I am biased toward Canada and its awesome healthcare system. I can't lie, I'm very jealous of you guys. But perhaps the greatest effect of the victory of individualism was on sex and the family. We haven't talked much about sex because my brother's teaching biology, which is basically just sex, but sex is pretty important historically because it's how we keep happening. But in the 20th century, greater variety and availability of contraception made it possible for people to experiment with multiple sexual partners and help to uncouple sex from childbearing, which was awesome. But individualism also had a destabilizing effect on families."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "But perhaps the greatest effect of the victory of individualism was on sex and the family. We haven't talked much about sex because my brother's teaching biology, which is basically just sex, but sex is pretty important historically because it's how we keep happening. But in the 20th century, greater variety and availability of contraception made it possible for people to experiment with multiple sexual partners and help to uncouple sex from childbearing, which was awesome. But individualism also had a destabilizing effect on families. As the great Leo Tolstoy put it, all happy families are alike, but each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. But when your individual fulfillment trumps all, you needn't live amid your uniquely unhappy family, you can just leave. So divorce rates have skyrocketed in the past few decades, and not just in the US."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "But individualism also had a destabilizing effect on families. As the great Leo Tolstoy put it, all happy families are alike, but each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. But when your individual fulfillment trumps all, you needn't live amid your uniquely unhappy family, you can just leave. So divorce rates have skyrocketed in the past few decades, and not just in the US. By the turn of the 21st century, divorce rates in China reached nearly 25%, with 70% of those divorces initiated by women. Diversity has also driven families apart, as parents and children spend increasing time alone in front of their individual screens, sharing fewer experiences. That's individualism too, but not of a kind that we usually celebrate."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "So divorce rates have skyrocketed in the past few decades, and not just in the US. By the turn of the 21st century, divorce rates in China reached nearly 25%, with 70% of those divorces initiated by women. Diversity has also driven families apart, as parents and children spend increasing time alone in front of their individual screens, sharing fewer experiences. That's individualism too, but not of a kind that we usually celebrate. But probably the biggest consequence of globalization and the ensuing rise in human population has been humanity's effect on the environment. While populations have increased partly thanks to better yields from existing farmland, much more land has also been brought under cultivation in the past half century. In the past, this meant cutting down trees and valuable rainforests."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "That's individualism too, but not of a kind that we usually celebrate. But probably the biggest consequence of globalization and the ensuing rise in human population has been humanity's effect on the environment. While populations have increased partly thanks to better yields from existing farmland, much more land has also been brought under cultivation in the past half century. In the past, this meant cutting down trees and valuable rainforests. The best known example of this is what's going on in the Amazon, but it happens worldwide. And we're losing land not just for food, but also to grow the global economy. Oh, it's time for the Open Letter?"}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "In the past, this meant cutting down trees and valuable rainforests. The best known example of this is what's going on in the Amazon, but it happens worldwide. And we're losing land not just for food, but also to grow the global economy. Oh, it's time for the Open Letter? An Open Letter to Flowers. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's fake flowers."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's time for the Open Letter? An Open Letter to Flowers. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's fake flowers. Thank you, Stan. One for behind each ear. Dear flowers, you capture the best and the worst of the globalized economy."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's fake flowers. Thank you, Stan. One for behind each ear. Dear flowers, you capture the best and the worst of the globalized economy. You're so pretty, even the fake ones are pretty, but the real ones are constantly dying. They've got to be harvested and shipped and cut very efficiently, and it's a global phenomenon. Like, there are flowers in my corner market from Africa."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Dear flowers, you capture the best and the worst of the globalized economy. You're so pretty, even the fake ones are pretty, but the real ones are constantly dying. They've got to be harvested and shipped and cut very efficiently, and it's a global phenomenon. Like, there are flowers in my corner market from Africa. These are from China, but because they are plastic, they could just be shipped in a shipping container. More people can afford to apologize by giving their romantic partners professionally cut and arranged roses than in any time in human history, but in that we have lost something, which is that the whole idea of flowers is that you had to go out into the field and like cut them and arrange them yourself to apologize. It's not supposed to be, I'm sorry I forgot your birthday, here's $8 worth of work that was done in Kenya."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, there are flowers in my corner market from Africa. These are from China, but because they are plastic, they could just be shipped in a shipping container. More people can afford to apologize by giving their romantic partners professionally cut and arranged roses than in any time in human history, but in that we have lost something, which is that the whole idea of flowers is that you had to go out into the field and like cut them and arrange them yourself to apologize. It's not supposed to be, I'm sorry I forgot your birthday, here's $8 worth of work that was done in Kenya. It's supposed to be, I'm sorry I forgot your birthday, so I went into the fracking forest and got you some fracking flowers. Anyway, flowers, best wishes. John Green."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not supposed to be, I'm sorry I forgot your birthday, here's $8 worth of work that was done in Kenya. It's supposed to be, I'm sorry I forgot your birthday, so I went into the fracking forest and got you some fracking flowers. Anyway, flowers, best wishes. John Green. Aww, you guys got me flowers for my last episode of World History. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. As worldwide production and consumption increases, we use more resources, especially water and fossil fuels."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "John Green. Aww, you guys got me flowers for my last episode of World History. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. As worldwide production and consumption increases, we use more resources, especially water and fossil fuels. Globalization has made the average human richer, and rich people tend to use more of everything, but especially energy. This has already resulted in climate change, which will likely accelerate. The global economy isn't a zero-sum game, like I don't need to become more poor in order for someone else to become more rich."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "As worldwide production and consumption increases, we use more resources, especially water and fossil fuels. Globalization has made the average human richer, and rich people tend to use more of everything, but especially energy. This has already resulted in climate change, which will likely accelerate. The global economy isn't a zero-sum game, like I don't need to become more poor in order for someone else to become more rich. But growth, at least so far, has been dependent upon unsustainable use of the planet's resources. The planet can't sustain 7 billion automobiles, for instance, or 7 billion frequent flyers, although most of us who can afford to drive or fly feel entitled to do so. You'll remember that when we talked about the Industrial Revolution, we discussed the virtuous cycle of more efficiency making things cheaper, which in turn made them easier to buy, which increased demand, which increased efficiency."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "The global economy isn't a zero-sum game, like I don't need to become more poor in order for someone else to become more rich. But growth, at least so far, has been dependent upon unsustainable use of the planet's resources. The planet can't sustain 7 billion automobiles, for instance, or 7 billion frequent flyers, although most of us who can afford to drive or fly feel entitled to do so. You'll remember that when we talked about the Industrial Revolution, we discussed the virtuous cycle of more efficiency making things cheaper, which in turn made them easier to buy, which increased demand, which increased efficiency. But from the perspective of the planet, each turn in that cycle takes something. More land under cultivation, more carbon emissions, more resource extraction. That can't go on forever, but worryingly, our current models of economic growth don't allow for any other way."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "You'll remember that when we talked about the Industrial Revolution, we discussed the virtuous cycle of more efficiency making things cheaper, which in turn made them easier to buy, which increased demand, which increased efficiency. But from the perspective of the planet, each turn in that cycle takes something. More land under cultivation, more carbon emissions, more resource extraction. That can't go on forever, but worryingly, our current models of economic growth don't allow for any other way. Thanks, Thought Bubble. And then there is our astonishingly robust health. Although much of the world has been ravaged by HIV-AIDS for the past three decades, there's been a relative lack of global pandemics since the 1918 flu."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "That can't go on forever, but worryingly, our current models of economic growth don't allow for any other way. Thanks, Thought Bubble. And then there is our astonishingly robust health. Although much of the world has been ravaged by HIV-AIDS for the past three decades, there's been a relative lack of global pandemics since the 1918 flu. And that's particularly surprising given increased population density and more travel between population centers. China has seen 150 million people leave the countryside for cities in the last 20 years. This was Shanghai in 1990, and this is Shanghai in 2010."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Although much of the world has been ravaged by HIV-AIDS for the past three decades, there's been a relative lack of global pandemics since the 1918 flu. And that's particularly surprising given increased population density and more travel between population centers. China has seen 150 million people leave the countryside for cities in the last 20 years. This was Shanghai in 1990, and this is Shanghai in 2010. The population of Lagos was 41,000 in 1900. Today, it's almost 8 million. Of course, people have been moving from country to city for a long time."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "This was Shanghai in 1990, and this is Shanghai in 2010. The population of Lagos was 41,000 in 1900. Today, it's almost 8 million. Of course, people have been moving from country to city for a long time. Remember Gilgamesh? But the pace of that change has dramatically accelerated. Similarly, there's nothing new about international trade, but its pace has also increased dramatically."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Of course, people have been moving from country to city for a long time. Remember Gilgamesh? But the pace of that change has dramatically accelerated. Similarly, there's nothing new about international trade, but its pace has also increased dramatically. In 1960, trade accounted for 24% of the world's GDP. Today it's more than doubled that. Almost no human being alive today lives with stuff only manufactured in their home country."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Similarly, there's nothing new about international trade, but its pace has also increased dramatically. In 1960, trade accounted for 24% of the world's GDP. Today it's more than doubled that. Almost no human being alive today lives with stuff only manufactured in their home country. But a thousand years ago, only the richest of the rich could benefit from the Silk Road. Still, trade isn't new, and while it's tempting to say that the types of goods being traded \u2013 pharmaceuticals, computers, software, financial services \u2013 represent something wholly new, you could just as easily see this as part of the evolution of trade itself. At some point, silk was seen as a new trade good."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Almost no human being alive today lives with stuff only manufactured in their home country. But a thousand years ago, only the richest of the rich could benefit from the Silk Road. Still, trade isn't new, and while it's tempting to say that the types of goods being traded \u2013 pharmaceuticals, computers, software, financial services \u2013 represent something wholly new, you could just as easily see this as part of the evolution of trade itself. At some point, silk was seen as a new trade good. As tastes change and consumers become more affluent, the things they want to buy change. So is anything really different, or is it all just accelerated? Well, some historians argue that an economically interdependent world is much less likely to go to war."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "At some point, silk was seen as a new trade good. As tastes change and consumers become more affluent, the things they want to buy change. So is anything really different, or is it all just accelerated? Well, some historians argue that an economically interdependent world is much less likely to go to war. And that may be true, but increasing global, cultural, and economic integration hasn't led to an end to violence. I mean, we've seen large-scale ethnic and nationalistic violence from Rwanda to the former Yugoslavia to the Democratic Republic of Congo to Afghanistan. Globalization has not rid the world of violence."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, some historians argue that an economically interdependent world is much less likely to go to war. And that may be true, but increasing global, cultural, and economic integration hasn't led to an end to violence. I mean, we've seen large-scale ethnic and nationalistic violence from Rwanda to the former Yugoslavia to the Democratic Republic of Congo to Afghanistan. Globalization has not rid the world of violence. But there is an ideological shift in the age of globalization that does seem pretty new, and that's the turn to democracy. Now this isn't the limited democracy of the ancient Greeks or the quirky Republican system originally developed in the US. There are almost as many kinds of democracies as there are nations experiencing democracy."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Globalization has not rid the world of violence. But there is an ideological shift in the age of globalization that does seem pretty new, and that's the turn to democracy. Now this isn't the limited democracy of the ancient Greeks or the quirky Republican system originally developed in the US. There are almost as many kinds of democracies as there are nations experiencing democracy. The fact is, however, that democracy and political freedom, especially the freedom to participate in and influence the government, have been on the rise all over the world since the 1980s and especially since 1990. For instance, if you looked at the governments of most Latin American countries during most of the 20th century, you would usually find them ruled by military strongmen. Now, with a couple of exceptions, Fidel, Hugo... Stan, are they behind me right now?"}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "There are almost as many kinds of democracies as there are nations experiencing democracy. The fact is, however, that democracy and political freedom, especially the freedom to participate in and influence the government, have been on the rise all over the world since the 1980s and especially since 1990. For instance, if you looked at the governments of most Latin American countries during most of the 20th century, you would usually find them ruled by military strongmen. Now, with a couple of exceptions, Fidel, Hugo... Stan, are they behind me right now? Because if they're behind me, I am in favor of collectivizing oil revenue and distributing it to the poor. If they're not behind me, that's a terrible idea. Right, but anyway, democracy is now flourishing in most of Latin America."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, with a couple of exceptions, Fidel, Hugo... Stan, are they behind me right now? Because if they're behind me, I am in favor of collectivizing oil revenue and distributing it to the poor. If they're not behind me, that's a terrible idea. Right, but anyway, democracy is now flourishing in most of Latin America. Probably the most famous democratic success story is South Africa, which jettisoned decades of apartheid in the 1990s and elected former dissident Nelson Mandela as its first black president in 1994. It also adopted one of the most progressive constitutions in the world. But it's worth remembering that democracy and economic success don't always go hand in hand as much as some Americans wish they would."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, but anyway, democracy is now flourishing in most of Latin America. Probably the most famous democratic success story is South Africa, which jettisoned decades of apartheid in the 1990s and elected former dissident Nelson Mandela as its first black president in 1994. It also adopted one of the most progressive constitutions in the world. But it's worth remembering that democracy and economic success don't always go hand in hand as much as some Americans wish they would. Many new African democracies continue to struggle. The same is true in some Latin American countries, and China has shown that you don't need democracy in order to experience economic growth. But for a few countries, especially Brazil and India, the combination of democracy and economic liberalism has unleashed impressive growth that has lifted millions out of poverty."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's worth remembering that democracy and economic success don't always go hand in hand as much as some Americans wish they would. Many new African democracies continue to struggle. The same is true in some Latin American countries, and China has shown that you don't need democracy in order to experience economic growth. But for a few countries, especially Brazil and India, the combination of democracy and economic liberalism has unleashed impressive growth that has lifted millions out of poverty. So can we say that it's good, then? Can we celebrate globalization in spite of its destabilizing effects on families and the environment? Well, here's where we have to imagine the future."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "But for a few countries, especially Brazil and India, the combination of democracy and economic liberalism has unleashed impressive growth that has lifted millions out of poverty. So can we say that it's good, then? Can we celebrate globalization in spite of its destabilizing effects on families and the environment? Well, here's where we have to imagine the future. Because if some superbug shows up tomorrow and it travels through all these global trade routes and kills every living human, then globalization will have been very bad for human history, specifically by ending it. If climate change continues to accelerate and displaces billions of people and causes widespread famines and flooding, then we will remember this period of human history as short-sighted, self-indulgent, and tremendously destructive. On the other hand, if we discover an asteroid hurtling toward Earth and mobilize global industry and technology in such a way that we lose Bruce Willis but save the world, then globalization will be celebrated for millennia."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, here's where we have to imagine the future. Because if some superbug shows up tomorrow and it travels through all these global trade routes and kills every living human, then globalization will have been very bad for human history, specifically by ending it. If climate change continues to accelerate and displaces billions of people and causes widespread famines and flooding, then we will remember this period of human history as short-sighted, self-indulgent, and tremendously destructive. On the other hand, if we discover an asteroid hurtling toward Earth and mobilize global industry and technology in such a way that we lose Bruce Willis but save the world, then globalization will be celebrated for millennia. I mean, assuming we have millennia and can convince Bruce Willis to go. In short, to understand the present, we have to imagine the future. That's the thing about history."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "On the other hand, if we discover an asteroid hurtling toward Earth and mobilize global industry and technology in such a way that we lose Bruce Willis but save the world, then globalization will be celebrated for millennia. I mean, assuming we have millennia and can convince Bruce Willis to go. In short, to understand the present, we have to imagine the future. That's the thing about history. It depends on where you're standing. From where I'm standing, globalization has been a net positive, but then again, it's been a pretty good run for heterosexual males of European descent. Critics of globalization point out that billions haven't benefited much, if at all, from all this economic prosperity, and that the polarization of wealth is growing, both within and across nations."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "That's the thing about history. It depends on where you're standing. From where I'm standing, globalization has been a net positive, but then again, it's been a pretty good run for heterosexual males of European descent. Critics of globalization point out that billions haven't benefited much, if at all, from all this economic prosperity, and that the polarization of wealth is growing, both within and across nations. And those criticisms are valid, and they are troubling. But they aren't new. Disparities between those who have more and those who have less have existed pretty much from the moment agriculture enabled us to accumulate a surplus."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Critics of globalization point out that billions haven't benefited much, if at all, from all this economic prosperity, and that the polarization of wealth is growing, both within and across nations. And those criticisms are valid, and they are troubling. But they aren't new. Disparities between those who have more and those who have less have existed pretty much from the moment agriculture enabled us to accumulate a surplus. At some times, this inequality has been a big concern, as it was with Jesus and with Muhammad. At other times, not so much. Inequalities are as old as human history, and almost as old as the debate about them."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Disparities between those who have more and those who have less have existed pretty much from the moment agriculture enabled us to accumulate a surplus. At some times, this inequality has been a big concern, as it was with Jesus and with Muhammad. At other times, not so much. Inequalities are as old as human history, and almost as old as the debate about them. One thing that is new, however, is our ability to learn about them, to discuss them, and hopefully to find solutions for them, together as a global community that is better integrated and more connected than it has ever been before. Because here's the other thing about history. You are making it."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Inequalities are as old as human history, and almost as old as the debate about them. One thing that is new, however, is our ability to learn about them, to discuss them, and hopefully to find solutions for them, together as a global community that is better integrated and more connected than it has ever been before. Because here's the other thing about history. You are making it. That old idea that history is the deeds of great men? That was wrong. Celebrated individuals do shape history, but so do the rest of us."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "You are making it. That old idea that history is the deeds of great men? That was wrong. Celebrated individuals do shape history, but so do the rest of us. And while it's true that many historical forces \u2013 malaria, meteors from space \u2013 aren't human, it's also true that every human is a historical force. You are changing the world every day, and it is our hope that by looking at the history that was made before us, we can see our own crucial decisions in a broader context. And I believe that context can help us make better choices and better changes."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Celebrated individuals do shape history, but so do the rest of us. And while it's true that many historical forces \u2013 malaria, meteors from space \u2013 aren't human, it's also true that every human is a historical force. You are changing the world every day, and it is our hope that by looking at the history that was made before us, we can see our own crucial decisions in a broader context. And I believe that context can help us make better choices and better changes. Thanks for watching. But there's no need to despair, Crash Course fans. I'll see you next week for the beginning of our mini-series on literature."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "And I believe that context can help us make better choices and better changes. Thanks for watching. But there's no need to despair, Crash Course fans. I'll see you next week for the beginning of our mini-series on literature. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The associate producer is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll see you next week for the beginning of our mini-series on literature. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Cookie Monster."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "The associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Cookie Monster. This week's Phrase of the Week was Bruce Willis, which I am telling you because we are retiring the idea of the Phrase of the Week. Thank you so much for watching Crash Course World History. It has been super fun to try to tell the history of the world in 42 12-minute videos."}, {"video_title": "Globalization II - Good or Bad Crash Course World History #42.m4a", "Sentence": "Last week's Phrase of the Week was Cookie Monster. This week's Phrase of the Week was Bruce Willis, which I am telling you because we are retiring the idea of the Phrase of the Week. Thank you so much for watching Crash Course World History. It has been super fun to try to tell the history of the world in 42 12-minute videos. I hope you enjoyed it, and I hope you'll hang around for literature. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Oh, Stan!"}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Alexander dies in 323 BCE at the young age of 32. And even though he conquered all of this territory, it was a very short-lived empire. And what happens next is a period known as the Wars of the Diodoki. Let me write down this word, Diodoki. So Diodoki translates into successors. And these are the various leaders and mainly generals of Alexander who then fought for control of the empire. And it's a very bloody period, a lot of different Diodoki going after each other or after each other's families."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Let me write down this word, Diodoki. So Diodoki translates into successors. And these are the various leaders and mainly generals of Alexander who then fought for control of the empire. And it's a very bloody period, a lot of different Diodoki going after each other or after each other's families. And what eventually happens over the next few decades is Alexander's empire, the empire that he establishes, gets split up into a few major empires. Now what you see on this map here, you see most of Persia and the Anatolian Peninsula right over here, really the bulk of the old Achaemenid Persian Empire. It gets under control of Seleucus and he establishes the Seleucid dynasty, the Seleucid Empire."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's a very bloody period, a lot of different Diodoki going after each other or after each other's families. And what eventually happens over the next few decades is Alexander's empire, the empire that he establishes, gets split up into a few major empires. Now what you see on this map here, you see most of Persia and the Anatolian Peninsula right over here, really the bulk of the old Achaemenid Persian Empire. It gets under control of Seleucus and he establishes the Seleucid dynasty, the Seleucid Empire. Let me write this down right here. This is Seleucid, so the Seleucid Empire. Egypt right over here."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It gets under control of Seleucus and he establishes the Seleucid dynasty, the Seleucid Empire. Let me write this down right here. This is Seleucid, so the Seleucid Empire. Egypt right over here. This gets taken control of another general of Alexander, Ptolemy, and he establishes the Ptolemaic Empire and the Ptolemaic dynasty. Ptolemaic. And then Macedon ends up under control, once again, of another Diodoki."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Egypt right over here. This gets taken control of another general of Alexander, Ptolemy, and he establishes the Ptolemaic Empire and the Ptolemaic dynasty. Ptolemaic. And then Macedon ends up under control, once again, of another Diodoki. Remember, the Diodoki are the successors, all of these characters right over here. These are three of the various Diodoki, three of the more successful Diodoki right over here. But what the Macedonian components of Alexander's empire for the most part end up under the control of Antigonus' dynasty, which ends up being called the Antigonid dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then Macedon ends up under control, once again, of another Diodoki. Remember, the Diodoki are the successors, all of these characters right over here. These are three of the various Diodoki, three of the more successful Diodoki right over here. But what the Macedonian components of Alexander's empire for the most part end up under the control of Antigonus' dynasty, which ends up being called the Antigonid dynasty. Antigonid. And this, and as you can see, it's not all of the empire Alexander established. What we have in red here, these are independent states that did not get subsumed into the Seleucid, the Ptolemaic, or the Antigonid empires."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But what the Macedonian components of Alexander's empire for the most part end up under the control of Antigonus' dynasty, which ends up being called the Antigonid dynasty. Antigonid. And this, and as you can see, it's not all of the empire Alexander established. What we have in red here, these are independent states that did not get subsumed into the Seleucid, the Ptolemaic, or the Antigonid empires. And you can imagine over the next several hundred years, they're going back and forth. There's an ebb and flow of control of these various empires. But these are the three most significant, especially the Ptolemaic and the Seleucid."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What we have in red here, these are independent states that did not get subsumed into the Seleucid, the Ptolemaic, or the Antigonid empires. And you can imagine over the next several hundred years, they're going back and forth. There's an ebb and flow of control of these various empires. But these are the three most significant, especially the Ptolemaic and the Seleucid. Now, what this establishes is what a lot of historians refer to as a new period of, especially this part of the world. When we go from shortly before the Persian invasions of Greece all the way to Alexander Great, we refer to that as classical Greece. But now we're going from classical Greece, classical Greece, with the death of Alexander and the beginning of the wars of the Diodeci for control, this sets up a new period, often referred to by historians as Hellenistic."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But these are the three most significant, especially the Ptolemaic and the Seleucid. Now, what this establishes is what a lot of historians refer to as a new period of, especially this part of the world. When we go from shortly before the Persian invasions of Greece all the way to Alexander Great, we refer to that as classical Greece. But now we're going from classical Greece, classical Greece, with the death of Alexander and the beginning of the wars of the Diodeci for control, this sets up a new period, often referred to by historians as Hellenistic. Hellenistic. Hellenistic. Period."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But now we're going from classical Greece, classical Greece, with the death of Alexander and the beginning of the wars of the Diodeci for control, this sets up a new period, often referred to by historians as Hellenistic. Hellenistic. Hellenistic. Period. And the Hellenistic period is referring to the fact that all of this territory that was conquered by Alexander the Great and later gets split after the wars of the Diodeci between these Diodeci establishing these various empires, they had huge influence of Greek culture. You had ruling dynasties that were essentially Greek, whether you're in Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Persia, or Antigonid Macedonia. You see the Macedonians were already a very strong Greek culture."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Period. And the Hellenistic period is referring to the fact that all of this territory that was conquered by Alexander the Great and later gets split after the wars of the Diodeci between these Diodeci establishing these various empires, they had huge influence of Greek culture. You had ruling dynasties that were essentially Greek, whether you're in Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Persia, or Antigonid Macedonia. You see the Macedonians were already a very strong Greek culture. And it's a time where you have the spread of the culture, you have kind of a bit of fulfillment of Alexander the Great's goal of creating this very, this mashup, so to speak, of the various cultures of the region, the Greco and the Persian and the Egyptian cultures. Now the Hellenistic period starts to end as each of these various empires get overthrown. The Seleucid Empire in the third century BCE, it gets more and more overtaken by the Parthian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You see the Macedonians were already a very strong Greek culture. And it's a time where you have the spread of the culture, you have kind of a bit of fulfillment of Alexander the Great's goal of creating this very, this mashup, so to speak, of the various cultures of the region, the Greco and the Persian and the Egyptian cultures. Now the Hellenistic period starts to end as each of these various empires get overthrown. The Seleucid Empire in the third century BCE, it gets more and more overtaken by the Parthian Empire. Parthia starts as a satrap, a region of the Seleucid Empire, but it eventually takes control over much of Persia. So this is the Parthian, sorry, the Parthian, Parthian, Parthian Empire, right over here. And the last vestiges of the Seleucid Empire are eventually defeated by the Roman legions."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Seleucid Empire in the third century BCE, it gets more and more overtaken by the Parthian Empire. Parthia starts as a satrap, a region of the Seleucid Empire, but it eventually takes control over much of Persia. So this is the Parthian, sorry, the Parthian, Parthian, Parthian Empire, right over here. And the last vestiges of the Seleucid Empire are eventually defeated by the Roman legions. And you'll see this is a common trend here because at the time of Alexander on the Italian Peninsula, you start having a city-state that's becoming more and more powerful and more and more of an empire. And as we will see, it starts to subsume a lot of the regions we talked about. Ptolemaic Egypt, it gets overthrown by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Diadochi and the Hellenistic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the last vestiges of the Seleucid Empire are eventually defeated by the Roman legions. And you'll see this is a common trend here because at the time of Alexander on the Italian Peninsula, you start having a city-state that's becoming more and more powerful and more and more of an empire. And as we will see, it starts to subsume a lot of the regions we talked about. Ptolemaic Egypt, it gets overthrown by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE. And the Antigonid Dynasty gets overthrown by the Roman Empire. They're actually the first to get overthrown by the Roman Empire in 168 BC. So this period, this Hellenistic period, the takeaway, it's a period, I'm talking about hundreds of years in a matter of five or six minutes, but this is a period where you had significant Greek influence over a very large period or a very large area of land."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "For the Protestant Reformation, that's a really big one guys in world history. And whether you're a kid in school or you're a lifelong learner or cray cray on the internet, we got it going for you right now. So why don't we go get her done. So before we get started with actually nailing things to walls, which we're going to do in a few minutes, we want to kind of set the major idea, which is really in the vocabulary itself. It's the Protestant Reformation, protest reform. And the big thesis, the big idea, is that this is a humongous turning point in world history, not only in terms of church stuff and religious stuff, but in terms of political stuff and the future of humankind. So it's a really, really big deal and we'll go over kind of its major effects towards the end of the video."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So before we get started with actually nailing things to walls, which we're going to do in a few minutes, we want to kind of set the major idea, which is really in the vocabulary itself. It's the Protestant Reformation, protest reform. And the big thesis, the big idea, is that this is a humongous turning point in world history, not only in terms of church stuff and religious stuff, but in terms of political stuff and the future of humankind. So it's a really, really big deal and we'll go over kind of its major effects towards the end of the video. But in terms of context, the 15th century, the end of the 1400s, the beginning of the 1500s, the Catholic Church is the dominant player and it's extravagantly in power. Is that a word, extravagantly in power? But it's humongously in power."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So it's a really, really big deal and we'll go over kind of its major effects towards the end of the video. But in terms of context, the 15th century, the end of the 1400s, the beginning of the 1500s, the Catholic Church is the dominant player and it's extravagantly in power. Is that a word, extravagantly in power? But it's humongously in power. Is that a word, humongously in power? It has a lock on power. It is the most powerful political institution, religious institution, financial institution in the whole wide world."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's humongously in power. Is that a word, humongously in power? It has a lock on power. It is the most powerful political institution, religious institution, financial institution in the whole wide world. And it controls the keys to the kingdom. If you belong to the Catholic Church, the Catholic Church has the say of where you're going when you die. So there's a lot of power and there's a lot of people that are kind of beholden to its power."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It is the most powerful political institution, religious institution, financial institution in the whole wide world. And it controls the keys to the kingdom. If you belong to the Catholic Church, the Catholic Church has the say of where you're going when you die. So there's a lot of power and there's a lot of people that are kind of beholden to its power. But you also have some other things that are swirling around that are eroding its power slowly that are leading up to this Protestant Reformation. One thing would be the Renaissance, kind of this artistic spiritual awakening in cities that has already been going on for a couple hundred years. So people are being exposed to new types of art and new types of thinking that focuses more on the personal rather than the church and its power."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So there's a lot of power and there's a lot of people that are kind of beholden to its power. But you also have some other things that are swirling around that are eroding its power slowly that are leading up to this Protestant Reformation. One thing would be the Renaissance, kind of this artistic spiritual awakening in cities that has already been going on for a couple hundred years. So people are being exposed to new types of art and new types of thinking that focuses more on the personal rather than the church and its power. We also have had the bubonic plague that's raged Europe a couple centuries before. And people are really getting in terms of, you know, what are we here for? What's the meaning of life?"}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So people are being exposed to new types of art and new types of thinking that focuses more on the personal rather than the church and its power. We also have had the bubonic plague that's raged Europe a couple centuries before. And people are really getting in terms of, you know, what are we here for? What's the meaning of life? We also have examples of kind of conflict within the church itself in terms of schisms where there's no agreement in terms of who's in power. In the 1300s, we had three popes. So I don't know, Lao, Crowley, Moe, but nobody really knew what was going on."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "What's the meaning of life? We also have examples of kind of conflict within the church itself in terms of schisms where there's no agreement in terms of who's in power. In the 1300s, we had three popes. So I don't know, Lao, Crowley, Moe, but nobody really knew what was going on. And you also have examples of earlier reformers. So in the century before Martin Luther, who we're going to get to in a second, is going to nail those 95 theses to that church wall and start the Protestant Reformation. You've already had two dudes, John Wycliffe, who's out of Oxford, who is declared a heretic for opposing the Catholic Church."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I don't know, Lao, Crowley, Moe, but nobody really knew what was going on. And you also have examples of earlier reformers. So in the century before Martin Luther, who we're going to get to in a second, is going to nail those 95 theses to that church wall and start the Protestant Reformation. You've already had two dudes, John Wycliffe, who's out of Oxford, who is declared a heretic for opposing the Catholic Church. After he died, he actually dug up his corpse and burned his corpse. How gangster is that? And then you also have Jean Housse out of the University of Charles out of Prague, who was burned alive as a heretic for saying some of the very same things that Martin Luther is going to say to us in a few minutes."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You've already had two dudes, John Wycliffe, who's out of Oxford, who is declared a heretic for opposing the Catholic Church. After he died, he actually dug up his corpse and burned his corpse. How gangster is that? And then you also have Jean Housse out of the University of Charles out of Prague, who was burned alive as a heretic for saying some of the very same things that Martin Luther is going to say to us in a few minutes. So you've already kind of had this kind of energy around, you know, change that has already occurred, but you don't have anybody to press the button. So let's go get ourselves a button presser. So we have our button presser."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you also have Jean Housse out of the University of Charles out of Prague, who was burned alive as a heretic for saying some of the very same things that Martin Luther is going to say to us in a few minutes. So you've already kind of had this kind of energy around, you know, change that has already occurred, but you don't have anybody to press the button. So let's go get ourselves a button presser. So we have our button presser. Our button presser is going to be a guy by the name of Martin Luther, a German monk, a lawyer by training, somebody who is deeply into meditation and thinking about the words of the Bible and what they mean. And when he starts thinking about what the Bible says and what the Catholic Church is doing, he has some problems. And I think it's important to realize that he's not a revolutionary."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So we have our button presser. Our button presser is going to be a guy by the name of Martin Luther, a German monk, a lawyer by training, somebody who is deeply into meditation and thinking about the words of the Bible and what they mean. And when he starts thinking about what the Bible says and what the Catholic Church is doing, he has some problems. And I think it's important to realize that he's not a revolutionary. He's not looking to take down the Catholic Church. He's looking to reform it from within. And he's got some specific problems."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And I think it's important to realize that he's not a revolutionary. He's not looking to take down the Catholic Church. He's looking to reform it from within. And he's got some specific problems. We'll just name a few. But the biggest one is the sale of indulgences. And indulgence was basically a piece of paper that you could buy from the Catholic Church because the Catholic Church had all these good deeds that the saints had done."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he's got some specific problems. We'll just name a few. But the biggest one is the sale of indulgences. And indulgence was basically a piece of paper that you could buy from the Catholic Church because the Catholic Church had all these good deeds that the saints had done. So if you wanted to give me a little bit of money, I'll give you a little bit of their good karma and then you're going to go to purgatory. Purgatory was kind of this in-between place between heaven and hell. So basically they are raising money to manage people's afterlife."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And indulgence was basically a piece of paper that you could buy from the Catholic Church because the Catholic Church had all these good deeds that the saints had done. So if you wanted to give me a little bit of money, I'll give you a little bit of their good karma and then you're going to go to purgatory. Purgatory was kind of this in-between place between heaven and hell. So basically they are raising money to manage people's afterlife. How about that? And Martin Luther knows that this is not in the Bible and this is kakabula. Other than that, he really, I think, the main thing is that he believes that people should be in charge of their own faith."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So basically they are raising money to manage people's afterlife. How about that? And Martin Luther knows that this is not in the Bible and this is kakabula. Other than that, he really, I think, the main thing is that he believes that people should be in charge of their own faith. That you don't need a middleman. You don't need the Catholic Church to be measuring you up. That you could read the Bible, that you could interpret it for yourself, that you could live a life of faith."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Other than that, he really, I think, the main thing is that he believes that people should be in charge of their own faith. That you don't need a middleman. You don't need the Catholic Church to be measuring you up. That you could read the Bible, that you could interpret it for yourself, that you could live a life of faith. Because Martin Luther tried, he tried to do all of those things the Catholic Church would tell him to do and he'd still wake up in the morning and go, ugh, I'm still going to hell. So he really came up with this idea that it was faith driven and not deed driven. And he's got a problem with papal authority."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That you could read the Bible, that you could interpret it for yourself, that you could live a life of faith. Because Martin Luther tried, he tried to do all of those things the Catholic Church would tell him to do and he'd still wake up in the morning and go, ugh, I'm still going to hell. So he really came up with this idea that it was faith driven and not deed driven. And he's got a problem with papal authority. You know, who's that guy? Right? He's a bloodline to the Pope."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he's got a problem with papal authority. You know, who's that guy? Right? He's a bloodline to the Pope. Come on. That's ridiculous. That's not in the Bible."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's a bloodline to the Pope. Come on. That's ridiculous. That's not in the Bible. So let's take power for ourselves and have these smaller denominations. But he's writing those ideas to reform the church from within and he writes them down and according to legend, he nails them to the church door. And of course, whether it's true or not, it really doesn't matter if you've ever watched the movie Who Shot Liberty Valance."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's not in the Bible. So let's take power for ourselves and have these smaller denominations. But he's writing those ideas to reform the church from within and he writes them down and according to legend, he nails them to the church door. And of course, whether it's true or not, it really doesn't matter if you've ever watched the movie Who Shot Liberty Valance. There's a great line. When the legend becomes fact, print the legend. So it doesn't matter."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course, whether it's true or not, it really doesn't matter if you've ever watched the movie Who Shot Liberty Valance. There's a great line. When the legend becomes fact, print the legend. So it doesn't matter. What matters is the effects. So let's look at the effects. I think there's a number of them, but the biggest one is definitely going to be a rise of nationalism with that huge power vacuum that's going to occur with the Catholic Church losing its political and religious authority over Europe."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So it doesn't matter. What matters is the effects. So let's look at the effects. I think there's a number of them, but the biggest one is definitely going to be a rise of nationalism with that huge power vacuum that's going to occur with the Catholic Church losing its political and religious authority over Europe. Not only do you have Lutherism that is spreading across the continent, but you also have Calvinism and Puritism and the Church of England is coming around town. So the Catholic Church power is going bye-bye and that's probably going to create in the short term more conflict between nation states. And we have the 30-year war, which is going to wipe out something like 40% of all Germans towards the end of the Protestant Reformation."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I think there's a number of them, but the biggest one is definitely going to be a rise of nationalism with that huge power vacuum that's going to occur with the Catholic Church losing its political and religious authority over Europe. Not only do you have Lutherism that is spreading across the continent, but you also have Calvinism and Puritism and the Church of England is coming around town. So the Catholic Church power is going bye-bye and that's probably going to create in the short term more conflict between nation states. And we have the 30-year war, which is going to wipe out something like 40% of all Germans towards the end of the Protestant Reformation. You also have the scientific revolution, which I think is sped up by the Protestant Reformation because people are now more in power of exploring the world around them, especially with the printing press. And speaking of the printing press, one of Martin Luther's second jobbies was to print the Bible for the first time. So now with a German translation, people can actually read what the words say and then when they compare it with what the Catholic Church is doing, a lot of them are going to jump ship quite quickly."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And we have the 30-year war, which is going to wipe out something like 40% of all Germans towards the end of the Protestant Reformation. You also have the scientific revolution, which I think is sped up by the Protestant Reformation because people are now more in power of exploring the world around them, especially with the printing press. And speaking of the printing press, one of Martin Luther's second jobbies was to print the Bible for the first time. So now with a German translation, people can actually read what the words say and then when they compare it with what the Catholic Church is doing, a lot of them are going to jump ship quite quickly. And they're going to be facilitated jumping that ship by these rulers who have no interest in the Catholic Church holding onto power any longer anyway. You also, I think, have a new type of history. This is a big one because now history isn't being determined by kings and queens, but it was determined by some lonely monk in Germany with a pen."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So now with a German translation, people can actually read what the words say and then when they compare it with what the Catholic Church is doing, a lot of them are going to jump ship quite quickly. And they're going to be facilitated jumping that ship by these rulers who have no interest in the Catholic Church holding onto power any longer anyway. You also, I think, have a new type of history. This is a big one because now history isn't being determined by kings and queens, but it was determined by some lonely monk in Germany with a pen. Because of that printing press, it's a media revolution and it's a new way of studying history. I would call it the first example really of people history in world history that's going to have a humongous effect. I think another effect, of course this would be a negative effect, would be kind of an increase in that inquisitionary style of religious politics that the Catholic Church was playing before."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This is a big one because now history isn't being determined by kings and queens, but it was determined by some lonely monk in Germany with a pen. Because of that printing press, it's a media revolution and it's a new way of studying history. I would call it the first example really of people history in world history that's going to have a humongous effect. I think another effect, of course this would be a negative effect, would be kind of an increase in that inquisitionary style of religious politics that the Catholic Church was playing before. You have a whole lot of heresy trials, a whole lot of burning of lives, a whole lot of women that were burned alive for being called witches, and a whole lot of anti-Semitism. So it's not all good stuff, that's for sure. But now that we have a new type of politics going on in the world, we have a new type of history."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I think another effect, of course this would be a negative effect, would be kind of an increase in that inquisitionary style of religious politics that the Catholic Church was playing before. You have a whole lot of heresy trials, a whole lot of burning of lives, a whole lot of women that were burned alive for being called witches, and a whole lot of anti-Semitism. So it's not all good stuff, that's for sure. But now that we have a new type of politics going on in the world, we have a new type of history. That's the biggest idea that I can throw out there. So guys, hopefully this is the beginning of your studies and not the end of your studies. We just wanted you to be able to wrap your head around the big idea."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But now that we have a new type of politics going on in the world, we have a new type of history. That's the biggest idea that I can throw out there. So guys, hopefully this is the beginning of your studies and not the end of your studies. We just wanted you to be able to wrap your head around the big idea. And now that we've wrapped your head up, why don't you try to press that big red button right there where you'll zip through the internets where you can subscribe to Hipfuse History. That would be really nice. We have something like 300 videos, all kinds of videos."}, {"video_title": "The Protestant Reformation Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We just wanted you to be able to wrap your head around the big idea. And now that we've wrapped your head up, why don't you try to press that big red button right there where you'll zip through the internets where you can subscribe to Hipfuse History. That would be really nice. We have something like 300 videos, all kinds of videos. You should go check that out. And always remember guys, where attention goes, energy flows. And we'll see you guys next time that you press the button."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "What's the basic plot? What do people who are Muslims believe? Just enough to grow your brain so you're walking around smarter. How about that? So let's go giddy up for the learning and go get it done right now. Alright guys, why don't we start in the year 570 in a city called Mecca where a little baby is born who is called Muhammad. And Muhammad of course is going to be the founder of Islam."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that? So let's go giddy up for the learning and go get it done right now. Alright guys, why don't we start in the year 570 in a city called Mecca where a little baby is born who is called Muhammad. And Muhammad of course is going to be the founder of Islam. He's going to be seen as the last of the prophets according to Muslims who follow Islam and they're going to call him the great prophet. Now he's born in 570 to kind of an upper class Meccan family. He's orphaned as a young boy, kind of moves around a little bit, lives in the desert, lives in the city for a little while."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And Muhammad of course is going to be the founder of Islam. He's going to be seen as the last of the prophets according to Muslims who follow Islam and they're going to call him the great prophet. Now he's born in 570 to kind of an upper class Meccan family. He's orphaned as a young boy, kind of moves around a little bit, lives in the desert, lives in the city for a little while. In his teenage years he gets a chance to visit Syria where it's said that he has interactions with a Christian monk that has great influence over him. And now he's not going to of course be a Christian, he doesn't see himself as being someone of the Jewish faith, but he does identify with the Abrahamic lineage. That Abraham was a great prophet, this is the first kind of father of Judaism."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He's orphaned as a young boy, kind of moves around a little bit, lives in the desert, lives in the city for a little while. In his teenage years he gets a chance to visit Syria where it's said that he has interactions with a Christian monk that has great influence over him. And now he's not going to of course be a Christian, he doesn't see himself as being someone of the Jewish faith, but he does identify with the Abrahamic lineage. That Abraham was a great prophet, this is the first kind of father of Judaism. And then he had two sons, Isaac and Ishmael. And it's said that Muhammad's lineage goes through Ishmael. But he does believe that Abraham was a prophet, that Moses was a prophet, that Jesus was a prophet."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That Abraham was a great prophet, this is the first kind of father of Judaism. And then he had two sons, Isaac and Ishmael. And it's said that Muhammad's lineage goes through Ishmael. But he does believe that Abraham was a prophet, that Moses was a prophet, that Jesus was a prophet. And as he grows into adulthood he becomes a merchant and an arbitrator, somebody who is greatly respected in Mecca, someone who is seen as being very honest and very truth worthy. Is truth worthy a word? He's going to get married at a young age, at the age of 25, he marries Khadiju, a 40 year old widow."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But he does believe that Abraham was a prophet, that Moses was a prophet, that Jesus was a prophet. And as he grows into adulthood he becomes a merchant and an arbitrator, somebody who is greatly respected in Mecca, someone who is seen as being very honest and very truth worthy. Is truth worthy a word? He's going to get married at a young age, at the age of 25, he marries Khadiju, a 40 year old widow. It's said that he's doing pretty well, pretty happy, he's got hooked up, pretty honest guy, having a pretty good living. And then something pretty special happens to him in 605. Now Mecca was already seen as kind of a place that people would pilgrimage to, pre-Islamic."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He's going to get married at a young age, at the age of 25, he marries Khadiju, a 40 year old widow. It's said that he's doing pretty well, pretty happy, he's got hooked up, pretty honest guy, having a pretty good living. And then something pretty special happens to him in 605. Now Mecca was already seen as kind of a place that people would pilgrimage to, pre-Islamic. But they would be not just Christians and Jews, but pagans, polytheistic people, people that would go to something called the Kaaba. The Kaaba where they would put stones and idols and different worship ceremonies. But it was already a pretty religious place."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now Mecca was already seen as kind of a place that people would pilgrimage to, pre-Islamic. But they would be not just Christians and Jews, but pagans, polytheistic people, people that would go to something called the Kaaba. The Kaaba where they would put stones and idols and different worship ceremonies. But it was already a pretty religious place. And in 605 there's a crisis among the different religious leaders. And what had happened is during renovations of the Kaaba they took out something called the Black Stone. And they couldn't agree who gets to put the Black Stone back."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But it was already a pretty religious place. And in 605 there's a crisis among the different religious leaders. And what had happened is during renovations of the Kaaba they took out something called the Black Stone. And they couldn't agree who gets to put the Black Stone back. Everybody's like, I should put it back. No, I should put it back. So eventually they turn to somebody who's seen as being very honest and truth worthy and all this great jazz, and that's Muhammad."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And they couldn't agree who gets to put the Black Stone back. Everybody's like, I should put it back. No, I should put it back. So eventually they turn to somebody who's seen as being very honest and truth worthy and all this great jazz, and that's Muhammad. Now Muhammad is then put in charge of putting that Black Rock back into the Kaaba. And this is before he has any revelations. But it's seen by many people who follow the faith as being a sign."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So eventually they turn to somebody who's seen as being very honest and truth worthy and all this great jazz, and that's Muhammad. Now Muhammad is then put in charge of putting that Black Rock back into the Kaaba. And this is before he has any revelations. But it's seen by many people who follow the faith as being a sign. Now in 610 he's going to have his first of many revelations. And it's very important to understand that we're going to be talking about a cave he goes to pray in. It's called Ahira."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's seen by many people who follow the faith as being a sign. Now in 610 he's going to have his first of many revelations. And it's very important to understand that we're going to be talking about a cave he goes to pray in. It's called Ahira. And he had gone there before. But he's called to pray in this cave. And he's visited by the archangel Gabriel."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's called Ahira. And he had gone there before. But he's called to pray in this cave. And he's visited by the archangel Gabriel. And Gabriel is a central figure in Islam. He's going to be the angel that communicates from God to Muhammad. In the Islamic faith nobody can, is able to speak directly to God."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And he's visited by the archangel Gabriel. And Gabriel is a central figure in Islam. He's going to be the angel that communicates from God to Muhammad. In the Islamic faith nobody can, is able to speak directly to God. So there has to be an intermediate. And that are angels. People of the Islamic faith believe in angels."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "In the Islamic faith nobody can, is able to speak directly to God. So there has to be an intermediate. And that are angels. People of the Islamic faith believe in angels. They don't really represent them in the physical world on paintings and such like that. But that is a very important article of faith according to people who are Muslims. So he gets these revelations and he's basically told that he needs to convert people."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "People of the Islamic faith believe in angels. They don't really represent them in the physical world on paintings and such like that. But that is a very important article of faith according to people who are Muslims. So he gets these revelations and he's basically told that he needs to convert people. That he's going to be a great prophet now. That he's going to speak through, you know, archangel Gabriel as the word of God. And that he basically needs to teach people to submit to the Almighty."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So he gets these revelations and he's basically told that he needs to convert people. That he's going to be a great prophet now. That he's going to speak through, you know, archangel Gabriel as the word of God. And that he basically needs to teach people to submit to the Almighty. In the same tradition of Judaism and Christianity there's one God. He is all powerful. He is all knowing."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that he basically needs to teach people to submit to the Almighty. In the same tradition of Judaism and Christianity there's one God. He is all powerful. He is all knowing. He is all merciful. But we need to submit. We need to give over."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He is all knowing. He is all merciful. But we need to submit. We need to give over. We need to pay homage. But he was also seen by many of the people that lived in Mecca as being a false prophet. As being an enemy."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "We need to give over. We need to pay homage. But he was also seen by many of the people that lived in Mecca as being a false prophet. As being an enemy. As being somebody who was trying to rock the boat. And they were like, don't rock the boat baby. And then in 620 he has one of his greatest revelations where it said that he was transported during the night time to a great mosque far away."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "As being an enemy. As being somebody who was trying to rock the boat. And they were like, don't rock the boat baby. And then in 620 he has one of his greatest revelations where it said that he was transported during the night time to a great mosque far away. Many Muslims believe that this is the Dome of the Rock which is a very holy place of the Islamic faith. The same Dome of the Rock where people who are Jewish believe that Abraham went to sacrifice his son. So there's a lot of crossover going on here."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And then in 620 he has one of his greatest revelations where it said that he was transported during the night time to a great mosque far away. Many Muslims believe that this is the Dome of the Rock which is a very holy place of the Islamic faith. The same Dome of the Rock where people who are Jewish believe that Abraham went to sacrifice his son. So there's a lot of crossover going on here. There's also a lot of commonalities with Christianity that there is a belief in a judgment day. That one day there will be a great reckoning. There will be an antichrist."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So there's a lot of crossover going on here. There's also a lot of commonalities with Christianity that there is a belief in a judgment day. That one day there will be a great reckoning. There will be an antichrist. There will be a judgment. And actually Muslims believe that it will be Jesus Christ who will defeat the antichrist and rule for 40 years over earth. So, you know, commonalities and overlaps."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There will be an antichrist. There will be a judgment. And actually Muslims believe that it will be Jesus Christ who will defeat the antichrist and rule for 40 years over earth. So, you know, commonalities and overlaps. And I do believe that where Muhammad is buried alongside of Ali and Abu Bakr, the two people who create the Shiite and the Sunni split right there, that there's an empty grave for the body of Jesus Christ. So it shows you that maybe there's a lot more in common between religions than you think. But nevertheless he ascends into heaven where he meets the great prophets."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So, you know, commonalities and overlaps. And I do believe that where Muhammad is buried alongside of Ali and Abu Bakr, the two people who create the Shiite and the Sunni split right there, that there's an empty grave for the body of Jesus Christ. So it shows you that maybe there's a lot more in common between religions than you think. But nevertheless he ascends into heaven where he meets the great prophets. He talks to Moses. He talks to Jesus. He learns all the ins and outs of the rules."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But nevertheless he ascends into heaven where he meets the great prophets. He talks to Moses. He talks to Jesus. He learns all the ins and outs of the rules. He visits hell. Now he's got a story to tell and then he descends back to earth where the people that are following his new faith become to be persecuted even more. So then in 622 he decides, I'm getting out of Dodge."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He learns all the ins and outs of the rules. He visits hell. Now he's got a story to tell and then he descends back to earth where the people that are following his new faith become to be persecuted even more. So then in 622 he decides, I'm getting out of Dodge. Well, I'm getting out of Mecca. And he has a pilgrimage with all of his people, an exodus, which is called a hijrah. And he moves his people to a new city called Medina where he is welcomed."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So then in 622 he decides, I'm getting out of Dodge. Well, I'm getting out of Mecca. And he has a pilgrimage with all of his people, an exodus, which is called a hijrah. And he moves his people to a new city called Medina where he is welcomed. He is brought in as a new leader, somebody that is to unite the Christians and the Jewish people and the different ancient tribes. And this is done according to a constitution called the Constitution of Medina where different things occur, where they start praying towards Mecca instead of Jerusalem, where there is tolerance for other faiths. But there's also the idea that Muhammad's going to be the guy in charge."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And he moves his people to a new city called Medina where he is welcomed. He is brought in as a new leader, somebody that is to unite the Christians and the Jewish people and the different ancient tribes. And this is done according to a constitution called the Constitution of Medina where different things occur, where they start praying towards Mecca instead of Jerusalem, where there is tolerance for other faiths. But there's also the idea that Muhammad's going to be the guy in charge. So it's kind of a balance between a little bit of diversity, but the Muslims really having their first city in Medina. Now in 630 Muhammad's ranks are going to grow. He's going to have about 10,000 people under his command now."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But there's also the idea that Muhammad's going to be the guy in charge. So it's kind of a balance between a little bit of diversity, but the Muslims really having their first city in Medina. Now in 630 Muhammad's ranks are going to grow. He's going to have about 10,000 people under his command now. And he's going to make a new pilgrimage back to Mecca, a siege on Mecca. And that's going to be successful where the Meccans lay down their arms and Muhammad walks into Mecca as the great prophet, as the new leader, with a little empire growing at that point. First thing he does, goes back to the Kaaba and they destroy everything that is seen as a false idol, all the gods and the goddesses and the pagan worship."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He's going to have about 10,000 people under his command now. And he's going to make a new pilgrimage back to Mecca, a siege on Mecca. And that's going to be successful where the Meccans lay down their arms and Muhammad walks into Mecca as the great prophet, as the new leader, with a little empire growing at that point. First thing he does, goes back to the Kaaba and they destroy everything that is seen as a false idol, all the gods and the goddesses and the pagan worship. That's going to be all gone from that standpoint. And that Kaaba is going to be the holiest place for Muslims from now on. And in fact, their command to even have to touch that black rock that we talked about before."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "First thing he does, goes back to the Kaaba and they destroy everything that is seen as a false idol, all the gods and the goddesses and the pagan worship. That's going to be all gone from that standpoint. And that Kaaba is going to be the holiest place for Muslims from now on. And in fact, their command to even have to touch that black rock that we talked about before. So now that he has passed on, the empire is not going to stop at that point. We're going to have what are called caliphates, which are going to be basically little dynasties of rulers. And there is actually a split in Islam between people who call themselves Sunnis and people who call themselves Shiites."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And in fact, their command to even have to touch that black rock that we talked about before. So now that he has passed on, the empire is not going to stop at that point. We're going to have what are called caliphates, which are going to be basically little dynasties of rulers. And there is actually a split in Islam between people who call themselves Sunnis and people who call themselves Shiites. Sunnis believe that the first caliphate was ruled under by his father-in-law, Muhammad's father-in-law, Abu Bakr. People that are Shiites believe that it's not really until the fourth caliphate that we get the real ruler, which was his son-in-law, Ali. But we could talk about that a little bit later."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And there is actually a split in Islam between people who call themselves Sunnis and people who call themselves Shiites. Sunnis believe that the first caliphate was ruled under by his father-in-law, Muhammad's father-in-law, Abu Bakr. People that are Shiites believe that it's not really until the fourth caliphate that we get the real ruler, which was his son-in-law, Ali. But we could talk about that a little bit later. Why don't we talk about some of the articles of faith of somebody who calls himself a Muslim who belongs to the religion of Islam. Where do you think the most Muslims live? Do you think it's in the Middle East?"}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But we could talk about that a little bit later. Why don't we talk about some of the articles of faith of somebody who calls himself a Muslim who belongs to the religion of Islam. Where do you think the most Muslims live? Do you think it's in the Middle East? Do you think it's in Southeast Asia? Or do you think it's in Africa? What do you guys think?"}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Do you think it's in the Middle East? Do you think it's in Southeast Asia? Or do you think it's in Africa? What do you guys think? I'm going to take a guess right now. Ha! It's Southeast Asia."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "What do you guys think? I'm going to take a guess right now. Ha! It's Southeast Asia. 32% of Muslims live in Southeast Asia. Only 20% live in the Middle East. But I get off track."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's Southeast Asia. 32% of Muslims live in Southeast Asia. Only 20% live in the Middle East. But I get off track. So what do you need to know about people who follow the Islamic faith? Well number one is the Quran. The Quran is seen as the literal word of God and it's made up of 114 surahs or chapters and there's 6,236 verses, which must be spoken in Arabic and prayed in Arabic."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But I get off track. So what do you need to know about people who follow the Islamic faith? Well number one is the Quran. The Quran is seen as the literal word of God and it's made up of 114 surahs or chapters and there's 6,236 verses, which must be spoken in Arabic and prayed in Arabic. That's critical as well. There's also something called the Hadiths, which are different accounts that were written down of Muhammad's life. The Quran is really a collection of ethics and morals and parables and ideas."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The Quran is seen as the literal word of God and it's made up of 114 surahs or chapters and there's 6,236 verses, which must be spoken in Arabic and prayed in Arabic. That's critical as well. There's also something called the Hadiths, which are different accounts that were written down of Muhammad's life. The Quran is really a collection of ethics and morals and parables and ideas. And Muhammad's life is seen as how that is enacted in real life. And that forms the Hadiths and the Quran kind of Muslim law, Islamic law, which is called Sharia law. And we don't want to get political here because this isn't a political lecture, but Iran and Saudi Arabia actually practice Sharia law."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The Quran is really a collection of ethics and morals and parables and ideas. And Muhammad's life is seen as how that is enacted in real life. And that forms the Hadiths and the Quran kind of Muslim law, Islamic law, which is called Sharia law. And we don't want to get political here because this isn't a political lecture, but Iran and Saudi Arabia actually practice Sharia law. And you can look it up itself. It's pretty gangster, kind of Hammurabi's code on steroids sometimes. But there are some downsides, certainly for women when it comes to what's seen as adultery or illicit sex."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And we don't want to get political here because this isn't a political lecture, but Iran and Saudi Arabia actually practice Sharia law. And you can look it up itself. It's pretty gangster, kind of Hammurabi's code on steroids sometimes. But there are some downsides, certainly for women when it comes to what's seen as adultery or illicit sex. But it's also seen by many Muslims as being protectors of ethics and values about basic ideas that are in Christianity and Judaism as well. But I get off track. What I really want to talk about is the five pillars of Islam."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But there are some downsides, certainly for women when it comes to what's seen as adultery or illicit sex. But it's also seen by many Muslims as being protectors of ethics and values about basic ideas that are in Christianity and Judaism as well. But I get off track. What I really want to talk about is the five pillars of Islam. Because that's what you're going to need to know on the test. In fact, they're right here. I'm going to go pick them up and serve it up on a plate of learning."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "What I really want to talk about is the five pillars of Islam. Because that's what you're going to need to know on the test. In fact, they're right here. I'm going to go pick them up and serve it up on a plate of learning. Let's get started. Shahada. Shahada is an article of faith."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm going to go pick them up and serve it up on a plate of learning. Let's get started. Shahada. Shahada is an article of faith. That's the first pillar. You have to give yourself up to the faith. You have to say the words, there is no God but Allah and that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Shahada is an article of faith. That's the first pillar. You have to give yourself up to the faith. You have to say the words, there is no God but Allah and that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. And once you say that, you can knock that off. You are done with the first pillar of Islam. It's an article of faith."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You have to say the words, there is no God but Allah and that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. And once you say that, you can knock that off. You are done with the first pillar of Islam. It's an article of faith. Now the second is Salat, which is prayer. And all Muslims must pray five times a day. And that's marked off from sunrise to the end of the day where they have to face Mecca."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's an article of faith. Now the second is Salat, which is prayer. And all Muslims must pray five times a day. And that's marked off from sunrise to the end of the day where they have to face Mecca. And there's certain rules about how they pray in terms of how they kneel and how they bow. But five times a day, if you want to be a Muslim, if you want to practice Islamic faith, you're going to have to do it five times a day. That's the second pillar of Islam."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's marked off from sunrise to the end of the day where they have to face Mecca. And there's certain rules about how they pray in terms of how they kneel and how they bow. But five times a day, if you want to be a Muslim, if you want to practice Islamic faith, you're going to have to do it five times a day. That's the second pillar of Islam. The third is Zakat, which means charity. That this is a central tenet. That you have to not be greedy."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That's the second pillar of Islam. The third is Zakat, which means charity. That this is a central tenet. That you have to not be greedy. That according to your wealth, you have to give away a certain amount to people in your community that are less fortunate. So charity is one of the huge pillars of Islam. The fourth pillar of Islam is Salm."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That you have to not be greedy. That according to your wealth, you have to give away a certain amount to people in your community that are less fortunate. So charity is one of the huge pillars of Islam. The fourth pillar of Islam is Salm. And I think I mispronounced that. But that means fasting, which occurs in the month of Ramadan. So for a whole month, from the time the sun comes up to the sign the sun goes down, you have to make sure that you don't eat."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The fourth pillar of Islam is Salm. And I think I mispronounced that. But that means fasting, which occurs in the month of Ramadan. So for a whole month, from the time the sun comes up to the sign the sun goes down, you have to make sure that you don't eat. So that's a fasting, kind of an obedience to God. You're submitting to the will. You're showing God how much you're willing to go through so you can make him happy."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So for a whole month, from the time the sun comes up to the sign the sun goes down, you have to make sure that you don't eat. So that's a fasting, kind of an obedience to God. You're submitting to the will. You're showing God how much you're willing to go through so you can make him happy. And then the fifth would be the Hajj. And the Hajj is for every man and woman Muslim who must make a trek to Mecca, to the Kaaba, to pray. And there's some other things they have to do in there as well."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You're showing God how much you're willing to go through so you can make him happy. And then the fifth would be the Hajj. And the Hajj is for every man and woman Muslim who must make a trek to Mecca, to the Kaaba, to pray. And there's some other things they have to do in there as well. They have to touch the black stone. There's a symbolic stoning of the devil. But those are the five pillars of Islam."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's some other things they have to do in there as well. They have to touch the black stone. There's a symbolic stoning of the devil. But those are the five pillars of Islam. You guys can remember that. There's one about faith. There's one about praying."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But those are the five pillars of Islam. You guys can remember that. There's one about faith. There's one about praying. There's one about charity. There's one about fasting. And there's a pilgrimage that you have to make to Mecca."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's one about praying. There's one about charity. There's one about fasting. And there's a pilgrimage that you have to make to Mecca. Five. That's it. You can do it."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's a pilgrimage that you have to make to Mecca. Five. That's it. You can do it. So guys, we hope that you understand the very basic idea behind Islam, of what it means to be a Muslim, the story of Muhammad. And of course, we've left out almost everything, which I'm sure you're going to find time to put down in the comments below. But I think my last message to you, and I haven't done this with the other videos because I'm a little bit more worried about this one, is that you have to remember that there's going to be different interpretations of every text."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You can do it. So guys, we hope that you understand the very basic idea behind Islam, of what it means to be a Muslim, the story of Muhammad. And of course, we've left out almost everything, which I'm sure you're going to find time to put down in the comments below. But I think my last message to you, and I haven't done this with the other videos because I'm a little bit more worried about this one, is that you have to remember that there's going to be different interpretations of every text. Some good, some bad, some ugly. So before we start throwing rocks at everybody, put your rocks down and be kind to each other. And giddy up for the learning because that's the end of this lecture."}, {"video_title": "Islam Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But I think my last message to you, and I haven't done this with the other videos because I'm a little bit more worried about this one, is that you have to remember that there's going to be different interpretations of every text. Some good, some bad, some ugly. So before we start throwing rocks at everybody, put your rocks down and be kind to each other. And giddy up for the learning because that's the end of this lecture. We hope that your brain's bigger. We certainly hope you always remember where your attention goes, energy flows. And I'm going to say it because I always say it, but I'll see you guys next time."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "And once again, my apologies for my pronunciation. The word Confucius is a Latinization of Kangfuzi, so you could imagine Kangfuzi-shus, Confucius. Now what's interesting about Confucius is he grew up in a time when China was getting more and more divided. In other videos, we talked about the Zhou Dynasty, which begins at the very end of the second millennium. But in the time of Confucius, we're in what's known as the end of the spring and autumn period. Confucius lived from 551 to 479 BCE, and we're ending the spring and autumn period, and we're getting into the period of the warring states. So even in the time of Confucius, there was more and more tension between states."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "In other videos, we talked about the Zhou Dynasty, which begins at the very end of the second millennium. But in the time of Confucius, we're in what's known as the end of the spring and autumn period. Confucius lived from 551 to 479 BCE, and we're ending the spring and autumn period, and we're getting into the period of the warring states. So even in the time of Confucius, there was more and more tension between states. People felt less confident in the central government. And as we'll see, in this late spring and autumn period, and especially as we get into this really violent period known as the warring states period, a lot of philosophers started to arise, and philosophies began to arise, because people were struggling with these questions of what is the role of the state? What does it mean to be a good person?"}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "So even in the time of Confucius, there was more and more tension between states. People felt less confident in the central government. And as we'll see, in this late spring and autumn period, and especially as we get into this really violent period known as the warring states period, a lot of philosophers started to arise, and philosophies began to arise, because people were struggling with these questions of what is the role of the state? What does it mean to be a good person? How does humanity fit in with the cosmic order? Now what's interesting about Confucius is by his own account, he says that he didn't come up with anything new. It's more of him trying to resuscitate or rejuvenate some of the traditions of the past."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "What does it mean to be a good person? How does humanity fit in with the cosmic order? Now what's interesting about Confucius is by his own account, he says that he didn't come up with anything new. It's more of him trying to resuscitate or rejuvenate some of the traditions of the past. Most historians would give him more credit, even though Confucius does look to the early Zhou dynasty for a lot of his inspiration, and he looks to a lot of the traditions of the ancestors. He definitely puts a spin on it, which makes it a very powerful philosophy and arguably religion as we get into this warring states period, and especially as we get into a more unified China under the Qin and Han dynasties. And as we'll see, under the Han dynasty in particular, Confucianism becomes essentially the state religion."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "It's more of him trying to resuscitate or rejuvenate some of the traditions of the past. Most historians would give him more credit, even though Confucius does look to the early Zhou dynasty for a lot of his inspiration, and he looks to a lot of the traditions of the ancestors. He definitely puts a spin on it, which makes it a very powerful philosophy and arguably religion as we get into this warring states period, and especially as we get into a more unified China under the Qin and Han dynasties. And as we'll see, under the Han dynasty in particular, Confucianism becomes essentially the state religion. Now to get a sense of what Confucius preached, and his life, he spent most of his life both teaching and preaching. A lot of people compare him to Socrates, even though he predates Socrates. And simultaneously, he was also building a career as a civil servant, but his legacy is definitely around his preachings, and most of his life was here in the state of Lu in eastern China."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we'll see, under the Han dynasty in particular, Confucianism becomes essentially the state religion. Now to get a sense of what Confucius preached, and his life, he spent most of his life both teaching and preaching. A lot of people compare him to Socrates, even though he predates Socrates. And simultaneously, he was also building a career as a civil servant, but his legacy is definitely around his preachings, and most of his life was here in the state of Lu in eastern China. So there's three general themes that you could talk about Confucius' teachings. I encourage you to go look at his Analects. They're quite interesting to get many, many more of them, but a lot of it is around respecting traditions and respecting elders."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "And simultaneously, he was also building a career as a civil servant, but his legacy is definitely around his preachings, and most of his life was here in the state of Lu in eastern China. So there's three general themes that you could talk about Confucius' teachings. I encourage you to go look at his Analects. They're quite interesting to get many, many more of them, but a lot of it is around respecting traditions and respecting elders. Here's a quote from the Analects. A young man should serve his parents at home and be respectful to elders outside his home. He should be earnest and truthful, loving all, but becoming intimate with his innate good-heartedness."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "They're quite interesting to get many, many more of them, but a lot of it is around respecting traditions and respecting elders. Here's a quote from the Analects. A young man should serve his parents at home and be respectful to elders outside his home. He should be earnest and truthful, loving all, but becoming intimate with his innate good-heartedness. After doing this, if he has energy to spare, he can study literature and the arts. And there's a lot of talk of if someone is to be a good citizen, they need to be a good child first. They need to be a good son."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "He should be earnest and truthful, loving all, but becoming intimate with his innate good-heartedness. After doing this, if he has energy to spare, he can study literature and the arts. And there's a lot of talk of if someone is to be a good citizen, they need to be a good child first. They need to be a good son. Now he also talks about what does it mean to be a just ruler. If you control people by punishment, they will avoid crime, but have no personal sense of shame. If you govern them by means of virtue and control them with propriety, they will gain their own sense of shame and thus correct themselves."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "They need to be a good son. Now he also talks about what does it mean to be a just ruler. If you control people by punishment, they will avoid crime, but have no personal sense of shame. If you govern them by means of virtue and control them with propriety, they will gain their own sense of shame and thus correct themselves. And as we'll see, morality and ethics plays a huge role at a personal level and also as a state level to Confucius. And we'll talk about other philosophies where that might not be as strong of a sense. Now another very big theme to Confucius was looking to yourself."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "If you govern them by means of virtue and control them with propriety, they will gain their own sense of shame and thus correct themselves. And as we'll see, morality and ethics plays a huge role at a personal level and also as a state level to Confucius. And we'll talk about other philosophies where that might not be as strong of a sense. Now another very big theme to Confucius was looking to yourself. Through self-improvement, you can be a better citizen, a better child, a better ruler. Real knowledge is to know the extent of one's ignorance. Learning without thought is labor lost."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "Now another very big theme to Confucius was looking to yourself. Through self-improvement, you can be a better citizen, a better child, a better ruler. Real knowledge is to know the extent of one's ignorance. Learning without thought is labor lost. Thought without learning is perilous. When you see someone of worth, think of how you may emulate. When you see someone unworthy, examine your own character."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "Learning without thought is labor lost. Thought without learning is perilous. When you see someone of worth, think of how you may emulate. When you see someone unworthy, examine your own character. I like that one in particular. Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire. So a very close statement to the Golden Rule."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "When you see someone unworthy, examine your own character. I like that one in particular. Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire. So a very close statement to the Golden Rule. Now as I mentioned, Confucius and Confucianism was not alone in this period of the spring and autumn period and especially as you get into the Warring States period. During that time, we have what's known as the Hundred Schools of Thought, which this time period starts around the time of Confucius and goes until Qin Dynasty ends the Warring States period and in a very strong way unifies China. Now we already talked about Confucianism, which talks a lot about ethics, but its goal, remember Confucius himself was a civil servant."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "So a very close statement to the Golden Rule. Now as I mentioned, Confucius and Confucianism was not alone in this period of the spring and autumn period and especially as you get into the Warring States period. During that time, we have what's known as the Hundred Schools of Thought, which this time period starts around the time of Confucius and goes until Qin Dynasty ends the Warring States period and in a very strong way unifies China. Now we already talked about Confucianism, which talks a lot about ethics, but its goal, remember Confucius himself was a civil servant. He was an administrator. He thought a lot about what does it mean to be a just ruler. So it definitely touches on the practical to a good bit."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "Now we already talked about Confucianism, which talks a lot about ethics, but its goal, remember Confucius himself was a civil servant. He was an administrator. He thought a lot about what does it mean to be a just ruler. So it definitely touches on the practical to a good bit. Now many people say it's an ethical system, but many would also consider it a religion because it does touch on the metaphysical, the notions of heaven and it borrows a lot from China's past. Now other samples of the Hundred Schools of Thought, especially ones that had a significant role on China's history and even modern China include the legalists. The legalists have a strong pragmatism."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "So it definitely touches on the practical to a good bit. Now many people say it's an ethical system, but many would also consider it a religion because it does touch on the metaphysical, the notions of heaven and it borrows a lot from China's past. Now other samples of the Hundred Schools of Thought, especially ones that had a significant role on China's history and even modern China include the legalists. The legalists have a strong pragmatism. They are dismissive of the Confucian notion of strong internal ethics and that will guide people and rulers. Legalists are much more about, look, we need a strong, orderly, central state. We need to do whatever it takes and it might be clamping down on people hard in order to have stability, in order to have rule."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "The legalists have a strong pragmatism. They are dismissive of the Confucian notion of strong internal ethics and that will guide people and rulers. Legalists are much more about, look, we need a strong, orderly, central state. We need to do whatever it takes and it might be clamping down on people hard in order to have stability, in order to have rule. And you can imagine the context in which this legalism is coming about. This is during the Warring States period, this incredibly violent period where the states in China are fragmented and so you can imagine these people who are very realistic. They're like, look, we've had this Confucianism."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "We need to do whatever it takes and it might be clamping down on people hard in order to have stability, in order to have rule. And you can imagine the context in which this legalism is coming about. This is during the Warring States period, this incredibly violent period where the states in China are fragmented and so you can imagine these people who are very realistic. They're like, look, we've had this Confucianism. We have these other philosophies but we need strong, super centralized rulers. And it ends up being that legalist philosophy that wins the day as you have the emergence of the Qin Dynasty in 221 and the Qin Dynasty is what modern China is named after and it's considered the first dynasty to really unify China in a very strong way and create its administrative and bureaucratic systems and it really is based on legalism and it was able to put an end to this Warring States period by putting so much power, central power, in strong rulers who are willing to be quite violent in repressing other people in order to bring that stability and it's notable that the emergence of the Qin is also considered the end of the 100 schools of thought because the Qin, as part of that order, started persecuting many of the other forms of philosophy including many of those that followed Confucius. Now other forms of philosophy, and this is just a sample that have strongly influenced China, you have Taoism."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "They're like, look, we've had this Confucianism. We have these other philosophies but we need strong, super centralized rulers. And it ends up being that legalist philosophy that wins the day as you have the emergence of the Qin Dynasty in 221 and the Qin Dynasty is what modern China is named after and it's considered the first dynasty to really unify China in a very strong way and create its administrative and bureaucratic systems and it really is based on legalism and it was able to put an end to this Warring States period by putting so much power, central power, in strong rulers who are willing to be quite violent in repressing other people in order to bring that stability and it's notable that the emergence of the Qin is also considered the end of the 100 schools of thought because the Qin, as part of that order, started persecuting many of the other forms of philosophy including many of those that followed Confucius. Now other forms of philosophy, and this is just a sample that have strongly influenced China, you have Taoism. Taoism is, according to Taoist belief, comes from Lao Tzu and the historical record of Lao Tzu isn't as clear as we have for Confucius but it's believed that he lived around the same time. Some people view him as more of a legendary figure but Taoism is much more concerned with the spiritual than Confucianism. You see quotes, the Tao is really the way, it's all about harmony with the universe."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "Now other forms of philosophy, and this is just a sample that have strongly influenced China, you have Taoism. Taoism is, according to Taoist belief, comes from Lao Tzu and the historical record of Lao Tzu isn't as clear as we have for Confucius but it's believed that he lived around the same time. Some people view him as more of a legendary figure but Taoism is much more concerned with the spiritual than Confucianism. You see quotes, the Tao is really the way, it's all about harmony with the universe. Free from desire, you realize the mystery. Caught in desire, you see only the manifestations, the Tao Te Ching. Now later on, Buddhism, it's interesting, Buddha lives at around the same time, once again his birth and date under a little bit more contention, as Confucius and he lives in Northeast India, Nepal area and Buddhism really comes about in India but it eventually makes its way into China especially as we get into the first millennium CE and in modern day China, a lot of the culture and the philosophy and the religion is a combination in particular of Confucianism most strongly but also Taoism and Buddhism but there are other philosophies."}, {"video_title": "Confucius and Confucianism.m4a", "Sentence": "You see quotes, the Tao is really the way, it's all about harmony with the universe. Free from desire, you realize the mystery. Caught in desire, you see only the manifestations, the Tao Te Ching. Now later on, Buddhism, it's interesting, Buddha lives at around the same time, once again his birth and date under a little bit more contention, as Confucius and he lives in Northeast India, Nepal area and Buddhism really comes about in India but it eventually makes its way into China especially as we get into the first millennium CE and in modern day China, a lot of the culture and the philosophy and the religion is a combination in particular of Confucianism most strongly but also Taoism and Buddhism but there are other philosophies. For example, Moism is a quite interesting one. I encourage you to look at it but it's all about this notion of impartial love. It actually has a lot of similarities, parallels with the teachings of Jesus as told by the gospels but that notion was viewed somewhat impractical by many of the followers of Confucius and especially the legalists and Moism really didn't last much beyond the Qin Dynasty but one way to think about it is legalism allowed the Qin Dynasty to really end the warring states period and centralize China but then that short-lived dynasty as they transitioned to the Han, the Han took over the administrative structure and the stability of the Qin to a large degree but then they made Confucianism really the state philosophy and you could even say the state religion and to appreciate the importance of Confucianism to Chinese culture, I'll leave you with this last quote by the historian Huston Smith."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, my name is John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about the French Revolution. Admittedly, this wasn't the French flag until 1794, but we just felt like he looked good in stripes. As does this guy, huh? So while the American Revolution is considered a pretty good thing, the French Revolution is often seen as a bloody and arctic mess and there's no- Mr. Green, Mr. Green, I bet like always it's way more complicated than that. Actually, no, it was pretty terrible. Also, like a lot of revolutions, in the end it exchanged an authoritarian regime for an authoritarian regime. But even if the revolution was a mess, its ideas changed human history far more, I will argue, than the American Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "So while the American Revolution is considered a pretty good thing, the French Revolution is often seen as a bloody and arctic mess and there's no- Mr. Green, Mr. Green, I bet like always it's way more complicated than that. Actually, no, it was pretty terrible. Also, like a lot of revolutions, in the end it exchanged an authoritarian regime for an authoritarian regime. But even if the revolution was a mess, its ideas changed human history far more, I will argue, than the American Revolution. INTRO Right, so France in the 18th century was a rich and populous country, but it had a systemic problem collecting taxes because of the way its society was structured. They had a system with kings and nobles we now call the Ancien R\u00e9gime. Thank you, three years of high school French."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "But even if the revolution was a mess, its ideas changed human history far more, I will argue, than the American Revolution. INTRO Right, so France in the 18th century was a rich and populous country, but it had a systemic problem collecting taxes because of the way its society was structured. They had a system with kings and nobles we now call the Ancien R\u00e9gime. Thank you, three years of high school French. And for most French people, it sucked because the people with the money, the nobles and the clergy, never paid taxes. So by 1789, France was deeply in debt thanks to their funding the American Revolution. Thank you, France, we will get you back in World Wars I and II."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Thank you, three years of high school French. And for most French people, it sucked because the people with the money, the nobles and the clergy, never paid taxes. So by 1789, France was deeply in debt thanks to their funding the American Revolution. Thank you, France, we will get you back in World Wars I and II. And King Louis XVI was spending half of his national budget to service the federal debt. Louis tried to reform this system under various finance ministers, he even called for democracy on a local level, but all attempts to fix it failed and soon France basically declared bankruptcy. This actually coincided with hailstorms that ruined a year's harvest, thereby raising food prices and causing widespread hunger, which really made the people of France angry because they loved to eat."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Thank you, France, we will get you back in World Wars I and II. And King Louis XVI was spending half of his national budget to service the federal debt. Louis tried to reform this system under various finance ministers, he even called for democracy on a local level, but all attempts to fix it failed and soon France basically declared bankruptcy. This actually coincided with hailstorms that ruined a year's harvest, thereby raising food prices and causing widespread hunger, which really made the people of France angry because they loved to eat. Meanwhile, the king certainly did not look broke, as evidenced by his well-fed physique and fancy footwear. He and his wife Marie Antoinette also got to live in the very nice palace at Versailles thanks to God's mandate, but Enlightenment thinkers like Kant were challenging the whole idea of religion, writing things like, The main point of Enlightenment is of man's release from his self-caused immaturity, primarily in matters of religion. So basically, the peasants were hungry, the intellectuals were beginning to wonder whether God could or should save the king, and the nobility were dithering about eating foie gras and songbirds, failing to make meaningful financial reform."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "This actually coincided with hailstorms that ruined a year's harvest, thereby raising food prices and causing widespread hunger, which really made the people of France angry because they loved to eat. Meanwhile, the king certainly did not look broke, as evidenced by his well-fed physique and fancy footwear. He and his wife Marie Antoinette also got to live in the very nice palace at Versailles thanks to God's mandate, but Enlightenment thinkers like Kant were challenging the whole idea of religion, writing things like, The main point of Enlightenment is of man's release from his self-caused immaturity, primarily in matters of religion. So basically, the peasants were hungry, the intellectuals were beginning to wonder whether God could or should save the king, and the nobility were dithering about eating foie gras and songbirds, failing to make meaningful financial reform. In response to the crisis, Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General, the closest thing that France had to a national parliament, which hadn't met since 1614. The Estates General was like a super-parliament, made up of representatives from the First Estate, the nobles, the Second Estate, the clergy, and the Third Estate, everyone else. The Third Estate showed up with about 600 representatives, the First and Second Estates both had about 300, and after several votes everything was deadlocked, and then the Third Estate was like, you know what, forget you guys, we're gonna leave and we're gonna become our own National Assembly."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "So basically, the peasants were hungry, the intellectuals were beginning to wonder whether God could or should save the king, and the nobility were dithering about eating foie gras and songbirds, failing to make meaningful financial reform. In response to the crisis, Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General, the closest thing that France had to a national parliament, which hadn't met since 1614. The Estates General was like a super-parliament, made up of representatives from the First Estate, the nobles, the Second Estate, the clergy, and the Third Estate, everyone else. The Third Estate showed up with about 600 representatives, the First and Second Estates both had about 300, and after several votes everything was deadlocked, and then the Third Estate was like, you know what, forget you guys, we're gonna leave and we're gonna become our own National Assembly. This did not please King Louis XVI, so when the new National Assembly left the room for a break, he locked the doors and he was like, sorry guys, you can't go in there, and if you can't assemble, how are you gonna be a National Assembly? Shockingly, the Third Estate representatives were able to find a different room in France, this time an indoor tennis court where they swore the famous tennis court oath. And they agreed not to give up until a French constitution was established."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "The Third Estate showed up with about 600 representatives, the First and Second Estates both had about 300, and after several votes everything was deadlocked, and then the Third Estate was like, you know what, forget you guys, we're gonna leave and we're gonna become our own National Assembly. This did not please King Louis XVI, so when the new National Assembly left the room for a break, he locked the doors and he was like, sorry guys, you can't go in there, and if you can't assemble, how are you gonna be a National Assembly? Shockingly, the Third Estate representatives were able to find a different room in France, this time an indoor tennis court where they swore the famous tennis court oath. And they agreed not to give up until a French constitution was established. So then Louis XVI responded by sending troops to Paris, primarily to quell uprisings over food shortages, but the revolutionaries saw this as a provocation. So they responded by seizing the Bastille prison on July 14th, which coincidentally is also Bastille Day. The Bastille was stormed ostensibly to free prisoners, although there were only seven in jail at the time, but mostly to get guns."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "And they agreed not to give up until a French constitution was established. So then Louis XVI responded by sending troops to Paris, primarily to quell uprisings over food shortages, but the revolutionaries saw this as a provocation. So they responded by seizing the Bastille prison on July 14th, which coincidentally is also Bastille Day. The Bastille was stormed ostensibly to free prisoners, although there were only seven in jail at the time, but mostly to get guns. But the really radical move in the National Assembly came on August 4th, when they abolished most of the Ancien R\u00e9gime. Feudal rights, tithes, privileges for nobles, unequal taxation, they were all abolished in the name of writing a new constitution. And then on August 26th, the National Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, which laid out a system of rights that applied to every person and made those rights integral to the new constitution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "The Bastille was stormed ostensibly to free prisoners, although there were only seven in jail at the time, but mostly to get guns. But the really radical move in the National Assembly came on August 4th, when they abolished most of the Ancien R\u00e9gime. Feudal rights, tithes, privileges for nobles, unequal taxation, they were all abolished in the name of writing a new constitution. And then on August 26th, the National Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, which laid out a system of rights that applied to every person and made those rights integral to the new constitution. That's quite different from the American Bill of Rights, which was like begrudgingly tacked on at the end and only applied to non-slaves. The DOROMAC, as I called it in high school, declared that everyone had the right to liberty, property, and security, rights that the French Revolution would do an exceptionally poor job of protecting. But as noted last week, the same could be argued for many other supposedly more successful revolutions."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "And then on August 26th, the National Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, which laid out a system of rights that applied to every person and made those rights integral to the new constitution. That's quite different from the American Bill of Rights, which was like begrudgingly tacked on at the end and only applied to non-slaves. The DOROMAC, as I called it in high school, declared that everyone had the right to liberty, property, and security, rights that the French Revolution would do an exceptionally poor job of protecting. But as noted last week, the same could be argued for many other supposedly more successful revolutions. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Meanwhile, back at Versailles, Louis XVI was still King of France, and it was looking like France might be a constitutional monarchy, which might have meant that the royal family could hang on to their awesome house. But then, in October of 1789, a rumor started that Marie Antoinette was hoarding grain somewhere inside the palace, and in what became known as the Women's March, a bunch of armed peasant women stormed the palace and demanded that Louis and Marie Antoinette move from Versailles to Paris, which they did because everyone is afraid of armed peasant women."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "But as noted last week, the same could be argued for many other supposedly more successful revolutions. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Meanwhile, back at Versailles, Louis XVI was still King of France, and it was looking like France might be a constitutional monarchy, which might have meant that the royal family could hang on to their awesome house. But then, in October of 1789, a rumor started that Marie Antoinette was hoarding grain somewhere inside the palace, and in what became known as the Women's March, a bunch of armed peasant women stormed the palace and demanded that Louis and Marie Antoinette move from Versailles to Paris, which they did because everyone is afraid of armed peasant women. And this is a nice reminder that, to many people at the time, the French Revolution was not primarily about fancy Enlightenment ideas. It was mostly about lack of food and a political system that made economic contractions hardest on the poor. Now, a good argument can be made that this first phase of the revolution wasn't all that revolutionary."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "But then, in October of 1789, a rumor started that Marie Antoinette was hoarding grain somewhere inside the palace, and in what became known as the Women's March, a bunch of armed peasant women stormed the palace and demanded that Louis and Marie Antoinette move from Versailles to Paris, which they did because everyone is afraid of armed peasant women. And this is a nice reminder that, to many people at the time, the French Revolution was not primarily about fancy Enlightenment ideas. It was mostly about lack of food and a political system that made economic contractions hardest on the poor. Now, a good argument can be made that this first phase of the revolution wasn't all that revolutionary. The National Assembly wanted to create a constitutional monarchy, they believed that the king was necessary for a functioning state, and they were mainly concerned that the voters and office holders be men of property. Only the most radical wing, the Jacobins, called for the creation of a republic. But things were about to get much more revolutionary, and also worse for France."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, a good argument can be made that this first phase of the revolution wasn't all that revolutionary. The National Assembly wanted to create a constitutional monarchy, they believed that the king was necessary for a functioning state, and they were mainly concerned that the voters and office holders be men of property. Only the most radical wing, the Jacobins, called for the creation of a republic. But things were about to get much more revolutionary, and also worse for France. First, the Jacobins had a huge petition drive that got a bit unruly, which led troops controlled not by the king, but by the National Assembly, to fire on the crowd, killing 50 people. And that meant that the National Assembly, which had been the revolutionary voice of the people, had killed people in an attempt to rein in revolutionary fervor. You see this a lot throughout history during revolutions."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "But things were about to get much more revolutionary, and also worse for France. First, the Jacobins had a huge petition drive that got a bit unruly, which led troops controlled not by the king, but by the National Assembly, to fire on the crowd, killing 50 people. And that meant that the National Assembly, which had been the revolutionary voice of the people, had killed people in an attempt to rein in revolutionary fervor. You see this a lot throughout history during revolutions. What looked like radical hope and change suddenly becomes the man as increasingly radical ideas are embraced. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Meanwhile, France's monarchical neighbors were getting a little nervous about all this republic business, especially Leopold II, who in addition to being the not-holy, not-Roman, and not-imperial Holy Roman Emperor, was Marie Antoinette's brother."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "You see this a lot throughout history during revolutions. What looked like radical hope and change suddenly becomes the man as increasingly radical ideas are embraced. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Meanwhile, France's monarchical neighbors were getting a little nervous about all this republic business, especially Leopold II, who in addition to being the not-holy, not-Roman, and not-imperial Holy Roman Emperor, was Marie Antoinette's brother. I should note, by the way, that at this point the Holy Roman Empire was basically just Austria. Also, like a lot of monarchs, Leopold II liked the idea of monarchies, and he wanted to keep his job as a person who gets to stand around wearing a dress pointing at nothing, owning winged lion monkeys made out of gold. And who can blame him?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Meanwhile, France's monarchical neighbors were getting a little nervous about all this republic business, especially Leopold II, who in addition to being the not-holy, not-Roman, and not-imperial Holy Roman Emperor, was Marie Antoinette's brother. I should note, by the way, that at this point the Holy Roman Empire was basically just Austria. Also, like a lot of monarchs, Leopold II liked the idea of monarchies, and he wanted to keep his job as a person who gets to stand around wearing a dress pointing at nothing, owning winged lion monkeys made out of gold. And who can blame him? So he and King William Frederick II of Prussia together issued the Declaration of Pilnitz, which promised to restore the French monarchy. At this point, Louis and the National Assembly developed a plan. Let's invade Austria."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "And who can blame him? So he and King William Frederick II of Prussia together issued the Declaration of Pilnitz, which promised to restore the French monarchy. At this point, Louis and the National Assembly developed a plan. Let's invade Austria. The idea was to plunder Austria's wealth and maybe steal some Austrian grain to shore up French food supplies and also, you know, spread revolutionary zeal. But what actually happened is that Prussia joined Austria in fighting the French. And then Louis encouraged the Prussians, which made him look like an enemy of the revolution, which of course he was."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's invade Austria. The idea was to plunder Austria's wealth and maybe steal some Austrian grain to shore up French food supplies and also, you know, spread revolutionary zeal. But what actually happened is that Prussia joined Austria in fighting the French. And then Louis encouraged the Prussians, which made him look like an enemy of the revolution, which of course he was. And as a result, the Assembly voted to suspend the monarchy, have new elections in which everyone could vote, as long as they were men, and create a new Republican constitution. Soon, this convention decided to have a trial for Louis XVI, who was found guilty and by one vote sentenced to die by a guillotine, which made it difficult for Austria and Prussia to restore him to the throne. Oh, it's time for the open letter?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "And then Louis encouraged the Prussians, which made him look like an enemy of the revolution, which of course he was. And as a result, the Assembly voted to suspend the monarchy, have new elections in which everyone could vote, as long as they were men, and create a new Republican constitution. Soon, this convention decided to have a trial for Louis XVI, who was found guilty and by one vote sentenced to die by a guillotine, which made it difficult for Austria and Prussia to restore him to the throne. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the guillotine. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, there's nothing."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the guillotine. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, there's nothing. Oh my god, Dan! Cheat! That's not funny!"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, there's nothing. Oh my god, Dan! Cheat! That's not funny! Speaking of the secret guillotine, I can think of no better example of Enlightenment thinking run amok. Dr. Joseph Guillotine, the inventor of the guillotine, envisioned it as an egalitarian way of dying. They said the guillotine was humane and it also made no distinction between rich or poor, noble or peasant."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "That's not funny! Speaking of the secret guillotine, I can think of no better example of Enlightenment thinking run amok. Dr. Joseph Guillotine, the inventor of the guillotine, envisioned it as an egalitarian way of dying. They said the guillotine was humane and it also made no distinction between rich or poor, noble or peasant. It killed equally. You were also celebrated for taking the torture out of execution, but I will remind you, you did not take the dying out of execution. Well, unfortunately for you, France hasn't executed anyone since 1977, but you'll be happy to know that the last legal execution in France was via guillotine."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "They said the guillotine was humane and it also made no distinction between rich or poor, noble or peasant. It killed equally. You were also celebrated for taking the torture out of execution, but I will remind you, you did not take the dying out of execution. Well, unfortunately for you, France hasn't executed anyone since 1977, but you'll be happy to know that the last legal execution in France was via guillotine. Plus you always got a future in horror movies. Best wishes, John Green. The death of Louis XVI marks the beginning of the Terror, the best known, or at least the most sensational, phase of the Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, unfortunately for you, France hasn't executed anyone since 1977, but you'll be happy to know that the last legal execution in France was via guillotine. Plus you always got a future in horror movies. Best wishes, John Green. The death of Louis XVI marks the beginning of the Terror, the best known, or at least the most sensational, phase of the Revolution. I mean, if you can kill the king, you can kill pretty much anyone, which is what the government did under the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety, motto, we suck at protecting public safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre. The Terror saw the guillotining of 16,000 enemies of the Revolution, including Marie I Never Actually Said Let Them Eat Cake Antoinette, and Maximilien Robespierre himself, who was guillotined in the month of Thermidor in the year 2. Oh right, so while France was broke and fighting like nine wars, the Committee of Public Safety changed the measurements of time because, you know, the traditional measurements are so irrational and religion-y."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "The death of Louis XVI marks the beginning of the Terror, the best known, or at least the most sensational, phase of the Revolution. I mean, if you can kill the king, you can kill pretty much anyone, which is what the government did under the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety, motto, we suck at protecting public safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre. The Terror saw the guillotining of 16,000 enemies of the Revolution, including Marie I Never Actually Said Let Them Eat Cake Antoinette, and Maximilien Robespierre himself, who was guillotined in the month of Thermidor in the year 2. Oh right, so while France was broke and fighting like nine wars, the Committee of Public Safety changed the measurements of time because, you know, the traditional measurements are so irrational and religion-y. So they renamed all the months and decided that each day would have 10 hours and each hour 100 minutes. And then after the Terror, the Revolution pulled back a bit and another new constitution was put into place, this one giving a lot more power to wealthy people. At this point, France was still at war with Austria and Britain, wars that France ended up winning largely thanks to a little corporal named Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh right, so while France was broke and fighting like nine wars, the Committee of Public Safety changed the measurements of time because, you know, the traditional measurements are so irrational and religion-y. So they renamed all the months and decided that each day would have 10 hours and each hour 100 minutes. And then after the Terror, the Revolution pulled back a bit and another new constitution was put into place, this one giving a lot more power to wealthy people. At this point, France was still at war with Austria and Britain, wars that France ended up winning largely thanks to a little corporal named Napoleon Bonaparte. The war was backdrop to a bunch of coups and counter-coups that I won't get into right now because they were very complicated, but the last coup that we'll talk about, in 1799, established Napoleon Bonaparte as the first Consul of France. And it granted him almost unlimited executive power under yet another constitution. And when he was declared first Consul of France, Napoleon proclaimed, Citizens, the Revolution is established on the principles with which it began."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "At this point, France was still at war with Austria and Britain, wars that France ended up winning largely thanks to a little corporal named Napoleon Bonaparte. The war was backdrop to a bunch of coups and counter-coups that I won't get into right now because they were very complicated, but the last coup that we'll talk about, in 1799, established Napoleon Bonaparte as the first Consul of France. And it granted him almost unlimited executive power under yet another constitution. And when he was declared first Consul of France, Napoleon proclaimed, Citizens, the Revolution is established on the principles with which it began. It is over. By which he presumably meant that France's government had gone all the way from here to here to here. As with the American Revolution, it's easy to conclude that France's revolution wasn't all that revolutionary."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "And when he was declared first Consul of France, Napoleon proclaimed, Citizens, the Revolution is established on the principles with which it began. It is over. By which he presumably meant that France's government had gone all the way from here to here to here. As with the American Revolution, it's easy to conclude that France's revolution wasn't all that revolutionary. I mean, Napoleon was basically an emperor and in some ways he was even more of an absolute monarch than Louis XVI had been. Gradually, the nobles came back to France, although they had mostly lost their special privileges. The Catholic Church returned too, although much weaker because it had lost land and the ability to collect tithes."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "As with the American Revolution, it's easy to conclude that France's revolution wasn't all that revolutionary. I mean, Napoleon was basically an emperor and in some ways he was even more of an absolute monarch than Louis XVI had been. Gradually, the nobles came back to France, although they had mostly lost their special privileges. The Catholic Church returned too, although much weaker because it had lost land and the ability to collect tithes. And when Napoleon himself fell, France restored the monarchy. And except for a four-year period between 1815 and 1870, France had a king who was either a Bourbon or a Bonaparte. Now, these were no longer absolute monarchs who claimed that their right to rule came from God."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "The Catholic Church returned too, although much weaker because it had lost land and the ability to collect tithes. And when Napoleon himself fell, France restored the monarchy. And except for a four-year period between 1815 and 1870, France had a king who was either a Bourbon or a Bonaparte. Now, these were no longer absolute monarchs who claimed that their right to rule came from God. They were constitutional monarchs of the kind that the revolutionaries of 1789 had originally envisioned. But the fact remains that France had a king again, and a nobility, and an established religion, and it was definitely not a democracy or a republic. And perhaps this is why the French Revolution is so controversial and open to interpretation."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, these were no longer absolute monarchs who claimed that their right to rule came from God. They were constitutional monarchs of the kind that the revolutionaries of 1789 had originally envisioned. But the fact remains that France had a king again, and a nobility, and an established religion, and it was definitely not a democracy or a republic. And perhaps this is why the French Revolution is so controversial and open to interpretation. Some argue the revolution succeeded in spreading Enlightenment ideals, even if it didn't bring democracy to France. Others argue that the real legacy of the revolution wasn't the enhancement of liberty, but of state power. Regardless, I'd argue that the French Revolution was ultimately far more revolutionary than its American counterpart."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "And perhaps this is why the French Revolution is so controversial and open to interpretation. Some argue the revolution succeeded in spreading Enlightenment ideals, even if it didn't bring democracy to France. Others argue that the real legacy of the revolution wasn't the enhancement of liberty, but of state power. Regardless, I'd argue that the French Revolution was ultimately far more revolutionary than its American counterpart. I mean, in some ways America never had an aristocracy, but in other ways it continued to have one. The French Enlightenment thinker Diderot felt that Americans should fear a too unequal division of wealth, resulting in a small number of opulent citizens and a multitude of citizens living in misery. And the American Revolution did nothing to change that polarization of wealth."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Regardless, I'd argue that the French Revolution was ultimately far more revolutionary than its American counterpart. I mean, in some ways America never had an aristocracy, but in other ways it continued to have one. The French Enlightenment thinker Diderot felt that Americans should fear a too unequal division of wealth, resulting in a small number of opulent citizens and a multitude of citizens living in misery. And the American Revolution did nothing to change that polarization of wealth. What made the French Revolution so radical was its insistence upon the universality of its ideals. I mean, look at Article 6 of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. Law is the expression of the general will."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "And the American Revolution did nothing to change that polarization of wealth. What made the French Revolution so radical was its insistence upon the universality of its ideals. I mean, look at Article 6 of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. Those are radical ideas, that laws come from citizens, not from kings or gods, and that those laws should apply to everyone equally?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. Those are radical ideas, that laws come from citizens, not from kings or gods, and that those laws should apply to everyone equally? That's a long way from Hammurabi, and in truth it's a long way from the slaveholding Thomas Jefferson. In the 1970s, Chinese President Zhou Enlai was asked what he thought the effects of the French Revolution had been, and he said, it's too soon to say. And in a way, it still is."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Those are radical ideas, that laws come from citizens, not from kings or gods, and that those laws should apply to everyone equally? That's a long way from Hammurabi, and in truth it's a long way from the slaveholding Thomas Jefferson. In the 1970s, Chinese President Zhou Enlai was asked what he thought the effects of the French Revolution had been, and he said, it's too soon to say. And in a way, it still is. The French Revolution asked new questions about the nature of people's rights and the derivation of those rights. And we're still answering those questions and sorting through how our answers should shape society today. Must government be of the people to be for the people?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "And in a way, it still is. The French Revolution asked new questions about the nature of people's rights and the derivation of those rights. And we're still answering those questions and sorting through how our answers should shape society today. Must government be of the people to be for the people? Do our rights derive from nature or from God or from neither? And what are those rights? As William Faulkner said, the past is never dead."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "Must government be of the people to be for the people? Do our rights derive from nature or from God or from neither? And what are those rights? As William Faulkner said, the past is never dead. Not even past. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "As William Faulkner said, the past is never dead. Not even past. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Crash Course World History #29.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. And we are ably interned by Meredith Danko. Last week's Phrase of the Week was giant tea bag."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What we're going to discuss in this video is the evolution of Japan from being one of the most isolated countries in the world during the Tokugawa Shogunate to being the first Asian country to truly industrialize and become a world power. Historians will often categorize imperialism or colonialism in one of two categories. You have settler colonialism and economic colonialism. Settler colonialism is exemplified by the Americas, Australia, South Africa, where you have the empire sending people from their country to settle that territory, oftentimes displacing indigenous people and becoming the ruling class. Then you have economic colonialism, whose primary goal is to feed the purported needs of the Industrial Revolution. India and Indonesia are good examples of this. You're looking for raw materials to feed your increased productivity, and you're also looking for markets."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Settler colonialism is exemplified by the Americas, Australia, South Africa, where you have the empire sending people from their country to settle that territory, oftentimes displacing indigenous people and becoming the ruling class. Then you have economic colonialism, whose primary goal is to feed the purported needs of the Industrial Revolution. India and Indonesia are good examples of this. You're looking for raw materials to feed your increased productivity, and you're also looking for markets. And so in this context, as we think about the evolution of Japan from being extremely isolated to becoming an imperial power, think about which of these motivations was primary to Japan or maybe was there a third motivation. Let's begin in the 19th century. Japan is in control of the Tokugawa Shogunate, who has closed the country to foreigners."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You're looking for raw materials to feed your increased productivity, and you're also looking for markets. And so in this context, as we think about the evolution of Japan from being extremely isolated to becoming an imperial power, think about which of these motivations was primary to Japan or maybe was there a third motivation. Let's begin in the 19th century. Japan is in control of the Tokugawa Shogunate, who has closed the country to foreigners. One of the purported reasons is fearing the influence of Christian missionaries as early as the 17th century. You have the British in India. You have the Spanish, who have been in the Philippines for several hundred years at this point."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Japan is in control of the Tokugawa Shogunate, who has closed the country to foreigners. One of the purported reasons is fearing the influence of Christian missionaries as early as the 17th century. You have the British in India. You have the Spanish, who have been in the Philippines for several hundred years at this point. You have the Dutch in control of much of what will eventually be Indonesia. This orange color shows where the French already have a stronghold in Indochina in Southeast Asia, and in this peach color, this is what they would eventually control as we get into the latter half of the 19th century. But to really understand Japanese motivations in the 19th century, you have to think about what was happening in Qing China as we talk about in the video on the Opium Wars."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the Spanish, who have been in the Philippines for several hundred years at this point. You have the Dutch in control of much of what will eventually be Indonesia. This orange color shows where the French already have a stronghold in Indochina in Southeast Asia, and in this peach color, this is what they would eventually control as we get into the latter half of the 19th century. But to really understand Japanese motivations in the 19th century, you have to think about what was happening in Qing China as we talk about in the video on the Opium Wars. The British and other imperial powers want access to Chinese markets. The Europeans want Chinese porcelain and Chinese silk, but the Chinese weren't interested in trading with the Europeans. The Europeans, especially the British, eventually do find something the Chinese want, and that's opium, which is an addictive drug."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But to really understand Japanese motivations in the 19th century, you have to think about what was happening in Qing China as we talk about in the video on the Opium Wars. The British and other imperial powers want access to Chinese markets. The Europeans want Chinese porcelain and Chinese silk, but the Chinese weren't interested in trading with the Europeans. The Europeans, especially the British, eventually do find something the Chinese want, and that's opium, which is an addictive drug. It's the core ingredient in heroin and in morphine. The Chinese government, of course, does not want that opium inside the country, but as we talk about in previous videos, the British are able to force their way in with the First Opium War, often referred to as gunboat diplomacy. And after winning the First Opium War, the British are able to extract concessions from the Chinese, including opening up these ports."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Europeans, especially the British, eventually do find something the Chinese want, and that's opium, which is an addictive drug. It's the core ingredient in heroin and in morphine. The Chinese government, of course, does not want that opium inside the country, but as we talk about in previous videos, the British are able to force their way in with the First Opium War, often referred to as gunboat diplomacy. And after winning the First Opium War, the British are able to extract concessions from the Chinese, including opening up these ports. And even that does not satisfy the British. And so you have the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860, after which opium, this addictive drug, is legalized. And to make matters worse for China, during the same period, they have an incredibly bloody civil war where over 20 million people die."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And after winning the First Opium War, the British are able to extract concessions from the Chinese, including opening up these ports. And even that does not satisfy the British. And so you have the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860, after which opium, this addictive drug, is legalized. And to make matters worse for China, during the same period, they have an incredibly bloody civil war where over 20 million people die. Historians think in part due to the lack of confidence in the Qing Dynasty because of the opium wars and the opium itself that is very destructive to society. Now, the Japanese were watching all this, and they also had their own interactions with the West. In 1853, the American commodore Matthew Perry comes in with some of his ships into Edo Harbor, which is modern-day Tokyo, and is able to convince the Japanese to trade with the United States."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And to make matters worse for China, during the same period, they have an incredibly bloody civil war where over 20 million people die. Historians think in part due to the lack of confidence in the Qing Dynasty because of the opium wars and the opium itself that is very destructive to society. Now, the Japanese were watching all this, and they also had their own interactions with the West. In 1853, the American commodore Matthew Perry comes in with some of his ships into Edo Harbor, which is modern-day Tokyo, and is able to convince the Japanese to trade with the United States. The term convince should be used very carefully because, once again, this was a form of gunboat diplomacy. The Japanese saw the ships that Commodore Perry traveled with, and they knew what had happened during the First Opium War, and they were in no mood to have the same thing happen to them. Especially when Commodore Perry returned in 1854 with even more ships, the Japanese decided, why fight them, we will open up and allow some trade."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1853, the American commodore Matthew Perry comes in with some of his ships into Edo Harbor, which is modern-day Tokyo, and is able to convince the Japanese to trade with the United States. The term convince should be used very carefully because, once again, this was a form of gunboat diplomacy. The Japanese saw the ships that Commodore Perry traveled with, and they knew what had happened during the First Opium War, and they were in no mood to have the same thing happen to them. Especially when Commodore Perry returned in 1854 with even more ships, the Japanese decided, why fight them, we will open up and allow some trade. And this is a very big deal. Remember, the Tokugawa Shogunate had closed the country for over 200 years, but now they saw the writing on the wall. They could not defend themselves against the American warships."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Especially when Commodore Perry returned in 1854 with even more ships, the Japanese decided, why fight them, we will open up and allow some trade. And this is a very big deal. Remember, the Tokugawa Shogunate had closed the country for over 200 years, but now they saw the writing on the wall. They could not defend themselves against the American warships. Like in China, these concessions in Japan to the Americans began to undermine trust in the Tokugawa Shogunate. And to get a feel for what people were thinking in the mid-19th century in Japan. We have some quotations from Shimazu Nariakira, who was the daimyo of Satsuma, which is at the southern tip of Japan right over here."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They could not defend themselves against the American warships. Like in China, these concessions in Japan to the Americans began to undermine trust in the Tokugawa Shogunate. And to get a feel for what people were thinking in the mid-19th century in Japan. We have some quotations from Shimazu Nariakira, who was the daimyo of Satsuma, which is at the southern tip of Japan right over here. But he was considered to be a leading thinker of the time. And this photograph, it's not so clear, but this is believed to be the first photograph taken by a Japanese. It gives you a sense of the time that photography daguerreotypes were starting to be in use."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We have some quotations from Shimazu Nariakira, who was the daimyo of Satsuma, which is at the southern tip of Japan right over here. But he was considered to be a leading thinker of the time. And this photograph, it's not so clear, but this is believed to be the first photograph taken by a Japanese. It gives you a sense of the time that photography daguerreotypes were starting to be in use. It was inconceivable that China would deteriorate to such a degree. Remember, we're talking about the Opium Wars, we're talking about the Taiping Rebellion. With its vast territory and population, there could not have been a dearth of loyal and devoted patriots."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It gives you a sense of the time that photography daguerreotypes were starting to be in use. It was inconceivable that China would deteriorate to such a degree. Remember, we're talking about the Opium Wars, we're talking about the Taiping Rebellion. With its vast territory and population, there could not have been a dearth of loyal and devoted patriots. Yet since the Opium War, its administration has been in disorder and ineffective. It has been plagued by rebellion while England and France have invaded it from without. Japan lies to the east of China and is in such a position as to necessitate immediate steps to prepare against meeting the same fate as that which has befallen the Chinese."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "With its vast territory and population, there could not have been a dearth of loyal and devoted patriots. Yet since the Opium War, its administration has been in disorder and ineffective. It has been plagued by rebellion while England and France have invaded it from without. Japan lies to the east of China and is in such a position as to necessitate immediate steps to prepare against meeting the same fate as that which has befallen the Chinese. As soon as England achieves its design in China, it will most certainly direct its military might eastward. If we take the initiative, we can dominate. If we do not, we will be dominated."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Japan lies to the east of China and is in such a position as to necessitate immediate steps to prepare against meeting the same fate as that which has befallen the Chinese. As soon as England achieves its design in China, it will most certainly direct its military might eastward. If we take the initiative, we can dominate. If we do not, we will be dominated. And this last sentence is often quoted. If we take the initiative, we can dominate. If we do not, we will be dominated."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If we do not, we will be dominated. And this last sentence is often quoted. If we take the initiative, we can dominate. If we do not, we will be dominated. It's almost advocating for a reactionary imperialism. Become an empire or become part of someone else's empire. And this is the path that Japan goes down."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If we do not, we will be dominated. It's almost advocating for a reactionary imperialism. Become an empire or become part of someone else's empire. And this is the path that Japan goes down. In 1867, you have the young emperor Meiji come to power, who is only 15 or 16 years old at the time. This would be the beginning of what is known as the Meiji Restoration. You could say that it's a restoration of power back to the emperor."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is the path that Japan goes down. In 1867, you have the young emperor Meiji come to power, who is only 15 or 16 years old at the time. This would be the beginning of what is known as the Meiji Restoration. You could say that it's a restoration of power back to the emperor. The emperor existed even during the shogunate, but was a figurehead. It was the shogun who had the power. But now the emperor was able to take back the power from the shogun."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You could say that it's a restoration of power back to the emperor. The emperor existed even during the shogunate, but was a figurehead. It was the shogun who had the power. But now the emperor was able to take back the power from the shogun. The Meiji Restoration is perhaps even more important in that it took Japan from being a closed, feudal country, and in only a few decades, to a modern industrial imperial power. Here is some data that gives you a sense of this. 1875, 600,000 metric tons of coal produced."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But now the emperor was able to take back the power from the shogun. The Meiji Restoration is perhaps even more important in that it took Japan from being a closed, feudal country, and in only a few decades, to a modern industrial imperial power. Here is some data that gives you a sense of this. 1875, 600,000 metric tons of coal produced. 1913, 21.3 million, so it's grown almost 40-fold. 1873, 26 steamships. 1913, 1,514 steamships."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "1875, 600,000 metric tons of coal produced. 1913, 21.3 million, so it's grown almost 40-fold. 1873, 26 steamships. 1913, 1,514 steamships. Railroad track, 1872, only 18 miles. By 1914, 7,100. Emperor Meiji dies in 1912, but as we get into 1914, you start to see World War I."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "1913, 1,514 steamships. Railroad track, 1872, only 18 miles. By 1914, 7,100. Emperor Meiji dies in 1912, but as we get into 1914, you start to see World War I. And as we talk about in other videos, this industrialization of Japan allows it to be a major actor in World War I. As we exit the 19th century, and we also go into the 20th century, we see Japan leveraging its industrial might that we see in numbers here in terms of taking over territory and becoming an imperial power. In this flashing red, this is what Japan is able to take over by the end of World War II."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Emperor Meiji dies in 1912, but as we get into 1914, you start to see World War I. And as we talk about in other videos, this industrialization of Japan allows it to be a major actor in World War I. As we exit the 19th century, and we also go into the 20th century, we see Japan leveraging its industrial might that we see in numbers here in terms of taking over territory and becoming an imperial power. In this flashing red, this is what Japan is able to take over by the end of World War II. They were able to take over Korea at the beginning of the 20th century. And even though Hitler's invasion of Poland is often given as the start of World War II, Japan's occupation and very brutal occupation of Northeast China is often considered the real start of World War II. As World War II progresses, Japan is able to take more and more territory, French Indochina, British Burma, the Dutch Indies, Indonesia, Philippines."}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In this flashing red, this is what Japan is able to take over by the end of World War II. They were able to take over Korea at the beginning of the 20th century. And even though Hitler's invasion of Poland is often given as the start of World War II, Japan's occupation and very brutal occupation of Northeast China is often considered the real start of World War II. As World War II progresses, Japan is able to take more and more territory, French Indochina, British Burma, the Dutch Indies, Indonesia, Philippines. And this empire only comes to an end when Japan has to surrender at the end of World War II in 1945. So go back to the previous question. What type of colonial power was Japan?"}, {"video_title": "Japanese Imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As World War II progresses, Japan is able to take more and more territory, French Indochina, British Burma, the Dutch Indies, Indonesia, Philippines. And this empire only comes to an end when Japan has to surrender at the end of World War II in 1945. So go back to the previous question. What type of colonial power was Japan? It definitely wanted the natural resources. In fact, especially when it was at war, it needed access to oil, which Indonesia had. It needed access to natural resources that all of these areas had."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "The empire's European states formed in the 19th century proved about as stable and long-lasting as Genghis Khan's, leading to so many of the nation-states we know and love today. Yes, I'm looking at you, Burundi. Did you ever know you're my Burundi? You're everything. Stan, don't cut to the intro, I sing like an angel! So unless you're over 60, and let's face it, Internet, you're not, you've only ever known a world of nation-states. But as we've seen from Egypt to Alexander the Great to China to Rome to the Mongols, who for once are not the exception here, to the Ottomans and the Americas, empire has long been the dominant way we've organized ourselves politically, or at least the way that other people have organized us."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "You're everything. Stan, don't cut to the intro, I sing like an angel! So unless you're over 60, and let's face it, Internet, you're not, you've only ever known a world of nation-states. But as we've seen from Egypt to Alexander the Great to China to Rome to the Mongols, who for once are not the exception here, to the Ottomans and the Americas, empire has long been the dominant way we've organized ourselves politically, or at least the way that other people have organized us. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, so to them, Star Wars would have been like a completely different movie. Most of them would have been like, go empire, crush those rebels! Yeah, also they'd be like, what is this screen that displays crisp, moving images of events that are not currently occurring?"}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "But as we've seen from Egypt to Alexander the Great to China to Rome to the Mongols, who for once are not the exception here, to the Ottomans and the Americas, empire has long been the dominant way we've organized ourselves politically, or at least the way that other people have organized us. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, so to them, Star Wars would have been like a completely different movie. Most of them would have been like, go empire, crush those rebels! Yeah, also they'd be like, what is this screen that displays crisp, moving images of events that are not currently occurring? Also, not to get off topic, but you never learn what happens after the rebel victory in Star Wars, and as we've learned from the French Revolution to the Arab Spring, revolution is often the easy part. I mean, you think destroying a Death Star is hard? Try negotiating a trade treaty with Gungans."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, also they'd be like, what is this screen that displays crisp, moving images of events that are not currently occurring? Also, not to get off topic, but you never learn what happens after the rebel victory in Star Wars, and as we've learned from the French Revolution to the Arab Spring, revolution is often the easy part. I mean, you think destroying a Death Star is hard? Try negotiating a trade treaty with Gungans. Right, anyway, so the late 20th century was not the first time that empires disintegrated. Rome comes to mind, also the Persians, and of course the American Revolution ended one kind of European imperial experiment. But in all those cases, empire struck back."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Try negotiating a trade treaty with Gungans. Right, anyway, so the late 20th century was not the first time that empires disintegrated. Rome comes to mind, also the Persians, and of course the American Revolution ended one kind of European imperial experiment. But in all those cases, empire struck back. You see what I did there? I mean, Britain lost its 13 colonies, but later controlled half of Africa and all of India. What makes recent decolonization so special is that at least so far, no empires have emerged to replace the ones that fell."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "But in all those cases, empire struck back. You see what I did there? I mean, Britain lost its 13 colonies, but later controlled half of Africa and all of India. What makes recent decolonization so special is that at least so far, no empires have emerged to replace the ones that fell. And this was largely due to World War II, because on some level, the Allies were fighting to stop Nazi imperialism. Hitler wanted to take over Central Europe and Africa and probably the Middle East, and the Allied defeat of the Nazis discredited the whole idea of empire. So the English, French, and Americans couldn't very well say to the colonial troops who'd fought alongside them, thank you so much for helping us to thwart Germany's imperialistic ambitions, as a reward, please hand in your rifle and return to your state of subjugation."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "What makes recent decolonization so special is that at least so far, no empires have emerged to replace the ones that fell. And this was largely due to World War II, because on some level, the Allies were fighting to stop Nazi imperialism. Hitler wanted to take over Central Europe and Africa and probably the Middle East, and the Allied defeat of the Nazis discredited the whole idea of empire. So the English, French, and Americans couldn't very well say to the colonial troops who'd fought alongside them, thank you so much for helping us to thwart Germany's imperialistic ambitions, as a reward, please hand in your rifle and return to your state of subjugation. Plus, most of the big colonial powers, especially France, Britain, and Japan, had been significantly weakened by World War II, by which I mean that large swaths of them looked like this. So post-war decolonization happened all over the place. The British colony that had once been India became three independent nations."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "So the English, French, and Americans couldn't very well say to the colonial troops who'd fought alongside them, thank you so much for helping us to thwart Germany's imperialistic ambitions, as a reward, please hand in your rifle and return to your state of subjugation. Plus, most of the big colonial powers, especially France, Britain, and Japan, had been significantly weakened by World War II, by which I mean that large swaths of them looked like this. So post-war decolonization happened all over the place. The British colony that had once been India became three independent nations. By the way, is this Gandhi or is this Ben Kingsley playing Gandhi? In Southeast Asia, French Indochina became Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. And the Dutch East Indies became Indonesia."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "The British colony that had once been India became three independent nations. By the way, is this Gandhi or is this Ben Kingsley playing Gandhi? In Southeast Asia, French Indochina became Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. And the Dutch East Indies became Indonesia. But of course, when we think about decolonization, we mostly think about Africa going from this to this. So we're going to oversimplify here because we have to, but decolonization throughout Afro-Eurasia had some similar characteristics. Because it occurred in the context of the Cold War, many of these new nations had to choose between socialist and capitalist influences, which shaped their futures."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Dutch East Indies became Indonesia. But of course, when we think about decolonization, we mostly think about Africa going from this to this. So we're going to oversimplify here because we have to, but decolonization throughout Afro-Eurasia had some similar characteristics. Because it occurred in the context of the Cold War, many of these new nations had to choose between socialist and capitalist influences, which shaped their futures. While many of these new countries eventually adopted some form of democracy, the road there was often rocky. Also, decolonization often involved violence, usually the overthrow of colonial elites. For now, let's turn to the most famous non-violent decolonization, or supposedly so anyway, that of India."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Because it occurred in the context of the Cold War, many of these new nations had to choose between socialist and capitalist influences, which shaped their futures. While many of these new countries eventually adopted some form of democracy, the road there was often rocky. Also, decolonization often involved violence, usually the overthrow of colonial elites. For now, let's turn to the most famous non-violent decolonization, or supposedly so anyway, that of India. So the story begins, more or less, in 1885 with the founding of the Indian National Congress. Congress party leaders and other nationalists in India were usually from the elite classes. Initially, they didn't even demand independence from Britain."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "For now, let's turn to the most famous non-violent decolonization, or supposedly so anyway, that of India. So the story begins, more or less, in 1885 with the founding of the Indian National Congress. Congress party leaders and other nationalists in India were usually from the elite classes. Initially, they didn't even demand independence from Britain. But they were interested in creating a modern Indian nation rather than a return to some ancient pre-colonial form, possibly because India was, and is, hugely diverse, and really only unified into a single state when under imperial rule by one group or another, whether the Mauryans, the Guptas, the Mughals, or the British. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The best-known Indian nationalist, Mohandas K. Gandhi, was a fascinating character."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Initially, they didn't even demand independence from Britain. But they were interested in creating a modern Indian nation rather than a return to some ancient pre-colonial form, possibly because India was, and is, hugely diverse, and really only unified into a single state when under imperial rule by one group or another, whether the Mauryans, the Guptas, the Mughals, or the British. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The best-known Indian nationalist, Mohandas K. Gandhi, was a fascinating character. A British-educated lawyer born to a wealthy family, he's known for making his own clothes, his long fasts, and his battles to alleviate poverty, improve the rights of women, and achieve a unified Indian independence from Britain. In terms of decolonization, he stands out for his use of nonviolence and his linking it to a somewhat mythologized view of Indian history. I mean, after all, there's plenty of violence in India's past and in its heroic epics, but Gandhi managed to harken back to a past that used nonviolence to bring change."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "The best-known Indian nationalist, Mohandas K. Gandhi, was a fascinating character. A British-educated lawyer born to a wealthy family, he's known for making his own clothes, his long fasts, and his battles to alleviate poverty, improve the rights of women, and achieve a unified Indian independence from Britain. In terms of decolonization, he stands out for his use of nonviolence and his linking it to a somewhat mythologized view of Indian history. I mean, after all, there's plenty of violence in India's past and in its heroic epics, but Gandhi managed to harken back to a past that used nonviolence to bring change. Gandhi and his compatriot Jawaharlal Nehru believed that a single India could continue to be ruled by Indian elites and somehow transcend the tension between the country's Hindu majority and its sizable Muslim minority. In this, they were less practical than their contemporary, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, who felt, to quote historian Ainsley Embry, that the unified India of which the Congress spoke was an artificial one, created and maintained by British bayonets. Jinnah proved correct, and in 1947, when the British left, their Indian colony was partitioned into the modern state of India and West and East Pakistan, the latter of which became Bangladesh in 1971."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, after all, there's plenty of violence in India's past and in its heroic epics, but Gandhi managed to harken back to a past that used nonviolence to bring change. Gandhi and his compatriot Jawaharlal Nehru believed that a single India could continue to be ruled by Indian elites and somehow transcend the tension between the country's Hindu majority and its sizable Muslim minority. In this, they were less practical than their contemporary, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, who felt, to quote historian Ainsley Embry, that the unified India of which the Congress spoke was an artificial one, created and maintained by British bayonets. Jinnah proved correct, and in 1947, when the British left, their Indian colony was partitioned into the modern state of India and West and East Pakistan, the latter of which became Bangladesh in 1971. While it's easy to congratulate both the British and the Indian governments on an orderly and nonviolent transfer of power, the reality of partition was neither orderly nor nonviolent. About 12 million people were displaced as Hindus in Pakistan moved to India and Muslims in India moved to Pakistan. As people left their homes, sometimes unwillingly, there was violence, and all told, as many as half a million people were killed, more than died in the bloody Indonesian battle for independence."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Jinnah proved correct, and in 1947, when the British left, their Indian colony was partitioned into the modern state of India and West and East Pakistan, the latter of which became Bangladesh in 1971. While it's easy to congratulate both the British and the Indian governments on an orderly and nonviolent transfer of power, the reality of partition was neither orderly nor nonviolent. About 12 million people were displaced as Hindus in Pakistan moved to India and Muslims in India moved to Pakistan. As people left their homes, sometimes unwillingly, there was violence, and all told, as many as half a million people were killed, more than died in the bloody Indonesian battle for independence. So while it's true that the massive protests that forced Britain to end its colonization of India were nonviolent, the emergence of the independent states involved really wasn't. Thanks, Thought Bubble. All this violence devastated Gandhi, whose lengthy and repeated hunger strikes to end violence had mixed results, and who was eventually assassinated by a Hindu nationalist who felt that Gandhi was too sympathetic to Muslims."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "As people left their homes, sometimes unwillingly, there was violence, and all told, as many as half a million people were killed, more than died in the bloody Indonesian battle for independence. So while it's true that the massive protests that forced Britain to end its colonization of India were nonviolent, the emergence of the independent states involved really wasn't. Thanks, Thought Bubble. All this violence devastated Gandhi, whose lengthy and repeated hunger strikes to end violence had mixed results, and who was eventually assassinated by a Hindu nationalist who felt that Gandhi was too sympathetic to Muslims. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Hunger Strikers. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "All this violence devastated Gandhi, whose lengthy and repeated hunger strikes to end violence had mixed results, and who was eventually assassinated by a Hindu nationalist who felt that Gandhi was too sympathetic to Muslims. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Hunger Strikers. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. A cupcake? Stan, this just seems cruel. These are from Meredith the Intern to celebrate Mehrabration, the holiday she invented to celebrate the anniversary of her singleness."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. A cupcake? Stan, this just seems cruel. These are from Meredith the Intern to celebrate Mehrabration, the holiday she invented to celebrate the anniversary of her singleness. Dear Hunger Strikers, you remember earlier when I said that Gandhi harkened back to a mythologized Indian past? Well, it turns out that hunger striking in India goes back all the way to like the 5th century BCE. Hunger strikes have been used around the world, including British and American suffragettes who hunger struck to get the vote."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "These are from Meredith the Intern to celebrate Mehrabration, the holiday she invented to celebrate the anniversary of her singleness. Dear Hunger Strikers, you remember earlier when I said that Gandhi harkened back to a mythologized Indian past? Well, it turns out that hunger striking in India goes back all the way to like the 5th century BCE. Hunger strikes have been used around the world, including British and American suffragettes who hunger struck to get the vote. And in pre-Christian Ireland, when you felt wronged by someone, it was common practice to sit on their doorstep and hunger strike until your grievance was addressed. And sometimes it even works. I really admire you, Hunger Strikers, but I lack the courage of your convictions."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Hunger strikes have been used around the world, including British and American suffragettes who hunger struck to get the vote. And in pre-Christian Ireland, when you felt wronged by someone, it was common practice to sit on their doorstep and hunger strike until your grievance was addressed. And sometimes it even works. I really admire you, Hunger Strikers, but I lack the courage of your convictions. Also, this is an amazing cupcake. This is dongree. Since independence, India has largely been a success story, although we will talk about the complexity of India's emerging global capitalism next week."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "I really admire you, Hunger Strikers, but I lack the courage of your convictions. Also, this is an amazing cupcake. This is dongree. Since independence, India has largely been a success story, although we will talk about the complexity of India's emerging global capitalism next week. For now, though, let's travel east to Indonesia, a huge nation of over 13,000 islands that has largely been ignored here on Crash Course World History due to our long-standing bias against islands. Like, we haven't even mentioned Greenland on this show. The Greenlanders, of course, haven't complained because they don't have the internet."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Since independence, India has largely been a success story, although we will talk about the complexity of India's emerging global capitalism next week. For now, though, let's travel east to Indonesia, a huge nation of over 13,000 islands that has largely been ignored here on Crash Course World History due to our long-standing bias against islands. Like, we haven't even mentioned Greenland on this show. The Greenlanders, of course, haven't complained because they don't have the internet. So the Dutch exploited their island colonies with the system of culterstessel, in which all peasants had to set aside one-fifth of their land to grow cash crops for export to the Netherlands. This accounted for 25% of the total Dutch national budget, and it explains why they have all kinds of fancy buildings despite technically living underwater. They're like sea monkeys."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "The Greenlanders, of course, haven't complained because they don't have the internet. So the Dutch exploited their island colonies with the system of culterstessel, in which all peasants had to set aside one-fifth of their land to grow cash crops for export to the Netherlands. This accounted for 25% of the total Dutch national budget, and it explains why they have all kinds of fancy buildings despite technically living underwater. They're like sea monkeys. This system was rather less popular in Indonesia, and the Dutch didn't offer much in exchange. They couldn't even defend their colony from the Japanese, who occupied it for most of World War II, during which time the Japanese furthered the cause of Indonesian nationalism by placing native Indonesians in more prominent positions of power, including Sukarno, who became Indonesia's first prime minister. After the war, the Dutch, with British help, tried to hold onto their Indonesian colonies with so-called police actions, which went on for more than four years before Indonesia finally won its independence in 1950."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "They're like sea monkeys. This system was rather less popular in Indonesia, and the Dutch didn't offer much in exchange. They couldn't even defend their colony from the Japanese, who occupied it for most of World War II, during which time the Japanese furthered the cause of Indonesian nationalism by placing native Indonesians in more prominent positions of power, including Sukarno, who became Indonesia's first prime minister. After the war, the Dutch, with British help, tried to hold onto their Indonesian colonies with so-called police actions, which went on for more than four years before Indonesia finally won its independence in 1950. Over in the French colonies of Indochina, so-called because they were neither Indian nor Chinese, things were even more violent. The end of colonization was disastrous in Cambodia, where the 17-year reign of Norodom Sihanouk gave way to the rise of the Khmer Rouge, which massacred a stunning 21% of Cambodia's population between 1975 and 1979. In Vietnam, the French fought communist-led nationalists, especially Ho Chi Minh, from almost the moment World War II ended until 1954, when the French were defeated."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "After the war, the Dutch, with British help, tried to hold onto their Indonesian colonies with so-called police actions, which went on for more than four years before Indonesia finally won its independence in 1950. Over in the French colonies of Indochina, so-called because they were neither Indian nor Chinese, things were even more violent. The end of colonization was disastrous in Cambodia, where the 17-year reign of Norodom Sihanouk gave way to the rise of the Khmer Rouge, which massacred a stunning 21% of Cambodia's population between 1975 and 1979. In Vietnam, the French fought communist-led nationalists, especially Ho Chi Minh, from almost the moment World War II ended until 1954, when the French were defeated. And then the Americans heard that there was a land war available in Asia, so they quickly took over from the French, and communists did not fully control Vietnam until 1975. Despite still being ostensibly communist, Vietnam now manufactures all kinds of stuff that we like in America, especially sneakers. More about that next week, too."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "In Vietnam, the French fought communist-led nationalists, especially Ho Chi Minh, from almost the moment World War II ended until 1954, when the French were defeated. And then the Americans heard that there was a land war available in Asia, so they quickly took over from the French, and communists did not fully control Vietnam until 1975. Despite still being ostensibly communist, Vietnam now manufactures all kinds of stuff that we like in America, especially sneakers. More about that next week, too. But now to Egypt. You'll remember that Egypt bankrupted itself in the 19th century, trying to industrialize, and ever since had been ruled by an Egyptian king who took his orders from the British. So while technically Egypt had been independent since 1922, it was very dependent independence."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "More about that next week, too. But now to Egypt. You'll remember that Egypt bankrupted itself in the 19th century, trying to industrialize, and ever since had been ruled by an Egyptian king who took his orders from the British. So while technically Egypt had been independent since 1922, it was very dependent independence. But that changed in the 1950s, when the king was overthrown by the army. The army commander who led that coup was Gamal Abdel Nasser, who proved brilliant at playing the US and the USSR off each other to the benefit of Egypt. Nasser's was a largely secular nationalism, and he and his successors saw one of the other anti-imperialistic nationalist forces in Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood, as a threat."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "So while technically Egypt had been independent since 1922, it was very dependent independence. But that changed in the 1950s, when the king was overthrown by the army. The army commander who led that coup was Gamal Abdel Nasser, who proved brilliant at playing the US and the USSR off each other to the benefit of Egypt. Nasser's was a largely secular nationalism, and he and his successors saw one of the other anti-imperialistic nationalist forces in Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood, as a threat. So once in power, Nasser and the army banned the Muslim Brotherhood, forcing it underground, where it would disappear and never become an issue again. Wait, what's that? Really?"}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Nasser's was a largely secular nationalism, and he and his successors saw one of the other anti-imperialistic nationalist forces in Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood, as a threat. So once in power, Nasser and the army banned the Muslim Brotherhood, forcing it underground, where it would disappear and never become an issue again. Wait, what's that? Really? And finally, let's turn to Central and Southern Africa. One of the most problematic legacies of colonialism was its geography. Colonial boundaries became redefined as the borders of new nation states, even where those boundaries were arbitrary or, in some cases, pernicious."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Really? And finally, let's turn to Central and Southern Africa. One of the most problematic legacies of colonialism was its geography. Colonial boundaries became redefined as the borders of new nation states, even where those boundaries were arbitrary or, in some cases, pernicious. The best known example is in Rwanda, where two very different tribes, the Hutu and the Tutsis, were combined into one nation. But more generally, the colonizers' focus on value extraction really hurt these new nations. Europeans claimed to bring civilization and economic development to their colonies, but this economic development focused solely on building infrastructure to get resources and export them."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Colonial boundaries became redefined as the borders of new nation states, even where those boundaries were arbitrary or, in some cases, pernicious. The best known example is in Rwanda, where two very different tribes, the Hutu and the Tutsis, were combined into one nation. But more generally, the colonizers' focus on value extraction really hurt these new nations. Europeans claimed to bring civilization and economic development to their colonies, but this economic development focused solely on building infrastructure to get resources and export them. Now, whether European powers deliberately sabotaged development in Africa is a hot-button topic we're going to stay well away from, but this much is inarguably true. When the Europeans left, African nations did not have the institutions necessary to thrive in the post-war industrial world. They had very few schools, for instance, and even fewer universities."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Europeans claimed to bring civilization and economic development to their colonies, but this economic development focused solely on building infrastructure to get resources and export them. Now, whether European powers deliberately sabotaged development in Africa is a hot-button topic we're going to stay well away from, but this much is inarguably true. When the Europeans left, African nations did not have the institutions necessary to thrive in the post-war industrial world. They had very few schools, for instance, and even fewer universities. Like when the Congo achieved independence from Belgium in 1960, there were 16 Congolese college graduates in a nation of 14 million people. Also, in many of these new countries, the traditional elites had been undermined by imperialism. Most Europeans didn't rule their African possessions directly, but rather through the proxies of local rulers."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "They had very few schools, for instance, and even fewer universities. Like when the Congo achieved independence from Belgium in 1960, there were 16 Congolese college graduates in a nation of 14 million people. Also, in many of these new countries, the traditional elites had been undermined by imperialism. Most Europeans didn't rule their African possessions directly, but rather through the proxies of local rulers. And once Europeans left, those local rulers, the upper classes, were seen as illegitimate collaborators. This meant that a new group of rulers had to rise up to take their place, often with very little experience in governance. I mean, Zimbabwe's long-serving dictator Robert Mugabe was a high school teacher."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Most Europeans didn't rule their African possessions directly, but rather through the proxies of local rulers. And once Europeans left, those local rulers, the upper classes, were seen as illegitimate collaborators. This meant that a new group of rulers had to rise up to take their place, often with very little experience in governance. I mean, Zimbabwe's long-serving dictator Robert Mugabe was a high school teacher. Let that be a lesson to you. Your teachers may have dictatorial ambitions. But most strongmen have emerged, of course, from the military."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, Zimbabwe's long-serving dictator Robert Mugabe was a high school teacher. Let that be a lesson to you. Your teachers may have dictatorial ambitions. But most strongmen have emerged, of course, from the military. Joseph Mobutu seized power in the Congo, which he held from 1965 until his death in 1997. Idi Amin was military dictator of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Muammar Gaddafi ruled Libya from 1977 until 2011."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "But most strongmen have emerged, of course, from the military. Joseph Mobutu seized power in the Congo, which he held from 1965 until his death in 1997. Idi Amin was military dictator of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Muammar Gaddafi ruled Libya from 1977 until 2011. The list goes on, but I don't want to give you the wrong impression about Africa. Because while the continent does have less freedom and lower levels of development than other regions in the world, many African nations show strong and consistent signs of growth despite the challenges of decolonization. Botswana, for instance, has gone from 70% literacy to 85% in the past 15 years and has seen steady GDP growth over 5%."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Muammar Gaddafi ruled Libya from 1977 until 2011. The list goes on, but I don't want to give you the wrong impression about Africa. Because while the continent does have less freedom and lower levels of development than other regions in the world, many African nations show strong and consistent signs of growth despite the challenges of decolonization. Botswana, for instance, has gone from 70% literacy to 85% in the past 15 years and has seen steady GDP growth over 5%. Benin's economy has grown in each of the past 12 years, which is better than Europe or the US can say. In 2002, Kenya's life expectancy was 47. Today, it's 63."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Botswana, for instance, has gone from 70% literacy to 85% in the past 15 years and has seen steady GDP growth over 5%. Benin's economy has grown in each of the past 12 years, which is better than Europe or the US can say. In 2002, Kenya's life expectancy was 47. Today, it's 63. Ethiopia's per capita GDP has doubled over the past 10 years. And Mauritania has seen its infant mortality rate fall by more than 40%. Now, this progress is spotty and fragile, but it's important to note that these nations have existed, on average, about 13 years less than my dad."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Today, it's 63. Ethiopia's per capita GDP has doubled over the past 10 years. And Mauritania has seen its infant mortality rate fall by more than 40%. Now, this progress is spotty and fragile, but it's important to note that these nations have existed, on average, about 13 years less than my dad. Of course, past experience with the fall of empires hasn't given us much cause for hope, but many citizens of these new nations are seeing real progress. That said, disaster might lurk around the corner. It's hard to say."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, this progress is spotty and fragile, but it's important to note that these nations have existed, on average, about 13 years less than my dad. Of course, past experience with the fall of empires hasn't given us much cause for hope, but many citizens of these new nations are seeing real progress. That said, disaster might lurk around the corner. It's hard to say. I mean, now more than ever, we're trying to tell the story of humans from inside the story of humans. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "It's hard to say. I mean, now more than ever, we're trying to tell the story of humans from inside the story of humans. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The associate producer is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant Crash Course World History #40.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Meatloaf's career."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today's video is kind of a response to one of the most riveting history books you'll ever read, The Columbian Exchange by David Crosby. He had a good year in 1969, published The Columbian Exchange, played Woodstock, he was still on his first liver, what, it was Albert Crosby? Gosh, history never being as interesting as I want it to be. Right, so it was Alfred Crosby Jr., and in that book he wrote, The big questions are really the only ones worth considering, and colossal nerve has always been a prerequisite for such consideration. I love it! Before 1492, we couldn't really talk about a world history at all, we could only talk about the different histories of separate regions, but Columbus changed all of that, and everything else. The Columbian Exchange irrevocably homogenized the world's biological landscape."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, so it was Alfred Crosby Jr., and in that book he wrote, The big questions are really the only ones worth considering, and colossal nerve has always been a prerequisite for such consideration. I love it! Before 1492, we couldn't really talk about a world history at all, we could only talk about the different histories of separate regions, but Columbus changed all of that, and everything else. The Columbian Exchange irrevocably homogenized the world's biological landscape. Since Columbus, the number of plant and animal species has continually diminished, and the variation in species from place to place has diminished dramatically. I mean, the first European visitors to the Americas had never seen a tomato or a catfish, Native Americans had never seen a horse. And by making our planet biologically singular, the Columbian Exchange completely remade the populations of animals, particularly humans."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "The Columbian Exchange irrevocably homogenized the world's biological landscape. Since Columbus, the number of plant and animal species has continually diminished, and the variation in species from place to place has diminished dramatically. I mean, the first European visitors to the Americas had never seen a tomato or a catfish, Native Americans had never seen a horse. And by making our planet biologically singular, the Columbian Exchange completely remade the populations of animals, particularly humans. And vitally, this cross-pollination also made possible such wonders as contemporary pizza. So we're going to break Columbian Exchange down into four categories. Diseases, boy you're looking good, smallpox, I'm glad you've been eliminated."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "And by making our planet biologically singular, the Columbian Exchange completely remade the populations of animals, particularly humans. And vitally, this cross-pollination also made possible such wonders as contemporary pizza. So we're going to break Columbian Exchange down into four categories. Diseases, boy you're looking good, smallpox, I'm glad you've been eliminated. Animals, plants, and people. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, people are animals. Yeah, that's true, me, from the past, but just for the sake of simplicity we're- Also, if you think about it, microbes are kinda animals, and plants are too, I mean- Oh my god, shut up before I kill you and create a time travel paradox."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Diseases, boy you're looking good, smallpox, I'm glad you've been eliminated. Animals, plants, and people. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, people are animals. Yeah, that's true, me, from the past, but just for the sake of simplicity we're- Also, if you think about it, microbes are kinda animals, and plants are too, I mean- Oh my god, shut up before I kill you and create a time travel paradox. Microbes, like those hairy blokes back there, were a definite negative in terms of the Columbian Exchange. Terminology is hard here, but the majority of Caribbean Islanders or Native Americans or Amerindians had exactly one response to the arrival of Europeans. Death."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, that's true, me, from the past, but just for the sake of simplicity we're- Also, if you think about it, microbes are kinda animals, and plants are too, I mean- Oh my god, shut up before I kill you and create a time travel paradox. Microbes, like those hairy blokes back there, were a definite negative in terms of the Columbian Exchange. Terminology is hard here, but the majority of Caribbean Islanders or Native Americans or Amerindians had exactly one response to the arrival of Europeans. Death. We can't be sure how many natives died as a result of European arrival, but it was definitely more than 50%, and some estimates place it as high as 90%. Historians used to blame European brutality, which was definitely a factor, but the main culprit was disease. Smallpox is usually seen as the villain of this story, but it's more likely that a series of diseases in combination did the damage."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Death. We can't be sure how many natives died as a result of European arrival, but it was definitely more than 50%, and some estimates place it as high as 90%. Historians used to blame European brutality, which was definitely a factor, but the main culprit was disease. Smallpox is usually seen as the villain of this story, but it's more likely that a series of diseases in combination did the damage. Along with smallpox, Americans were killed by measles and mumps, typhus, chickenpox, none of which they had been previously exposed to. This astonishing decrease of population was definitely the worst effect of these diseases, both psychologically and demographically, but the secondary effects were almost as bad. For one thing, the deaths of Aztec and Incan rulers touched off wars, which in turn made it easier to spread disease, because, you know, the number one way to catch smallpox is via hand-to-hand combat."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Smallpox is usually seen as the villain of this story, but it's more likely that a series of diseases in combination did the damage. Along with smallpox, Americans were killed by measles and mumps, typhus, chickenpox, none of which they had been previously exposed to. This astonishing decrease of population was definitely the worst effect of these diseases, both psychologically and demographically, but the secondary effects were almost as bad. For one thing, the deaths of Aztec and Incan rulers touched off wars, which in turn made it easier to spread disease, because, you know, the number one way to catch smallpox is via hand-to-hand combat. Plus, leaders kept dying. Huayna Capac, the leader of the Inca Empire, succumbed to smallpox before Pizarro even arrived. His death led to a violent succession struggle between his sons, which was won by Atahualpa, who in turn was captured and killed by Pizarro."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "For one thing, the deaths of Aztec and Incan rulers touched off wars, which in turn made it easier to spread disease, because, you know, the number one way to catch smallpox is via hand-to-hand combat. Plus, leaders kept dying. Huayna Capac, the leader of the Inca Empire, succumbed to smallpox before Pizarro even arrived. His death led to a violent succession struggle between his sons, which was won by Atahualpa, who in turn was captured and killed by Pizarro. And without that war, the Inca would have had a much better chance against the Spaniards, whose numbers were comparatively tiny. A similar thing happened to the Aztecs. The Moctezuma who eventually lost to Cortes was the nephew of a much more powerful king who died of smallpox."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "His death led to a violent succession struggle between his sons, which was won by Atahualpa, who in turn was captured and killed by Pizarro. And without that war, the Inca would have had a much better chance against the Spaniards, whose numbers were comparatively tiny. A similar thing happened to the Aztecs. The Moctezuma who eventually lost to Cortes was the nephew of a much more powerful king who died of smallpox. And the death of that great king encouraged some of the smaller states in the Aztec Empire to rebel, and some of them even fought for the Spaniards. And another side effect of disease was starvation, because there simply weren't enough people left to grow crops to feed the living. And then malnutrition made survivors that much more susceptible to disease."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "The Moctezuma who eventually lost to Cortes was the nephew of a much more powerful king who died of smallpox. And the death of that great king encouraged some of the smaller states in the Aztec Empire to rebel, and some of them even fought for the Spaniards. And another side effect of disease was starvation, because there simply weren't enough people left to grow crops to feed the living. And then malnutrition made survivors that much more susceptible to disease. In short, it sucked. The transmission of disease largely went one way, from the old world to the new, but the Americans did have one gift for Europe, venereal syphilis. It showed up in Europe around 1493, and even though Europeans are very fond of ascribing syphilis to each other, Italians called it the French disease, the French called it the disease of Naples, Poles called it the German disease, Russians called it the Polish disease, the truth is venereal syphilis was spread by sailors who'd returned from the Americas."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "And then malnutrition made survivors that much more susceptible to disease. In short, it sucked. The transmission of disease largely went one way, from the old world to the new, but the Americans did have one gift for Europe, venereal syphilis. It showed up in Europe around 1493, and even though Europeans are very fond of ascribing syphilis to each other, Italians called it the French disease, the French called it the disease of Naples, Poles called it the German disease, Russians called it the Polish disease, the truth is venereal syphilis was spread by sailors who'd returned from the Americas. In fact, in his book The Columbian Exchange, Crosby tells it like this, Sailors by the nature of their profession are men without women, and therefore men of many women. We can imagine no group more perfectly suited for guaranteeing that venereal syphilis would have worldwide distribution. Who says history books are boring?"}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "It showed up in Europe around 1493, and even though Europeans are very fond of ascribing syphilis to each other, Italians called it the French disease, the French called it the disease of Naples, Poles called it the German disease, Russians called it the Polish disease, the truth is venereal syphilis was spread by sailors who'd returned from the Americas. In fact, in his book The Columbian Exchange, Crosby tells it like this, Sailors by the nature of their profession are men without women, and therefore men of many women. We can imagine no group more perfectly suited for guaranteeing that venereal syphilis would have worldwide distribution. Who says history books are boring? Syphilis would go on to infect a veritable who's who of Europe, from Baudelaire to Gauguin to Nietzsche, not to mention numerous family members of the famously infertile Tudor and Valois families, meaning that syphilis may be responsible for many of those miserably boring dynastic power struggles of post-Columbus Europe. Anyway, nothing against syphilis, but it pales in comparison to the devastation wrought by old world diseases arriving in the new world, but the new world did have one gift for the old world that was pretty destructive. Tobacco."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Who says history books are boring? Syphilis would go on to infect a veritable who's who of Europe, from Baudelaire to Gauguin to Nietzsche, not to mention numerous family members of the famously infertile Tudor and Valois families, meaning that syphilis may be responsible for many of those miserably boring dynastic power struggles of post-Columbus Europe. Anyway, nothing against syphilis, but it pales in comparison to the devastation wrought by old world diseases arriving in the new world, but the new world did have one gift for the old world that was pretty destructive. Tobacco. Oh, it's time for the open letter, and there's been a costume change? That doesn't bode well. An open letter to tobacco."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Tobacco. Oh, it's time for the open letter, and there's been a costume change? That doesn't bode well. An open letter to tobacco. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment. Don't be cinnamon, don't be cinnamon, don't be... Dang it! I guess that I'm going to do the cinnamon challenge."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to tobacco. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment. Don't be cinnamon, don't be cinnamon, don't be... Dang it! I guess that I'm going to do the cinnamon challenge. I am not happy about this, Stan. For the record. All right."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "I guess that I'm going to do the cinnamon challenge. I am not happy about this, Stan. For the record. All right. I'm going to do the cinnamon challenge. One tablespoon of cinnamon in my mouth, no water. Oh boy, that sucked."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "All right. I'm going to do the cinnamon challenge. One tablespoon of cinnamon in my mouth, no water. Oh boy, that sucked. I regret doing that, to be honest with you. Dear tobacco, I just did something really stupid, but at least it was cheap. I'm going to tell you two stories about smoking."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh boy, that sucked. I regret doing that, to be honest with you. Dear tobacco, I just did something really stupid, but at least it was cheap. I'm going to tell you two stories about smoking. The first comes from my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, who also writes Crash Course. When I was a senior in high school, he walked up to me and he said, I want you to keep smoking. I want you to smoke until the day after your 65th birthday, and then I want you to die so that I collect all of your social security."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm going to tell you two stories about smoking. The first comes from my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, who also writes Crash Course. When I was a senior in high school, he walked up to me and he said, I want you to keep smoking. I want you to smoke until the day after your 65th birthday, and then I want you to die so that I collect all of your social security. That inspired me, Mr. Meyer, to quit smoking just eight short years later. Here is an amazing statistic. Cigarettes were handed out to American service men during World War II, and more soldiers who started smoking during the war died from smoking than died from the war."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "I want you to smoke until the day after your 65th birthday, and then I want you to die so that I collect all of your social security. That inspired me, Mr. Meyer, to quit smoking just eight short years later. Here is an amazing statistic. Cigarettes were handed out to American service men during World War II, and more soldiers who started smoking during the war died from smoking than died from the war. So if the New World was looking to extract some measure of revenge for smallpox and measles and chickenpox, mission accomplished. Best wishes, John Green. Now on to animals."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Cigarettes were handed out to American service men during World War II, and more soldiers who started smoking during the war died from smoking than died from the war. So if the New World was looking to extract some measure of revenge for smallpox and measles and chickenpox, mission accomplished. Best wishes, John Green. Now on to animals. American animals like llamas and guinea pigs never really caught on in Eurasia. But imports to the Americas, like pigs, cows, and horses, were revolutionary. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Now on to animals. American animals like llamas and guinea pigs never really caught on in Eurasia. But imports to the Americas, like pigs, cows, and horses, were revolutionary. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. First of all, these animals, especially pigs, completely remade the food supply. Pigs breed really quickly, they eat anything, and they turn into bacon, which made them heroes to the New World, just as today they are heroes to the internet. Here's how quickly pigs breed."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. First of all, these animals, especially pigs, completely remade the food supply. Pigs breed really quickly, they eat anything, and they turn into bacon, which made them heroes to the New World, just as today they are heroes to the internet. Here's how quickly pigs breed. When Hernando de Soto arrived in Florida in 1539, he brought 13 pigs. By the time of his death, there were 700. That was three years later."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Here's how quickly pigs breed. When Hernando de Soto arrived in Florida in 1539, he brought 13 pigs. By the time of his death, there were 700. That was three years later. The abundance of meat and plentiful land for agriculture and grazing meant that Europeans in the Americas very rarely experienced famine, and despite what you may have learned about religious and political freedom, the main reason Europeans came to America was to eat. Large European animals also changed the nature of work in the Americas. Before Europeans, the largest beast of burden was the llama, and at best it could carry like a hundred pounds."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "That was three years later. The abundance of meat and plentiful land for agriculture and grazing meant that Europeans in the Americas very rarely experienced famine, and despite what you may have learned about religious and political freedom, the main reason Europeans came to America was to eat. Large European animals also changed the nature of work in the Americas. Before Europeans, the largest beast of burden was the llama, and at best it could carry like a hundred pounds. This meant that for the long distance travel that the Inca engaged in, the primary transportation animal was Incas. Oxen, when combined with their plows, made it possible to bring more land under cultivation and also made transportation easier and more efficient, and plus European animals remade culture. The grossly stereotypical American Indian, like from the movies, riding the Great Plains with an eagle feather headdress and war paint, well he didn't exist before the Columbian Exchange because there were no horses for him to ride."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Before Europeans, the largest beast of burden was the llama, and at best it could carry like a hundred pounds. This meant that for the long distance travel that the Inca engaged in, the primary transportation animal was Incas. Oxen, when combined with their plows, made it possible to bring more land under cultivation and also made transportation easier and more efficient, and plus European animals remade culture. The grossly stereotypical American Indian, like from the movies, riding the Great Plains with an eagle feather headdress and war paint, well he didn't exist before the Columbian Exchange because there were no horses for him to ride. And the introduction of horses allowed many Native Americans to abandon agriculture in favor of a nomadic lifestyle because riding around hunting buffalo made them far richer than farming ever had. Thanks Thought Bubble. But before animals and diseases completely reshaped the New World, it was New World plants that had the biggest effect on Eurasia."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "The grossly stereotypical American Indian, like from the movies, riding the Great Plains with an eagle feather headdress and war paint, well he didn't exist before the Columbian Exchange because there were no horses for him to ride. And the introduction of horses allowed many Native Americans to abandon agriculture in favor of a nomadic lifestyle because riding around hunting buffalo made them far richer than farming ever had. Thanks Thought Bubble. But before animals and diseases completely reshaped the New World, it was New World plants that had the biggest effect on Eurasia. Sure, Europeans brought over some crops that we now grow here in the Americas, like wheat and grapes, both of which are necessary for Catholic Mass. But New World plants radically changed the lives of millions, maybe hundreds of millions, of Africans, Asians, and Europeans, specifically by making pizza possible. It was the greatest gift of all."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "But before animals and diseases completely reshaped the New World, it was New World plants that had the biggest effect on Eurasia. Sure, Europeans brought over some crops that we now grow here in the Americas, like wheat and grapes, both of which are necessary for Catholic Mass. But New World plants radically changed the lives of millions, maybe hundreds of millions, of Africans, Asians, and Europeans, specifically by making pizza possible. It was the greatest gift of all. I mean, until 500 years ago, Italians lived without tomatoes, without modern pizza or marinara sauce or pizza or ketchup or pizza or even pizza. Indians lived without curry, which contains chilies, a New World food. Persians lived without corn, which is a New World food, as are beans and potatoes and avocados and peanuts and blueberries."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "It was the greatest gift of all. I mean, until 500 years ago, Italians lived without tomatoes, without modern pizza or marinara sauce or pizza or ketchup or pizza or even pizza. Indians lived without curry, which contains chilies, a New World food. Persians lived without corn, which is a New World food, as are beans and potatoes and avocados and peanuts and blueberries. The list goes on and on. And these New World crops led to probably the greatest population increase in history. To quote Crosby, It is crudely true that if man's caloric intake is sufficient, he will somehow stagger to maturity, and he will reproduce."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Persians lived without corn, which is a New World food, as are beans and potatoes and avocados and peanuts and blueberries. The list goes on and on. And these New World crops led to probably the greatest population increase in history. To quote Crosby, It is crudely true that if man's caloric intake is sufficient, he will somehow stagger to maturity, and he will reproduce. And New World food was far more caloric than Old World food, which is the central reason that the world population doubled between 1650 and 1850. Plants like corn and potatoes could grow in soils that were useless for Old World crops. Potatoes were actually introduced to Europe as an aphrodisiac, but it turns out that you have to distill those potatoes into vodka before they have the desired effect."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "To quote Crosby, It is crudely true that if man's caloric intake is sufficient, he will somehow stagger to maturity, and he will reproduce. And New World food was far more caloric than Old World food, which is the central reason that the world population doubled between 1650 and 1850. Plants like corn and potatoes could grow in soils that were useless for Old World crops. Potatoes were actually introduced to Europe as an aphrodisiac, but it turns out that you have to distill those potatoes into vodka before they have the desired effect. Anyway, if potatoes are an aphrodisiac, the Irish quickly became the hottest people on Earth. An acre and a half of potato cultivation could feed an Irish family for a year, and the average Irish worker often ate ten pounds of potatoes every day. Surviving primarily on potatoes, the Irish more than doubled their population between 1754 and 1845, when the potato famine showed up and ruined everything."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Potatoes were actually introduced to Europe as an aphrodisiac, but it turns out that you have to distill those potatoes into vodka before they have the desired effect. Anyway, if potatoes are an aphrodisiac, the Irish quickly became the hottest people on Earth. An acre and a half of potato cultivation could feed an Irish family for a year, and the average Irish worker often ate ten pounds of potatoes every day. Surviving primarily on potatoes, the Irish more than doubled their population between 1754 and 1845, when the potato famine showed up and ruined everything. And it wasn't just Europe. Manioc, or cassava, is a New World plant with roots that provide more calories than any other plant on Earth, provided they are properly processed, otherwise they're poisonous. Manioc is so prevalent in Africa that many Africans swear the plant is native to the continent, but it isn't."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Surviving primarily on potatoes, the Irish more than doubled their population between 1754 and 1845, when the potato famine showed up and ruined everything. And it wasn't just Europe. Manioc, or cassava, is a New World plant with roots that provide more calories than any other plant on Earth, provided they are properly processed, otherwise they're poisonous. Manioc is so prevalent in Africa that many Africans swear the plant is native to the continent, but it isn't. Nor are sweet potatoes, and while New World grains never replaced rice in Southeast or East Asia, the sweet potato is so common that it is known as the poor person's staple in China. Even in Japan, the tomb of the farmer who is reputed to have first brought them to the islands is known as the Temple of the Sweet Potato. And it's also worth noting that corn, while it may not feature prominently in European diets, has been the central source of food for animals in Europe for centuries."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Manioc is so prevalent in Africa that many Africans swear the plant is native to the continent, but it isn't. Nor are sweet potatoes, and while New World grains never replaced rice in Southeast or East Asia, the sweet potato is so common that it is known as the poor person's staple in China. Even in Japan, the tomb of the farmer who is reputed to have first brought them to the islands is known as the Temple of the Sweet Potato. And it's also worth noting that corn, while it may not feature prominently in European diets, has been the central source of food for animals in Europe for centuries. And in fact, that's still the case. In 2005, 58% of the corn grown in America went to animal feed, is the kind of thing you learn when you live in Indiana. Alright, so last but not least, the Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of people."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's also worth noting that corn, while it may not feature prominently in European diets, has been the central source of food for animals in Europe for centuries. And in fact, that's still the case. In 2005, 58% of the corn grown in America went to animal feed, is the kind of thing you learn when you live in Indiana. Alright, so last but not least, the Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of people. Again, in the early stages, this movement was mostly one-way, with Europeans and Africans, the Africans usually against their will, making their way to the Americas. So the Columbian Exchange led to the repopulation of the New World following the disease devastation of the initial encounter, and better nutrition allowed the population of the Old World to grow, which in turn placed population pressure on Eurasia, which led to more people coming to the Americas. In the process, the world's human inhabitants became more genetically and ethnically interconnected, but it also led to the horrors of Atlantic slavery, which we'll be discussing next week."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright, so last but not least, the Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of people. Again, in the early stages, this movement was mostly one-way, with Europeans and Africans, the Africans usually against their will, making their way to the Americas. So the Columbian Exchange led to the repopulation of the New World following the disease devastation of the initial encounter, and better nutrition allowed the population of the Old World to grow, which in turn placed population pressure on Eurasia, which led to more people coming to the Americas. In the process, the world's human inhabitants became more genetically and ethnically interconnected, but it also led to the horrors of Atlantic slavery, which we'll be discussing next week. What are we to make of the Columbian Exchange? It devastated the population of the Americas, it led to the widespread slavery of Africans, but it also allowed for a worldwide population increase, and the lives of some natives, including Plains tribes like the Lakota, became better and more secure, at least for a while. Fewer people have starved since the Columbian Exchange began, but the diversity of life on Earth has diminished dramatically, and planting crops where they don't belong has hurt the environment."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "In the process, the world's human inhabitants became more genetically and ethnically interconnected, but it also led to the horrors of Atlantic slavery, which we'll be discussing next week. What are we to make of the Columbian Exchange? It devastated the population of the Americas, it led to the widespread slavery of Africans, but it also allowed for a worldwide population increase, and the lives of some natives, including Plains tribes like the Lakota, became better and more secure, at least for a while. Fewer people have starved since the Columbian Exchange began, but the diversity of life on Earth has diminished dramatically, and planting crops where they don't belong has hurt the environment. So on the whole, should we be grateful for the Columbian Exchange? And should we work to continue and deepen its legacy of globalism and monoculture? Crosby didn't think we were better off."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Fewer people have starved since the Columbian Exchange began, but the diversity of life on Earth has diminished dramatically, and planting crops where they don't belong has hurt the environment. So on the whole, should we be grateful for the Columbian Exchange? And should we work to continue and deepen its legacy of globalism and monoculture? Crosby didn't think we were better off. The Columbian Exchange has included man, and he has changed the old and new world, sometimes inadvertently, sometimes intentionally, often brutally. It is possible that he and the plants and animals he brings with him have caused the extinction of more species of life forms in the last 400 years than the usual processes of evolution might kill off in a million. The Columbian Exchange has left us with not a richer, but a more impoverished genetic pool, and we, all of life on the planet, are the less for Columbus, and the impoverishment will increase."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Crosby didn't think we were better off. The Columbian Exchange has included man, and he has changed the old and new world, sometimes inadvertently, sometimes intentionally, often brutally. It is possible that he and the plants and animals he brings with him have caused the extinction of more species of life forms in the last 400 years than the usual processes of evolution might kill off in a million. The Columbian Exchange has left us with not a richer, but a more impoverished genetic pool, and we, all of life on the planet, are the less for Columbus, and the impoverishment will increase. But let's give you the last word today. Do you agree with Crosby? Are longer, healthier lives for more humans worth the sacrifice of an impoverished biosphere?"}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "The Columbian Exchange has left us with not a richer, but a more impoverished genetic pool, and we, all of life on the planet, are the less for Columbus, and the impoverishment will increase. But let's give you the last word today. Do you agree with Crosby? Are longer, healthier lives for more humans worth the sacrifice of an impoverished biosphere? And most importantly, how will your conclusions about those questions shape the way that you live your life? Thanks for watching, I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Miller."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Are longer, healthier lives for more humans worth the sacrifice of an impoverished biosphere? And most importantly, how will your conclusions about those questions shape the way that you live your life? Thanks for watching, I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Miller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Mario and Luigi."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange Crash Course World History #23.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Miller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Mario and Luigi. Thanks for that suggestion. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week, you can do so in comments, where you can also guess at this week's Phrase of the Week and ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "One, ending slavery, and two, Napoleon getting his feelings hurt. I can't help myself, Napoleon. I like to see you suffer. INTRO So the French colony in San Domingo began in the 17th century as a pirate outpost. And its original French inhabitants made their living selling leather and a kind of smoked beef called boucan. All that beef actually came from cattle left behind by the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle the island. But anyway, after 1640, the boucan sellers started to run low on beef."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "INTRO So the French colony in San Domingo began in the 17th century as a pirate outpost. And its original French inhabitants made their living selling leather and a kind of smoked beef called boucan. All that beef actually came from cattle left behind by the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle the island. But anyway, after 1640, the boucan sellers started to run low on beef. They were like, you know what would pay better than selling beef jerky? Robbing Spanish galleons, which as you'll recall were loaded with silver mined from South America. So by the middle of the 17th century, the French had convinced many of those buccaneering captains to give up their pirating and settle on the island."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "But anyway, after 1640, the boucan sellers started to run low on beef. They were like, you know what would pay better than selling beef jerky? Robbing Spanish galleons, which as you'll recall were loaded with silver mined from South America. So by the middle of the 17th century, the French had convinced many of those buccaneering captains to give up their pirating and settle on the island. Many of them invested some of their pirate treasure in sugar plantations, which by 1700 were thriving at both producing sugar and working people to death. And soon, this island was the most valuable colony in the West Indies and possibly in the world. It produced 40% of Europe's sugar, 60% of its coffee, and it was home to more slaves than any place except Brazil."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "So by the middle of the 17th century, the French had convinced many of those buccaneering captains to give up their pirating and settle on the island. Many of them invested some of their pirate treasure in sugar plantations, which by 1700 were thriving at both producing sugar and working people to death. And soon, this island was the most valuable colony in the West Indies and possibly in the world. It produced 40% of Europe's sugar, 60% of its coffee, and it was home to more slaves than any place except Brazil. And as you'll recall from our discussion of Atlantic slavery, being a slave in a sugar production colony was exceptionally brutal. In fact, by the late 18th century, more slaves were imported to San Domingo every year, more than 40,000, than the entire white population of the island. By the 19th century, slaves made up about 90% of the population, and most of those slaves were African-born because the brutal living and working conditions prevented natural population growth."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "It produced 40% of Europe's sugar, 60% of its coffee, and it was home to more slaves than any place except Brazil. And as you'll recall from our discussion of Atlantic slavery, being a slave in a sugar production colony was exceptionally brutal. In fact, by the late 18th century, more slaves were imported to San Domingo every year, more than 40,000, than the entire white population of the island. By the 19th century, slaves made up about 90% of the population, and most of those slaves were African-born because the brutal living and working conditions prevented natural population growth. Like, remember Alfred Crosby's fantastic line, it is crudely true that if man's caloric intake is sufficient, he will somehow stagger to maturity and he will reproduce? Yeah, well, not in 18th century Haiti, thanks to yellow fever and smallpox and just miserable working conditions. So most of these plantations were pretty large."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "By the 19th century, slaves made up about 90% of the population, and most of those slaves were African-born because the brutal living and working conditions prevented natural population growth. Like, remember Alfred Crosby's fantastic line, it is crudely true that if man's caloric intake is sufficient, he will somehow stagger to maturity and he will reproduce? Yeah, well, not in 18th century Haiti, thanks to yellow fever and smallpox and just miserable working conditions. So most of these plantations were pretty large. They often had more than 200 slaves, and many of the field workers, in some cases a majority, were women. The French society in San Domingo was divided into four groups, which had important consequences for the revolution. At the top were the big white planters, who owned the plantations and all the slaves."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "So most of these plantations were pretty large. They often had more than 200 slaves, and many of the field workers, in some cases a majority, were women. The French society in San Domingo was divided into four groups, which had important consequences for the revolution. At the top were the big white planters, who owned the plantations and all the slaves. Often these Grands Blancs were absentee landlords, who would just rather stay in France and let their agents do, you know, the actual brutality. Below them were the wealthy free people of color. Most of the Frenchmen who came to the island were, you know, men, and they frequently fathered children with slave women."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "At the top were the big white planters, who owned the plantations and all the slaves. Often these Grands Blancs were absentee landlords, who would just rather stay in France and let their agents do, you know, the actual brutality. Below them were the wealthy free people of color. Most of the Frenchmen who came to the island were, you know, men, and they frequently fathered children with slave women. These fathers would often free their children. Wasn't that generous of them. So by 1789 there were 24,800 free people of color, along with about 30,000 white people in the colony."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Most of the Frenchmen who came to the island were, you know, men, and they frequently fathered children with slave women. These fathers would often free their children. Wasn't that generous of them. So by 1789 there were 24,800 free people of color, along with about 30,000 white people in the colony. The free people of color contributed a lot to the island's stability. They served in the militia and in the local constabulary, and many of the wealthier ones eventually owned plantations and slaves of their own. And then below them on the social ladder were the poor whites, or the petite Blancs, who worked as artisans and laborers."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "So by 1789 there were 24,800 free people of color, along with about 30,000 white people in the colony. The free people of color contributed a lot to the island's stability. They served in the militia and in the local constabulary, and many of the wealthier ones eventually owned plantations and slaves of their own. And then below them on the social ladder were the poor whites, or the petite Blancs, who worked as artisans and laborers. And at the bottom were the slaves, who made up the overwhelming majority. I know what you're thinking. This is a recipe for permanent social stability."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "And then below them on the social ladder were the poor whites, or the petite Blancs, who worked as artisans and laborers. And at the bottom were the slaves, who made up the overwhelming majority. I know what you're thinking. This is a recipe for permanent social stability. No, it wasn't. Okay, so when the French Revolution broke out in 1789, all these groups had something to complain about. The slaves obviously disliked being slaves."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "This is a recipe for permanent social stability. No, it wasn't. Okay, so when the French Revolution broke out in 1789, all these groups had something to complain about. The slaves obviously disliked being slaves. The free people of color were still subject to legal discrimination no matter how wealthy they became. And the poor whites, in addition to being poor, were resentful of all the privileges held by the wealthy people of color. And the Grand Blancs were complaining about French trade laws and the government's attempts to slightly improve the living and working conditions of slaves."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "The slaves obviously disliked being slaves. The free people of color were still subject to legal discrimination no matter how wealthy they became. And the poor whites, in addition to being poor, were resentful of all the privileges held by the wealthy people of color. And the Grand Blancs were complaining about French trade laws and the government's attempts to slightly improve the living and working conditions of slaves. Basically, they were saying that government shouldn't be in the business of regulating business. And everyone was unhappy, but the slaves were by far the worst off. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, you're always saying how much slavery sucks, but is it really any worse than having to work for, like, subsistence?"}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Grand Blancs were complaining about French trade laws and the government's attempts to slightly improve the living and working conditions of slaves. Basically, they were saying that government shouldn't be in the business of regulating business. And everyone was unhappy, but the slaves were by far the worst off. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, you're always saying how much slavery sucks, but is it really any worse than having to work for, like, subsistence? Yeah, I'm going to stop you right there, me from the past, before you further embarrass yourself. You often hear from people attempting to comprehend the horrors of slavery that slavery couldn't have been all that bad, and that it wasn't that different from working for minimum wage. And that we know this because if it had been so bad, slaves would have just revolted, which they never did."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green, Mr. Green, you're always saying how much slavery sucks, but is it really any worse than having to work for, like, subsistence? Yeah, I'm going to stop you right there, me from the past, before you further embarrass yourself. You often hear from people attempting to comprehend the horrors of slavery that slavery couldn't have been all that bad, and that it wasn't that different from working for minimum wage. And that we know this because if it had been so bad, slaves would have just revolted, which they never did. Yeah, well, one, equating slavery to poor working conditions ignores the fact that if you work at, like, Foxconn, Foxconn doesn't get to sell your children to other corporations. And two, as you're about to see, slaves did revolt. So the unrest in what became Haiti started in 1789, when some slaves heard a rumor that the king of France had freed them."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "And that we know this because if it had been so bad, slaves would have just revolted, which they never did. Yeah, well, one, equating slavery to poor working conditions ignores the fact that if you work at, like, Foxconn, Foxconn doesn't get to sell your children to other corporations. And two, as you're about to see, slaves did revolt. So the unrest in what became Haiti started in 1789, when some slaves heard a rumor that the king of France had freed them. Even though it was across the ocean, word of the changes in France reached the people of Haiti, where the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, while terrifying to planters, gave hope both to free people of color and to slaves. At the same time, some petite Blancs argued that there was inadequate discrimination against blacks. They were the only people with the third estate in France, and they called for interest rates to be lowered so they could more easily pay their debts."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "So the unrest in what became Haiti started in 1789, when some slaves heard a rumor that the king of France had freed them. Even though it was across the ocean, word of the changes in France reached the people of Haiti, where the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, while terrifying to planters, gave hope both to free people of color and to slaves. At the same time, some petite Blancs argued that there was inadequate discrimination against blacks. They were the only people with the third estate in France, and they called for interest rates to be lowered so they could more easily pay their debts. And they began lobbying for colonial independence. The psychology here shows you the extent to which slaves were not considered people. I mean, these radical petite Blancs thought that they were the oppressed people in San Domingo because they couldn't afford to own slaves."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "They were the only people with the third estate in France, and they called for interest rates to be lowered so they could more easily pay their debts. And they began lobbying for colonial independence. The psychology here shows you the extent to which slaves were not considered people. I mean, these radical petite Blancs thought that they were the oppressed people in San Domingo because they couldn't afford to own slaves. And they thought if they could become independent from France, they could take power from the people of privilege and institute a democracy, where everyone had a voice, except for the 95% of people who weren't white. And in 1791, these radical petite Blancs seized the city of Port-au-Prince. You'll remember that by 1791, France was at war with most of Europe."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, these radical petite Blancs thought that they were the oppressed people in San Domingo because they couldn't afford to own slaves. And they thought if they could become independent from France, they could take power from the people of privilege and institute a democracy, where everyone had a voice, except for the 95% of people who weren't white. And in 1791, these radical petite Blancs seized the city of Port-au-Prince. You'll remember that by 1791, France was at war with most of Europe. And just like with the Seven Years' War, the wars of revolutionary France played out in the colonies as well as at home. So the French government sent troops to San Domingo. Meanwhile, urges toward liberty, fraternity, and equality were only growing in France, and it didn't seem very equitable to grant citizenship based solely on race."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "You'll remember that by 1791, France was at war with most of Europe. And just like with the Seven Years' War, the wars of revolutionary France played out in the colonies as well as at home. So the French government sent troops to San Domingo. Meanwhile, urges toward liberty, fraternity, and equality were only growing in France, and it didn't seem very equitable to grant citizenship based solely on race. So in May of 1791, the National Assembly gave full French citizenship to all free men of color, I mean, if they owned property and had enough money and weren't the children of slaves. The petite Blancs weren't thrilled about this, and that led to fighting breaking out between them and the newly French free people of color. And then in August of 1791, the slaves were like, um, hi, yes, screw all of you, and a massive slave revolt broke out."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Meanwhile, urges toward liberty, fraternity, and equality were only growing in France, and it didn't seem very equitable to grant citizenship based solely on race. So in May of 1791, the National Assembly gave full French citizenship to all free men of color, I mean, if they owned property and had enough money and weren't the children of slaves. The petite Blancs weren't thrilled about this, and that led to fighting breaking out between them and the newly French free people of color. And then in August of 1791, the slaves were like, um, hi, yes, screw all of you, and a massive slave revolt broke out. Among the leaders of this revolt was Toussaint Breda, a former slave of full African descent who later took the name Toussaint Louverture. Louverture helped mold the slaves into a disciplined army that could withstand attacks from the French troops. But again, the context of the wider revolution proves really important here."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "And then in August of 1791, the slaves were like, um, hi, yes, screw all of you, and a massive slave revolt broke out. Among the leaders of this revolt was Toussaint Breda, a former slave of full African descent who later took the name Toussaint Louverture. Louverture helped mold the slaves into a disciplined army that could withstand attacks from the French troops. But again, the context of the wider revolution proves really important here. So the Spanish had consistently supported slave revolts in San Domingo, hoping to weaken the French, but by 1793 they were offering even more support. In fact, Louverture became an officer in the Spanish military because the emancipation of the slaves was more important to him than maintaining his rights as a French citizen. So then in October of 1793, the British, whom as I'm sure you'll recall were also at war with France, decided to invade San Domingo."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "But again, the context of the wider revolution proves really important here. So the Spanish had consistently supported slave revolts in San Domingo, hoping to weaken the French, but by 1793 they were offering even more support. In fact, Louverture became an officer in the Spanish military because the emancipation of the slaves was more important to him than maintaining his rights as a French citizen. So then in October of 1793, the British, whom as I'm sure you'll recall were also at war with France, decided to invade San Domingo. And at that point, the French military commanders were like, we are definitely going to lose this war if we fight the British, the Spanish, and the slaves, so let's free the slaves. So they issued decrees freeing the slaves, and on February 4, 1794, the National Convention in Paris ratified those decrees. By May, having learned of the Convention's actions, Louverture switched allegiances to the French and turned the tide of the war."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "So then in October of 1793, the British, whom as I'm sure you'll recall were also at war with France, decided to invade San Domingo. And at that point, the French military commanders were like, we are definitely going to lose this war if we fight the British, the Spanish, and the slaves, so let's free the slaves. So they issued decrees freeing the slaves, and on February 4, 1794, the National Convention in Paris ratified those decrees. By May, having learned of the Convention's actions, Louverture switched allegiances to the French and turned the tide of the war. Thus, the most successful slave revolt in human history won freedom and citizenship for every slave in the French Caribbean. But emancipation didn't end the story, because the French were still at war with the Spanish and the English in San Domingo. Luckily for France, Louverture was an excellent general, and luckily for the people of the island, Louverture was also an able politician, and between 1794 and 1802, he successfully steered the colony toward independence."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "By May, having learned of the Convention's actions, Louverture switched allegiances to the French and turned the tide of the war. Thus, the most successful slave revolt in human history won freedom and citizenship for every slave in the French Caribbean. But emancipation didn't end the story, because the French were still at war with the Spanish and the English in San Domingo. Luckily for France, Louverture was an excellent general, and luckily for the people of the island, Louverture was also an able politician, and between 1794 and 1802, he successfully steered the colony toward independence. So although slavery was abolished, this didn't end the plantation system, because both Louverture and his compatriot Andr\u00e9 Rigaud believed that sugar was vital to the economic health of the island. Now at least people were paid for their labor and their kids couldn't be sold. Now you can compare it to Foxconn."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Luckily for France, Louverture was an excellent general, and luckily for the people of the island, Louverture was also an able politician, and between 1794 and 1802, he successfully steered the colony toward independence. So although slavery was abolished, this didn't end the plantation system, because both Louverture and his compatriot Andr\u00e9 Rigaud believed that sugar was vital to the economic health of the island. Now at least people were paid for their labor and their kids couldn't be sold. Now you can compare it to Foxconn. But soon Louverture and Rigaud came into conflict over Rigaud's refusal to give up control over one of the southern states on the island, and there was a civil war, which Louverture, with the help of his able lieutenant Jacques de Salines, was able to win after 13 months of hard fighting. Louverture then passed a new constitution, and things were going pretty well on San Domingo, with the small problem that it was still technically part of France, which meant that it was about to be ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Now you can compare it to Foxconn. But soon Louverture and Rigaud came into conflict over Rigaud's refusal to give up control over one of the southern states on the island, and there was a civil war, which Louverture, with the help of his able lieutenant Jacques de Salines, was able to win after 13 months of hard fighting. Louverture then passed a new constitution, and things were going pretty well on San Domingo, with the small problem that it was still technically part of France, which meant that it was about to be ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So in 1799, Napoleon seized power in France in a coup, and his new regime, called the Consulate, because he was the first consul, a la the Roman Republic, established a new constitution that specifically pointed out its laws did not apply to France's overseas colonies. Napoleon had plans to reconstruct France's empire in North America that it had lost most of during the Seven Years' War, and to do this, he needed tons of money from France's most valuable colony, San Domingo. And the best way to maximize profits?"}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So in 1799, Napoleon seized power in France in a coup, and his new regime, called the Consulate, because he was the first consul, a la the Roman Republic, established a new constitution that specifically pointed out its laws did not apply to France's overseas colonies. Napoleon had plans to reconstruct France's empire in North America that it had lost most of during the Seven Years' War, and to do this, he needed tons of money from France's most valuable colony, San Domingo. And the best way to maximize profits? Why, to reintroduce slavery, of course. That's certainly what the former slaves thought was the plan, when in 1802, a French expedition commanded by Napoleon's brother-in-law, Charles Victor Emmanuel I-have-too-many-names Leclerc, showed up in San Domingo. This started the second phase of the Haitian Revolution, the fight for independence."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "And the best way to maximize profits? Why, to reintroduce slavery, of course. That's certainly what the former slaves thought was the plan, when in 1802, a French expedition commanded by Napoleon's brother-in-law, Charles Victor Emmanuel I-have-too-many-names Leclerc, showed up in San Domingo. This started the second phase of the Haitian Revolution, the fight for independence. So Leclerc eventually had Louverture arrested and shipped to France, where he died in prison in 1803, but this itself did not spark an uprising against the French, because Louverture wasn't actually that popular, largely because he wanted most blacks on the island to continue to grow sugar. Instead, the former slaves only started fighting when Leclerc tried to take away their guns, thus beginning a guerrilla war that the French, despite their superior training and weapons, had absolutely no chance of winning. Although the French were exceedingly cruel, executing women as well as men and importing man-eating dogs from Cuba, the Haitians had the best ally of all, disease."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "This started the second phase of the Haitian Revolution, the fight for independence. So Leclerc eventually had Louverture arrested and shipped to France, where he died in prison in 1803, but this itself did not spark an uprising against the French, because Louverture wasn't actually that popular, largely because he wanted most blacks on the island to continue to grow sugar. Instead, the former slaves only started fighting when Leclerc tried to take away their guns, thus beginning a guerrilla war that the French, despite their superior training and weapons, had absolutely no chance of winning. Although the French were exceedingly cruel, executing women as well as men and importing man-eating dogs from Cuba, the Haitians had the best ally of all, disease. Specifically in the form of yellow fever, which killed thousands of French soldiers, including Leclerc himself. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Stan, where is my chair?"}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Although the French were exceedingly cruel, executing women as well as men and importing man-eating dogs from Cuba, the Haitians had the best ally of all, disease. Specifically in the form of yellow fever, which killed thousands of French soldiers, including Leclerc himself. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Stan, where is my chair? Stan, you're telling me the yellow chair has been lost? The yellow chair is the star of the show. The stars in order are 1 me, 2 yellow chair, 3 the chalkboard, 4 Danica, 5 Meredith the Intern, 6 you, Stan."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, where is my chair? Stan, you're telling me the yellow chair has been lost? The yellow chair is the star of the show. The stars in order are 1 me, 2 yellow chair, 3 the chalkboard, 4 Danica, 5 Meredith the Intern, 6 you, Stan. You're sixth! Oh, I'm mad. Let's see what's in the secret compartment today."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "The stars in order are 1 me, 2 yellow chair, 3 the chalkboard, 4 Danica, 5 Meredith the Intern, 6 you, Stan. You're sixth! Oh, I'm mad. Let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a giant squid of anger! I am a giant squid of anger! Oh no, it broke."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a giant squid of anger! I am a giant squid of anger! Oh no, it broke. An open letter to disease. Dear disease, why do you always put yourself at the center of human history? Most of you are just tiny little single-celled organisms, but you're so self-important and self-involved that you're always interfering with us."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh no, it broke. An open letter to disease. Dear disease, why do you always put yourself at the center of human history? Most of you are just tiny little single-celled organisms, but you're so self-important and self-involved that you're always interfering with us. Admittedly, sometimes you work for the good guys, but usually you don't. It seems like even though you're constantly interfering with human history, you don't even care about it. I hate when people, and also microbes, are super self-involved."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Most of you are just tiny little single-celled organisms, but you're so self-important and self-involved that you're always interfering with us. Admittedly, sometimes you work for the good guys, but usually you don't. It seems like even though you're constantly interfering with human history, you don't even care about it. I hate when people, and also microbes, are super self-involved. Like, don't tell me you gotta take a day off to go to your mom's birthday party, Stan. That's not imagining me complexly. I've got needs over here."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "I hate when people, and also microbes, are super self-involved. Like, don't tell me you gotta take a day off to go to your mom's birthday party, Stan. That's not imagining me complexly. I've got needs over here. Best wishes, John Green. So continued defeat and the death of his troops eventually convinced Napoleon to give up his dreams of an American empire and cut his losses. He recalled all his surviving troops of the 40,000 who left, only 8,000 made it back, and then he sold Thomas Jefferson, Louisiana."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "I've got needs over here. Best wishes, John Green. So continued defeat and the death of his troops eventually convinced Napoleon to give up his dreams of an American empire and cut his losses. He recalled all his surviving troops of the 40,000 who left, only 8,000 made it back, and then he sold Thomas Jefferson, Louisiana. And that is how former slaves in Haiti gave America all of this. On January 1st, 1804, Dessalines, who had defeated the French, declared the island of San Domingo independent and renamed it Haiti, which is what the island had been called by native inhabitants before the arrival of Columbus. The Haitian Declaration of Independence was a rejection of France and to a certain degree of European racism and colonialism."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "He recalled all his surviving troops of the 40,000 who left, only 8,000 made it back, and then he sold Thomas Jefferson, Louisiana. And that is how former slaves in Haiti gave America all of this. On January 1st, 1804, Dessalines, who had defeated the French, declared the island of San Domingo independent and renamed it Haiti, which is what the island had been called by native inhabitants before the arrival of Columbus. The Haitian Declaration of Independence was a rejection of France and to a certain degree of European racism and colonialism. It also affirmed, to quote from the book Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, a broad definition of the new country as a refuge for enslaved peoples of all kinds. So why is this little island so important that we would devote an entire episode to it? First, Haiti was the second free and independent nation-state in the Americas."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "The Haitian Declaration of Independence was a rejection of France and to a certain degree of European racism and colonialism. It also affirmed, to quote from the book Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, a broad definition of the new country as a refuge for enslaved peoples of all kinds. So why is this little island so important that we would devote an entire episode to it? First, Haiti was the second free and independent nation-state in the Americas. It also had one of the most successful slave revolts ever. Haiti became the first modern nation to be governed by people of African descent, and they also foiled Napoleon's attempts to build a big New World empire. Of course, Haiti's history since its revolution has been marred by tragedy, a legacy of the loss of life that accompanied the revolution."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "First, Haiti was the second free and independent nation-state in the Americas. It also had one of the most successful slave revolts ever. Haiti became the first modern nation to be governed by people of African descent, and they also foiled Napoleon's attempts to build a big New World empire. Of course, Haiti's history since its revolution has been marred by tragedy, a legacy of the loss of life that accompanied the revolution. I mean, 150,000 people died in 1802 and 1803 alone. But the Haitian revolutions matter. They matter because the Haitians, more than any other people in the Age of Revolutions, stood up for the idea that none should be slaves, that the people who most need the protection of a government should be afforded that protection."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Of course, Haiti's history since its revolution has been marred by tragedy, a legacy of the loss of life that accompanied the revolution. I mean, 150,000 people died in 1802 and 1803 alone. But the Haitian revolutions matter. They matter because the Haitians, more than any other people in the Age of Revolutions, stood up for the idea that none should be slaves, that the people who most need the protection of a government should be afforded that protection. Haiti stood up for the weak when the rest of the world failed to. The next time you read about Haiti's poverty, remember that. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "They matter because the Haitians, more than any other people in the Age of Revolutions, stood up for the idea that none should be slaves, that the people who most need the protection of a government should be afforded that protection. Haiti stood up for the weak when the rest of the world failed to. The next time you read about Haiti's poverty, remember that. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is ably interned by Meredith Danko. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Oh, right, I write it with my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is ably interned by Meredith Danko. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Oh, right, I write it with my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer. Actually, he does most of the work. Who are we kidding? Last week's Phrase of the Week was fancy footwear."}, {"video_title": "Haitian Revolutions Crash Course World History #30.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, right, I write it with my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer. Actually, he does most of the work. Who are we kidding? Last week's Phrase of the Week was fancy footwear. If you want to guess this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Woo!"}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then he is assassinated because of the power he was able to accumulate in 44 BCE on March 15th, the Ides of March, that throws Rome into a civil war. Eventually it becomes a battle between Augustus, or at the time, Octavian, versus Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian is able to be victorious, and on 27 BCE, he is declared, or this is the date that historians often use as the beginning of him officially being emperor. And this period from 27 BCE, with Augustus being emperor, all the way to 180 CE, so this roughly 200 year period, this is a relatively good time for the Roman Empire. As we will see, there is still a lot of conflict, there is still a lot of bloodshed, but it is a relatively stable period. And so it is often referred to as Pax Romana, or the Roman Peace. And what we see pictured here, these are most of the emperors of that roughly 200 year period."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this period from 27 BCE, with Augustus being emperor, all the way to 180 CE, so this roughly 200 year period, this is a relatively good time for the Roman Empire. As we will see, there is still a lot of conflict, there is still a lot of bloodshed, but it is a relatively stable period. And so it is often referred to as Pax Romana, or the Roman Peace. And what we see pictured here, these are most of the emperors of that roughly 200 year period. Augustus proves to be a relatively good administrator. He lays a good foundation for the next several hundred years of the empire, the Roman Empire officially being ruled by an emperor. It's eventually going to meet its demise, the Western Empire at least, in 476 CE."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what we see pictured here, these are most of the emperors of that roughly 200 year period. Augustus proves to be a relatively good administrator. He lays a good foundation for the next several hundred years of the empire, the Roman Empire officially being ruled by an emperor. It's eventually going to meet its demise, the Western Empire at least, in 476 CE. So it's gonna go for roughly 500 years, and Augustus lays a strong foundation for it. He's viewed as a strong administrator, he really builds a lot of institutions. From a historical perspective, it's worth noting that Jesus was born under Augustus' rule."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's eventually going to meet its demise, the Western Empire at least, in 476 CE. So it's gonna go for roughly 500 years, and Augustus lays a strong foundation for it. He's viewed as a strong administrator, he really builds a lot of institutions. From a historical perspective, it's worth noting that Jesus was born under Augustus' rule. And most historical views are Jesus was born in someplace between 4 BCE and 6 BCE. Now Augustus was followed by Tiberius, and Tiberius here was both Augustus' stepson, and he married Augustus' daughter. So he was a stepson and son-in-law."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "From a historical perspective, it's worth noting that Jesus was born under Augustus' rule. And most historical views are Jesus was born in someplace between 4 BCE and 6 BCE. Now Augustus was followed by Tiberius, and Tiberius here was both Augustus' stepson, and he married Augustus' daughter. So he was a stepson and son-in-law. And he also proved to be a relatively capable emperor. You can see Augustus had a fairly long rule. He took power in his 30s, and his power ended in his 70s."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he was a stepson and son-in-law. And he also proved to be a relatively capable emperor. You can see Augustus had a fairly long rule. He took power in his 30s, and his power ended in his 70s. And Tiberius too had a fairly long rule. From a historical point of view, or even a biblical point of view, it's worth noting that Jesus would have been crucified under Tiberius' rule. The Roman emperor referred to in the New Testament is Tiberius."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He took power in his 30s, and his power ended in his 70s. And Tiberius too had a fairly long rule. From a historical point of view, or even a biblical point of view, it's worth noting that Jesus would have been crucified under Tiberius' rule. The Roman emperor referred to in the New Testament is Tiberius. It would have been his governor, Pontius Pilate, who orders the crucifixion of Jesus. Now after Tiberius, you have his great-nephews, and so you, or his great-great-nephew. And you can see they're all not directly related, but they're all kind of family."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Roman emperor referred to in the New Testament is Tiberius. It would have been his governor, Pontius Pilate, who orders the crucifixion of Jesus. Now after Tiberius, you have his great-nephews, and so you, or his great-great-nephew. And you can see they're all not directly related, but they're all kind of family. And his great-great-nephew is Caligula. And Caligula, that's his nickname, is a bit of an infamous figure, one of the infamous figures in history amongst the Roman emperors, because he's really viewed as a sadist, as a pervert. He's known for killing people just for fun."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can see they're all not directly related, but they're all kind of family. And his great-great-nephew is Caligula. And Caligula, that's his nickname, is a bit of an infamous figure, one of the infamous figures in history amongst the Roman emperors, because he's really viewed as a sadist, as a pervert. He's known for killing people just for fun. And he is quickly assassinated. His term only, or his power only, lasts for several years. And then in his place is put his uncle Claudius."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's known for killing people just for fun. And he is quickly assassinated. His term only, or his power only, lasts for several years. And then in his place is put his uncle Claudius. After Claudius comes another infamous figure of history, and that is Nero. Nero, he's known for the, Rome had a significant fire in 64 AD. Many of the Roman citizens believe that Nero did it intentionally to clear out space for a palace."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then in his place is put his uncle Claudius. After Claudius comes another infamous figure of history, and that is Nero. Nero, he's known for the, Rome had a significant fire in 64 AD. Many of the Roman citizens believe that Nero did it intentionally to clear out space for a palace. Significant number of Romans died in that fire. He killed a ton of people, including his mother. He's maybe most famous for persecuting Christians."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Many of the Roman citizens believe that Nero did it intentionally to clear out space for a palace. Significant number of Romans died in that fire. He killed a ton of people, including his mother. He's maybe most famous for persecuting Christians. There are some accounts that he would dip them in oil and set them on fire in his garden, just as a source of light. So these people, you know, just to say that they were insane, or demented, or sick, you know, normally I try to avoid making any judgment on some of these historical figures. But both Caligula and Nero, if we believe the accounts that we get from that period and that shortly after that period, were not, by any stretch of the imagination, good people."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's maybe most famous for persecuting Christians. There are some accounts that he would dip them in oil and set them on fire in his garden, just as a source of light. So these people, you know, just to say that they were insane, or demented, or sick, you know, normally I try to avoid making any judgment on some of these historical figures. But both Caligula and Nero, if we believe the accounts that we get from that period and that shortly after that period, were not, by any stretch of the imagination, good people. Nero eventually does commit suicide. And with Nero's end, you actually have the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Let me write that down."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But both Caligula and Nero, if we believe the accounts that we get from that period and that shortly after that period, were not, by any stretch of the imagination, good people. Nero eventually does commit suicide. And with Nero's end, you actually have the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Let me write that down. Julio, Julio-Claudian, Julio-Claudian dynasty. And the reason why it's called the Julio-Claudian dynasty is that all of these characters, so let me circle them or underline them. So all, all of, let me, all of these characters right over here are essentially from the same family."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Let me write that down. Julio, Julio-Claudian, Julio-Claudian dynasty. And the reason why it's called the Julio-Claudian dynasty is that all of these characters, so let me circle them or underline them. So all, all of, let me, all of these characters right over here are essentially from the same family. They're descendant from both the Julian line, Julius Caesar, and the Claudian family. So that's why it's called the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Now at the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, you have a new dynasty, Vespasian."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So all, all of, let me, all of these characters right over here are essentially from the same family. They're descendant from both the Julian line, Julius Caesar, and the Claudian family. So that's why it's called the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Now at the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, you have a new dynasty, Vespasian. There's a short civil war. So the Pax Romana is not without some war and bloodshed. In fact, this whole time, there's a lot of relatives being killed, people who might threaten the emperor being killed."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now at the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, you have a new dynasty, Vespasian. There's a short civil war. So the Pax Romana is not without some war and bloodshed. In fact, this whole time, there's a lot of relatives being killed, people who might threaten the emperor being killed. And that's just talking about the Romans themselves. They're constantly fighting the Germanic tribes and groups in the Middle East and taking more and more and more territory. These are extremely bloody things."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, this whole time, there's a lot of relatives being killed, people who might threaten the emperor being killed. And that's just talking about the Romans themselves. They're constantly fighting the Germanic tribes and groups in the Middle East and taking more and more and more territory. These are extremely bloody things. They're constantly enslaving people. The Roman Empire, sometimes it looks like this neat, clean, idealistic thing, but there was a lot of enslaving of people, destroying of towns, killing people out of paranoia or really just out of the joy of killing if you take the case of Caligula or Nero. So then you have the Flavian dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "These are extremely bloody things. They're constantly enslaving people. The Roman Empire, sometimes it looks like this neat, clean, idealistic thing, but there was a lot of enslaving of people, destroying of towns, killing people out of paranoia or really just out of the joy of killing if you take the case of Caligula or Nero. So then you have the Flavian dynasty. I don't have the three Flavian emperors depicted right over here. You have Vespasian, you have Titus, and you have Domitian. Of note, the Colosseum, the famous Colosseum in Rome was built during their time."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So then you have the Flavian dynasty. I don't have the three Flavian emperors depicted right over here. You have Vespasian, you have Titus, and you have Domitian. Of note, the Colosseum, the famous Colosseum in Rome was built during their time. They're also known for the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. And then after that, you have what historians and especially Nicola Machiavelli, so this is many centuries later, called the Good Emperors. And the Good Emperors are these characters."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Of note, the Colosseum, the famous Colosseum in Rome was built during their time. They're also known for the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. And then after that, you have what historians and especially Nicola Machiavelli, so this is many centuries later, called the Good Emperors. And the Good Emperors are these characters. Let me, let me square them off right over here. And these are really the last five emperors of the Pax Romana. And we should even use the term good maybe in quotation marks, because for Rome's enemies, for the slaves of Rome, for the people who were thrown into the Colosseum just because they were a prisoner of war or they committed some simple crime, the Roman Empire didn't seem good."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Good Emperors are these characters. Let me, let me square them off right over here. And these are really the last five emperors of the Pax Romana. And we should even use the term good maybe in quotation marks, because for Rome's enemies, for the slaves of Rome, for the people who were thrown into the Colosseum just because they were a prisoner of war or they committed some simple crime, the Roman Empire didn't seem good. But the reason why they were viewed good is they were viewed as able administrators. They continued to expand the Roman Empire. Trajan in particular, the peak of the Roman Empire comes, in terms of geography, comes under Trajan's rule."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we should even use the term good maybe in quotation marks, because for Rome's enemies, for the slaves of Rome, for the people who were thrown into the Colosseum just because they were a prisoner of war or they committed some simple crime, the Roman Empire didn't seem good. But the reason why they were viewed good is they were viewed as able administrators. They continued to expand the Roman Empire. Trajan in particular, the peak of the Roman Empire comes, in terms of geography, comes under Trajan's rule. That's this map right over here. This is the largest geographic extent that the Roman Empire takes on. Trajan is succeeded by Hadrian, most known for Hadrian's Wall here, the upper bound of the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Trajan in particular, the peak of the Roman Empire comes, in terms of geography, comes under Trajan's rule. That's this map right over here. This is the largest geographic extent that the Roman Empire takes on. Trajan is succeeded by Hadrian, most known for Hadrian's Wall here, the upper bound of the Roman Empire. And then the Pax Romana ends with Marcus Aurelius, who is viewed as a, he's actually wrote Meditations. He's a philosopher emperor. He's viewed as one of the last great Stoic philosophers."}, {"video_title": "Emperors of Pax Romana World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Trajan is succeeded by Hadrian, most known for Hadrian's Wall here, the upper bound of the Roman Empire. And then the Pax Romana ends with Marcus Aurelius, who is viewed as a, he's actually wrote Meditations. He's a philosopher emperor. He's viewed as one of the last great Stoic philosophers. And so with that, you have the end of this period of Pax Romana. And as we'll see in the next few videos, we then start really getting into the decline of at least the Western Roman Empire. As we'll see, the Eastern Roman Empire outlives the West by a good thousand years."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So if we go to roughly the 16th century BCE, so that would be about 3,600 years ago, we have the emergence of the Shang Dynasty. And what's significant about the Shang Dynasty is it's the first dynasty where we have significant archaeological evidence of its existence. We have a lot of evidence in this area where, and you see highlighted in red, where the Shang Dynasty existed, with its capital at Yin, the modern day, near the modern day city of Anyang. Now we have accounts of a dynasty before it, the Xia, or the Qia Dynasty, although we do not have significant archaeological evidence of it. But the accounts say that the Xia Dynasty would have been around for roughly 500 years before we get to this 16th century BCE with the emergence of the Shang Dynasty. Now just to get ourselves acquainted in time and space, to think about, well, what else was happening around 1600 BCE, we could remind ourselves that that was during the New Kingdom in ancient Egypt, right around here. The height of ancient Egypt's power was right around that time."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now we have accounts of a dynasty before it, the Xia, or the Qia Dynasty, although we do not have significant archaeological evidence of it. But the accounts say that the Xia Dynasty would have been around for roughly 500 years before we get to this 16th century BCE with the emergence of the Shang Dynasty. Now just to get ourselves acquainted in time and space, to think about, well, what else was happening around 1600 BCE, we could remind ourselves that that was during the New Kingdom in ancient Egypt, right around here. The height of ancient Egypt's power was right around that time. We could think about the Hittite Empire that we study in other videos. We could think about Mycenaean Greece. Around 1600 BCE is when you start having, or when you have the decline of the Indus Valley civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The height of ancient Egypt's power was right around that time. We could think about the Hittite Empire that we study in other videos. We could think about Mycenaean Greece. Around 1600 BCE is when you start having, or when you have the decline of the Indus Valley civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization. And you start to have the Vedic period, where you have these Indo-Aryan people start to migrate into northern India. In Mesopotamia, you have the Assyrian Middle Kingdom right around here. So this is all happening in this mid to late second millennium BCE, which is roughly the time of the Shang Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Around 1600 BCE is when you start having, or when you have the decline of the Indus Valley civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization. And you start to have the Vedic period, where you have these Indo-Aryan people start to migrate into northern India. In Mesopotamia, you have the Assyrian Middle Kingdom right around here. So this is all happening in this mid to late second millennium BCE, which is roughly the time of the Shang Dynasty. Now the Shang Dynasty was known for many things. It was a Bronze Age culture. And you can see depicted here many examples of that."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is all happening in this mid to late second millennium BCE, which is roughly the time of the Shang Dynasty. Now the Shang Dynasty was known for many things. It was a Bronze Age culture. And you can see depicted here many examples of that. And this is pretty impressive work with bronze. This is a bronze battle ax right over here. You can imagine a handle for this ax, something like this."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can see depicted here many examples of that. And this is pretty impressive work with bronze. This is a bronze battle ax right over here. You can imagine a handle for this ax, something like this. This is not something that you would want to deal with in a battle. And you can see these other very significant, large bronze crafts, handiwork, that the Shang Dynasty was able to produce. Now what the Shang Dynasty is also well known for is their writing."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You can imagine a handle for this ax, something like this. This is not something that you would want to deal with in a battle. And you can see these other very significant, large bronze crafts, handiwork, that the Shang Dynasty was able to produce. Now what the Shang Dynasty is also well known for is their writing. It's the first evidence of a fairly advanced writing form, and it's related to modern Chinese. And a lot of that writing, the significant artifacts from that time, are on what are called oracle bones. That's an oracle bone right over here."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now what the Shang Dynasty is also well known for is their writing. It's the first evidence of a fairly advanced writing form, and it's related to modern Chinese. And a lot of that writing, the significant artifacts from that time, are on what are called oracle bones. That's an oracle bone right over here. This is actually the scapula, the shoulder blade of an ax. And what they would do is they would write questions in this oracle bone script on top of that scapula of an ax. And then they would heat it up in a flame or some type of source of heat until it cracks."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That's an oracle bone right over here. This is actually the scapula, the shoulder blade of an ax. And what they would do is they would write questions in this oracle bone script on top of that scapula of an ax. And then they would heat it up in a flame or some type of source of heat until it cracks. And then they would interpret the cracks to see what was the answer to their actual questions. And you can actually see how this oracle bone script is related to modern Chinese script. So this is Shang written in oracle bone script, and you can see how it evolved over time to the modern day Chinese script."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then they would heat it up in a flame or some type of source of heat until it cracks. And then they would interpret the cracks to see what was the answer to their actual questions. And you can actually see how this oracle bone script is related to modern Chinese script. So this is Shang written in oracle bone script, and you can see how it evolved over time to the modern day Chinese script. Even though if you go straight from that to that, they look reasonably different, but when you look at the evolution, you can see that they have a lot of commonality. You also see it in words right over here, shows the evolution of the word tiger. And once again, this is the oracle bone script, and you can see it looks right here like a picture of a tiger, but then it evolved over time to the modern form right over here."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is Shang written in oracle bone script, and you can see how it evolved over time to the modern day Chinese script. Even though if you go straight from that to that, they look reasonably different, but when you look at the evolution, you can see that they have a lot of commonality. You also see it in words right over here, shows the evolution of the word tiger. And once again, this is the oracle bone script, and you can see it looks right here like a picture of a tiger, but then it evolved over time to the modern form right over here. Now, this Shang civilization, it's no coincidence that first the Xia and then the Shang, that they develop over here in the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys. We've talked about it, the ancient Egyptians, the Mesopotamians, all of the Indus Valley civilization, they all started where agriculture first emerged, which tend to be in these river valley civilizations. Now, the Shang in particular, not only were they known for their bronze work, they were known for their large cities, they were known for their complex social structures, they were known, especially near the end of the Shang period, for having chariots."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And once again, this is the oracle bone script, and you can see it looks right here like a picture of a tiger, but then it evolved over time to the modern form right over here. Now, this Shang civilization, it's no coincidence that first the Xia and then the Shang, that they develop over here in the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys. We've talked about it, the ancient Egyptians, the Mesopotamians, all of the Indus Valley civilization, they all started where agriculture first emerged, which tend to be in these river valley civilizations. Now, the Shang in particular, not only were they known for their bronze work, they were known for their large cities, they were known for their complex social structures, they were known, especially near the end of the Shang period, for having chariots. And some people think that because they had chariots, there might have been contact with folks further west. Now, the Shang dynasty, I said how the Xia dynasty lasted for over 500 years, and the Shang dynasty also lasts for on the order of 500 years, which is a very, very, very, very long time. But as we get to the middle of the 11th century BCE, it would reach its end."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the Shang in particular, not only were they known for their bronze work, they were known for their large cities, they were known for their complex social structures, they were known, especially near the end of the Shang period, for having chariots. And some people think that because they had chariots, there might have been contact with folks further west. Now, the Shang dynasty, I said how the Xia dynasty lasted for over 500 years, and the Shang dynasty also lasts for on the order of 500 years, which is a very, very, very, very long time. But as we get to the middle of the 11th century BCE, it would reach its end. The last king of the Shang dynasty is this gentleman right over here. This would be Di Xin, or Di Xin. And the accounts have him initially in his rule as being a very capable ruler, but later in his rule, he seems to get more corrupt, becomes less competent of a ruler."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as we get to the middle of the 11th century BCE, it would reach its end. The last king of the Shang dynasty is this gentleman right over here. This would be Di Xin, or Di Xin. And the accounts have him initially in his rule as being a very capable ruler, but later in his rule, he seems to get more corrupt, becomes less competent of a ruler. His favorite consort, Da Ji, right over here, she's a bit of a not-so-popular figure in Chinese history. A lot of people think that she helped, or they blame her for corrupting Di Xin. And so he eventually faces his end in the Battle of Muyi against King Wu of Zhu, or Zhou is actually the correct pronounciation."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the accounts have him initially in his rule as being a very capable ruler, but later in his rule, he seems to get more corrupt, becomes less competent of a ruler. His favorite consort, Da Ji, right over here, she's a bit of a not-so-popular figure in Chinese history. A lot of people think that she helped, or they blame her for corrupting Di Xin. And so he eventually faces his end in the Battle of Muyi against King Wu of Zhu, or Zhou is actually the correct pronounciation. King Wu of Zhou. And King Wu of Zhou is able to defeat Di Xin at the Battle of Muyi. And that is the end of the Shang dynasty, and it begins the Zhou dynasty, which will go on for another 800 years."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so he eventually faces his end in the Battle of Muyi against King Wu of Zhu, or Zhou is actually the correct pronounciation. King Wu of Zhou. And King Wu of Zhou is able to defeat Di Xin at the Battle of Muyi. And that is the end of the Shang dynasty, and it begins the Zhou dynasty, which will go on for another 800 years. It's pretty impressive how continuous these dynasties actually are. And after that battle, Di Xin goes off and commits suicide. And this right over here is a depiction of King Wu of Zhou, who starts the Zhou dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Ancient China Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that is the end of the Shang dynasty, and it begins the Zhou dynasty, which will go on for another 800 years. It's pretty impressive how continuous these dynasties actually are. And after that battle, Di Xin goes off and commits suicide. And this right over here is a depiction of King Wu of Zhou, who starts the Zhou dynasty. But the big picture here is we're talking about huge swaths of time. And we have a significant, I guess you could say, civilization that started with the river valleys in China, but it's amazing how continuous these civilizations were. And it's also amazing how modern their writing was relative to modern Chinese script."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. We're going down the rabbit hole, baby. That's right, we're going to take a look at Israel-Arab history, a short overview of the region, I don't know a harder one to try to wrap our heads around. But I do know whether you're a kid in high school, you're in college, or you're a lifelong learner, you've got to be cray cray not to be interested in world history. So here we go, I can hear it at the door. Learn, it's here. Before we get started guys, I want to just emphasize kind of the controversial nature of this video lecture."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But I do know whether you're a kid in high school, you're in college, or you're a lifelong learner, you've got to be cray cray not to be interested in world history. So here we go, I can hear it at the door. Learn, it's here. Before we get started guys, I want to just emphasize kind of the controversial nature of this video lecture. And I'm really going to try to walk the line, Johnny Cash baby, try to give you both sides of the coin, but really try to stay non-biased, trying to show you through a neutral lens, kind of the historical roots of this crisis that's ever going. Here we go. Alright let's take a look at geography before we go back in time 4,000 years."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Before we get started guys, I want to just emphasize kind of the controversial nature of this video lecture. And I'm really going to try to walk the line, Johnny Cash baby, try to give you both sides of the coin, but really try to stay non-biased, trying to show you through a neutral lens, kind of the historical roots of this crisis that's ever going. Here we go. Alright let's take a look at geography before we go back in time 4,000 years. And if you take a look at the geography of Israel-Palestine, you can see it's a small slither of land. We're only talking about a couple hundred miles. And it's definitely way on the western edge of the Middle East."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright let's take a look at geography before we go back in time 4,000 years. And if you take a look at the geography of Israel-Palestine, you can see it's a small slither of land. We're only talking about a couple hundred miles. And it's definitely way on the western edge of the Middle East. Eastern Africa is right there, and of course Egypt, northeastern Africa. Israel and Egypt are separated by the Red Sea, and you can see the Mediterranean is right there. So Israel has ports that can go anywhere in Europe."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's definitely way on the western edge of the Middle East. Eastern Africa is right there, and of course Egypt, northeastern Africa. Israel and Egypt are separated by the Red Sea, and you can see the Mediterranean is right there. So Israel has ports that can go anywhere in Europe. So surrounding Israel, you can see we have Lebanon and Syria. Iraq isn't that far off. Jordan touches its border."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So Israel has ports that can go anywhere in Europe. So surrounding Israel, you can see we have Lebanon and Syria. Iraq isn't that far off. Jordan touches its border. Egypt, like we mentioned before. And way down on the southeast edge of Israel, you know, they're not far from Saudi Arabia. So Israel, which is a Jewish homeland, we're going to talk about that in a moment, is surrounded by Muslim nations."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Jordan touches its border. Egypt, like we mentioned before. And way down on the southeast edge of Israel, you know, they're not far from Saudi Arabia. So Israel, which is a Jewish homeland, we're going to talk about that in a moment, is surrounded by Muslim nations. So let's take a look at a short history of kind of the land of Israel, and then we'll jump into the 20th century headfirst. In terms of the history of Israel, we definitely want to start kind of in biblical times. And without getting religious or atheist on you through the lens here, the concept of the story is that Jacob and the children of Israel were given the land of Israel by God himself who gave it to those guys."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So Israel, which is a Jewish homeland, we're going to talk about that in a moment, is surrounded by Muslim nations. So let's take a look at a short history of kind of the land of Israel, and then we'll jump into the 20th century headfirst. In terms of the history of Israel, we definitely want to start kind of in biblical times. And without getting religious or atheist on you through the lens here, the concept of the story is that Jacob and the children of Israel were given the land of Israel by God himself who gave it to those guys. And then because of famine, they were forced out across to Egypt. And for four generations, Jacob and the children of Israel became slaves in Egypt. And then eventually, the great-great-grandson, maybe I'm off a great, Moses of Jacob, led the Jews across the Red Sea."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And without getting religious or atheist on you through the lens here, the concept of the story is that Jacob and the children of Israel were given the land of Israel by God himself who gave it to those guys. And then because of famine, they were forced out across to Egypt. And for four generations, Jacob and the children of Israel became slaves in Egypt. And then eventually, the great-great-grandson, maybe I'm off a great, Moses of Jacob, led the Jews across the Red Sea. That's the splitting of the water kind of deal. And ending up back in Israel where they belong, where for 2,000 years they reigned in the kingdom of Israel. That's kind of the storyline."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then eventually, the great-great-grandson, maybe I'm off a great, Moses of Jacob, led the Jews across the Red Sea. That's the splitting of the water kind of deal. And ending up back in Israel where they belong, where for 2,000 years they reigned in the kingdom of Israel. That's kind of the storyline. So the Jews have that historical root to the land of Israel. And then around the time of Christ, the story is that the Romans sweep in. And then after that, we can go through a whole bunch of sweep-ins."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's kind of the storyline. So the Jews have that historical root to the land of Israel. And then around the time of Christ, the story is that the Romans sweep in. And then after that, we can go through a whole bunch of sweep-ins. But the Jews really aren't going to control the land until we get into the 20th century. In fact, it's going to be the Arabs around 635 in the Common Era. The Arabs are going to take that over and the Ottomans are going to kind of put their foot down around 1516."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then after that, we can go through a whole bunch of sweep-ins. But the Jews really aren't going to control the land until we get into the 20th century. In fact, it's going to be the Arabs around 635 in the Common Era. The Arabs are going to take that over and the Ottomans are going to kind of put their foot down around 1516. And for the next 400, what, 60, 70 years, that land that is known as Israel and in some circles called Palestine, which has historical roots as well, the name Palestine, is going to be held by Muslims, by Islamic empires, by Arabs. You also want to keep in mind that Jerusalem in the center of Israel is kind of, you know, big fashionable city for three major religions. Not only does Judaism have a claim to it, of course, we've already talked about that with Jacob and the children of Israel."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Arabs are going to take that over and the Ottomans are going to kind of put their foot down around 1516. And for the next 400, what, 60, 70 years, that land that is known as Israel and in some circles called Palestine, which has historical roots as well, the name Palestine, is going to be held by Muslims, by Islamic empires, by Arabs. You also want to keep in mind that Jerusalem in the center of Israel is kind of, you know, big fashionable city for three major religions. Not only does Judaism have a claim to it, of course, we've already talked about that with Jacob and the children of Israel. But we also have Christians with Christ kind of traveling through there and Bethlehem and that being the Holy Land, but Muslims as well in the Holy Book, their Koran. They claim that God gave it to Ishmael, who was one of the sons of Abraham. So they have religious connections as well."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Not only does Judaism have a claim to it, of course, we've already talked about that with Jacob and the children of Israel. But we also have Christians with Christ kind of traveling through there and Bethlehem and that being the Holy Land, but Muslims as well in the Holy Book, their Koran. They claim that God gave it to Ishmael, who was one of the sons of Abraham. So they have religious connections as well. So you can take that, you know, for what it's worth, but all three religions have their finger in that land somewhere. Zionism, that's the word that you want to hook your teeth into. Zionism is a word that's been around a long time, but basically what it means is that if you're a Jewish Zionist, you believe that that land of Israel was given to the Jews and that's where you belong."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So they have religious connections as well. So you can take that, you know, for what it's worth, but all three religions have their finger in that land somewhere. Zionism, that's the word that you want to hook your teeth into. Zionism is a word that's been around a long time, but basically what it means is that if you're a Jewish Zionist, you believe that that land of Israel was given to the Jews and that's where you belong. And there's even Christian Zionists who believe that if the Jews aren't in the land of Israel, then the Bible's not being fulfilled and that the second coming of Christ will never occur. So Zionist is kind of this religious extreme belief, or you can literal belief, that the Jews should be in Israel. So at the end of the 1800s, we have a cat by the name of Theodore Herzl, who is running a Jewish state newspaper and in it he writes an article, a paper called The State of the Jews, where for the first time he really calls for action, that Jews need to band together, they need to pressure their governments, and they need a homeland."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Zionism is a word that's been around a long time, but basically what it means is that if you're a Jewish Zionist, you believe that that land of Israel was given to the Jews and that's where you belong. And there's even Christian Zionists who believe that if the Jews aren't in the land of Israel, then the Bible's not being fulfilled and that the second coming of Christ will never occur. So Zionist is kind of this religious extreme belief, or you can literal belief, that the Jews should be in Israel. So at the end of the 1800s, we have a cat by the name of Theodore Herzl, who is running a Jewish state newspaper and in it he writes an article, a paper called The State of the Jews, where for the first time he really calls for action, that Jews need to band together, they need to pressure their governments, and they need a homeland. But Zionism and true Zionism is seeking out that land to fulfill biblical prophecy. And in the late 1800s and the early 1900s, you do have mass immigration, tens of thousands of Jews that are leaving Africa, other Arab nations, leaving Europe, and when the Nazis are going to come in, that number is going to go even up higher and really kind of doing, you know, a flee to this land and this Zionist movement. And for the most part, these are very traditional Jews that are first going there."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So at the end of the 1800s, we have a cat by the name of Theodore Herzl, who is running a Jewish state newspaper and in it he writes an article, a paper called The State of the Jews, where for the first time he really calls for action, that Jews need to band together, they need to pressure their governments, and they need a homeland. But Zionism and true Zionism is seeking out that land to fulfill biblical prophecy. And in the late 1800s and the early 1900s, you do have mass immigration, tens of thousands of Jews that are leaving Africa, other Arab nations, leaving Europe, and when the Nazis are going to come in, that number is going to go even up higher and really kind of doing, you know, a flee to this land and this Zionist movement. And for the most part, these are very traditional Jews that are first going there. They believe in the Bible and they believe they need to be there. There's only one problem. There's people there already."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And for the most part, these are very traditional Jews that are first going there. They believe in the Bible and they believe they need to be there. There's only one problem. There's people there already. So World War I is going to be a game changer. Up to World War I, as we previously mentioned, it's the Ottoman Empire, the Arabs that are controlling that land. But as World War I rolls in, they make a bad choice aligning themselves with the Central Powers."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There's people there already. So World War I is going to be a game changer. Up to World War I, as we previously mentioned, it's the Ottoman Empire, the Arabs that are controlling that land. But as World War I rolls in, they make a bad choice aligning themselves with the Central Powers. Bad choice. The British are going to come in and they're actually going to find Arab allies. This is where the story of Lawrence of Arabia comes from and they're going to fight the Ottoman Empire and defeat them and then the British are going to put their big fat foot in that land and they're going to claim a mandate over that land."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But as World War I rolls in, they make a bad choice aligning themselves with the Central Powers. Bad choice. The British are going to come in and they're actually going to find Arab allies. This is where the story of Lawrence of Arabia comes from and they're going to fight the Ottoman Empire and defeat them and then the British are going to put their big fat foot in that land and they're going to claim a mandate over that land. They're going to control it until the end of World War II. But at this point, the British are going to adopt the position in something called the Balfour Declaration, which was in a letter from the foreign minister of Great Britain to the Rothschild, the banking lord, the Baron Rothschild, who was a British Zionist. The British were going to support the creation of a Jewish state."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This is where the story of Lawrence of Arabia comes from and they're going to fight the Ottoman Empire and defeat them and then the British are going to put their big fat foot in that land and they're going to claim a mandate over that land. They're going to control it until the end of World War II. But at this point, the British are going to adopt the position in something called the Balfour Declaration, which was in a letter from the foreign minister of Great Britain to the Rothschild, the banking lord, the Baron Rothschild, who was a British Zionist. The British were going to support the creation of a Jewish state. They didn't say it would be Israel yet, but they made that declaration in 1917. I'm not exactly why they did it. There are theorists that believe that this is the same time that the United States is kind of jumping into World War I and maybe to curry favor with the Wilson administration."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The British were going to support the creation of a Jewish state. They didn't say it would be Israel yet, but they made that declaration in 1917. I'm not exactly why they did it. There are theorists that believe that this is the same time that the United States is kind of jumping into World War I and maybe to curry favor with the Wilson administration. Woodrow Wilson had some Zionists that were very close to him in his presidential cabinet and there are historians that have claimed that this could have been a move really to make a stronger alliance with the United States. But whatever it is, now that Zionism has been kind of put on a priority list by the British, Jews are going to start to flock to that area and Jewish numbers start popping up in the tens of thousands in Tel Aviv from World War I to World War II. And that doesn't mean that there wasn't resistance."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There are theorists that believe that this is the same time that the United States is kind of jumping into World War I and maybe to curry favor with the Wilson administration. Woodrow Wilson had some Zionists that were very close to him in his presidential cabinet and there are historians that have claimed that this could have been a move really to make a stronger alliance with the United States. But whatever it is, now that Zionism has been kind of put on a priority list by the British, Jews are going to start to flock to that area and Jewish numbers start popping up in the tens of thousands in Tel Aviv from World War I to World War II. And that doesn't mean that there wasn't resistance. We're not going to go too deep under the covers, but in the 1920s there are incidences of terrorism. There's an organization called the Black Hand, I believe in the early 1930s, that begins in Syria. It's basically a terrorist operation to root out these outsiders or Jewish settlers who they see as invaders."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that doesn't mean that there wasn't resistance. We're not going to go too deep under the covers, but in the 1920s there are incidences of terrorism. There's an organization called the Black Hand, I believe in the early 1930s, that begins in Syria. It's basically a terrorist operation to root out these outsiders or Jewish settlers who they see as invaders. They see as this is my land and you've come and you're trying to take my land and you've made it your mission. And Zionism is like a biblical call out. So that begins really early in the 1930s as I previously mentioned."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's basically a terrorist operation to root out these outsiders or Jewish settlers who they see as invaders. They see as this is my land and you've come and you're trying to take my land and you've made it your mission. And Zionism is like a biblical call out. So that begins really early in the 1930s as I previously mentioned. But here we go. Now that World War I is over and Jews are flocking there. All we need is another war and we can clear this bad boy off soon enough."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So that begins really early in the 1930s as I previously mentioned. But here we go. Now that World War I is over and Jews are flocking there. All we need is another war and we can clear this bad boy off soon enough. Of course World War II is going to bring a new layer to this because of the Holocaust and the rooting out of the Jewish populations and the extermination of six million Jews in Europe. So the Zionists are going to be able to, I think, have a stronger argument that there needs to be a land for Jews because of what Hitler did, because of them not having a place to go. So, attention turns to the United Nations."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "All we need is another war and we can clear this bad boy off soon enough. Of course World War II is going to bring a new layer to this because of the Holocaust and the rooting out of the Jewish populations and the extermination of six million Jews in Europe. So the Zionists are going to be able to, I think, have a stronger argument that there needs to be a land for Jews because of what Hitler did, because of them not having a place to go. So, attention turns to the United Nations. And in 1947, the United Nations votes Resolution 181 that gives that land or pieces of that land of Palestine to the Jewish people in a new state called Israel. And then on May 14, 1948, the British Mandate ends in Israel and it sends the British to take their hands off it. And on the same day, the State of Israel is born."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So, attention turns to the United Nations. And in 1947, the United Nations votes Resolution 181 that gives that land or pieces of that land of Palestine to the Jewish people in a new state called Israel. And then on May 14, 1948, the British Mandate ends in Israel and it sends the British to take their hands off it. And on the same day, the State of Israel is born. And now we're off to the races because now you have a Jewish state in the middle of bang, bang, Arab nations. And Arab nations aren't going to like it very much. So let's get on to the wars!"}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And on the same day, the State of Israel is born. And now we're off to the races because now you have a Jewish state in the middle of bang, bang, Arab nations. And Arab nations aren't going to like it very much. So let's get on to the wars! Lots of wars! So the day the State of Israel is born is the first war, the Arab-Israeli War. And this is a combination of countries, Egypt and Syria, Jordan and Iraq, that are going to declare war on Israel."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's get on to the wars! Lots of wars! So the day the State of Israel is born is the first war, the Arab-Israeli War. And this is a combination of countries, Egypt and Syria, Jordan and Iraq, that are going to declare war on Israel. They don't want to put up with it. And they believe that they have kind of, you know, the argument of self-determination, which is in the United Nations Charter, that the people of this land should decide, and outsiders have given this land to people who haven't been here for 2,000 years. So they're going to attack Israel, Israel's going to attack back, and Israel's going to mad-win."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is a combination of countries, Egypt and Syria, Jordan and Iraq, that are going to declare war on Israel. They don't want to put up with it. And they believe that they have kind of, you know, the argument of self-determination, which is in the United Nations Charter, that the people of this land should decide, and outsiders have given this land to people who haven't been here for 2,000 years. So they're going to attack Israel, Israel's going to attack back, and Israel's going to mad-win. And every time that I mention a war, you'll watch the borders here. You can see that the borders are going to shift. And then from 1948 to 1952, 1953, there were 700,000 Jews that are flocking to Israel, most of them from Europe."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So they're going to attack Israel, Israel's going to attack back, and Israel's going to mad-win. And every time that I mention a war, you'll watch the borders here. You can see that the borders are going to shift. And then from 1948 to 1952, 1953, there were 700,000 Jews that are flocking to Israel, most of them from Europe. These are refugees from World War II, but also from other Arab nations. I mean, at this point, if you're a Jew in Arab land, you better get the heck out. And if you're an Arab in the State of Israel, in Jewish land, many of them, they got the heck out."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then from 1948 to 1952, 1953, there were 700,000 Jews that are flocking to Israel, most of them from Europe. These are refugees from World War II, but also from other Arab nations. I mean, at this point, if you're a Jew in Arab land, you better get the heck out. And if you're an Arab in the State of Israel, in Jewish land, many of them, they got the heck out. And once you got the heck out, you weren't allowed back in. And many, many refugees are going to be created from this problem, including the issue of Palestinian refugees who were living in that land, who fleed to fight Israel, and now they can't get back home. But in 1956, Egypt is going to take the extraordinary step of shutting down or nationalizing the Suez Canal, which is big shipping lanes that's going to cut Israel off."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you're an Arab in the State of Israel, in Jewish land, many of them, they got the heck out. And once you got the heck out, you weren't allowed back in. And many, many refugees are going to be created from this problem, including the issue of Palestinian refugees who were living in that land, who fleed to fight Israel, and now they can't get back home. But in 1956, Egypt is going to take the extraordinary step of shutting down or nationalizing the Suez Canal, which is big shipping lanes that's going to cut Israel off. And because of that, the British and the French and the Israeli are going to rally back. And after they nationalize the Suez Canal, Israel, they're not going to put up with that. Nobody messes with the Israelis."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But in 1956, Egypt is going to take the extraordinary step of shutting down or nationalizing the Suez Canal, which is big shipping lanes that's going to cut Israel off. And because of that, the British and the French and the Israeli are going to rally back. And after they nationalize the Suez Canal, Israel, they're not going to put up with that. Nobody messes with the Israelis. They're going to team up with the British and the French. They're going to get control back through the military of that Sinai Peninsula that runs the Suez Canal. And every time, what happens?"}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Nobody messes with the Israelis. They're going to team up with the British and the French. They're going to get control back through the military of that Sinai Peninsula that runs the Suez Canal. And every time, what happens? Their land gets a little bit bigger. So now in 1964, a group is going to form that's going to represent what it says is the interest of these people they're calling Palestinians that had occupied that land, that had fleed and that want their control of their land back, especially on the Gaza Strip and in the West Bank. So the PLO, their first mission, destroy Israel."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And every time, what happens? Their land gets a little bit bigger. So now in 1964, a group is going to form that's going to represent what it says is the interest of these people they're calling Palestinians that had occupied that land, that had fleed and that want their control of their land back, especially on the Gaza Strip and in the West Bank. So the PLO, their first mission, destroy Israel. How's that for a starting point? And of course, Israel at this point is going to have its heightened alerts up because it's been attacked before. In 1967, we have even another war."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So the PLO, their first mission, destroy Israel. How's that for a starting point? And of course, Israel at this point is going to have its heightened alerts up because it's been attacked before. In 1967, we have even another war. This is Egypt and Jordan that are going to team up. I think Egypt's a little kind of PO'd about the Suez Canal and the Sinai Peninsula. They're going to team up and as they're teaming up, Israel is going to whack them."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1967, we have even another war. This is Egypt and Jordan that are going to team up. I think Egypt's a little kind of PO'd about the Suez Canal and the Sinai Peninsula. They're going to team up and as they're teaming up, Israel is going to whack them. And Israel is going to take even more land, the Golan Heights, parts of the West Bank, a little bit of the Gaza Strip. And at this point, I think many of the Palestinians and the Arabs really turn to more of a radical approach of terrorism. In 1972, Arab nationalists, Palestinian terrorists, are going to kill Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to team up and as they're teaming up, Israel is going to whack them. And Israel is going to take even more land, the Golan Heights, parts of the West Bank, a little bit of the Gaza Strip. And at this point, I think many of the Palestinians and the Arabs really turn to more of a radical approach of terrorism. In 1972, Arab nationalists, Palestinian terrorists, are going to kill Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Incredible. And then in 1973, the Arabs again attack. It's called the Yom Kippur War, the most holy day on the Jewish calendar."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1972, Arab nationalists, Palestinian terrorists, are going to kill Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Incredible. And then in 1973, the Arabs again attack. It's called the Yom Kippur War, the most holy day on the Jewish calendar. And it took three days for Israel to kind of get its act together. And of course, with the United States aid, we're going to talk about the United States in a moment, they're going to be able to repel the Arab attack. But it was at that point that the Soviet Union was going to jump in."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's called the Yom Kippur War, the most holy day on the Jewish calendar. And it took three days for Israel to kind of get its act together. And of course, with the United States aid, we're going to talk about the United States in a moment, they're going to be able to repel the Arab attack. But it was at that point that the Soviet Union was going to jump in. We really had in 1973 kind of one of these chess moves on the Cold War board that almost blew up into nuclear war. Eventually, the two sides both back down. And then we have big change."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But it was at that point that the Soviet Union was going to jump in. We really had in 1973 kind of one of these chess moves on the Cold War board that almost blew up into nuclear war. Eventually, the two sides both back down. And then we have big change. So now that's kind of the end of the big wars. We're still going to have terrorism. But we want to talk about how the United States plays a part and how it's going to be kind of an instigator and at the same time a piece."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then we have big change. So now that's kind of the end of the big wars. We're still going to have terrorism. But we want to talk about how the United States plays a part and how it's going to be kind of an instigator and at the same time a piece. So this is where it gets a little bit more controversial and hard to talk about because you don't want to be political. So we're going to state some obvious facts. Without a doubt, the United States is the biggest supplier of Israeli with weapons and financial aid."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But we want to talk about how the United States plays a part and how it's going to be kind of an instigator and at the same time a piece. So this is where it gets a little bit more controversial and hard to talk about because you don't want to be political. So we're going to state some obvious facts. Without a doubt, the United States is the biggest supplier of Israeli with weapons and financial aid. In fact, there's no other country on earth, the United States, in the history of our republic, has given more money to than Israel. And the reason for that might be part Zionist, as we've talked about before, but it also has roots in the idea that whatever you want to say about the situation, Israel has voting, is a democracy, has rights. And now the comments are going to fly."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Without a doubt, the United States is the biggest supplier of Israeli with weapons and financial aid. In fact, there's no other country on earth, the United States, in the history of our republic, has given more money to than Israel. And the reason for that might be part Zionist, as we've talked about before, but it also has roots in the idea that whatever you want to say about the situation, Israel has voting, is a democracy, has rights. And now the comments are going to fly. And with that, I will say that without a doubt, Israel is there not because of the self-determination of the people of that land, but by, in a sense, outsiders of the United Nations. So I can see how the people that live there, the Arabs and the Palestinians, see this as imperialism and occupation. Two sides to every coin, maybe even three sides."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now the comments are going to fly. And with that, I will say that without a doubt, Israel is there not because of the self-determination of the people of that land, but by, in a sense, outsiders of the United Nations. So I can see how the people that live there, the Arabs and the Palestinians, see this as imperialism and occupation. Two sides to every coin, maybe even three sides. But now the United States, who's definitely standing on one side of the scale, is going to come in as the peace broker. So without getting too far under the wires again, and you're going to have to do your own research if you're writing big papers, we can definitely talk about 1979 Camp David Accords. We have Jimmy Carter, who historians will slam for being a weak and American president, but he's the first guy to get a deal."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Two sides to every coin, maybe even three sides. But now the United States, who's definitely standing on one side of the scale, is going to come in as the peace broker. So without getting too far under the wires again, and you're going to have to do your own research if you're writing big papers, we can definitely talk about 1979 Camp David Accords. We have Jimmy Carter, who historians will slam for being a weak and American president, but he's the first guy to get a deal. For the first time, one of those Arab nations, Egypt, strikes a deal by recognizing Israel. They get their Sinai Peninsula back, and they agree to have open waterways, so they make their peace with Israel. In 1993, it's Bill Clinton, a Democratic president who gets the two sides in Oslo."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We have Jimmy Carter, who historians will slam for being a weak and American president, but he's the first guy to get a deal. For the first time, one of those Arab nations, Egypt, strikes a deal by recognizing Israel. They get their Sinai Peninsula back, and they agree to have open waterways, so they make their peace with Israel. In 1993, it's Bill Clinton, a Democratic president who gets the two sides in Oslo. Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat kind of strike a tentative deal that's supposed to eventually give the land of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to a new independent country of Palestine. And that was the deal in 93. Since then, it's really devolved into chaos."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1993, it's Bill Clinton, a Democratic president who gets the two sides in Oslo. Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat kind of strike a tentative deal that's supposed to eventually give the land of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to a new independent country of Palestine. And that was the deal in 93. Since then, it's really devolved into chaos. Not only is Israel occupying that land, but they're building on land that in Oslo was supposed to go to the Palestinians. And at the same time, the Palestinians, who promised to turn away from use of terrorism, have been doing that, have been increasing that. In fact, electing a group called Hamas, who's a known terrorist group in the Middle East, to represent them in the Gaza Strip."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Since then, it's really devolved into chaos. Not only is Israel occupying that land, but they're building on land that in Oslo was supposed to go to the Palestinians. And at the same time, the Palestinians, who promised to turn away from use of terrorism, have been doing that, have been increasing that. In fact, electing a group called Hamas, who's a known terrorist group in the Middle East, to represent them in the Gaza Strip. So Israel has its dukes up. For the last 20 years, the Arab nationalists and the Palestinians have had their dukes up and I don't think anybody knows how to get back out of that rabbit hole. But that, in a sense, is the story of Israel."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, electing a group called Hamas, who's a known terrorist group in the Middle East, to represent them in the Gaza Strip. So Israel has its dukes up. For the last 20 years, the Arab nationalists and the Palestinians have had their dukes up and I don't think anybody knows how to get back out of that rabbit hole. But that, in a sense, is the story of Israel. So you definitely can understand both sides at this point and you can understand why it's so controversial and why, in a sense, everything that we talk about, when we talk about Osama bin Laden or terrorism or Al-Qaeda or many of the world's ills, boils down to that tension between the Jews and the state of Israel and the surrounding Arab nations. So there you go. Giddy up for the learning."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But that, in a sense, is the story of Israel. So you definitely can understand both sides at this point and you can understand why it's so controversial and why, in a sense, everything that we talk about, when we talk about Osama bin Laden or terrorism or Al-Qaeda or many of the world's ills, boils down to that tension between the Jews and the state of Israel and the surrounding Arab nations. So there you go. Giddy up for the learning. I hope you got something out of it. I skipped like a million things, so you should go read a million things. What are you doing watching so many videos anyway?"}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Giddy up for the learning. I hope you got something out of it. I skipped like a million things, so you should go read a million things. What are you doing watching so many videos anyway? Because it's fun, that's why, Mr. Hughes. Or because your teacher made you. But either way, if you haven't subscribed, what the hey, what are you doing?"}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "What are you doing watching so many videos anyway? Because it's fun, that's why, Mr. Hughes. Or because your teacher made you. But either way, if you haven't subscribed, what the hey, what are you doing? That's not nice. You should click my face and you'll zip off. We have like 200, we have like a million videos."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But either way, if you haven't subscribed, what the hey, what are you doing? That's not nice. You should click my face and you'll zip off. We have like 200, we have like a million videos. There's more than a million videos. Why wouldn't you do that? So there you go, guys."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We have like 200, we have like a million videos. There's more than a million videos. Why wouldn't you do that? So there you go, guys. Where tension goes, energy flows. We'll see you next time. We do the teaching on the YouTubes."}, {"video_title": "The Arab-Israeli Conflict Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So there you go, guys. Where tension goes, energy flows. We'll see you next time. We do the teaching on the YouTubes. You see that? Now it's going to come through. That's why."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then in the second Persian invasion, led by Xerxes, they were able to rout the Persian navy at Salamis, and eventually get rid of the Persians altogether at Plataea in 479 BCE. So at that point, the Greeks, especially the city-states, the powerful city-states of Sparta and Athens, they're fighting on the same side. But as we'll see in this video, this all starts to break down, and they will eventually be at war with each other, and a very ugly war. You know, a lot of times when we think about these things thousands of years later, it might seem somewhat romantic, the stuff of stories and adventures, but these things are ugly. People are getting killed, people are getting tortured, civilians are dying, whole cities are being destroyed. Now whenever we talk about history, it's very important to think about where your story is coming from, and you should always have a nice dose of doubt on what were the motivations of the person who wrote it, or how much can they really know about things? And when we talked about the Persian invasions of Greece, or the Greco-Persian Wars, that was coming to us from someone who is often known as the father of history."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, a lot of times when we think about these things thousands of years later, it might seem somewhat romantic, the stuff of stories and adventures, but these things are ugly. People are getting killed, people are getting tortured, civilians are dying, whole cities are being destroyed. Now whenever we talk about history, it's very important to think about where your story is coming from, and you should always have a nice dose of doubt on what were the motivations of the person who wrote it, or how much can they really know about things? And when we talked about the Persian invasions of Greece, or the Greco-Persian Wars, that was coming to us from someone who is often known as the father of history. I guess that's a very Greco-centric perspective, but that is Herodotus. And now we're going to start getting our accounts from someone who wrote the famous history of the Peloponnesian War, and that is Thucydides. And they're so closely linked, especially because they're giving history of essentially this fifth century BCE, that this is actually a double bust of the two, Herodotus and Thucydides."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And when we talked about the Persian invasions of Greece, or the Greco-Persian Wars, that was coming to us from someone who is often known as the father of history. I guess that's a very Greco-centric perspective, but that is Herodotus. And now we're going to start getting our accounts from someone who wrote the famous history of the Peloponnesian War, and that is Thucydides. And they're so closely linked, especially because they're giving history of essentially this fifth century BCE, that this is actually a double bust of the two, Herodotus and Thucydides. So once again, a lot of the story that I'm about to tell is coming via Thucydides. So as soon as the Persians, they've been defeated, they leave, you might remember that the Athenians had to escape to Salamis. That's where you also had the naval route of the Persian navy."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're so closely linked, especially because they're giving history of essentially this fifth century BCE, that this is actually a double bust of the two, Herodotus and Thucydides. So once again, a lot of the story that I'm about to tell is coming via Thucydides. So as soon as the Persians, they've been defeated, they leave, you might remember that the Athenians had to escape to Salamis. That's where you also had the naval route of the Persian navy. And so the Athenians decide, hey, let's move back to Athens. And in deciding to move back to Athens, right over there, they say, okay, well, we want to build a wall around Athens in case anyone else wants to invade us. And you might say, okay, maybe they're somewhat concerned about the Persians, but you could also argue that they're somewhat concerned about the Spartans, who are famous for having this very powerful army."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That's where you also had the naval route of the Persian navy. And so the Athenians decide, hey, let's move back to Athens. And in deciding to move back to Athens, right over there, they say, okay, well, we want to build a wall around Athens in case anyone else wants to invade us. And you might say, okay, maybe they're somewhat concerned about the Persians, but you could also argue that they're somewhat concerned about the Spartans, who are famous for having this very powerful army. And so they start the construction on what's often called the Long Wall, and it's a way for them to have access to the sea and to protect their city in the event of a siege. Now, if you take the other side, if you think about what's going on in the minds of the Spartans, they are thinking, okay, you know, for a long time, we were really the dominant military power. But what we've just seen with the Greco-Persian Wars is this Athenian navy is actually quite strong."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you might say, okay, maybe they're somewhat concerned about the Persians, but you could also argue that they're somewhat concerned about the Spartans, who are famous for having this very powerful army. And so they start the construction on what's often called the Long Wall, and it's a way for them to have access to the sea and to protect their city in the event of a siege. Now, if you take the other side, if you think about what's going on in the minds of the Spartans, they are thinking, okay, you know, for a long time, we were really the dominant military power. But what we've just seen with the Greco-Persian Wars is this Athenian navy is actually quite strong. And in some ways, in fact, in a lot of ways, you could argue that they're the ones that were able to beat off the Persians at Salamis, that the navy was essential there. So Sparta is feeling a little bit threatened, and in particular, they don't like the idea of this wall, because here you have the city-state Athens with this very strong navy. Now they're building a wall."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But what we've just seen with the Greco-Persian Wars is this Athenian navy is actually quite strong. And in some ways, in fact, in a lot of ways, you could argue that they're the ones that were able to beat off the Persians at Salamis, that the navy was essential there. So Sparta is feeling a little bit threatened, and in particular, they don't like the idea of this wall, because here you have the city-state Athens with this very strong navy. Now they're building a wall. Sparta says, hey, if they have a wall, it's gonna be very hard for us if they don't do what, you know, if they start exerting too much influence, it's gonna be hard for us to take down Athens. They instead suggest, hey, Athens, why don't you build a wall? Why don't you build a wall at the Ithmus of Corinth right over here?"}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now they're building a wall. Sparta says, hey, if they have a wall, it's gonna be very hard for us if they don't do what, you know, if they start exerting too much influence, it's gonna be hard for us to take down Athens. They instead suggest, hey, Athens, why don't you build a wall? Why don't you build a wall at the Ithmus of Corinth right over here? You might notice the geography of Greece. You have this little, I guess you could call it this little strip of land that connects the mainland, I guess you could say, to this peninsula, this very large peninsula, which is called Peloponnese, which is where Sparta is. And you could imagine that this is a very strategic location."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Why don't you build a wall at the Ithmus of Corinth right over here? You might notice the geography of Greece. You have this little, I guess you could call it this little strip of land that connects the mainland, I guess you could say, to this peninsula, this very large peninsula, which is called Peloponnese, which is where Sparta is. And you could imagine that this is a very strategic location. Anyone who wants to conquer the Peloponnese by land is going to have to go through there. But the Athenians are, of course, no, we care about protecting ourselves. And so they start to build this wall to protect themselves, which the Spartans already are not so happy about."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you could imagine that this is a very strategic location. Anyone who wants to conquer the Peloponnese by land is going to have to go through there. But the Athenians are, of course, no, we care about protecting ourselves. And so they start to build this wall to protect themselves, which the Spartans already are not so happy about. Now the other thing that the Athenians do, they continue to build up their naval power. They see, hey, this is a very useful thing. They start connecting with a bunch of allies around the Aegean, some on islands, some on the coast of Anatolia over here."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so they start to build this wall to protect themselves, which the Spartans already are not so happy about. Now the other thing that the Athenians do, they continue to build up their naval power. They see, hey, this is a very useful thing. They start connecting with a bunch of allies around the Aegean, some on islands, some on the coast of Anatolia over here. And they meet on the island of Delos, which you can't see here, it's a very small island. And they all agree to contribute their shared navies and to contribute money in order to continue to fight off the Persians, wherever they are. You know, these Persians did this injustice to us, now let's go on the offensive."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They start connecting with a bunch of allies around the Aegean, some on islands, some on the coast of Anatolia over here. And they meet on the island of Delos, which you can't see here, it's a very small island. And they all agree to contribute their shared navies and to contribute money in order to continue to fight off the Persians, wherever they are. You know, these Persians did this injustice to us, now let's go on the offensive. And they form what is called the Delian League. Now once again, Sparta is not so happy about this because more and more it becomes clear that this Delian League, Athens isn't just a participant in the Delian League, Athens is starting to run the Delian League. And when people try to drop out of the Delian League over time, Athens starts to exert itself."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, these Persians did this injustice to us, now let's go on the offensive. And they form what is called the Delian League. Now once again, Sparta is not so happy about this because more and more it becomes clear that this Delian League, Athens isn't just a participant in the Delian League, Athens is starting to run the Delian League. And when people try to drop out of the Delian League over time, Athens starts to exert itself. So the Delian League is really starting more and more and more into an Athenian empire. So once again, Athens proved itself, its navy proved itself to be very powerful in this war. Sparta's getting insecure."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And when people try to drop out of the Delian League over time, Athens starts to exert itself. So the Delian League is really starting more and more and more into an Athenian empire. So once again, Athens proved itself, its navy proved itself to be very powerful in this war. Sparta's getting insecure. Athens doesn't listen to Sparta about this wall and decides to start building it. As Sparta's feeling even more insecure. Athens is starting to create this Delian League, which is really an Athenian empire, even more insecure."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Sparta's getting insecure. Athens doesn't listen to Sparta about this wall and decides to start building it. As Sparta's feeling even more insecure. Athens is starting to create this Delian League, which is really an Athenian empire, even more insecure. And it kind of gets a little bit more intense in 464. So there are some accounts that Sparta, around this time, was already planning to invade Athens, to say, hey, these folks are getting too powerful, let's just put them in their place. But at around that time, in 464, you have a major earthquake."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Athens is starting to create this Delian League, which is really an Athenian empire, even more insecure. And it kind of gets a little bit more intense in 464. So there are some accounts that Sparta, around this time, was already planning to invade Athens, to say, hey, these folks are getting too powerful, let's just put them in their place. But at around that time, in 464, you have a major earthquake. You have a major earthquake in Sparta. And so it demolishes large parts of the city. And when that earthquake happens, the Spartan helots, who, I guess the best way you can view them, they are slaves, and I encourage you to read more about them."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But at around that time, in 464, you have a major earthquake. You have a major earthquake in Sparta. And so it demolishes large parts of the city. And when that earthquake happens, the Spartan helots, who, I guess the best way you can view them, they are slaves, and I encourage you to read more about them. They were treated horribly. And in Sparta, the accounts are that there were seven of these helots, of these slaves, for every Spartan. And so the helots start a revolt, and Sparta goes to the other city-states of Greece and says, help us, put down this revolt that happened right after our earthquake."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And when that earthquake happens, the Spartan helots, who, I guess the best way you can view them, they are slaves, and I encourage you to read more about them. They were treated horribly. And in Sparta, the accounts are that there were seven of these helots, of these slaves, for every Spartan. And so the helots start a revolt, and Sparta goes to the other city-states of Greece and says, help us, put down this revolt that happened right after our earthquake. And so Athens agrees. They send 4,000 citizen soldiers to Sparta, these citizen soldiers, the famous hoplites, to help put down the revolt. But once again, Sparta is feeling insecure."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so the helots start a revolt, and Sparta goes to the other city-states of Greece and says, help us, put down this revolt that happened right after our earthquake. And so Athens agrees. They send 4,000 citizen soldiers to Sparta, these citizen soldiers, the famous hoplites, to help put down the revolt. But once again, Sparta is feeling insecure. They say, hey, why did they send these soldiers? Maybe they say they want to put down this rebellion, but we Sparta, we're kind of in a fairly vulnerable state right here, what if the Athenians took the side of the helots? Well, then they might be able to take over Sparta."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But once again, Sparta is feeling insecure. They say, hey, why did they send these soldiers? Maybe they say they want to put down this rebellion, but we Sparta, we're kind of in a fairly vulnerable state right here, what if the Athenians took the side of the helots? Well, then they might be able to take over Sparta. So they send the Athenian hoplites back. They said, you know, we don't need your help. And so you could imagine the Athenians now are starting to take significant offense to how the Spartans are treating them."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, then they might be able to take over Sparta. So they send the Athenian hoplites back. They said, you know, we don't need your help. And so you could imagine the Athenians now are starting to take significant offense to how the Spartans are treating them. And then you fast forward a little bit more to 459 BCE, and you have two allies of Sparta, Megara and Corinth, and they're right in this very strategic location, that little land, that land connection, that land bridge between the mainland and the Peloponnese. And there is a dispute between these two allies of Sparta, between Corinth and Megara, and Athens decides to intervene and form an alliance with Megara. Well, you could imagine, you know, this insecurity has been building up in Sparta for, at this point, over a decade."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you could imagine the Athenians now are starting to take significant offense to how the Spartans are treating them. And then you fast forward a little bit more to 459 BCE, and you have two allies of Sparta, Megara and Corinth, and they're right in this very strategic location, that little land, that land connection, that land bridge between the mainland and the Peloponnese. And there is a dispute between these two allies of Sparta, between Corinth and Megara, and Athens decides to intervene and form an alliance with Megara. Well, you could imagine, you know, this insecurity has been building up in Sparta for, at this point, over a decade. And so it all comes to head, and they start having skirmishes, and they start essentially going to war with each other. They have these sporadic skirmishes over the next 15 years. And this period, right over here, from roughly 460 or 459 for the next 15 years, this is often referred to as the First Peloponnesian War, because, once again, you have Sparta and its allies starting to get into all of these skirmishes with Athens and its allies."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, you could imagine, you know, this insecurity has been building up in Sparta for, at this point, over a decade. And so it all comes to head, and they start having skirmishes, and they start essentially going to war with each other. They have these sporadic skirmishes over the next 15 years. And this period, right over here, from roughly 460 or 459 for the next 15 years, this is often referred to as the First Peloponnesian War, because, once again, you have Sparta and its allies starting to get into all of these skirmishes with Athens and its allies. But this isn't the Peloponnesian War. The Peloponnesian War is going to come a little bit about 15 years later. The First Peloponnesian War that we're just talking about, that eventually ends what's called a 30 years peace, this peace treaty, which only lasts for 15 years."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this period, right over here, from roughly 460 or 459 for the next 15 years, this is often referred to as the First Peloponnesian War, because, once again, you have Sparta and its allies starting to get into all of these skirmishes with Athens and its allies. But this isn't the Peloponnesian War. The Peloponnesian War is going to come a little bit about 15 years later. The First Peloponnesian War that we're just talking about, that eventually ends what's called a 30 years peace, this peace treaty, which only lasts for 15 years. But at the whole time, the Athenians, their navy is growing more powerful, they keep getting in each other's way and annoying each other. And so the Peloponnesian War, which we'll talk about in more detail, will occur at the end of the 5th century BCE. And it will conclude with Sparta being victorious, but in the process, most of Greece is significantly hurt."}, {"video_title": "Prelude to the Peloponnesian War World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The First Peloponnesian War that we're just talking about, that eventually ends what's called a 30 years peace, this peace treaty, which only lasts for 15 years. But at the whole time, the Athenians, their navy is growing more powerful, they keep getting in each other's way and annoying each other. And so the Peloponnesian War, which we'll talk about in more detail, will occur at the end of the 5th century BCE. And it will conclude with Sparta being victorious, but in the process, most of Greece is significantly hurt. And all of the city states, or the significant city states of Greece, are significantly weakened. And so that sets things up for the 4th century BCE, where it leaves the city states of Greece vulnerable to attack from the north, in particular Macedonia, or Macedonia. And we'll see that, actually several videos in the future."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the reason why I put this in quotes is because they are associated with this notion from the various Hindu scripture of varnas. But the best translation from Sanskrit into English of varnas is classes. And it's interesting to think about whether they were first intended to be just social classes or also hereditary classes as the caste system implies. What we do know is that as we approach modern Hinduism over the last several hundred years, it did approach something that was more what you are born into. But we'll look at a little bit at the scripture and I'll leave it up to you to decide whether it was more of a social class or it was a class that you are born into. Now the four varnas that are described in the Vedas and in other Hindu scripture, at the top you have the Brahmins who are the priests and the teachers, not to be confused with the god Brahma or the ultimate reality Brahman. Next you have the Kshatriyas who are the warriors and rulers."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What we do know is that as we approach modern Hinduism over the last several hundred years, it did approach something that was more what you are born into. But we'll look at a little bit at the scripture and I'll leave it up to you to decide whether it was more of a social class or it was a class that you are born into. Now the four varnas that are described in the Vedas and in other Hindu scripture, at the top you have the Brahmins who are the priests and the teachers, not to be confused with the god Brahma or the ultimate reality Brahman. Next you have the Kshatriyas who are the warriors and rulers. And it's interesting that at least in Hindu society, the Brahmins were considered higher than the warriors, the rulers, the kings. After that you have the Vaishyas who are the farmers, the merchants. And then next, the Shudras, the laborers, those who worked in service to the other three classes."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Next you have the Kshatriyas who are the warriors and rulers. And it's interesting that at least in Hindu society, the Brahmins were considered higher than the warriors, the rulers, the kings. After that you have the Vaishyas who are the farmers, the merchants. And then next, the Shudras, the laborers, those who worked in service to the other three classes. Now you also had and have people who are outside of these four different classes. Today they refer to themselves as Dalits, which means the oppressed, but sometimes they've been referred to as untouchable. And that's because in traditional Hindu society, many of these people weren't even able to enter temples, they were discriminated against, they didn't have access to resources, they weren't even allowed to shake hands or make physical contact with other members of Hindu society."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then next, the Shudras, the laborers, those who worked in service to the other three classes. Now you also had and have people who are outside of these four different classes. Today they refer to themselves as Dalits, which means the oppressed, but sometimes they've been referred to as untouchable. And that's because in traditional Hindu society, many of these people weren't even able to enter temples, they were discriminated against, they didn't have access to resources, they weren't even allowed to shake hands or make physical contact with other members of Hindu society. And we'll talk a little bit more about how this may or may not be changing. Now to see the basis of the varna system in scripture, I will start with this quote from the Rig Veda. Now this is from the Purusha Sukta, and Purusha in the Vedas, you can view as this cosmic being, but they anthropomorphize this being, making it seem or making it an analogy with a human body."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's because in traditional Hindu society, many of these people weren't even able to enter temples, they were discriminated against, they didn't have access to resources, they weren't even allowed to shake hands or make physical contact with other members of Hindu society. And we'll talk a little bit more about how this may or may not be changing. Now to see the basis of the varna system in scripture, I will start with this quote from the Rig Veda. Now this is from the Purusha Sukta, and Purusha in the Vedas, you can view as this cosmic being, but they anthropomorphize this being, making it seem or making it an analogy with a human body. When they divided the cosmic being, how many portions did they make? What do they call his mouth, his arms? What do they call his thighs and feet?"}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now this is from the Purusha Sukta, and Purusha in the Vedas, you can view as this cosmic being, but they anthropomorphize this being, making it seem or making it an analogy with a human body. When they divided the cosmic being, how many portions did they make? What do they call his mouth, his arms? What do they call his thighs and feet? The Brahman was his mouth. Of both arms was the Rajanya made, the Rajanya you could view as the Kshatriyas, the warriors and the kings. His thighs became the Vaishya."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What do they call his thighs and feet? The Brahman was his mouth. Of both arms was the Rajanya made, the Rajanya you could view as the Kshatriyas, the warriors and the kings. His thighs became the Vaishya. From his feet, the Sudra was produced. So in the Vedas, and there's some dispute about whether this was originally in the Vedas or about whether it was added later to have a creation story, but it is making reference to these four varnas. But here it is not 100% clear whether it's just talking about the various classes of society."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "His thighs became the Vaishya. From his feet, the Sudra was produced. So in the Vedas, and there's some dispute about whether this was originally in the Vedas or about whether it was added later to have a creation story, but it is making reference to these four varnas. But here it is not 100% clear whether it's just talking about the various classes of society. They're bound to have some priests and teachers, some warriors and rulers, some farmers, merchants, some laborers, or are they saying something more fundamental? Now we can go to the time of the Mahabharata, when the Mahabharata was written, and the subset of the Mahabharata, which is the Bhagavad Gita, and they also make reference to this varna system. So the Bhagavad Gita is the part of the Mahabharata where you have Krishna talking to Arjuna and reassuring him about his role in life."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But here it is not 100% clear whether it's just talking about the various classes of society. They're bound to have some priests and teachers, some warriors and rulers, some farmers, merchants, some laborers, or are they saying something more fundamental? Now we can go to the time of the Mahabharata, when the Mahabharata was written, and the subset of the Mahabharata, which is the Bhagavad Gita, and they also make reference to this varna system. So the Bhagavad Gita is the part of the Mahabharata where you have Krishna talking to Arjuna and reassuring him about his role in life. And this is what Krishna tells Arjuna. A Brahmin's virtues, born of his nature, are serenity, self-control, austerity, purity, tolerance, honesty, learning, and to know the truth of things which be. A Kshatriya's pride, born of his nature, lives in valor, exuberance, determination, resourcefulness, bravery in battle, and generosity and noble demeanor as a lord of men."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Bhagavad Gita is the part of the Mahabharata where you have Krishna talking to Arjuna and reassuring him about his role in life. And this is what Krishna tells Arjuna. A Brahmin's virtues, born of his nature, are serenity, self-control, austerity, purity, tolerance, honesty, learning, and to know the truth of things which be. A Kshatriya's pride, born of his nature, lives in valor, exuberance, determination, resourcefulness, bravery in battle, and generosity and noble demeanor as a lord of men. A Vaishya's task, born with his nature, is to till the ground, tend cattle, venture trade. A Shudra's state, suiting his nature, is service, arguably in service, to the other three classes. Now once again, it doesn't make strict reference to you are born a Brahmin."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "A Kshatriya's pride, born of his nature, lives in valor, exuberance, determination, resourcefulness, bravery in battle, and generosity and noble demeanor as a lord of men. A Vaishya's task, born with his nature, is to till the ground, tend cattle, venture trade. A Shudra's state, suiting his nature, is service, arguably in service, to the other three classes. Now once again, it doesn't make strict reference to you are born a Brahmin. If your father was a Brahmin, then you have to be a Brahmin, or if your father was a Kshatriya, you will be a Kshatriya. It is making reference to this idea of being born of his nature. So you could interpret that as this idea that you have some innate gifts, you have some innate tendencies, and those innate tendencies are going to dictate whether you're going to be a Brahmin, a Kshatriya, a Vaishya, or a Shudra."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now once again, it doesn't make strict reference to you are born a Brahmin. If your father was a Brahmin, then you have to be a Brahmin, or if your father was a Kshatriya, you will be a Kshatriya. It is making reference to this idea of being born of his nature. So you could interpret that as this idea that you have some innate gifts, you have some innate tendencies, and those innate tendencies are going to dictate whether you're going to be a Brahmin, a Kshatriya, a Vaishya, or a Shudra. I encourage you, as always, to look up the primary documents yourself, and especially when you're looking at something that is a translation, is a translation from Sanskrit to English, how it is translated matters. So try to look up multiple translations and come to your own conclusion. Now regardless of whether the ancient Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita is over 2,000 years old, if we're talking about the Vedas, and especially if the Purusha Sukta was part of the original Vedas, we're talking about something that's over 3,000 years old, regardless of the original intent of the Varna system, whether it was supposed to be just talking about classes as opposed to a hereditary caste, the reality is is over the last several hundred years in India, it did become a caste."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So you could interpret that as this idea that you have some innate gifts, you have some innate tendencies, and those innate tendencies are going to dictate whether you're going to be a Brahmin, a Kshatriya, a Vaishya, or a Shudra. I encourage you, as always, to look up the primary documents yourself, and especially when you're looking at something that is a translation, is a translation from Sanskrit to English, how it is translated matters. So try to look up multiple translations and come to your own conclusion. Now regardless of whether the ancient Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita is over 2,000 years old, if we're talking about the Vedas, and especially if the Purusha Sukta was part of the original Vedas, we're talking about something that's over 3,000 years old, regardless of the original intent of the Varna system, whether it was supposed to be just talking about classes as opposed to a hereditary caste, the reality is is over the last several hundred years in India, it did become a caste. People whose parents were Brahmins became Brahmins. People whose parents were Kshatriyas became Kshatriyas, and they married amongst themselves, and it did dictate their social status. And so to put all of this in perspective, I'm going to give you a quote from really one of India's founding fathers."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now regardless of whether the ancient Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita is over 2,000 years old, if we're talking about the Vedas, and especially if the Purusha Sukta was part of the original Vedas, we're talking about something that's over 3,000 years old, regardless of the original intent of the Varna system, whether it was supposed to be just talking about classes as opposed to a hereditary caste, the reality is is over the last several hundred years in India, it did become a caste. People whose parents were Brahmins became Brahmins. People whose parents were Kshatriyas became Kshatriyas, and they married amongst themselves, and it did dictate their social status. And so to put all of this in perspective, I'm going to give you a quote from really one of India's founding fathers. So this is a picture of B.R. Ambedkar, and he was born a Dalit, and faced significant discrimination when he was growing up. He wasn't allowed to sit on chairs or eat next to his fellow students."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so to put all of this in perspective, I'm going to give you a quote from really one of India's founding fathers. So this is a picture of B.R. Ambedkar, and he was born a Dalit, and faced significant discrimination when he was growing up. He wasn't allowed to sit on chairs or eat next to his fellow students. As you can imagine, his family wouldn't have had access to nowhere near the resources that other people in a village or in a city would have had access to. They would have been actively discriminated with. They wouldn't have been able to even make physical contact with members of the formal Varna system."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He wasn't allowed to sit on chairs or eat next to his fellow students. As you can imagine, his family wouldn't have had access to nowhere near the resources that other people in a village or in a city would have had access to. They would have been actively discriminated with. They wouldn't have been able to even make physical contact with members of the formal Varna system. But despite all of that discrimination, he was able to get a significant education and eventually become India's first law minister, and not only that, but the principal architect of the Indian Constitution. And this is what he wrote about the caste system. \"'Caste is not a physical object, \"'like a wall of bricks or a line of barbed wire \"'which prevents the Hindus from commingling \"'and which has therefore to be pulled down."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They wouldn't have been able to even make physical contact with members of the formal Varna system. But despite all of that discrimination, he was able to get a significant education and eventually become India's first law minister, and not only that, but the principal architect of the Indian Constitution. And this is what he wrote about the caste system. \"'Caste is not a physical object, \"'like a wall of bricks or a line of barbed wire \"'which prevents the Hindus from commingling \"'and which has therefore to be pulled down. \"'Caste is a notion. \"'It is a state of the mind.' And if you look at modern India or if you talk to modern Hindus, many of them will say, hey, we don't take caste seriously."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "\"'Caste is not a physical object, \"'like a wall of bricks or a line of barbed wire \"'which prevents the Hindus from commingling \"'and which has therefore to be pulled down. \"'Caste is a notion. \"'It is a state of the mind.' And if you look at modern India or if you talk to modern Hindus, many of them will say, hey, we don't take caste seriously. We view this as a part of our past and a part of our past that we're not necessarily that proud of. But there are still Hindus who do take the caste system seriously, especially if you go into rural areas and villages. Many of the things that B. R. Ambedkar faced, this level of discrimination, of Dalits not being able to go to a temple, not having access to water resources, this is still happening in India."}, {"video_title": "Varnas and the Caste System World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you look at modern India or if you talk to modern Hindus, many of them will say, hey, we don't take caste seriously. We view this as a part of our past and a part of our past that we're not necessarily that proud of. But there are still Hindus who do take the caste system seriously, especially if you go into rural areas and villages. Many of the things that B. R. Ambedkar faced, this level of discrimination, of Dalits not being able to go to a temple, not having access to water resources, this is still happening in India. And in things like intermarriage, the caste system is still taken reasonably seriously by a large portion of the Hindu population. Now here's another quote from B. R. Ambedkar. \"'Some men say that they should be satisfied \"'with the abolition of untouchability only, \"'leaving the caste system alone."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they did this throughout the Umayyad dynasty, but it really came to its full fruition during the Abbasid Caliphate. Now, the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the first things they did under the caliph Al-Mansur, is build Baghdad and move the capital of the empire to Baghdad. Now, one of Al-Mansur's successors, Al-Rashid, is famous for making Baghdad a center of learning. According to the historian John William Draper, this is a sense of what life was like under Al-Rashid's rule, during the period of the caliphs, the learned men of the Christians and the Jews were not only held in great esteem, but were appointed to posts of great responsibility and were promoted to the high-ranking jobs in the government. He, Caliph Harun Rashid, never considered to which country a learned person belonged, nor his faith and belief, but only his excellence in the field of learning. And to get a sense of how much learning and how advanced the knowledge began to be, especially under the rulership of Al-Rashid, during this time, he was a contemporary of Charlemagne, who was the Frankish king. He was also the first Holy Roman emperor, and so it's this region right over here."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "According to the historian John William Draper, this is a sense of what life was like under Al-Rashid's rule, during the period of the caliphs, the learned men of the Christians and the Jews were not only held in great esteem, but were appointed to posts of great responsibility and were promoted to the high-ranking jobs in the government. He, Caliph Harun Rashid, never considered to which country a learned person belonged, nor his faith and belief, but only his excellence in the field of learning. And to get a sense of how much learning and how advanced the knowledge began to be, especially under the rulership of Al-Rashid, during this time, he was a contemporary of Charlemagne, who was the Frankish king. He was also the first Holy Roman emperor, and so it's this region right over here. And they were trading gifts, and this is a historical account. Harun Al-Rashid sends Charlemagne this water clock, and it's so foreign to the Franks, to Charlemagne, that he thinks that it must be some type of magic, that it can't be explained by just normal means. And then things really get invested in, in terms of collecting knowledge, as we get into the rule of Al-Rashid's son, Al-Mamun, where he creates in Baghdad what is called the House of Wisdom, which is this center of learning of mathematics, astronomy, physics, medicine, geography, and map-making, poetry, philosophy."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He was also the first Holy Roman emperor, and so it's this region right over here. And they were trading gifts, and this is a historical account. Harun Al-Rashid sends Charlemagne this water clock, and it's so foreign to the Franks, to Charlemagne, that he thinks that it must be some type of magic, that it can't be explained by just normal means. And then things really get invested in, in terms of collecting knowledge, as we get into the rule of Al-Rashid's son, Al-Mamun, where he creates in Baghdad what is called the House of Wisdom, which is this center of learning of mathematics, astronomy, physics, medicine, geography, and map-making, poetry, philosophy. And over the next several hundred years, these Abbasid caliphs are going to sponsor scholars from India, learned in Sanskrit, and the ancient Sanskrit texts, and Greek, Chinese, Persian, to translate as much of that knowledge and to collect it in libraries in cities like Baghdad, to translate it into Arabic, and to collect all of that knowledge in one place. And just to get a sense of the type of advances that occurred during this golden age of Islam, which correlates strongly, or is essentially during the Abbasid dynasty, and it ends with the Mongol invasion in the middle of the 13th century, right over here, there are scientists like Al-Khwarizmi. And Al-Khwarizmi is a Persian mathematician and physicist, and he's famous for being the father of algebra."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then things really get invested in, in terms of collecting knowledge, as we get into the rule of Al-Rashid's son, Al-Mamun, where he creates in Baghdad what is called the House of Wisdom, which is this center of learning of mathematics, astronomy, physics, medicine, geography, and map-making, poetry, philosophy. And over the next several hundred years, these Abbasid caliphs are going to sponsor scholars from India, learned in Sanskrit, and the ancient Sanskrit texts, and Greek, Chinese, Persian, to translate as much of that knowledge and to collect it in libraries in cities like Baghdad, to translate it into Arabic, and to collect all of that knowledge in one place. And just to get a sense of the type of advances that occurred during this golden age of Islam, which correlates strongly, or is essentially during the Abbasid dynasty, and it ends with the Mongol invasion in the middle of the 13th century, right over here, there are scientists like Al-Khwarizmi. And Al-Khwarizmi is a Persian mathematician and physicist, and he's famous for being the father of algebra. The word algebra that we now have today, and the subject that you can learn a lot about on Khan Academy, it comes from the Arabic word al-jabr, and his book, Al-Kitab Al-Muqtasar Fi Hissab Al-Jabr Wal-Muqabla, which literally means, and those of you who might speak Arabic, or Persian, or even Hindi or Urdu might recognize Kitab is book, and then Hissab is calculation, and al-jabr is an operation of completion, and it's essentially, it's one of the operations we now do in algebra, where you're doing the same thing to both sides of the equation, and balancing, it was also a very similar operation. He also brought the Indian number system, or the Hindu numerals, he brought them to the Islamic empire, and that was really the bridge to bringing it to the West. Famously, Pope Sylvester II, he was educated in Catalonia with the point of acquiring knowledge that was gained from the Arabs."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Al-Khwarizmi is a Persian mathematician and physicist, and he's famous for being the father of algebra. The word algebra that we now have today, and the subject that you can learn a lot about on Khan Academy, it comes from the Arabic word al-jabr, and his book, Al-Kitab Al-Muqtasar Fi Hissab Al-Jabr Wal-Muqabla, which literally means, and those of you who might speak Arabic, or Persian, or even Hindi or Urdu might recognize Kitab is book, and then Hissab is calculation, and al-jabr is an operation of completion, and it's essentially, it's one of the operations we now do in algebra, where you're doing the same thing to both sides of the equation, and balancing, it was also a very similar operation. He also brought the Indian number system, or the Hindu numerals, he brought them to the Islamic empire, and that was really the bridge to bringing it to the West. Famously, Pope Sylvester II, he was educated in Catalonia with the point of acquiring knowledge that was gained from the Arabs. Remember, the Arabs were in control, or the Islamic empires, it was not the Abbasids, it was actually the remnants of the Umayyads were in control of Spain at the time, but because of that, this area was considered a center of learning, and Pope Sylvester, who got his education there, he's the one that is often given credit for being one of the first to introduce the decimal numeral system, this Hindu-Arabic decimal system that we now use for our numeric system, as opposed to something like Roman numerals. Well, another very interesting thing is not only the word algebra comes from algebra, but the word algorithm literally comes from his name, the name al-Khwarizmi, al-Khwarizmi in Latin, they pronounce as algorithmi. So other significant contributors to the science of all of human civilization are people like al-Marwazi."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Famously, Pope Sylvester II, he was educated in Catalonia with the point of acquiring knowledge that was gained from the Arabs. Remember, the Arabs were in control, or the Islamic empires, it was not the Abbasids, it was actually the remnants of the Umayyads were in control of Spain at the time, but because of that, this area was considered a center of learning, and Pope Sylvester, who got his education there, he's the one that is often given credit for being one of the first to introduce the decimal numeral system, this Hindu-Arabic decimal system that we now use for our numeric system, as opposed to something like Roman numerals. Well, another very interesting thing is not only the word algebra comes from algebra, but the word algorithm literally comes from his name, the name al-Khwarizmi, al-Khwarizmi in Latin, they pronounce as algorithmi. So other significant contributors to the science of all of human civilization are people like al-Marwazi. Al-Marwazi, once again, in Baghdad, and he would have been a contemporary of al-Khwarizmi, and he, if you've ever taken trigonometry, or if you're about to take trigonometry, he is accredited with coming up with the core trigonometric functions. We're talking about sine, cosine. Tangent and cotangent, it might have been Marwazi, or it might have been another mathematician named al-Buzjani, who came a little bit after, or a lot, depending on a human scale, but was also based in Baghdad."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So other significant contributors to the science of all of human civilization are people like al-Marwazi. Al-Marwazi, once again, in Baghdad, and he would have been a contemporary of al-Khwarizmi, and he, if you've ever taken trigonometry, or if you're about to take trigonometry, he is accredited with coming up with the core trigonometric functions. We're talking about sine, cosine. Tangent and cotangent, it might have been Marwazi, or it might have been another mathematician named al-Buzjani, who came a little bit after, or a lot, depending on a human scale, but was also based in Baghdad. And together, they came up with the six, the six trigonometric functions. They weren't contemporaries of each other, but they both made significant contributions to what we now call trigonometry, including many of the trigonometric identities that we now learn in high school. Now, you also have physicists, mathematicians, astronomers like al-Hazen, and he is credited as getting one of the more sophisticated views of how light and vision works."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Tangent and cotangent, it might have been Marwazi, or it might have been another mathematician named al-Buzjani, who came a little bit after, or a lot, depending on a human scale, but was also based in Baghdad. And together, they came up with the six, the six trigonometric functions. They weren't contemporaries of each other, but they both made significant contributions to what we now call trigonometry, including many of the trigonometric identities that we now learn in high school. Now, you also have physicists, mathematicians, astronomers like al-Hazen, and he is credited as getting one of the more sophisticated views of how light and vision works. These are some quotes from al-Hazen. From each point of every colored body illuminated by any light, issue light and color along every straight line that can be drawn from that point. This is a fairly sophisticated view of how light actually works."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, you also have physicists, mathematicians, astronomers like al-Hazen, and he is credited as getting one of the more sophisticated views of how light and vision works. These are some quotes from al-Hazen. From each point of every colored body illuminated by any light, issue light and color along every straight line that can be drawn from that point. This is a fairly sophisticated view of how light actually works. And he's also credited with using and understanding the scientific method several hundred years before the Renaissance in Europe. The duty of a man, the duty of the man who investigates the writing of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads and attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is a fairly sophisticated view of how light actually works. And he's also credited with using and understanding the scientific method several hundred years before the Renaissance in Europe. The duty of a man, the duty of the man who investigates the writing of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads and attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. And now another very famous poet, philosopher, mathematician, polymath of the time was Omar Khayyam. And in the West, he is most famous for his poetry, most famously the work of the Rubaiyat, the translation by Fitzgerald. But he was also a significant philosopher, mathematician."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. And now another very famous poet, philosopher, mathematician, polymath of the time was Omar Khayyam. And in the West, he is most famous for his poetry, most famously the work of the Rubaiyat, the translation by Fitzgerald. But he was also a significant philosopher, mathematician. This is a picture of some of his work right over here. You can see that he did his work in the 11th and the 12th centuries. And he did it from Bukhara."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But he was also a significant philosopher, mathematician. This is a picture of some of his work right over here. You can see that he did his work in the 11th and the 12th centuries. And he did it from Bukhara. But he investigated Pascal's triangle and the binomial theorem. And keep in mind, this was over 500 years before Pascal. So maybe it should actually be called Khayyam's triangle."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he did it from Bukhara. But he investigated Pascal's triangle and the binomial theorem. And keep in mind, this was over 500 years before Pascal. So maybe it should actually be called Khayyam's triangle. And just to get a sense of his poetry or a sense of the Rubaiyat in general, which I encourage you to look up and read, and this is at least Fitzgerald's translation of it. And that inverted bowl we call the sky, where under crawling cooped we live and die. Lift not thy hands to it for help, for it rolls impotently on as thou or I."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So maybe it should actually be called Khayyam's triangle. And just to get a sense of his poetry or a sense of the Rubaiyat in general, which I encourage you to look up and read, and this is at least Fitzgerald's translation of it. And that inverted bowl we call the sky, where under crawling cooped we live and die. Lift not thy hands to it for help, for it rolls impotently on as thou or I. So as you can imagine, the Islamic world, these empires between the 8th and 13th centuries, it was actually a very powerful bridge of human knowledge, taking knowledge from the Indians, the Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and providing a bridge during the Dark Ages in Europe. And to get a sense of that, we have some texts from some historians on that time period. This is some text from, this is some text from the historian Philip Hittie."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Lift not thy hands to it for help, for it rolls impotently on as thou or I. So as you can imagine, the Islamic world, these empires between the 8th and 13th centuries, it was actually a very powerful bridge of human knowledge, taking knowledge from the Indians, the Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and providing a bridge during the Dark Ages in Europe. And to get a sense of that, we have some texts from some historians on that time period. This is some text from, this is some text from the historian Philip Hittie. And he wrote, during all the first part of the Middle Ages, no other people made as important a contribution to human progress as did the Arabs, if we take this term to mean all those whose mother tongue was Arabic, and not merely those living in the Arabian Peninsula. For centuries, Arabic was the language of learning, culture, and intellectual progress for the whole of the civilized world with the exception of the Far East. From the 9th to the 12th century, there were more philosophical, medical, historical, religious, astronomical, and geographical works written in Arabic than in any other human tongue."}, {"video_title": "Golden age of Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is some text from, this is some text from the historian Philip Hittie. And he wrote, during all the first part of the Middle Ages, no other people made as important a contribution to human progress as did the Arabs, if we take this term to mean all those whose mother tongue was Arabic, and not merely those living in the Arabian Peninsula. For centuries, Arabic was the language of learning, culture, and intellectual progress for the whole of the civilized world with the exception of the Far East. From the 9th to the 12th century, there were more philosophical, medical, historical, religious, astronomical, and geographical works written in Arabic than in any other human tongue. And we also have a frame, a point of view from Bertrand Russell in his History of Western Philosophy who wrote, our use of the phrase the Dark Ages to cover the period from 699 to 1000 marks our undue concentration on Western Europe. In China, this period includes the time of the Tang Dynasty, the greatest age of Chinese poetry. From India to Spain, the brilliant civilization of Islam flourished."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. We're going to take a few moments to take a look at the idea behind Marco Polo. It's really important and of course we all know the kids get the water, the kid kills Marco, I'm kidding you. We're talking about Marco Polo, the merchant of Venice, the explorer, the traveler from 13th century Italy. Now, before we talk about a little bit of the specifics, the big idea of course is this is one of those kind of wheels of history that turns everything. And Marco Polo represents that change, really kind of connecting two different civilizations, two different kinds of worlds in creating one global community. So, he was born in 1254 in Venice, Italy."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're talking about Marco Polo, the merchant of Venice, the explorer, the traveler from 13th century Italy. Now, before we talk about a little bit of the specifics, the big idea of course is this is one of those kind of wheels of history that turns everything. And Marco Polo represents that change, really kind of connecting two different civilizations, two different kinds of worlds in creating one global community. So, he was born in 1254 in Venice, Italy. He was born to a middle class merchant family. In fact, his father and his uncle, they got out of town the year that he was born, before he was born. His father and his uncle, Nicolo and Maffio, I don't speak Italian very well, they actually left even before Marco Polo was born."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So, he was born in 1254 in Venice, Italy. He was born to a middle class merchant family. In fact, his father and his uncle, they got out of town the year that he was born, before he was born. His father and his uncle, Nicolo and Maffio, I don't speak Italian very well, they actually left even before Marco Polo was born. They set their sights on the east to make their own fortune, landing in first Constantinople. They cashed out in 1260, lucky for them, the next year the Eastern Roman Empire is going to re-enter Constantinople and burn down the Venetian quarters and blind all their citizens. How horrible is that?"}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "His father and his uncle, Nicolo and Maffio, I don't speak Italian very well, they actually left even before Marco Polo was born. They set their sights on the east to make their own fortune, landing in first Constantinople. They cashed out in 1260, lucky for them, the next year the Eastern Roman Empire is going to re-enter Constantinople and burn down the Venetian quarters and blind all their citizens. How horrible is that? Very lucky for them. So, they keep going east and they end up in the Mongol Empire, running into a dude by the name of Kubla Khan. He's the Yuan Dynasty first guy, big leader."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "How horrible is that? Very lucky for them. So, they keep going east and they end up in the Mongol Empire, running into a dude by the name of Kubla Khan. He's the Yuan Dynasty first guy, big leader. He's actually intrigued with these foreigners, their religion, their customs, how their laws work. So, he sends them back with instructions to go to the Pope in order to answer some questions. He wants some oil from the lamp of Jerusalem."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's the Yuan Dynasty first guy, big leader. He's actually intrigued with these foreigners, their religion, their customs, how their laws work. So, he sends them back with instructions to go to the Pope in order to answer some questions. He wants some oil from the lamp of Jerusalem. I don't know, that's what he wanted. He wants 100 Christians that are skilled in the seven arts to come back to teach them about Western society. The seven arts, arithmetic and rhetoric and logic, mathematics and music, and I'm forgetting one."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He wants some oil from the lamp of Jerusalem. I don't know, that's what he wanted. He wants 100 Christians that are skilled in the seven arts to come back to teach them about Western society. The seven arts, arithmetic and rhetoric and logic, mathematics and music, and I'm forgetting one. Leave it in the comments below. So, they go back and they end up coming back around 1269. Marco Polo is 15, 16 years old and the Pope answers the question, sends them back to meet with Kubla Khan and they take little Marco Polo with them."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The seven arts, arithmetic and rhetoric and logic, mathematics and music, and I'm forgetting one. Leave it in the comments below. So, they go back and they end up coming back around 1269. Marco Polo is 15, 16 years old and the Pope answers the question, sends them back to meet with Kubla Khan and they take little Marco Polo with them. Now, they're going to be gone for a little while, right? They're gone for 24 days. Kidding you."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Marco Polo is 15, 16 years old and the Pope answers the question, sends them back to meet with Kubla Khan and they take little Marco Polo with them. Now, they're going to be gone for a little while, right? They're gone for 24 days. Kidding you. No, 24 weeks. No, kidding you. 24 months."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Kidding you. No, 24 weeks. No, kidding you. 24 months. No, 24 years. I kid you not. 24 years."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "24 months. No, 24 years. I kid you not. 24 years. And this is the exploration time. This is where they're all over Asia. And, in fact, Marco Polo served under Kubla Khan."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "24 years. And this is the exploration time. This is where they're all over Asia. And, in fact, Marco Polo served under Kubla Khan. He was an ambassador and a negotiator. He learned all of the language, all of the customs, all of the trades, all of the spices, the foods, all of the inventions. And Kubla Khan didn't want him to go back."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And, in fact, Marco Polo served under Kubla Khan. He was an ambassador and a negotiator. He learned all of the language, all of the customs, all of the trades, all of the spices, the foods, all of the inventions. And Kubla Khan didn't want him to go back. They ended up sneaking back. 24 years later, when the king of Persia married Kubla Khan's niece, something like that, they escape out of the wedding party and they make their way back to Venice in around 1295 and they're coming back with all of these new customs and these new silks, these new foods, noodles. They didn't have noodles."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And Kubla Khan didn't want him to go back. They ended up sneaking back. 24 years later, when the king of Persia married Kubla Khan's niece, something like that, they escape out of the wedding party and they make their way back to Venice in around 1295 and they're coming back with all of these new customs and these new silks, these new foods, noodles. They didn't have noodles. They didn't have gunpowder. The Chinese already invented gunpowder. They used it for rockets."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They didn't have noodles. They didn't have gunpowder. The Chinese already invented gunpowder. They used it for rockets. They used it for fireworks. Of course, the Europeans are going to turn it into something a little more dangerous. They come back with paper and paper money."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They used it for rockets. They used it for fireworks. Of course, the Europeans are going to turn it into something a little more dangerous. They come back with paper and paper money. Europeans are still like lugging around gold and stuff like that. They come back with compasses, which is going to be huge in terms of map making. And, of course, they come back to a big perin."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They come back with paper and paper money. Europeans are still like lugging around gold and stuff like that. They come back with compasses, which is going to be huge in terms of map making. And, of course, they come back to a big perin. No, of course not. They come back to what you always come back to Europe in the 13th century, which is war. Marco Polo is captured and in prison he starts telling his tales, which gets put into the Book of Marvels, The Travels of Marco Polo."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And, of course, they come back to a big perin. No, of course not. They come back to what you always come back to Europe in the 13th century, which is war. Marco Polo is captured and in prison he starts telling his tales, which gets put into the Book of Marvels, The Travels of Marco Polo. And this is the book that represents the knowledge piece that's going to influence all of those changes. It's not immediate, but when people start learning about these tales, and some of them might have been exaggerated a little bit, but they start learning about the customs and the new inventions and everything that we talked about before, that's going to create a yearning for more people to want to do it. And of course, we didn't mention that he traveled along the Silk Road, so that Silk Road is going to represent kind of that connection, that bridge between the Western civilization and the Eastern civilization."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Marco Polo is captured and in prison he starts telling his tales, which gets put into the Book of Marvels, The Travels of Marco Polo. And this is the book that represents the knowledge piece that's going to influence all of those changes. It's not immediate, but when people start learning about these tales, and some of them might have been exaggerated a little bit, but they start learning about the customs and the new inventions and everything that we talked about before, that's going to create a yearning for more people to want to do it. And of course, we didn't mention that he traveled along the Silk Road, so that Silk Road is going to represent kind of that connection, that bridge between the Western civilization and the Eastern civilization. And if the Mongols stayed in power, it might have been different. They were open to accepting some Western traditions, including Christianity, but the Chinese are going to conquer the Mongols, they're going to be a much more closed society, so really the exchange in the beginning is going to be towards the West. So we are now going to have access to these new foods and these new clothings and these new inventions, and that's the big one."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course, we didn't mention that he traveled along the Silk Road, so that Silk Road is going to represent kind of that connection, that bridge between the Western civilization and the Eastern civilization. And if the Mongols stayed in power, it might have been different. They were open to accepting some Western traditions, including Christianity, but the Chinese are going to conquer the Mongols, they're going to be a much more closed society, so really the exchange in the beginning is going to be towards the West. So we are now going to have access to these new foods and these new clothings and these new inventions, and that's the big one. The paper is going to lead to the printing press and the dissemination of information. We talked about compasses, map making and exploration. Christopher Columbus is going to have a big poster of Marco Polo up in his bedroom, and that's going to motivate him to go want to find faster routes to the East."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So we are now going to have access to these new foods and these new clothings and these new inventions, and that's the big one. The paper is going to lead to the printing press and the dissemination of information. We talked about compasses, map making and exploration. Christopher Columbus is going to have a big poster of Marco Polo up in his bedroom, and that's going to motivate him to go want to find faster routes to the East. Of course, he's going to go the wrong way and bump into the Bahamas, but the big idea here is that Europe really thought they were the only ones in town, and this has shown them that there's another town, and that's going to motivate them to want to change and to adopt some of these customs. It's going to lead, in a sense, to the Renaissance. It's the end of the Middle Ages."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Christopher Columbus is going to have a big poster of Marco Polo up in his bedroom, and that's going to motivate him to go want to find faster routes to the East. Of course, he's going to go the wrong way and bump into the Bahamas, but the big idea here is that Europe really thought they were the only ones in town, and this has shown them that there's another town, and that's going to motivate them to want to change and to adopt some of these customs. It's going to lead, in a sense, to the Renaissance. It's the end of the Middle Ages. Marco Polo represents change. So we hope that you got the big idea. There's a million other things that you can learn."}, {"video_title": "Marco Polo Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the end of the Middle Ages. Marco Polo represents change. So we hope that you got the big idea. There's a million other things that you can learn. Maybe you should go read a book or something like that. And always remember, though, guys, at the end of a lecture, I always say, where attention goes, energy flows. We'll see you guys next time you press my buttons."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "By the way, Stan brought cupcakes. That's good. I wish I could draw some parallel between this and China, but I got nothing. They're just delicious. I'll sure miss you, piece of felt Danica cut out in the shape of China using blue because we felt like red would be cliche. Mr. Green! Mr. Green!"}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "They're just delicious. I'll sure miss you, piece of felt Danica cut out in the shape of China using blue because we felt like red would be cliche. Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Mr. Green! You don't get to talk until you shave the mustache, me from the past! So the 20th century was pretty big for China because it saw not one, but two revolutions."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green! Mr. Green! You don't get to talk until you shave the mustache, me from the past! So the 20th century was pretty big for China because it saw not one, but two revolutions. China's 1911 revolution might be a bigger deal from a world historical perspective than the more famous Communist Revolution of 1949, but you wouldn't know it because one, China's communism became a really big deal during the Cold War, and two, Mao Zedong, the father of Communist China, was really good at self-promotion. Like you know his famous Book of Sayings? Pretty much everyone in China just had to own it."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "So the 20th century was pretty big for China because it saw not one, but two revolutions. China's 1911 revolution might be a bigger deal from a world historical perspective than the more famous Communist Revolution of 1949, but you wouldn't know it because one, China's communism became a really big deal during the Cold War, and two, Mao Zedong, the father of Communist China, was really good at self-promotion. Like you know his famous Book of Sayings? Pretty much everyone in China just had to own it. And I mean had to. So as you no doubt recall from past episodes of Crash Course, China lost the Opium Wars in the 19th century, resulting in European domination, spheres of influence, etc., all of which was deeply embarrassing to the Qing Dynasty and led to calls for reform. One strand of reform that called for China to adopt European military technology and education systems was called self-strengthening, and it probably would have been a great idea considering how well that worked for Japan."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Pretty much everyone in China just had to own it. And I mean had to. So as you no doubt recall from past episodes of Crash Course, China lost the Opium Wars in the 19th century, resulting in European domination, spheres of influence, etc., all of which was deeply embarrassing to the Qing Dynasty and led to calls for reform. One strand of reform that called for China to adopt European military technology and education systems was called self-strengthening, and it probably would have been a great idea considering how well that worked for Japan. But it never happened in China. Well, at least not until recently. Instead, China experienced the disastrous anti-Western Boxer Rebellion of 1900, which helped spur some young liberals, including one named Sun Yat-sen, to plot the overthrow of the dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "One strand of reform that called for China to adopt European military technology and education systems was called self-strengthening, and it probably would have been a great idea considering how well that worked for Japan. But it never happened in China. Well, at least not until recently. Instead, China experienced the disastrous anti-Western Boxer Rebellion of 1900, which helped spur some young liberals, including one named Sun Yat-sen, to plot the overthrow of the dynasty. Oh, it's already time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Sun Yat-sen. Oh, but first let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, more champagne poppers."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Instead, China experienced the disastrous anti-Western Boxer Rebellion of 1900, which helped spur some young liberals, including one named Sun Yat-sen, to plot the overthrow of the dynasty. Oh, it's already time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Sun Yat-sen. Oh, but first let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, more champagne poppers. Stan, at this point aren't we sort of belaboring the fact that China invented fireworks? Wow! That is innovation at work right there."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, more champagne poppers. Stan, at this point aren't we sort of belaboring the fact that China invented fireworks? Wow! That is innovation at work right there. We used to not be able to fire off one of these, now we can fire off six at a time if you count the two secret ones from behind me. Dear Sun Yat-sen, you were amazing. I mean, the Republic of China calls you the father of the nation, the People's Republic of China calls you the forerunner of the democratic revolution."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "That is innovation at work right there. We used to not be able to fire off one of these, now we can fire off six at a time if you count the two secret ones from behind me. Dear Sun Yat-sen, you were amazing. I mean, the Republic of China calls you the father of the nation, the People's Republic of China calls you the forerunner of the democratic revolution. You're the only thing they can agree on. You lived in China, Japan, the United States, you converted to Christianity, you were a doctor, you were the godfather of an important science fiction writer. But the infuriating thing is that you never actually got much of a chance to rule China, and you would have been great at it."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, the Republic of China calls you the father of the nation, the People's Republic of China calls you the forerunner of the democratic revolution. You're the only thing they can agree on. You lived in China, Japan, the United States, you converted to Christianity, you were a doctor, you were the godfather of an important science fiction writer. But the infuriating thing is that you never actually got much of a chance to rule China, and you would have been great at it. I mean, your three principles of the people, nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood are three really great principles. I mean, the problem, aside from you not living long enough, is that you just didn't have a face for Warhol portraits. It's too bad."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "But the infuriating thing is that you never actually got much of a chance to rule China, and you would have been great at it. I mean, your three principles of the people, nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood are three really great principles. I mean, the problem, aside from you not living long enough, is that you just didn't have a face for Warhol portraits. It's too bad. Best wishes, John Green. So the 1911 revolution that led to the end of the Qing dynasty started when a bomb accidentally exploded, at which point the revolutionaries were like, we're probably going to be outed, so we should just start the uprising now. The uprising probably would have been quelled, like many had before, except this time the army joined the rebellion because they wanted to become more modern."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "It's too bad. Best wishes, John Green. So the 1911 revolution that led to the end of the Qing dynasty started when a bomb accidentally exploded, at which point the revolutionaries were like, we're probably going to be outed, so we should just start the uprising now. The uprising probably would have been quelled, like many had before, except this time the army joined the rebellion because they wanted to become more modern. The Qing emperor abdicated and the rebels chose a general, Yuan Shikai, as leader, while Sun Yat-sen was declared president of a provisional republic on January 1st, 1912. A new government was created, with a senate and a lower house, and it was supposed to write a new constitution. And after the first election, Sun Yat-sen's party, the Guomindang, were the largest, but they weren't the majority."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "The uprising probably would have been quelled, like many had before, except this time the army joined the rebellion because they wanted to become more modern. The Qing emperor abdicated and the rebels chose a general, Yuan Shikai, as leader, while Sun Yat-sen was declared president of a provisional republic on January 1st, 1912. A new government was created, with a senate and a lower house, and it was supposed to write a new constitution. And after the first election, Sun Yat-sen's party, the Guomindang, were the largest, but they weren't the majority. So Sun Yat-sen deferred to Yuan, which turned out to be a huge mistake, because he then outlawed the Guomindang party and ruled as dictator. But then when Yuan Shikai died in 1916, China's first non-dynastic government in over 3,000 years completely fell apart. Localism reasserted itself, with large-scale landlords, with small-scale armies ruling all the parts of China that weren't controlled by foreigners."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "And after the first election, Sun Yat-sen's party, the Guomindang, were the largest, but they weren't the majority. So Sun Yat-sen deferred to Yuan, which turned out to be a huge mistake, because he then outlawed the Guomindang party and ruled as dictator. But then when Yuan Shikai died in 1916, China's first non-dynastic government in over 3,000 years completely fell apart. Localism reasserted itself, with large-scale landlords, with small-scale armies ruling all the parts of China that weren't controlled by foreigners. You might remember this phenomenon from earlier in Chinese history, first during the Warring States period, and then again for 300 years between the end of the Han and the rise of the Shui. So the period in Chinese history between 1912 and 1949 is sometimes called the Chinese Republic, although that gives the government a bit too much credit. The leading group trying to reform China into a nation-state was the Guomindang, but after 1920, the Chinese Communist Party was also in the mix."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Localism reasserted itself, with large-scale landlords, with small-scale armies ruling all the parts of China that weren't controlled by foreigners. You might remember this phenomenon from earlier in Chinese history, first during the Warring States period, and then again for 300 years between the end of the Han and the rise of the Shui. So the period in Chinese history between 1912 and 1949 is sometimes called the Chinese Republic, although that gives the government a bit too much credit. The leading group trying to reform China into a nation-state was the Guomindang, but after 1920, the Chinese Communist Party was also in the mix. And for the Guomindang to regain power from those big landlords and reunify China, they needed some help from the CCP. Now, if an alliance between communists and nationalists seems like a match made in hell, well, yes, it was. That said, the two did manage to patch things up for a while in the early 1920s, you know, for the sake of the kids."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "The leading group trying to reform China into a nation-state was the Guomindang, but after 1920, the Chinese Communist Party was also in the mix. And for the Guomindang to regain power from those big landlords and reunify China, they needed some help from the CCP. Now, if an alliance between communists and nationalists seems like a match made in hell, well, yes, it was. That said, the two did manage to patch things up for a while in the early 1920s, you know, for the sake of the kids. But then Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, and the alliance fell apart in 1927 when Guomindang leader Chiang Kai-shek got mad at the communists for trying to foment socialist revolution, to which the communists were like, but that's what we do, man, we're communists. Anyway, this turned out to be a bad breakup for a bunch of reasons, but mainly because it started a civil war between the communists and the nationalists. We're not going to get into exhausting detail about the civil war, but spoiler alert, the communists won."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "That said, the two did manage to patch things up for a while in the early 1920s, you know, for the sake of the kids. But then Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, and the alliance fell apart in 1927 when Guomindang leader Chiang Kai-shek got mad at the communists for trying to foment socialist revolution, to which the communists were like, but that's what we do, man, we're communists. Anyway, this turned out to be a bad breakup for a bunch of reasons, but mainly because it started a civil war between the communists and the nationalists. We're not going to get into exhausting detail about the civil war, but spoiler alert, the communists won. There are a few things to point out. First, even though Mao emerged victorious, he and the communists were almost wiped out in 1934, except that they made a miraculous and harrowing escape, trekking from southern China to the mountains in the north in what has become famously known as the Long March, a great example of historians missing an opportunity since it could easily have been called the Long Ass March as it featured donkeys. And second, for much of the time that Guomindang was trying to crush the CCP, significant portions of China were being occupied and or invaded by Japan."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "We're not going to get into exhausting detail about the civil war, but spoiler alert, the communists won. There are a few things to point out. First, even though Mao emerged victorious, he and the communists were almost wiped out in 1934, except that they made a miraculous and harrowing escape, trekking from southern China to the mountains in the north in what has become famously known as the Long March, a great example of historians missing an opportunity since it could easily have been called the Long Ass March as it featured donkeys. And second, for much of the time that Guomindang was trying to crush the CCP, significant portions of China were being occupied and or invaded by Japan. Thirdly, the communists were just better at fighting the Japanese than the nationalists were, in spite of the fact that Chiang Kai-shek had extensive support from the US. And each time the nationalists failed against the Japanese, their prestige among their fellow Chinese diminished. And it wasn't helped by nationalist corruption or the collection of onerous taxes from peasants or stories about nationalist troops putting on civilian clothing and abandoning the city of Nanking during its awful destruction by the Japanese army in 1937."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "And second, for much of the time that Guomindang was trying to crush the CCP, significant portions of China were being occupied and or invaded by Japan. Thirdly, the communists were just better at fighting the Japanese than the nationalists were, in spite of the fact that Chiang Kai-shek had extensive support from the US. And each time the nationalists failed against the Japanese, their prestige among their fellow Chinese diminished. And it wasn't helped by nationalist corruption or the collection of onerous taxes from peasants or stories about nationalist troops putting on civilian clothing and abandoning the city of Nanking during its awful destruction by the Japanese army in 1937. Meanwhile, the communists were winning over the peasants in their northwestern enclave by making sure that troops didn't pillage local land and giving peasants a greater say in local government. Now, that isn't to say that everything was rosy under Mao's communist leadership, even at its earliest stages. By the way, that is an actual chalk illustration."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "And it wasn't helped by nationalist corruption or the collection of onerous taxes from peasants or stories about nationalist troops putting on civilian clothing and abandoning the city of Nanking during its awful destruction by the Japanese army in 1937. Meanwhile, the communists were winning over the peasants in their northwestern enclave by making sure that troops didn't pillage local land and giving peasants a greater say in local government. Now, that isn't to say that everything was rosy under Mao's communist leadership, even at its earliest stages. By the way, that is an actual chalk illustration. Very impressed. In a preview of things to come in 1942, Mao initiated a rectification program, which basically meant students and intellectuals were sent down into the countryside to give them a taste of what real China was like in an effort to re-educate them. We try to be politically neutral here on Crash Course, but we are always opposed to intellectuals doing hard labor."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "By the way, that is an actual chalk illustration. Very impressed. In a preview of things to come in 1942, Mao initiated a rectification program, which basically meant students and intellectuals were sent down into the countryside to give them a taste of what real China was like in an effort to re-educate them. We try to be politically neutral here on Crash Course, but we are always opposed to intellectuals doing hard labor. But anyway, within four years of the end of World War II, the communists routed Chiang Kai-shek's army and sent them off to Taiwan. And these military victories paved the way for Mao to declare the People's Republic of China on October 1st, 1949. So once in power, Mao and the PRC were faced with the task of creating a new socialist state."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "We try to be politically neutral here on Crash Course, but we are always opposed to intellectuals doing hard labor. But anyway, within four years of the end of World War II, the communists routed Chiang Kai-shek's army and sent them off to Taiwan. And these military victories paved the way for Mao to declare the People's Republic of China on October 1st, 1949. So once in power, Mao and the PRC were faced with the task of creating a new socialist state. He promised early on that the working class in China would be the leaders of a people's democratic dictatorship. Oh, democratic dictatorships, you're the best. It's all the best parts of democracy and all the best parts of dictatorship."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "So once in power, Mao and the PRC were faced with the task of creating a new socialist state. He promised early on that the working class in China would be the leaders of a people's democratic dictatorship. Oh, democratic dictatorships, you're the best. It's all the best parts of democracy and all the best parts of dictatorship. You get to vote, but there's only one choice. It takes all the pesky thinking out of it. The PRC promised equal rights for women, rent reduction, land redistribution, new heavy industry, and lots of freedoms."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "It's all the best parts of democracy and all the best parts of dictatorship. You get to vote, but there's only one choice. It takes all the pesky thinking out of it. The PRC promised equal rights for women, rent reduction, land redistribution, new heavy industry, and lots of freedoms. Including freedoms of thought, speech, publication, assembly, association, correspondence, person, domicile, moving from one place to another, religious belief, and the freedom to hold processions or demonstrations. Yeah, no. Even putting aside the PRC's failure to protect any of these rights, Mao's China wasn't much fun if you were a landlord, or even if you were a peasant who'd done well."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "The PRC promised equal rights for women, rent reduction, land redistribution, new heavy industry, and lots of freedoms. Including freedoms of thought, speech, publication, assembly, association, correspondence, person, domicile, moving from one place to another, religious belief, and the freedom to hold processions or demonstrations. Yeah, no. Even putting aside the PRC's failure to protect any of these rights, Mao's China wasn't much fun if you were a landlord, or even if you were a peasant who'd done well. Land redistribution and reform meant destroying the power of landlords, often violently. But centralizing power and checking individual ambition proved difficult for the government, and it was made harder by China's involvement in the Korean War, which helped spur the first mass campaign of Mao's democratic dictatorship. Designed to encourage support for the war, the campaign was called the Resist America and Aid Korea campaign, and it resulted in almost all foreigners leaving China."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Even putting aside the PRC's failure to protect any of these rights, Mao's China wasn't much fun if you were a landlord, or even if you were a peasant who'd done well. Land redistribution and reform meant destroying the power of landlords, often violently. But centralizing power and checking individual ambition proved difficult for the government, and it was made harder by China's involvement in the Korean War, which helped spur the first mass campaign of Mao's democratic dictatorship. Designed to encourage support for the war, the campaign was called the Resist America and Aid Korea campaign, and it resulted in almost all foreigners leaving China. A second campaign, against counter-revolutionaries, was much worse. People suspected of sympathizing with the Kuomintang or anyone insufficiently communist was subject to humiliation and violence. Between October 1950 and August 1951, 28,332 people accused of being spies or counter-revolutionaries were executed, in Guangdong city alone."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Designed to encourage support for the war, the campaign was called the Resist America and Aid Korea campaign, and it resulted in almost all foreigners leaving China. A second campaign, against counter-revolutionaries, was much worse. People suspected of sympathizing with the Kuomintang or anyone insufficiently communist was subject to humiliation and violence. Between October 1950 and August 1951, 28,332 people accused of being spies or counter-revolutionaries were executed, in Guangdong city alone. A third mass campaign, the Three Anti-Campaign, was aimed at reforming the Communist Party itself. And the final mass campaign, the Five Anti-Campaign, was an assault on all bourgeois capitalism, which effectively killed private industry in China. Very few of the victims of this last campaign actually died, but capitalism was weakened and state control bolstered."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Between October 1950 and August 1951, 28,332 people accused of being spies or counter-revolutionaries were executed, in Guangdong city alone. A third mass campaign, the Three Anti-Campaign, was aimed at reforming the Communist Party itself. And the final mass campaign, the Five Anti-Campaign, was an assault on all bourgeois capitalism, which effectively killed private industry in China. Very few of the victims of this last campaign actually died, but capitalism was weakened and state control bolstered. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Mao and the CCP set out to turn China into an industrial powerhouse by following the Soviet model. We haven't really talked about this, but under the Soviet system, Russia was able to accomplish massive industrialization, not to mention tens of millions of deaths from starvation, through centralized planning and collectivization of agriculture, following what were known as Five Year Plans."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Very few of the victims of this last campaign actually died, but capitalism was weakened and state control bolstered. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Mao and the CCP set out to turn China into an industrial powerhouse by following the Soviet model. We haven't really talked about this, but under the Soviet system, Russia was able to accomplish massive industrialization, not to mention tens of millions of deaths from starvation, through centralized planning and collectivization of agriculture, following what were known as Five Year Plans. The Chinese adopted the model of the Five Year Plans beginning in 1953, and the first one worked, at least as far as industrialization was concerned. In fact, the plan worked even better than expected, with industry increasing 121% more than projected. In order for this to work, though, the peasants had to grow lots of grain and sell it at extremely low prices."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "We haven't really talked about this, but under the Soviet system, Russia was able to accomplish massive industrialization, not to mention tens of millions of deaths from starvation, through centralized planning and collectivization of agriculture, following what were known as Five Year Plans. The Chinese adopted the model of the Five Year Plans beginning in 1953, and the first one worked, at least as far as industrialization was concerned. In fact, the plan worked even better than expected, with industry increasing 121% more than projected. In order for this to work, though, the peasants had to grow lots of grain and sell it at extremely low prices. This kept inflation in check, and saving was encouraged by the fact that the Five Year Plan didn't have many consumer goods, so there was nothing to buy. For urban workers, living standards improved, and China's population grew to 646 million. So far, Mao's plan seemed to be working."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "In order for this to work, though, the peasants had to grow lots of grain and sell it at extremely low prices. This kept inflation in check, and saving was encouraged by the fact that the Five Year Plan didn't have many consumer goods, so there was nothing to buy. For urban workers, living standards improved, and China's population grew to 646 million. So far, Mao's plan seemed to be working. But there was no way that China could keep up that growth, especially without some backsliding into capitalism. So, Mao came up with a terrible idea called the Great Leap Forward. Mao essentially decided that the nation could be psyched up into more industrial productivity."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "So far, Mao's plan seemed to be working. But there was no way that China could keep up that growth, especially without some backsliding into capitalism. So, Mao came up with a terrible idea called the Great Leap Forward. Mao essentially decided that the nation could be psyched up into more industrial productivity. Among many other bad ideas, he famously ordered that individuals build small steel furnaces in their backyard to increase steel production. This was not a good idea. First off, it didn't actually increase steel production much."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Mao essentially decided that the nation could be psyched up into more industrial productivity. Among many other bad ideas, he famously ordered that individuals build small steel furnaces in their backyard to increase steel production. This was not a good idea. First off, it didn't actually increase steel production much. Secondly, it turns out that people making steel in their backyard who know nothing about making steel make bad steel. But the worst idea was to pay for heavy machinery from the USSR with exported grain. This meant that there was less for peasants to eat, and as a result, between 1959 and 1962, 20 million people died, probably half of whom were under the age of 10."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "First off, it didn't actually increase steel production much. Secondly, it turns out that people making steel in their backyard who know nothing about making steel make bad steel. But the worst idea was to pay for heavy machinery from the USSR with exported grain. This meant that there was less for peasants to eat, and as a result, between 1959 and 1962, 20 million people died, probably half of whom were under the age of 10. Geez, Thought Bubble, that was sad. And then in happier news came the Cultural Revolution. Just kidding, it sucked."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "This meant that there was less for peasants to eat, and as a result, between 1959 and 1962, 20 million people died, probably half of whom were under the age of 10. Geez, Thought Bubble, that was sad. And then in happier news came the Cultural Revolution. Just kidding, it sucked. By the middle of the 60s, Mao was afraid that China's revolution was running out of steam, and he didn't want China to end up just a bureaucratized police state like, you know, most of the Soviet bloc. And the Cultural Revolution was an attempt to capture the glory days of the revolution and fire up the masses. And what better way to do that than to empower the kids?"}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Just kidding, it sucked. By the middle of the 60s, Mao was afraid that China's revolution was running out of steam, and he didn't want China to end up just a bureaucratized police state like, you know, most of the Soviet bloc. And the Cultural Revolution was an attempt to capture the glory days of the revolution and fire up the masses. And what better way to do that than to empower the kids? Frustrated students who were unable to find decent, fulfilling jobs jumped at the chance to denounce their teachers, employers, and sometimes even their parents, and to tear down tradition, which often meant demolishing buildings and art. The ranks of these Red Guards swelled, and anyone representing the so-called Four Olds \u2013 old culture, old habits, old ideas, and old customs \u2013 was subject to humiliation and violence. Intellectuals were again sent to the countryside, as they were in 1942."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "And what better way to do that than to empower the kids? Frustrated students who were unable to find decent, fulfilling jobs jumped at the chance to denounce their teachers, employers, and sometimes even their parents, and to tear down tradition, which often meant demolishing buildings and art. The ranks of these Red Guards swelled, and anyone representing the so-called Four Olds \u2013 old culture, old habits, old ideas, and old customs \u2013 was subject to humiliation and violence. Intellectuals were again sent to the countryside, as they were in 1942. Millions were persecuted, and countless historical and religious artifacts were destroyed. But the real aim of the Cultural Revolution was to consolidate Mao's revolution. And while his image still looms large, it's hard to say that China these days is a socialist state."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Intellectuals were again sent to the countryside, as they were in 1942. Millions were persecuted, and countless historical and religious artifacts were destroyed. But the real aim of the Cultural Revolution was to consolidate Mao's revolution. And while his image still looms large, it's hard to say that China these days is a socialist state. Many would argue that Mao's revolution was extremely short-lived, and that the real change in China happened in 1911. That's when the Chinese Republic ended 3,000 years of dynastic history and forever broke the cyclical pattern the Chinese had used to understand their past. I mean, at least in some senses, those nationalist revolutionaries literally put an end to history."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "And while his image still looms large, it's hard to say that China these days is a socialist state. Many would argue that Mao's revolution was extremely short-lived, and that the real change in China happened in 1911. That's when the Chinese Republic ended 3,000 years of dynastic history and forever broke the cyclical pattern the Chinese had used to understand their past. I mean, at least in some senses, those nationalist revolutionaries literally put an end to history. That sense of living in a truly new world has made many great and terrible things possible for China. But the legacy of China's two revolutions is mixed at best. China, for instance, made most of the camera we're using to film this video."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, at least in some senses, those nationalist revolutionaries literally put an end to history. That sense of living in a truly new world has made many great and terrible things possible for China. But the legacy of China's two revolutions is mixed at best. China, for instance, made most of the camera we're using to film this video. And China made most of the computers we use to edit it. But no one in the People's Republic of China will legally be able to watch this video, because the government blocks YouTube. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "China, for instance, made most of the camera we're using to film this video. And China made most of the computers we use to edit it. But no one in the People's Republic of China will legally be able to watch this video, because the government blocks YouTube. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was disco golf ball."}, {"video_title": "Communists, Nationalists, and China's Revolutions Crash Course World History #37.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was disco golf ball. If you want to guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. If you like Crash Course, make sure you've subscribed. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Classical Japan during the Heian Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Then as we get into the medieval period, Japan gets fragmented. It comes under military rule. And then as we get into the early modern period, it gets reunited. So as I mentioned, China had a huge influence on Japan. Even though China never conquers Japan, because of how close they are, many things like the idea of a centralized bureaucracy, the Japanese borrow many of these ideas from China during the classical period. In fact, the Japanese rulers sent delegations to China in the seventh century in order to understand all of what the Chinese do in order to run their government, to run their country. And they start to borrow a lot of the ideas of Buddhism and Confucianism and merge it with some of their own beliefs, which are often known as Shinto, which you can view as the original Japanese belief system."}, {"video_title": "Classical Japan during the Heian Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So as I mentioned, China had a huge influence on Japan. Even though China never conquers Japan, because of how close they are, many things like the idea of a centralized bureaucracy, the Japanese borrow many of these ideas from China during the classical period. In fact, the Japanese rulers sent delegations to China in the seventh century in order to understand all of what the Chinese do in order to run their government, to run their country. And they start to borrow a lot of the ideas of Buddhism and Confucianism and merge it with some of their own beliefs, which are often known as Shinto, which you can view as the original Japanese belief system. So the first part of the classical period that we're gonna go into some depth is the Heian period. It's capital at Heian-kyo, modern-day Kyoto. And as I mentioned, it was known for taking a lot of these ideas from China and particularly the Tang dynasty in China and bringing them to Japan."}, {"video_title": "Classical Japan during the Heian Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they start to borrow a lot of the ideas of Buddhism and Confucianism and merge it with some of their own beliefs, which are often known as Shinto, which you can view as the original Japanese belief system. So the first part of the classical period that we're gonna go into some depth is the Heian period. It's capital at Heian-kyo, modern-day Kyoto. And as I mentioned, it was known for taking a lot of these ideas from China and particularly the Tang dynasty in China and bringing them to Japan. The Heian period was known as a golden age of Japan. It was a time of culture. It was a time of architecture."}, {"video_title": "Classical Japan during the Heian Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as I mentioned, it was known for taking a lot of these ideas from China and particularly the Tang dynasty in China and bringing them to Japan. The Heian period was known as a golden age of Japan. It was a time of culture. It was a time of architecture. People in the imperial court would focus on the arts. They would focus on philosophy. As an example, this right over here is the By\u014ddoin Temple in Kyoto, which shows the level, and this is actually only part of it, and it shows the level of cultural advancement of this time."}, {"video_title": "Classical Japan during the Heian Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was a time of architecture. People in the imperial court would focus on the arts. They would focus on philosophy. As an example, this right over here is the By\u014ddoin Temple in Kyoto, which shows the level, and this is actually only part of it, and it shows the level of cultural advancement of this time. As I mentioned, the arts were a big deal, and women in the imperial court of Heian China had a lot of influence. In fact, the most influential family, the Fujiwara family, maintained its influence by having the emperors marry women from their family, and those women would end up having a lot of control over the emperor and, of course, the next emperor. But to get a sense of the arts of this period, here's an excerpt from The Tale of Genji, which was written by Lady Murasaki, who was believed to be a member of the Fujiwara family."}, {"video_title": "Classical Japan during the Heian Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As an example, this right over here is the By\u014ddoin Temple in Kyoto, which shows the level, and this is actually only part of it, and it shows the level of cultural advancement of this time. As I mentioned, the arts were a big deal, and women in the imperial court of Heian China had a lot of influence. In fact, the most influential family, the Fujiwara family, maintained its influence by having the emperors marry women from their family, and those women would end up having a lot of control over the emperor and, of course, the next emperor. But to get a sense of the arts of this period, here's an excerpt from The Tale of Genji, which was written by Lady Murasaki, who was believed to be a member of the Fujiwara family. And Lady Murasaki gets a lot of credit. Before Chaucer, before Shakespeare, she is, by many historians, viewed as the first true novelist that we know of in human history, not just Japanese history. But I encourage you to read it."}, {"video_title": "Classical Japan during the Heian Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But to get a sense of the arts of this period, here's an excerpt from The Tale of Genji, which was written by Lady Murasaki, who was believed to be a member of the Fujiwara family. And Lady Murasaki gets a lot of credit. Before Chaucer, before Shakespeare, she is, by many historians, viewed as the first true novelist that we know of in human history, not just Japanese history. But I encourage you to read it. It's actually quite riveting, The Tale of Genji. And this is just a small quote from that story or from that novel. It's about a very handsome prince, Genji."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi there, my name is John Green and this is Crash Course World History. Today we're going to talk about Egypt. No, not that Egypt. Older, older, older, less fictional. Yes, that one. Ancient Egypt is probably the most influential of the River Valley civilizations. Like, you may not recognize any Assyrian kings or Assyrian language, but you probably do know King Tut."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Older, older, older, less fictional. Yes, that one. Ancient Egypt is probably the most influential of the River Valley civilizations. Like, you may not recognize any Assyrian kings or Assyrian language, but you probably do know King Tut. And you may recognize that the eye of Horus is right now staring at me and judging me. I can feel, I can feel your judgment. INTRO When we think of ancient civilizations, we think of Egypt."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, you may not recognize any Assyrian kings or Assyrian language, but you probably do know King Tut. And you may recognize that the eye of Horus is right now staring at me and judging me. I can feel, I can feel your judgment. INTRO When we think of ancient civilizations, we think of Egypt. There are a few reasons for this, like the fact that the pyramids are the last man standing among the seven ancient wonders of the world. But more importantly, ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from 3000 BCE to 332 BCE. That's a period that historians call a long-ass time."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "INTRO When we think of ancient civilizations, we think of Egypt. There are a few reasons for this, like the fact that the pyramids are the last man standing among the seven ancient wonders of the world. But more importantly, ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from 3000 BCE to 332 BCE. That's a period that historians call a long-ass time. And I will remind you, it is not cursing if I'm talking about donkeys. So there are many approaches to the study of history. You can view history as a millennia-long conversation about philosophy or as clashes between great men."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "That's a period that historians call a long-ass time. And I will remind you, it is not cursing if I'm talking about donkeys. So there are many approaches to the study of history. You can view history as a millennia-long conversation about philosophy or as clashes between great men. Or you can see history through the lens of traditionally neglected populations, like women or indigenous peoples or slaves. And we're going to try to take many approaches to our study of history during Crash Course. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green, which approach is right?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "You can view history as a millennia-long conversation about philosophy or as clashes between great men. Or you can see history through the lens of traditionally neglected populations, like women or indigenous peoples or slaves. And we're going to try to take many approaches to our study of history during Crash Course. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green, which approach is right? I mean, for the test. Oh, me from the past. Remember how you spent all of third-year French writing notes back and forth to that girl and she eventually agreed to go out with you and you did make it to second base, but now you can hardly parle un mot de fran\u00e7ais?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green, which approach is right? I mean, for the test. Oh, me from the past. Remember how you spent all of third-year French writing notes back and forth to that girl and she eventually agreed to go out with you and you did make it to second base, but now you can hardly parle un mot de fran\u00e7ais? Historical lenses are like that, my friend. With every choice, something is gained and something is lost. Right, so in discussing agriculture and early river valley civilizations, we've been approaching history through the lens of resource distribution and geography."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember how you spent all of third-year French writing notes back and forth to that girl and she eventually agreed to go out with you and you did make it to second base, but now you can hardly parle un mot de fran\u00e7ais? Historical lenses are like that, my friend. With every choice, something is gained and something is lost. Right, so in discussing agriculture and early river valley civilizations, we've been approaching history through the lens of resource distribution and geography. And just as the violent and capricious Tigris and Euphrates rivers shaped the worldview of early Mesopotamians, the Nile shaped the worldview of the Egyptians. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Nile was regular, navigable, and benign, making for one of the safest and richest agricultural areas in the world."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, so in discussing agriculture and early river valley civilizations, we've been approaching history through the lens of resource distribution and geography. And just as the violent and capricious Tigris and Euphrates rivers shaped the worldview of early Mesopotamians, the Nile shaped the worldview of the Egyptians. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Nile was regular, navigable, and benign, making for one of the safest and richest agricultural areas in the world. Each summer, the river flooded the fields at precisely the right time, leaving behind nutrient-rich silt for planting season. Planting was so easy that Egyptians just tossed seeds around the silty earth and then let their cattle or pigs walk on it to press the seeds into the ground, and then boom, grain and figs and wheat and pomegranates and melons and joy. Unlike most river valley civilizations, Egyptian communities existed only along the Nile, which was navigable enough to get valuable resources downstream, from timber to gold, which the Egyptians considered the divine metal, thereby introducing an idea that would eventually culminate in Mr. T. The Nile was also easily tamed."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "The Nile was regular, navigable, and benign, making for one of the safest and richest agricultural areas in the world. Each summer, the river flooded the fields at precisely the right time, leaving behind nutrient-rich silt for planting season. Planting was so easy that Egyptians just tossed seeds around the silty earth and then let their cattle or pigs walk on it to press the seeds into the ground, and then boom, grain and figs and wheat and pomegranates and melons and joy. Unlike most river valley civilizations, Egyptian communities existed only along the Nile, which was navigable enough to get valuable resources downstream, from timber to gold, which the Egyptians considered the divine metal, thereby introducing an idea that would eventually culminate in Mr. T. The Nile was also easily tamed. While other river valley civilizations needed complicated and labor-intensive hydraulic engineering projects to irrigate crops, the Nile was so chill that Egyptians could use a simple form of water management called basin irrigation, in which farmers used floodwaters to fill earthen basins and canals for irrigation. In short, the awesomeness of the Nile meant Egyptians could create big food surpluses with relatively little work, allowing time and energy for some pretty impressive projects. Also, the Nile may help explain ancient Egypt's general optimism."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Unlike most river valley civilizations, Egyptian communities existed only along the Nile, which was navigable enough to get valuable resources downstream, from timber to gold, which the Egyptians considered the divine metal, thereby introducing an idea that would eventually culminate in Mr. T. The Nile was also easily tamed. While other river valley civilizations needed complicated and labor-intensive hydraulic engineering projects to irrigate crops, the Nile was so chill that Egyptians could use a simple form of water management called basin irrigation, in which farmers used floodwaters to fill earthen basins and canals for irrigation. In short, the awesomeness of the Nile meant Egyptians could create big food surpluses with relatively little work, allowing time and energy for some pretty impressive projects. Also, the Nile may help explain ancient Egypt's general optimism. While ancient Sumerian religion, for instance, saw the afterlife as this gloomy, dark place, Egyptians were often buried with things that were useful and pleasurable to them in life, because the afterlife was seen as a continuation of this life, which, at least if you lived along the Nile, wasn't half bad. Thanks, Thought Bubble. And now, my dear pupils, I shall terrorize you with the oppression of dates."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, the Nile may help explain ancient Egypt's general optimism. While ancient Sumerian religion, for instance, saw the afterlife as this gloomy, dark place, Egyptians were often buried with things that were useful and pleasurable to them in life, because the afterlife was seen as a continuation of this life, which, at least if you lived along the Nile, wasn't half bad. Thanks, Thought Bubble. And now, my dear pupils, I shall terrorize you with the oppression of dates. No, dates. Yes, thank you. Historians have divided Egyptian history into three broad categories, each with their own numbered dynasties, but only hardcore Egyptologists know the dynasties, and we're not trying to become hardcore Egyptologists."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "And now, my dear pupils, I shall terrorize you with the oppression of dates. No, dates. Yes, thank you. Historians have divided Egyptian history into three broad categories, each with their own numbered dynasties, but only hardcore Egyptologists know the dynasties, and we're not trying to become hardcore Egyptologists. The Old Kingdom lasted from 2649 to 2152, the Middle Kingdom from 2040 to 1640, and the New Kingdom, so-called because it is only 3,000 years old, lasted from 1550 to 1070 BCE. In between, you have a couple so-called intermediate periods. Okay, Old Kingdom."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Historians have divided Egyptian history into three broad categories, each with their own numbered dynasties, but only hardcore Egyptologists know the dynasties, and we're not trying to become hardcore Egyptologists. The Old Kingdom lasted from 2649 to 2152, the Middle Kingdom from 2040 to 1640, and the New Kingdom, so-called because it is only 3,000 years old, lasted from 1550 to 1070 BCE. In between, you have a couple so-called intermediate periods. Okay, Old Kingdom. This was really the glory age of ancient Egypt, when you got all the stuff that would later make Indiana Jones possible, like the pyramids at Giza, and the Sun King Ra, and the idea of divine kingship. The king, or pharaoh, was either a god or very close to a god, which seems like a good gig, except that it meant he wasn't expected to act like a person, he was expected to act like a god, which in ancient Egypt means acting like the Nile. Calm, cool, benevolent."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, Old Kingdom. This was really the glory age of ancient Egypt, when you got all the stuff that would later make Indiana Jones possible, like the pyramids at Giza, and the Sun King Ra, and the idea of divine kingship. The king, or pharaoh, was either a god or very close to a god, which seems like a good gig, except that it meant he wasn't expected to act like a person, he was expected to act like a god, which in ancient Egypt means acting like the Nile. Calm, cool, benevolent. There's no fun in that. And then, of course, there are the pyramids, which, aside from remaining impressive to behold, represent a remarkable degree of political and social control over the population, because it is not easy to convince people to devote their lives to building a sarcophagus for someone else. The most famous pyramids were built between 2575 and 2465 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Calm, cool, benevolent. There's no fun in that. And then, of course, there are the pyramids, which, aside from remaining impressive to behold, represent a remarkable degree of political and social control over the population, because it is not easy to convince people to devote their lives to building a sarcophagus for someone else. The most famous pyramids were built between 2575 and 2465 BCE. The one with the sphinx was built for Khefren, the largest, the Great Pyramid, was built for the pharaoh Khufu. The pyramids were built partly by peasants who were required by Egyptian law to work for the government a certain number of months per year, and partly by slaves, but not by Moses and the Jews, who showed up on the scene long before the pyramids were ever even a twinkle in Khufu's eye. This leads to an overwhelming question."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "The most famous pyramids were built between 2575 and 2465 BCE. The one with the sphinx was built for Khefren, the largest, the Great Pyramid, was built for the pharaoh Khufu. The pyramids were built partly by peasants who were required by Egyptian law to work for the government a certain number of months per year, and partly by slaves, but not by Moses and the Jews, who showed up on the scene long before the pyramids were ever even a twinkle in Khufu's eye. This leads to an overwhelming question. Why? Why in the sweet name of Ra would anyone ever build such a thing? Well, let's start with Ra."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "This leads to an overwhelming question. Why? Why in the sweet name of Ra would anyone ever build such a thing? Well, let's start with Ra. So Ra started out as a regional god reigning over Heliopolis, but he eventually became really central to the entire pantheon of gods in ancient Egypt. He was the god of the sun, but also the god of creation. And the thinking was that if humans did their jobs, then the pantheon of gods would maintain cosmic order."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, let's start with Ra. So Ra started out as a regional god reigning over Heliopolis, but he eventually became really central to the entire pantheon of gods in ancient Egypt. He was the god of the sun, but also the god of creation. And the thinking was that if humans did their jobs, then the pantheon of gods would maintain cosmic order. And since the pharaohs became gods upon their death, it made sense to please them, even unto pyramids. Egyptian popular religion also embraced the belief in amulets and magic and divination, and the belief that certain animals, especially cats, had divine power. And yes, I did bring that up just so I could wallcat."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "And the thinking was that if humans did their jobs, then the pantheon of gods would maintain cosmic order. And since the pharaohs became gods upon their death, it made sense to please them, even unto pyramids. Egyptian popular religion also embraced the belief in amulets and magic and divination, and the belief that certain animals, especially cats, had divine power. And yes, I did bring that up just so I could wallcat. Old Kingdom Egypt was also remarkably literate. They had two forms of writing, hieroglyphics for sacred writing, and then demotic script for recording contracts and agreements and other boring stuff. The last thing I want to say about Old Kingdom Egypt, it was ridiculously rich."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "And yes, I did bring that up just so I could wallcat. Old Kingdom Egypt was also remarkably literate. They had two forms of writing, hieroglyphics for sacred writing, and then demotic script for recording contracts and agreements and other boring stuff. The last thing I want to say about Old Kingdom Egypt, it was ridiculously rich. But then, around 2250 BC, there were a series of droughts and pharaohs started fighting over who should have power, and we had an intermediate period. Which was followed by the Middle Earth. You know what?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "The last thing I want to say about Old Kingdom Egypt, it was ridiculously rich. But then, around 2250 BC, there were a series of droughts and pharaohs started fighting over who should have power, and we had an intermediate period. Which was followed by the Middle Earth. You know what? The Middle Kingdom? Oh, really? That's a bummer, Stan."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "You know what? The Middle Kingdom? Oh, really? That's a bummer, Stan. I want it to be the Middle Earth. How awesome would that be? Like, right in the middle of Egyptian history, there were hobbits."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "That's a bummer, Stan. I want it to be the Middle Earth. How awesome would that be? Like, right in the middle of Egyptian history, there were hobbits. So, the Middle Kingdom, which apparently had no hobbits, restored pharaonic rule in 2040 BCE, but with some distinct changes. First, the new rulers were outsiders from downriver in Nubia. Second, they fostered a new pantheon of gods, the star of which was Amun, which means hidden."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, right in the middle of Egyptian history, there were hobbits. So, the Middle Kingdom, which apparently had no hobbits, restored pharaonic rule in 2040 BCE, but with some distinct changes. First, the new rulers were outsiders from downriver in Nubia. Second, they fostered a new pantheon of gods, the star of which was Amun, which means hidden. So, here's a little lesson from history. Hidden gods tend to do well because they're omnipresent. So, Amun eventually merged with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra, who was like the best god ever, and all the Middle Kingdom pharaohs made temples for him and devoted all of their surplus to his glory."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Second, they fostered a new pantheon of gods, the star of which was Amun, which means hidden. So, here's a little lesson from history. Hidden gods tend to do well because they're omnipresent. So, Amun eventually merged with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra, who was like the best god ever, and all the Middle Kingdom pharaohs made temples for him and devoted all of their surplus to his glory. The Middle Kingdom also developed an interest in conquering, specifically the new pharaoh's homeland of Nubia, and they developed a side interest in getting conquered, specifically by the Semitic peoples from the Levant. They were able to conquer much of Egypt using superior military technology, like bronze weapons and compound bows and chariots of fire. What?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "So, Amun eventually merged with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra, who was like the best god ever, and all the Middle Kingdom pharaohs made temples for him and devoted all of their surplus to his glory. The Middle Kingdom also developed an interest in conquering, specifically the new pharaoh's homeland of Nubia, and they developed a side interest in getting conquered, specifically by the Semitic peoples from the Levant. They were able to conquer much of Egypt using superior military technology, like bronze weapons and compound bows and chariots of fire. What? They're just regular chariots? Stan, why are you always killing my dreams? One group, the Hyksos, were able to conquer all of Egypt, but rather than, like, destroying Egyptian culture, they just relaxed like the Nile and dissimulated into the Egyptians."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "What? They're just regular chariots? Stan, why are you always killing my dreams? One group, the Hyksos, were able to conquer all of Egypt, but rather than, like, destroying Egyptian culture, they just relaxed like the Nile and dissimulated into the Egyptians. And the Egyptians adopted their military technology, and then the Egyptians destroyed the Hyksos and expelled them from Egypt. And then by 1550 BCE, there was again an Egyptian pharaoh, Ammosis, whose name only sounds like an STD. Anyway, after all this conquering and being conquered, Egypt eventually emerged from its geographically imposed isolationism and... Can we cue the New Kingdom graphic?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "One group, the Hyksos, were able to conquer all of Egypt, but rather than, like, destroying Egyptian culture, they just relaxed like the Nile and dissimulated into the Egyptians. And the Egyptians adopted their military technology, and then the Egyptians destroyed the Hyksos and expelled them from Egypt. And then by 1550 BCE, there was again an Egyptian pharaoh, Ammosis, whose name only sounds like an STD. Anyway, after all this conquering and being conquered, Egypt eventually emerged from its geographically imposed isolationism and... Can we cue the New Kingdom graphic? There it is. New Kingdom Egypt continued this military expansion, but it looked more like an empire, particularly when they headed south and took over land in an attempt to find gold and slaves. Probably the most expansive of the New Kingdom pharaohs was Hatshepsut, a woman who ruled Egypt for about 22 years and who expanded Egypt not through military might, but through trade."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Anyway, after all this conquering and being conquered, Egypt eventually emerged from its geographically imposed isolationism and... Can we cue the New Kingdom graphic? There it is. New Kingdom Egypt continued this military expansion, but it looked more like an empire, particularly when they headed south and took over land in an attempt to find gold and slaves. Probably the most expansive of the New Kingdom pharaohs was Hatshepsut, a woman who ruled Egypt for about 22 years and who expanded Egypt not through military might, but through trade. But most New Kingdom pharaohs, being dudes, focused on military expansion, which brought Egypt into conflicts with the Assyrians, who you'll remember from last week, and then the Persians, and then Alexander the Great, and finally the Romans. On the whole, Egypt probably would have been better off enjoying its geographical isolation and not trying to conquer new territory, but all of Egypt's friends had jumped off a bridge, so... One last thing about the New Kingdom, there was this crazy New Kingdom pharaoh named Akhenaten who tried to invent a new god for Egypt, Aten. Akhenaten was kind of the Kim Jong-il of ancient Egypt, like he had this feared police force and this big cult of personality and also he was a nutjob."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Probably the most expansive of the New Kingdom pharaohs was Hatshepsut, a woman who ruled Egypt for about 22 years and who expanded Egypt not through military might, but through trade. But most New Kingdom pharaohs, being dudes, focused on military expansion, which brought Egypt into conflicts with the Assyrians, who you'll remember from last week, and then the Persians, and then Alexander the Great, and finally the Romans. On the whole, Egypt probably would have been better off enjoying its geographical isolation and not trying to conquer new territory, but all of Egypt's friends had jumped off a bridge, so... One last thing about the New Kingdom, there was this crazy New Kingdom pharaoh named Akhenaten who tried to invent a new god for Egypt, Aten. Akhenaten was kind of the Kim Jong-il of ancient Egypt, like he had this feared police force and this big cult of personality and also he was a nutjob. Anyway, after his death he was replaced by his wife, and then a daughter, and then a son, Tutankhaten, who turned his back on the weird god Aten and changed his name to Tutankhamen. And that is about all King Tut did before he died, probably around the age of 17. Honestly, the only reason King Tut is famous is that most pharaohs had their graves robbed by ancient people, and King Tut had his grave robbed by 20th century British people."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Akhenaten was kind of the Kim Jong-il of ancient Egypt, like he had this feared police force and this big cult of personality and also he was a nutjob. Anyway, after his death he was replaced by his wife, and then a daughter, and then a son, Tutankhaten, who turned his back on the weird god Aten and changed his name to Tutankhamen. And that is about all King Tut did before he died, probably around the age of 17. Honestly, the only reason King Tut is famous is that most pharaohs had their graves robbed by ancient people, and King Tut had his grave robbed by 20th century British people. Which brings us to the open letter. An open letter to King Tut. But first we gotta find out what Stan left for me in the secret compartment."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Honestly, the only reason King Tut is famous is that most pharaohs had their graves robbed by ancient people, and King Tut had his grave robbed by 20th century British people. Which brings us to the open letter. An open letter to King Tut. But first we gotta find out what Stan left for me in the secret compartment. A pen. I don't... AHHHHH! The shock pen!"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "But first we gotta find out what Stan left for me in the secret compartment. A pen. I don't... AHHHHH! The shock pen! Stan! That's a terrible, terrible gift for the secret compartment. Dear King Tut, I know that as pharaohs' lives go, yours was pretty poor."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "The shock pen! Stan! That's a terrible, terrible gift for the secret compartment. Dear King Tut, I know that as pharaohs' lives go, yours was pretty poor. First, you had to marry your sister, which hopefully you weren't that psyched about. Plus you had a cleft palate and probably scoliosis. Plus you died before reaching adulthood."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Dear King Tut, I know that as pharaohs' lives go, yours was pretty poor. First, you had to marry your sister, which hopefully you weren't that psyched about. Plus you had a cleft palate and probably scoliosis. Plus you died before reaching adulthood. But dude, you have had the best afterlife ever. Since your body was discovered in 1922, you've become probably the most famous ancient person. There have been lots of books about you, scholars have devoted their lives to you."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Plus you died before reaching adulthood. But dude, you have had the best afterlife ever. Since your body was discovered in 1922, you've become probably the most famous ancient person. There have been lots of books about you, scholars have devoted their lives to you. Dude, we're so obsessed with you that we used this fancy new technology to scan your body and establish that you probably died of an infected broken leg and or malaria. Also, you've inspired such seminal works of art as the Discovery Kids series Tutenstein, which my son forces me to watch. Your relics have been to six continents?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "There have been lots of books about you, scholars have devoted their lives to you. Dude, we're so obsessed with you that we used this fancy new technology to scan your body and establish that you probably died of an infected broken leg and or malaria. Also, you've inspired such seminal works of art as the Discovery Kids series Tutenstein, which my son forces me to watch. Your relics have been to six continents? So it all works out in the end, man! Well, I mean, you're still dead, so that kind of sucks. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Your relics have been to six continents? So it all works out in the end, man! Well, I mean, you're still dead, so that kind of sucks. Best wishes, John Green. King Tut leads us nicely to the really crucial thing about Egyptian culture. Because King Tut lived right around the same time as the pyramids, right? Wrong."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. King Tut leads us nicely to the really crucial thing about Egyptian culture. Because King Tut lived right around the same time as the pyramids, right? Wrong. Remember, the pyramids were built around 2500 BCE, during the Old Kingdom. King Tut died in 1322 BCE, 1200 years later. That's five and a half Americas."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Wrong. Remember, the pyramids were built around 2500 BCE, during the Old Kingdom. King Tut died in 1322 BCE, 1200 years later. That's five and a half Americas. But because Egypt was so similar for so long, it all tends to blend together when we imagine it. Ancient Egypt lasted a thousand years longer than Christianity has been around, and 800 years longer than that other super long-lived civilization, China. So there was an entire culture that lasted longer than Western civilization has existed, and it had run its course before the West was even born."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "That's five and a half Americas. But because Egypt was so similar for so long, it all tends to blend together when we imagine it. Ancient Egypt lasted a thousand years longer than Christianity has been around, and 800 years longer than that other super long-lived civilization, China. So there was an entire culture that lasted longer than Western civilization has existed, and it had run its course before the West was even born. Next week we'll be looking at the Persians and the Greeks. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "So there was an entire culture that lasted longer than Western civilization has existed, and it had run its course before the West was even born. Next week we'll be looking at the Persians and the Greeks. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. The show is written by Raoul Meyer, my high school history teacher, and myself. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was male models."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Crash Course World History #4.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. The show is written by Raoul Meyer, my high school history teacher, and myself. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was male models. You can take your guess at this week's Phrase of the Week in comments, and also suggest future Phrases of the Week. And if you have any questions about today's video, leave them in comments, and our team of semi-professional quasi-historians will endeavor to answer them as best we can. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's over 20 million followers and you don't probably know very much about it. It's Sikhism. So let's see if we can't grow your brain as we do some of the giddy up for the learning. And we get started right about now. Alright guys, why don't we go to Punjab in the 15th century. I bet you weren't expecting to go there. But Punjab today is a state in northern India which is right along the eastern border of Pakistan."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And we get started right about now. Alright guys, why don't we go to Punjab in the 15th century. I bet you weren't expecting to go there. But Punjab today is a state in northern India which is right along the eastern border of Pakistan. But in 1469 a man by the name we're going to call Guru Nanak is born. And even as a young boy it is said he had the markings of a blessed person. At the age of five he's becoming inquisitive about the nature of life and God."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But Punjab today is a state in northern India which is right along the eastern border of Pakistan. But in 1469 a man by the name we're going to call Guru Nanak is born. And even as a young boy it is said he had the markings of a blessed person. At the age of five he's becoming inquisitive about the nature of life and God. At the age of seven in school he's telling his teacher that there's a connectiveness with the universe of the first letter of the alphabet. So this is a kid who I guess is thinking about big things. But Sikhism itself, and to be a Sikh means to be a student, to be someone who is learning, is going to begin in 1499 when Guru Nanak is 30 years old."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "At the age of five he's becoming inquisitive about the nature of life and God. At the age of seven in school he's telling his teacher that there's a connectiveness with the universe of the first letter of the alphabet. So this is a kid who I guess is thinking about big things. But Sikhism itself, and to be a Sikh means to be a student, to be someone who is learning, is going to begin in 1499 when Guru Nanak is 30 years old. And the story is that he goes for a ritual cleansing in the local river and he disappears for three days. And when he comes back he tells the story that he has gone to God's court, that he has drank from the nectar of the universe, and that God spoke to him and that God has a message. This is the cup of the adoration of God's name."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But Sikhism itself, and to be a Sikh means to be a student, to be someone who is learning, is going to begin in 1499 when Guru Nanak is 30 years old. And the story is that he goes for a ritual cleansing in the local river and he disappears for three days. And when he comes back he tells the story that he has gone to God's court, that he has drank from the nectar of the universe, and that God spoke to him and that God has a message. This is the cup of the adoration of God's name. Drink it, I am with you. I bless you and raise you up. Whoever remembers you will enjoy my favor."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "This is the cup of the adoration of God's name. Drink it, I am with you. I bless you and raise you up. Whoever remembers you will enjoy my favor. Go rejoice at my name and teach others to do so. I bestow the gift of my name upon you. Let this be your calling."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Whoever remembers you will enjoy my favor. Go rejoice at my name and teach others to do so. I bestow the gift of my name upon you. Let this be your calling. And the calling he takes up and that is going to be to begin the religion of Sikhism. And the first thing he really said when he came back from this three day journey was there is no Hindus, there is no Muslims, there is only God. And that really is going to be the central feature of Sikhism, that there is one God and that we are here not only to serve him but to serve each other."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Let this be your calling. And the calling he takes up and that is going to be to begin the religion of Sikhism. And the first thing he really said when he came back from this three day journey was there is no Hindus, there is no Muslims, there is only God. And that really is going to be the central feature of Sikhism, that there is one God and that we are here not only to serve him but to serve each other. And this is the beginning of Sikhism where he is going to go and start spreading the word and there is going to be a continuance of his teachings in ten gurus complete. And it is the life and the words of these ten gurus and also the words of some Hindu saints and Muslim saints that is going to make up what we are going to call the eleventh living guru. And the eleventh living guru is the Granth Sahib and this is the holy scripture according to Sikhs."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that really is going to be the central feature of Sikhism, that there is one God and that we are here not only to serve him but to serve each other. And this is the beginning of Sikhism where he is going to go and start spreading the word and there is going to be a continuance of his teachings in ten gurus complete. And it is the life and the words of these ten gurus and also the words of some Hindu saints and Muslim saints that is going to make up what we are going to call the eleventh living guru. And the eleventh living guru is the Granth Sahib and this is the holy scripture according to Sikhs. So now that we have the religion Guru Nanak has created and the eleventh living guru, let's take a look at some of their basic beliefs and some of the practices that they do in the religion of Sikhism. Suwa and Simran, these are the two tenets of Sikhism at the end of the day. One is a devotion to one God."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And the eleventh living guru is the Granth Sahib and this is the holy scripture according to Sikhs. So now that we have the religion Guru Nanak has created and the eleventh living guru, let's take a look at some of their basic beliefs and some of the practices that they do in the religion of Sikhism. Suwa and Simran, these are the two tenets of Sikhism at the end of the day. One is a devotion to one God. You are in service of that God, that you need to bow to that God, pray to that God, show homage to that one God. But then there is Suwa which is service to humans, to others and that is a huge part of Sikhism is that really at the end of the day the religion isn't about converting people, they don't even believe in conversion. The religion is about living their religious beliefs in justice, in humanity, in equality."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "One is a devotion to one God. You are in service of that God, that you need to bow to that God, pray to that God, show homage to that one God. But then there is Suwa which is service to humans, to others and that is a huge part of Sikhism is that really at the end of the day the religion isn't about converting people, they don't even believe in conversion. The religion is about living their religious beliefs in justice, in humanity, in equality. Number one is their belief in one God. They call it Ik Onka, the oneness of the universe, the one God concept. They don't assign it a gender, they understand it as it being non-understandable in a sense that you'll never completely understand this idea and that in a sense spending too much of your life trying to understand what God is, is going to really take the eye off the ball."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The religion is about living their religious beliefs in justice, in humanity, in equality. Number one is their belief in one God. They call it Ik Onka, the oneness of the universe, the one God concept. They don't assign it a gender, they understand it as it being non-understandable in a sense that you'll never completely understand this idea and that in a sense spending too much of your life trying to understand what God is, is going to really take the eye off the ball. Now they believe in meditation, kind of the Hindu tradition of looking inward and meditating. So that's going to be really important is this one God concept. Number two is what's called Maya."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They don't assign it a gender, they understand it as it being non-understandable in a sense that you'll never completely understand this idea and that in a sense spending too much of your life trying to understand what God is, is going to really take the eye off the ball. Now they believe in meditation, kind of the Hindu tradition of looking inward and meditating. So that's going to be really important is this one God concept. Number two is what's called Maya. And Maya is the five thieves, the five thieves of worldly disillusionment. In a sense the non-reality which takes our eye off the ball. They believe that ego, anger, greed, attachment and lust is what divorces us from God, from the oneness of the universe with harmony, with all of that good feeling stuff."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Number two is what's called Maya. And Maya is the five thieves, the five thieves of worldly disillusionment. In a sense the non-reality which takes our eye off the ball. They believe that ego, anger, greed, attachment and lust is what divorces us from God, from the oneness of the universe with harmony, with all of that good feeling stuff. Now they believe that we are living in what's called the Kali Yuga which is the age of darkness. They believe that humans have become in love with Maya, with these five thieves and not with God. And that really our journey on earth is to divorce ourselves from Maya and to find our reconnectedness with the one, with the universe."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They believe that ego, anger, greed, attachment and lust is what divorces us from God, from the oneness of the universe with harmony, with all of that good feeling stuff. Now they believe that we are living in what's called the Kali Yuga which is the age of darkness. They believe that humans have become in love with Maya, with these five thieves and not with God. And that really our journey on earth is to divorce ourselves from Maya and to find our reconnectedness with the one, with the universe. And they also believe in this timeless truth concept which is kind of unique to Hinduism and Buddhism that you need to look inward to find what you already know which is the universal truth. And the purpose of life is a cow to reconnect with the oneness of truth through meditation and in a second what we'll see is service to others. Sikhs also believe in liberation of the human soul."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that really our journey on earth is to divorce ourselves from Maya and to find our reconnectedness with the one, with the universe. And they also believe in this timeless truth concept which is kind of unique to Hinduism and Buddhism that you need to look inward to find what you already know which is the universal truth. And the purpose of life is a cow to reconnect with the oneness of truth through meditation and in a second what we'll see is service to others. Sikhs also believe in liberation of the human soul. This is a Hindu-Buddhist concept. They don't believe in the caste system. They don't believe there's heaven or there's hell."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Sikhs also believe in liberation of the human soul. This is a Hindu-Buddhist concept. They don't believe in the caste system. They don't believe there's heaven or there's hell. But they do believe that there's eventually a release from this life through a spiritual connectedness with that oneness. So they believe in reincarnation. They believe in karma."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They don't believe there's heaven or there's hell. But they do believe that there's eventually a release from this life through a spiritual connectedness with that oneness. So they believe in reincarnation. They believe in karma. And they believe really our life's path is to avoid Maya and to serve humans. Now they also believe in what's called power and meditation. They don't believe just in the Hindu concept of meditation."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They believe in karma. And they believe really our life's path is to avoid Maya and to serve humans. Now they also believe in what's called power and meditation. They don't believe just in the Hindu concept of meditation. That's looking inward. They also believe that the goal of man is not just to use his spiritual life but to live his secular life as well. The deeds that you do on earth."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They don't believe just in the Hindu concept of meditation. That's looking inward. They also believe that the goal of man is not just to use his spiritual life but to live his secular life as well. The deeds that you do on earth. And I might have mentioned this before. They don't believe in conversion. The purpose of their life isn't to convert other people to Sikhism but rather to go out and to help other people and to find ways of equality and social justice."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The deeds that you do on earth. And I might have mentioned this before. They don't believe in conversion. The purpose of their life isn't to convert other people to Sikhism but rather to go out and to help other people and to find ways of equality and social justice. That that is living in a sense their outward life that they're meditating on in their inward life. Now they also believe that there is a connection between music and the oneness. So when people read the hymns from their holy scripture, they match it to classical Indian music and it's said that this allows people that are meditating and listening to the words to find a more connectiveness in the universe to those words and a quicker path to spiritual realization."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The purpose of their life isn't to convert other people to Sikhism but rather to go out and to help other people and to find ways of equality and social justice. That that is living in a sense their outward life that they're meditating on in their inward life. Now they also believe that there is a connection between music and the oneness. So when people read the hymns from their holy scripture, they match it to classical Indian music and it's said that this allows people that are meditating and listening to the words to find a more connectiveness in the universe to those words and a quicker path to spiritual realization. There's a huge emphasis in Sikhism on remembrance of the divine name. And they pray two hours a day in the morning and in the night. And they believe that the verbal repetition of the name of God or a sacred symbol is one way of getting closer to God and finding that truth that lies within us so we can lead more powerful lives on the outside."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So when people read the hymns from their holy scripture, they match it to classical Indian music and it's said that this allows people that are meditating and listening to the words to find a more connectiveness in the universe to those words and a quicker path to spiritual realization. There's a huge emphasis in Sikhism on remembrance of the divine name. And they pray two hours a day in the morning and in the night. And they believe that the verbal repetition of the name of God or a sacred symbol is one way of getting closer to God and finding that truth that lies within us so we can lead more powerful lives on the outside. Avoiding Maya and doing goodness in the world. And that's really the next thing I want to talk about. There's a huge emphasis in the Sikh community on service and action."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And they believe that the verbal repetition of the name of God or a sacred symbol is one way of getting closer to God and finding that truth that lies within us so we can lead more powerful lives on the outside. Avoiding Maya and doing goodness in the world. And that's really the next thing I want to talk about. There's a huge emphasis in the Sikh community on service and action. They believe that service to others, and that's not just people of their own faith, but service to humanity, to everybody, is what kills ego. And then by doing this, whether it's distributing free food, they actually believe in three different types of service. There's tan, man, and dan, which is physical service, mental service, and material service."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a huge emphasis in the Sikh community on service and action. They believe that service to others, and that's not just people of their own faith, but service to humanity, to everybody, is what kills ego. And then by doing this, whether it's distributing free food, they actually believe in three different types of service. There's tan, man, and dan, which is physical service, mental service, and material service. But at the end of the day, Sikhs are optimistic, they're resilient, and they're all about helping other people to lead better lives and to have more social justice on earth, as much as they can muster up in their lifetimes. And justice, that's the whole concept, really, of Sikhism in terms of their outward life, that justice trumps any type of subjective code, any moral code. So they'd be big fans of Gandhi, of Martin Luther King, of civil disobedience."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's tan, man, and dan, which is physical service, mental service, and material service. But at the end of the day, Sikhs are optimistic, they're resilient, and they're all about helping other people to lead better lives and to have more social justice on earth, as much as they can muster up in their lifetimes. And justice, that's the whole concept, really, of Sikhism in terms of their outward life, that justice trumps any type of subjective code, any moral code. So they'd be big fans of Gandhi, of Martin Luther King, of civil disobedience. And speaking of social justice, they really do believe in the equality of men and women. Women have led Sikh services since the very beginning. So in all eyes of society, they see men and women as equal."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So they'd be big fans of Gandhi, of Martin Luther King, of civil disobedience. And speaking of social justice, they really do believe in the equality of men and women. Women have led Sikh services since the very beginning. So in all eyes of society, they see men and women as equal. And they also believe that marriage is of the necessity. You must marry if you're a Sikh. And they believe that this isn't a forced marriage."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So in all eyes of society, they see men and women as equal. And they also believe that marriage is of the necessity. You must marry if you're a Sikh. And they believe that this isn't a forced marriage. We're not talking about child marriage. We're talking about adults creating family, because family is very important in Sikh culture. So marrying and having children and developing this sense of community is also really important."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And they believe that this isn't a forced marriage. We're not talking about child marriage. We're talking about adults creating family, because family is very important in Sikh culture. So marrying and having children and developing this sense of community is also really important. And speaking of family, all Sikhs name their children according to the living guru. They're supposed to open up their spiritual text to a random page upon the birth of their child, and the first letter in the top left-hand corner becomes the first letter of that child's name. And all boys are given the last name of Singh, and all girls are given the last name of Kaur."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So marrying and having children and developing this sense of community is also really important. And speaking of family, all Sikhs name their children according to the living guru. They're supposed to open up their spiritual text to a random page upon the birth of their child, and the first letter in the top left-hand corner becomes the first letter of that child's name. And all boys are given the last name of Singh, and all girls are given the last name of Kaur. Singh is for lion, Kaur is for princess. This is supposed to help Sikhs develop into a stronger sense of family and community. Now the tenth guru, who is Guru Gobind Singh, created kind of a brotherhood or a fraternity for Sikhs with an initiation ceremony."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And all boys are given the last name of Singh, and all girls are given the last name of Kaur. Singh is for lion, Kaur is for princess. This is supposed to help Sikhs develop into a stronger sense of family and community. Now the tenth guru, who is Guru Gobind Singh, created kind of a brotherhood or a fraternity for Sikhs with an initiation ceremony. This is called the Khalsa. And although not all Sikhs are required to be part of this, many of them carry on the traditions from that brotherhood. So there is a tradition of them having uncut hair and having beards, wearing turbans, having short pants, sometimes carrying swords, carrying combs."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the tenth guru, who is Guru Gobind Singh, created kind of a brotherhood or a fraternity for Sikhs with an initiation ceremony. This is called the Khalsa. And although not all Sikhs are required to be part of this, many of them carry on the traditions from that brotherhood. So there is a tradition of them having uncut hair and having beards, wearing turbans, having short pants, sometimes carrying swords, carrying combs. So this is sometimes how you'll see somebody who is a Sikh. And sometimes there's confusion because many people think Sikhs are Muslims because they're wearing turbans, but of course now we know they're not Muslims. There was actually a hate crime in Wisconsin in 2012 where Sikhs were murdered by a white supremacist."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So there is a tradition of them having uncut hair and having beards, wearing turbans, having short pants, sometimes carrying swords, carrying combs. So this is sometimes how you'll see somebody who is a Sikh. And sometimes there's confusion because many people think Sikhs are Muslims because they're wearing turbans, but of course now we know they're not Muslims. There was actually a hate crime in Wisconsin in 2012 where Sikhs were murdered by a white supremacist. But at the end of the day, Sikhs are very much different from Hindus, very much different from Muslims, and at the end of the day, it's less of a religion and more of a way of life. So there you go, guys. I hope you understand something about Sikhism."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There was actually a hate crime in Wisconsin in 2012 where Sikhs were murdered by a white supremacist. But at the end of the day, Sikhs are very much different from Hindus, very much different from Muslims, and at the end of the day, it's less of a religion and more of a way of life. So there you go, guys. I hope you understand something about Sikhism. We certainly hope that you're a little bit smarter than when you press the button in the beginning of the video. So I'm going to say it because I say it at the end of every lecture, guys. Where attention goes, energy flows."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can already see significant imperial control by Western European powers. You have the British East India Company in India. You have the French initially getting a foothold in Southeast Vietnam in this orange area, but eventually they will take over this entire region that will become one day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. You have the Dutch in Indonesia, and you have the Spanish in the Philippines. But what we're going to focus on in this video is the European, and in particular the British attempt, to open up the Chinese markets to British trade, China at the time under the control of the Qing Dynasty. Well before this period, Chinese products were in demand in Europe, in particular Chinese porcelain and Chinese silk. Unfortunate for the Europeans, the Chinese did not have a lot of demand for European products, and so you had a balance of trade problem."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the Dutch in Indonesia, and you have the Spanish in the Philippines. But what we're going to focus on in this video is the European, and in particular the British attempt, to open up the Chinese markets to British trade, China at the time under the control of the Qing Dynasty. Well before this period, Chinese products were in demand in Europe, in particular Chinese porcelain and Chinese silk. Unfortunate for the Europeans, the Chinese did not have a lot of demand for European products, and so you had a balance of trade problem. These products would be exported from China into Europe, and you would have hard silver currency going to China. And so the imperial powers, especially the British, were looking for a solution. And they eventually found that opium grown in India, which is a highly addictive drug, it's the core constituent of heroin and morphine, could be addictive to the Chinese people, and maybe could help solve this balance of trade problem, that silver could then flow outside of China."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Unfortunate for the Europeans, the Chinese did not have a lot of demand for European products, and so you had a balance of trade problem. These products would be exported from China into Europe, and you would have hard silver currency going to China. And so the imperial powers, especially the British, were looking for a solution. And they eventually found that opium grown in India, which is a highly addictive drug, it's the core constituent of heroin and morphine, could be addictive to the Chinese people, and maybe could help solve this balance of trade problem, that silver could then flow outside of China. Well you could imagine the Chinese government, the Qing Dynasty, had no interest in opium coming into China. It was destructive to their society. It was an addictive drug."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they eventually found that opium grown in India, which is a highly addictive drug, it's the core constituent of heroin and morphine, could be addictive to the Chinese people, and maybe could help solve this balance of trade problem, that silver could then flow outside of China. Well you could imagine the Chinese government, the Qing Dynasty, had no interest in opium coming into China. It was destructive to their society. It was an addictive drug. But in 1839, the British decide to force the issue, and you have what will be known as the First Opium War. This is a picture of the Second Battle of Chuenpi. You see the British vessel Nemesis, which is actually owned by a company, the British East India Company, destroying Chinese junk ships."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was an addictive drug. But in 1839, the British decide to force the issue, and you have what will be known as the First Opium War. This is a picture of the Second Battle of Chuenpi. You see the British vessel Nemesis, which is actually owned by a company, the British East India Company, destroying Chinese junk ships. And because of this show of force, and this military superiority, they were able to win the First Opium War, and extract major concessions from Qing China. The Chinese had to open up five ports to trade with the British. They had to give the island of Hong Kong to the British indefinitely, and the British would keep control of it all the way until the end of the 20th century."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You see the British vessel Nemesis, which is actually owned by a company, the British East India Company, destroying Chinese junk ships. And because of this show of force, and this military superiority, they were able to win the First Opium War, and extract major concessions from Qing China. The Chinese had to open up five ports to trade with the British. They had to give the island of Hong Kong to the British indefinitely, and the British would keep control of it all the way until the end of the 20th century. The Chinese had to pay for opium that they destroyed. They had to give reparations to the British to pay for the costs of the war. Now to add insult to injury, the British were not satisfied."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They had to give the island of Hong Kong to the British indefinitely, and the British would keep control of it all the way until the end of the 20th century. The Chinese had to pay for opium that they destroyed. They had to give reparations to the British to pay for the costs of the war. Now to add insult to injury, the British were not satisfied. And in 1856, you have the Second Opium War, where they try to extract even more concessions from China. After which, opium is legalized. The whole time, opium flooding into the country, and really undermining the social fabric of society."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now to add insult to injury, the British were not satisfied. And in 1856, you have the Second Opium War, where they try to extract even more concessions from China. After which, opium is legalized. The whole time, opium flooding into the country, and really undermining the social fabric of society. To make matters worse for China, you have a major civil war in this time period. The Taiping Rebellion, which was started by this sect of Christianity that viewed it as their destiny to overthrow the Qing dynasty. And this is one of the most bloody civil wars that any nation has seen in history, with over 20 million people being killed."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The whole time, opium flooding into the country, and really undermining the social fabric of society. To make matters worse for China, you have a major civil war in this time period. The Taiping Rebellion, which was started by this sect of Christianity that viewed it as their destiny to overthrow the Qing dynasty. And this is one of the most bloody civil wars that any nation has seen in history, with over 20 million people being killed. And historians believe that the Qing concessions to the British and then the French, and also the opium that was undermining Chinese society was a major contributor to this long and bloody civil war. These opium wars are often cited by Japanese in this time period as a reason for their need to industrialize and become imperial powers so that they don't get unraveled the same way that Qing China does by the Europeans. But to appreciate that this was even controversial in Europe."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is one of the most bloody civil wars that any nation has seen in history, with over 20 million people being killed. And historians believe that the Qing concessions to the British and then the French, and also the opium that was undermining Chinese society was a major contributor to this long and bloody civil war. These opium wars are often cited by Japanese in this time period as a reason for their need to industrialize and become imperial powers so that they don't get unraveled the same way that Qing China does by the Europeans. But to appreciate that this was even controversial in Europe. William Gladstone, as we enter into the First Opium War, was a young parliamentarian in Britain. And he will eventually be, at the end of the 19th century, a significant British prime minister. But as the opium war was beginning, he gave a famous speech in parliament."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But to appreciate that this was even controversial in Europe. William Gladstone, as we enter into the First Opium War, was a young parliamentarian in Britain. And he will eventually be, at the end of the 19th century, a significant British prime minister. But as the opium war was beginning, he gave a famous speech in parliament. It is a matter of certainty that if we stopped the exportation of opium from Bengal and broke up the depot at Linton, and checked the cultivation of it in Malwa, and put a moral stigma upon it, that we should greatly cripple, if not extinguish, the trade in it. The great principles of justice are involved in this matter. You, and he's talking to, I believe, the foreign minister, who is an aggressive proponent of the opium wars, you will be called upon to show cause for your present intention of making war upon the Chinese."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as the opium war was beginning, he gave a famous speech in parliament. It is a matter of certainty that if we stopped the exportation of opium from Bengal and broke up the depot at Linton, and checked the cultivation of it in Malwa, and put a moral stigma upon it, that we should greatly cripple, if not extinguish, the trade in it. The great principles of justice are involved in this matter. You, and he's talking to, I believe, the foreign minister, who is an aggressive proponent of the opium wars, you will be called upon to show cause for your present intention of making war upon the Chinese. They gave us notice to abandon the contraband trade, the trade in opium, when they found that we would not. They had the right to drive us from their coasts on account of our obstinacy in persisting in this infamous and atrocious traffic. And opium was addictive."}, {"video_title": "Opium Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You, and he's talking to, I believe, the foreign minister, who is an aggressive proponent of the opium wars, you will be called upon to show cause for your present intention of making war upon the Chinese. They gave us notice to abandon the contraband trade, the trade in opium, when they found that we would not. They had the right to drive us from their coasts on account of our obstinacy in persisting in this infamous and atrocious traffic. And opium was addictive. And William Gladstone had personal experience with this. His sister became addicted to opium. He went on to say, I am not competent to judge how long this war may last."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In other videos, we talk about some of the truly ancient Chinese dynasties, the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty, and as we get to the end of the Zhou Dynasty, China falls into chaos in the Warring States period, which is a really tough time for China, but the silver lining is it's also the time that you have all of these schools of thought, the hundred schools of thought, of which Confucianism and Taoism and Legalism and all of these other schools of thought begin to emerge. But what we're really going to focus on in this video is the beginning of truly imperial China under the Qin Dynasty, from which China gets its name. So here we are in the third century BCE, and you have your first true emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, and the dynasty that he sets up is known as the Qin Dynasty, which will be shortly lived, but it's known as the first dynasty to truly unify China, and this is where we believe the word China actually comes from, from the Qin Dynasty. The dynasty is known for its fairly harsh, centralized rule, motivated or with a foundation on Legalism. In terms of relics that we have from that period, you might have heard of the Terracotta Army, which was buried along with Qin Shi Huang's grave. Now the Qin Dynasty is most known for ending the Warring States Period and unifying China and really laying the foundation for the Golden Age of China that will happen in the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty lasts from roughly 200 BCE to a little after 200 CE, and in my head, I think of it as a bit of a contemporary is the Roman Empire, the 200 years of the Western Han Dynasty correspond roughly to the Roman Republic, and as we get to the Eastern Han Dynasty, that corresponds to really the heyday of the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The dynasty is known for its fairly harsh, centralized rule, motivated or with a foundation on Legalism. In terms of relics that we have from that period, you might have heard of the Terracotta Army, which was buried along with Qin Shi Huang's grave. Now the Qin Dynasty is most known for ending the Warring States Period and unifying China and really laying the foundation for the Golden Age of China that will happen in the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty lasts from roughly 200 BCE to a little after 200 CE, and in my head, I think of it as a bit of a contemporary is the Roman Empire, the 200 years of the Western Han Dynasty correspond roughly to the Roman Republic, and as we get to the Eastern Han Dynasty, that corresponds to really the heyday of the Roman Empire. And it's also a Golden Age of China, a time where science and the arts, and especially Confucianism, begins to really take hold in China, becomes officially part of the civil service, part of the bureaucracy. The Han Dynasty was so successful at unifying China culturally and linguistically that today, 92% of Chinese identify themselves as ethnically Han. So sometimes you'll hear the word Han referring to the Han Dynasty, and sometimes it will be referring to the Han ethnic group, which really derives from the notion of the unification under the Han Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Han Dynasty lasts from roughly 200 BCE to a little after 200 CE, and in my head, I think of it as a bit of a contemporary is the Roman Empire, the 200 years of the Western Han Dynasty correspond roughly to the Roman Republic, and as we get to the Eastern Han Dynasty, that corresponds to really the heyday of the Roman Empire. And it's also a Golden Age of China, a time where science and the arts, and especially Confucianism, begins to really take hold in China, becomes officially part of the civil service, part of the bureaucracy. The Han Dynasty was so successful at unifying China culturally and linguistically that today, 92% of Chinese identify themselves as ethnically Han. So sometimes you'll hear the word Han referring to the Han Dynasty, and sometimes it will be referring to the Han ethnic group, which really derives from the notion of the unification under the Han Dynasty. Now the Han Dynasty, as we see here, ends at the beginning of the third century in the Common Era, and then China gets fragmented again, and it gets split into multiple dynasties. This roughly 360 years that I don't have marked on my timeline, it's not that nothing was happening in China, in fact, a lot was, but China was not unified. To get a sense of that, here is China during the Three Kingdoms period in the third century, shortly after the fall of the Han Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So sometimes you'll hear the word Han referring to the Han Dynasty, and sometimes it will be referring to the Han ethnic group, which really derives from the notion of the unification under the Han Dynasty. Now the Han Dynasty, as we see here, ends at the beginning of the third century in the Common Era, and then China gets fragmented again, and it gets split into multiple dynasties. This roughly 360 years that I don't have marked on my timeline, it's not that nothing was happening in China, in fact, a lot was, but China was not unified. To get a sense of that, here is China during the Three Kingdoms period in the third century, shortly after the fall of the Han Dynasty. You see the Jin Dynasty depicted here in the fourth century, still part of what's often known as this Six Dynasties period, this roughly 360 years of a fragmented China. And then you see this North and South Dynasty period here in the sixth century, and eventually China is reunified, and that happens under the Sui. It is unified under Emperor Wen of Sui, for whom the dynasty is known, and similar to the Qin, what the Sui are most known for as taking this chaotic period and finally unifying China."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "To get a sense of that, here is China during the Three Kingdoms period in the third century, shortly after the fall of the Han Dynasty. You see the Jin Dynasty depicted here in the fourth century, still part of what's often known as this Six Dynasties period, this roughly 360 years of a fragmented China. And then you see this North and South Dynasty period here in the sixth century, and eventually China is reunified, and that happens under the Sui. It is unified under Emperor Wen of Sui, for whom the dynasty is known, and similar to the Qin, what the Sui are most known for as taking this chaotic period and finally unifying China. And the Sui are ethnically Han, and they lay the foundation for another Golden Age of China under the Tang and the Song Dynasties. The Tang Dynasty depicted here, it rivals the Han as a Golden Age of China. It's a time where the arts, the sciences, really come about."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It is unified under Emperor Wen of Sui, for whom the dynasty is known, and similar to the Qin, what the Sui are most known for as taking this chaotic period and finally unifying China. And the Sui are ethnically Han, and they lay the foundation for another Golden Age of China under the Tang and the Song Dynasties. The Tang Dynasty depicted here, it rivals the Han as a Golden Age of China. It's a time where the arts, the sciences, really come about. Now one interesting thing about this Six Dynasties period that we talk about, which is a chaotic time, it is a time that Buddhism starts to come into China from Central Asia, originally from India, and by the Sui and the Tang, it really takes hold. Now one of the most important innovations that comes from Tang China is the notion of block printing. What you see depicted here is one of the first books that ever printed, the Diamond Sutra, during the Tang Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a time where the arts, the sciences, really come about. Now one interesting thing about this Six Dynasties period that we talk about, which is a chaotic time, it is a time that Buddhism starts to come into China from Central Asia, originally from India, and by the Sui and the Tang, it really takes hold. Now one of the most important innovations that comes from Tang China is the notion of block printing. What you see depicted here is one of the first books that ever printed, the Diamond Sutra, during the Tang Dynasty. Now after the Tang falls in 907, you have, on a historical time scale, a relatively brief period of chaos again, about 50, I guess exactly 53 years, where you get this Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, but then China gets reunified under the Song Dynasty. And the Song Dynasty is able to, on some level, pick up where the Tang Dynasty left off. One thing that happens as we get into the late Tang Dynasty is that there's pushback against Buddhism that we talk about in other videos, and you see Neo-Confucianism begin to take hold, and it really takes hold under the Song Dynasty that we talk about in other videos."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What you see depicted here is one of the first books that ever printed, the Diamond Sutra, during the Tang Dynasty. Now after the Tang falls in 907, you have, on a historical time scale, a relatively brief period of chaos again, about 50, I guess exactly 53 years, where you get this Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, but then China gets reunified under the Song Dynasty. And the Song Dynasty is able to, on some level, pick up where the Tang Dynasty left off. One thing that happens as we get into the late Tang Dynasty is that there's pushback against Buddhism that we talk about in other videos, and you see Neo-Confucianism begin to take hold, and it really takes hold under the Song Dynasty that we talk about in other videos. Now the Song Dynasty is also known as a time of really putting a lot of energy into the civil service and the bureaucracy, and it really being very meritocratic, based on some of these Neo-Confucian ideals. It's also a time of significant technological innovation. The compass, which has use as early as the Han Dynasty, but it really gets into its fairly evolved or modern form, especially for maritime use during the Song Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "One thing that happens as we get into the late Tang Dynasty is that there's pushback against Buddhism that we talk about in other videos, and you see Neo-Confucianism begin to take hold, and it really takes hold under the Song Dynasty that we talk about in other videos. Now the Song Dynasty is also known as a time of really putting a lot of energy into the civil service and the bureaucracy, and it really being very meritocratic, based on some of these Neo-Confucian ideals. It's also a time of significant technological innovation. The compass, which has use as early as the Han Dynasty, but it really gets into its fairly evolved or modern form, especially for maritime use during the Song Dynasty. The notion of a Chinese junk boat also gets into its evolved form during the Song Dynasty. Now some of the really far-reaching innovations from this dynasty include building on the Tang use of block printing, but thinking about movable type, which makes printing far more practical. And maybe the biggest single innovation that changed the world, for better or worse, was the use of gunpowder, which there's some use in the late Tang, but it really starts to get perfected during the Song Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The compass, which has use as early as the Han Dynasty, but it really gets into its fairly evolved or modern form, especially for maritime use during the Song Dynasty. The notion of a Chinese junk boat also gets into its evolved form during the Song Dynasty. Now some of the really far-reaching innovations from this dynasty include building on the Tang use of block printing, but thinking about movable type, which makes printing far more practical. And maybe the biggest single innovation that changed the world, for better or worse, was the use of gunpowder, which there's some use in the late Tang, but it really starts to get perfected during the Song Dynasty. Now the Song Dynasty is eventually overthrown in the 13th century by the Mongols, and they are able to establish the Yuan Dynasty, with Kublai Khan being the first emperor of it, grandson of Genghis, or Genghis Khan. Now they are eventually overthrown in the 14th century by the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty is once again ethnically Han, and some of the most famous attractions that are associated with China today really came about from the Ming Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Chinese Imperial Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And maybe the biggest single innovation that changed the world, for better or worse, was the use of gunpowder, which there's some use in the late Tang, but it really starts to get perfected during the Song Dynasty. Now the Song Dynasty is eventually overthrown in the 13th century by the Mongols, and they are able to establish the Yuan Dynasty, with Kublai Khan being the first emperor of it, grandson of Genghis, or Genghis Khan. Now they are eventually overthrown in the 14th century by the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty is once again ethnically Han, and some of the most famous attractions that are associated with China today really came about from the Ming Dynasty. This is the Forbidden Palace, the imperial residence during the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing. This is the Great Wall of China, and even though the history of the Great Wall of China goes a good ways back, even to the Zhou and Warring States periods, much of what you now see as the Great Wall, a lot of this brickwork, was built during the Ming Dynasty. And then the last true dynasty of China is the Qing, and the Qing Dynasty is again, to some degree, foreign rule."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It can be broadly divided into Theravada Buddhism, which means school of the elder monks, and Mahayana Buddhism, which means great vehicle, maha for great. So first on the commonalities. Now both of these schools of Buddhist thought or Buddhist tradition believe in this notion of the cycle of birth and rebirth from one life or one reality to the next that we call samsara, which is also shared with the core of Hindu philosophy. And this idea that your goal should be to realize that all is thought, to escape from the dukkha, and eventually obtain nirvana. Now the difference between the two schools of thought and Theravada Buddhism, it is much closer to some of the original practices or teachings that we see with Siddhartha Gautama Buddha. That is a very personal journey that is all about the individual through meditation, perhaps with some help from some teacher, recognizing the non-self, recognizing that we are all one, and eventually, either in this life or in future lives, achieving nirvana. Now Mahayana Buddhism actually encompasses a very large set of various practices, but the general idea is that you might have help as you try to achieve nirvana."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this idea that your goal should be to realize that all is thought, to escape from the dukkha, and eventually obtain nirvana. Now the difference between the two schools of thought and Theravada Buddhism, it is much closer to some of the original practices or teachings that we see with Siddhartha Gautama Buddha. That is a very personal journey that is all about the individual through meditation, perhaps with some help from some teacher, recognizing the non-self, recognizing that we are all one, and eventually, either in this life or in future lives, achieving nirvana. Now Mahayana Buddhism actually encompasses a very large set of various practices, but the general idea is that you might have help as you try to achieve nirvana. Someone who achieves nirvana is known as an arhat. So you could view Theravada Buddhism as, hey, try to go on this personal journey to become an arhat, to achieve nirvana. But in Mahayana Buddhism, the pursuit is not necessarily to get to nirvana as quickly as possible."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now Mahayana Buddhism actually encompasses a very large set of various practices, but the general idea is that you might have help as you try to achieve nirvana. Someone who achieves nirvana is known as an arhat. So you could view Theravada Buddhism as, hey, try to go on this personal journey to become an arhat, to achieve nirvana. But in Mahayana Buddhism, the pursuit is not necessarily to get to nirvana as quickly as possible. It's to get close to nirvana, but then help others try to achieve that same state. So the real goal is to be a bodhisattva. Bodhisattva."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But in Mahayana Buddhism, the pursuit is not necessarily to get to nirvana as quickly as possible. It's to get close to nirvana, but then help others try to achieve that same state. So the real goal is to be a bodhisattva. Bodhisattva. Now the word bodhisattva is used in both traditions. In Theravada Buddhism, it's referred to someone who is trying to become an arhat, someone who is on the path to achieving nirvana. In Mahayana Buddhism, it is someone who has almost achieved nirvana, but holds that off in order to help the rest of sentient reality, the rest of sentient beings eventually achieve nirvana."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Bodhisattva. Now the word bodhisattva is used in both traditions. In Theravada Buddhism, it's referred to someone who is trying to become an arhat, someone who is on the path to achieving nirvana. In Mahayana Buddhism, it is someone who has almost achieved nirvana, but holds that off in order to help the rest of sentient reality, the rest of sentient beings eventually achieve nirvana. And if you aren't one of the bodhisattvas, you have that help not only from bodhisattvas, but there's a fairly large grouping of celestial beings that are there to help, that are there to help focus your meditation and your energy. And what you see here is a depiction that's not atypical from a Mahayana Buddhist shrine. In the middle here, you have Amitabha Buddha."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In Mahayana Buddhism, it is someone who has almost achieved nirvana, but holds that off in order to help the rest of sentient reality, the rest of sentient beings eventually achieve nirvana. And if you aren't one of the bodhisattvas, you have that help not only from bodhisattvas, but there's a fairly large grouping of celestial beings that are there to help, that are there to help focus your meditation and your energy. And what you see here is a depiction that's not atypical from a Mahayana Buddhist shrine. In the middle here, you have Amitabha Buddha. And a significant chunk of Mahayana Buddhists believe in Amitabha Buddha. And you could view him as someone as revered or as almost a deity-like figure. And this idea that by visualizing, by focusing, by invoking Amitabha Buddha, that you can get to his pure land of bliss, known as Sukhavati."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In the middle here, you have Amitabha Buddha. And a significant chunk of Mahayana Buddhists believe in Amitabha Buddha. And you could view him as someone as revered or as almost a deity-like figure. And this idea that by visualizing, by focusing, by invoking Amitabha Buddha, that you can get to his pure land of bliss, known as Sukhavati. And so it's this idea of almost a kind of salvation that by focusing on Amitabha, you get to this pure land of bliss, which is a place where it is easier to achieve nirvana from. You can almost view it as something of heaven. Now what's interesting is Amitabha Buddha isn't exactly the same figure as Siddhartha Gautama Buddha."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this idea that by visualizing, by focusing, by invoking Amitabha Buddha, that you can get to his pure land of bliss, known as Sukhavati. And so it's this idea of almost a kind of salvation that by focusing on Amitabha, you get to this pure land of bliss, which is a place where it is easier to achieve nirvana from. You can almost view it as something of heaven. Now what's interesting is Amitabha Buddha isn't exactly the same figure as Siddhartha Gautama Buddha. In some traditions, Siddhartha Gautama Buddha is a projection of Amitabha into our reality. And in some Mahayana belief systems, there are multiple realities, each with their own Buddha. And you can be born and reborn into these different realities."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now what's interesting is Amitabha Buddha isn't exactly the same figure as Siddhartha Gautama Buddha. In some traditions, Siddhartha Gautama Buddha is a projection of Amitabha into our reality. And in some Mahayana belief systems, there are multiple realities, each with their own Buddha. And you can be born and reborn into these different realities. And the pure land, the pure land of bliss, the Sukhavati, is where you might wanna go if you are following, if you are practicing this belief in Amitabha Buddha. So at a very high level, Theravada Buddhism is all about this personal journey, trying to follow in the practice of Siddhartha Gautama Buddha through meditation, through recognizing the four noble truths by following the middle way, getting eventually in this life and in future lives to nirvana, becoming an arhat. Mahayana Buddhism has a more complex pantheon of celestial beings and deities, and it can be diverse from one part of the world to another."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can be born and reborn into these different realities. And the pure land, the pure land of bliss, the Sukhavati, is where you might wanna go if you are following, if you are practicing this belief in Amitabha Buddha. So at a very high level, Theravada Buddhism is all about this personal journey, trying to follow in the practice of Siddhartha Gautama Buddha through meditation, through recognizing the four noble truths by following the middle way, getting eventually in this life and in future lives to nirvana, becoming an arhat. Mahayana Buddhism has a more complex pantheon of celestial beings and deities, and it can be diverse from one part of the world to another. Eventually, the goal is for all sentient beings to achieve nirvana, but your individual goal can be better described as delaying nirvana, becoming a bodhisattva, and assisting all other sentient beings in achieving that nirvana. These are actually the attendant bodhisattvas on the left and the right of Amitabha Buddha. But you don't have just the help of the bodhisattvas, but there's also celestial beings, things that you can focus on, things that you can invoke to eventually help you get to that nirvana."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Mahayana Buddhism has a more complex pantheon of celestial beings and deities, and it can be diverse from one part of the world to another. Eventually, the goal is for all sentient beings to achieve nirvana, but your individual goal can be better described as delaying nirvana, becoming a bodhisattva, and assisting all other sentient beings in achieving that nirvana. These are actually the attendant bodhisattvas on the left and the right of Amitabha Buddha. But you don't have just the help of the bodhisattvas, but there's also celestial beings, things that you can focus on, things that you can invoke to eventually help you get to that nirvana. Now in order to see where it is practiced, we have this map right over here. First of all, most of Buddhism is practiced in the far east of Asia or Southeast Asia, and you see the various schools of Buddhism. So in red here, you have the Theravada, the school of the elder monks."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But you don't have just the help of the bodhisattvas, but there's also celestial beings, things that you can focus on, things that you can invoke to eventually help you get to that nirvana. Now in order to see where it is practiced, we have this map right over here. First of all, most of Buddhism is practiced in the far east of Asia or Southeast Asia, and you see the various schools of Buddhism. So in red here, you have the Theravada, the school of the elder monks. In yellow here, you have Mahayana, the great vehicle. And in orange, you have Vajrayana, a significant chunk of Vajrayana Buddhists are often referred to as Tibetan Buddhists, and they're sometimes grouped with the Mahayana. It's closer to Mahayana."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in red here, you have the Theravada, the school of the elder monks. In yellow here, you have Mahayana, the great vehicle. And in orange, you have Vajrayana, a significant chunk of Vajrayana Buddhists are often referred to as Tibetan Buddhists, and they're sometimes grouped with the Mahayana. It's closer to Mahayana. There's this notion of bodhisattvas. There are celestial beings. There are more rituals."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's closer to Mahayana. There's this notion of bodhisattvas. There are celestial beings. There are more rituals. Now in terms of population, the country with the largest Buddhist population is China, roughly 250 million Buddhists of the 500 million Buddhists that there are in the world. But despite the fact that there are so many Buddhists in China, it is still only 18% of the entire Chinese population. In places like Burma and Thailand, you have a much higher percentage of the population that is actually Buddhist."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There are more rituals. Now in terms of population, the country with the largest Buddhist population is China, roughly 250 million Buddhists of the 500 million Buddhists that there are in the world. But despite the fact that there are so many Buddhists in China, it is still only 18% of the entire Chinese population. In places like Burma and Thailand, you have a much higher percentage of the population that is actually Buddhist. In these regions of Southeast Asia, most of the population is Buddhist. Now one other really interesting thing about this map is we talk about Buddhism starting in Northeast India, in Southern Nibhal. That's where Siddhartha Gautama Buddha lived."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In places like Burma and Thailand, you have a much higher percentage of the population that is actually Buddhist. In these regions of Southeast Asia, most of the population is Buddhist. Now one other really interesting thing about this map is we talk about Buddhism starting in Northeast India, in Southern Nibhal. That's where Siddhartha Gautama Buddha lived. That's where he spread his teachings. And not only is that where it originated, you have Ashoka, who really catalyzed the spread of Buddhism. And once again, that was out of India."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That's where Siddhartha Gautama Buddha lived. That's where he spread his teachings. And not only is that where it originated, you have Ashoka, who really catalyzed the spread of Buddhism. And once again, that was out of India. But when you look at this demographic map of where you have significant Buddhist groupings, you don't see a lot in India. You see a lot in Sri Lanka, and that's actually where the Theravada tradition comes primarily from. And there's a couple of interesting explanations for why you don't see it in India."}, {"video_title": "Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And once again, that was out of India. But when you look at this demographic map of where you have significant Buddhist groupings, you don't see a lot in India. You see a lot in Sri Lanka, and that's actually where the Theravada tradition comes primarily from. And there's a couple of interesting explanations for why you don't see it in India. One possible explanation is that it was so close to many versions of Hindu practice. And we talk about Hinduism as being this very diverse and open religion, that it really just got reabsorbed, reassimilated as part of the diverse Hindu tradition. In fact, many Hindus view Buddha as another incarnation of Vishnu."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's important to keep in mind that at the time of Jesus' crucifixion, around 30 CE, he only had, at most, we're talking about in the hundreds of followers. But in other videos, we talk about his apostles who start spreading the faith, not only to other Jews, but also to non-Jews, to Gentiles. We talked about Emperor Nero and his famous purges of Christians. In particular, you have the famous Roman Fire, or the Fire of Rome in 64 CE, that Nero blames on Christians, and he uses this to do a significant purge in Rome. Many historians believe that the apostles Peter and Paul were killed during those purges. This is a painting of Nero using Christians, lighting them alive to punish them for that fire. Now, other imperial acts that continue to have a significant effect on this very early Christian church."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In particular, you have the famous Roman Fire, or the Fire of Rome in 64 CE, that Nero blames on Christians, and he uses this to do a significant purge in Rome. Many historians believe that the apostles Peter and Paul were killed during those purges. This is a painting of Nero using Christians, lighting them alive to punish them for that fire. Now, other imperial acts that continue to have a significant effect on this very early Christian church. We talked about the destroying of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, and that's under the reign of Vespasian. And this, of course, is a very significant event for the Jewish people, but it also has a significant effect on Christianity, because remember, Christianity was really centered at Jerusalem. It was a sect of Christianity, or it starts as a sect of Christianity, but now, with the destruction of the temple, the Jews were dispersed from Jerusalem, and so were many of these early Christians."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, other imperial acts that continue to have a significant effect on this very early Christian church. We talked about the destroying of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, and that's under the reign of Vespasian. And this, of course, is a very significant event for the Jewish people, but it also has a significant effect on Christianity, because remember, Christianity was really centered at Jerusalem. It was a sect of Christianity, or it starts as a sect of Christianity, but now, with the destruction of the temple, the Jews were dispersed from Jerusalem, and so were many of these early Christians. And so the centers of Christianity became throughout the empire, places like Antioch. And you continue to have a discomfort with Christians, especially as they became more and more in number, and they started to have more and more power. And here you have these people who refused to obey the Roman gods, to do their rituals, to worship the Roman gods."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was a sect of Christianity, or it starts as a sect of Christianity, but now, with the destruction of the temple, the Jews were dispersed from Jerusalem, and so were many of these early Christians. And so the centers of Christianity became throughout the empire, places like Antioch. And you continue to have a discomfort with Christians, especially as they became more and more in number, and they started to have more and more power. And here you have these people who refused to obey the Roman gods, to do their rituals, to worship the Roman gods. And remember, even there was emperor worship here. And the issue was, more so than even the Jewish people, who, to a certain degree, kept to themselves, these Christians were missionaries. They were spreading their faith to Roman citizens."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And here you have these people who refused to obey the Roman gods, to do their rituals, to worship the Roman gods. And remember, even there was emperor worship here. And the issue was, more so than even the Jewish people, who, to a certain degree, kept to themselves, these Christians were missionaries. They were spreading their faith to Roman citizens. Families were being split apart, where some decided to become Christians and no longer follow these Roman practices. And so you have these various persecutions and these various purges, and they get more and more significant as you go into the second, and even to some degree in the third century, as Christians become more and more prominent and more and more in number. And remember, they have this missionary zeal, and it really becomes a significant purge under the reign of Diocletian."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were spreading their faith to Roman citizens. Families were being split apart, where some decided to become Christians and no longer follow these Roman practices. And so you have these various persecutions and these various purges, and they get more and more significant as you go into the second, and even to some degree in the third century, as Christians become more and more prominent and more and more in number. And remember, they have this missionary zeal, and it really becomes a significant purge under the reign of Diocletian. In previous videos, we talk about Diocletian. He's the one that famously split the empire between East and West, but he's also famous for his Purge of the Christians, the most extreme state-sponsored purges of Christians in the Roman Empire. But what's interesting is right after or shortly after those purges, we're talking a few decades here, the next emperor who would have reign over the entire Roman Empire would be Constantine."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And remember, they have this missionary zeal, and it really becomes a significant purge under the reign of Diocletian. In previous videos, we talk about Diocletian. He's the one that famously split the empire between East and West, but he's also famous for his Purge of the Christians, the most extreme state-sponsored purges of Christians in the Roman Empire. But what's interesting is right after or shortly after those purges, we're talking a few decades here, the next emperor who would have reign over the entire Roman Empire would be Constantine. And at least relative to Christians, he would be the opposite of Diocletian because as he's trying to consolidate his power, in 312 CE, you have the famous Battle at the Milvian Bridge outside of or entering into Rome. And in this battle, Constantine, he sees a vision of the Christian cross centered on the sun, and he thinks that that is a sign that he should fight under the cross. And he gets the symbols painted on his soldier's shield, and he's victorious."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But what's interesting is right after or shortly after those purges, we're talking a few decades here, the next emperor who would have reign over the entire Roman Empire would be Constantine. And at least relative to Christians, he would be the opposite of Diocletian because as he's trying to consolidate his power, in 312 CE, you have the famous Battle at the Milvian Bridge outside of or entering into Rome. And in this battle, Constantine, he sees a vision of the Christian cross centered on the sun, and he thinks that that is a sign that he should fight under the cross. And he gets the symbols painted on his soldier's shield, and he's victorious. And this date, 312, Milvian Bridge, the Battle at Milvian Bridge, is viewed as the beginning of Constantine's conversion to Christianity, viewing it as his chosen faith. In 313, the Roman emperor or the empire issues the Edict of Milan, which officially makes Christianity okay. It legalizes Christianity, which is a big deal because these folks have been persecuted all this time."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he gets the symbols painted on his soldier's shield, and he's victorious. And this date, 312, Milvian Bridge, the Battle at Milvian Bridge, is viewed as the beginning of Constantine's conversion to Christianity, viewing it as his chosen faith. In 313, the Roman emperor or the empire issues the Edict of Milan, which officially makes Christianity okay. It legalizes Christianity, which is a big deal because these folks have been persecuted all this time. They haven't been worshiping the Roman gods. Then in 325, Constantine goes even further, and he convenes the Council of Nicaea where he brings the bishops from all of Christendom together to start having a more unified belief system. They come up with the Nicaean Creed."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It legalizes Christianity, which is a big deal because these folks have been persecuted all this time. They haven't been worshiping the Roman gods. Then in 325, Constantine goes even further, and he convenes the Council of Nicaea where he brings the bishops from all of Christendom together to start having a more unified belief system. They come up with the Nicaean Creed. A lot of the debate is whether Jesus as son of God should be considered equal to God or as God or a little less as being the son. Maybe if he's a son, maybe there was a time where there wasn't a son and there was just God. But the Nicaean Creed says no, they are one and the same."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They come up with the Nicaean Creed. A lot of the debate is whether Jesus as son of God should be considered equal to God or as God or a little less as being the son. Maybe if he's a son, maybe there was a time where there wasn't a son and there was just God. But the Nicaean Creed says no, they are one and the same. These two things are equivalent. And then Constantine on his deathbed famously gets baptized and becomes a Christian, the first Christian emperor of this gigantic Roman empire. And so you can imagine, you have more and more followers of Christianity, but now this is, so to speak, prime time."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Nicaean Creed says no, they are one and the same. These two things are equivalent. And then Constantine on his deathbed famously gets baptized and becomes a Christian, the first Christian emperor of this gigantic Roman empire. And so you can imagine, you have more and more followers of Christianity, but now this is, so to speak, prime time. The emperor of the Roman empire has converted to Christianity, and it's a legalized religion. And then that gets even more momentum when we get to the end of the fourth century. Emperor Theodosius, who was Christian, under him it becomes the official religion of the Roman empire, the same empire that at one point Christianity was illegal and it was being persecuted, now it was the official religion of the Roman empire."}, {"video_title": "Roman Empire and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you can imagine, you have more and more followers of Christianity, but now this is, so to speak, prime time. The emperor of the Roman empire has converted to Christianity, and it's a legalized religion. And then that gets even more momentum when we get to the end of the fourth century. Emperor Theodosius, who was Christian, under him it becomes the official religion of the Roman empire, the same empire that at one point Christianity was illegal and it was being persecuted, now it was the official religion of the Roman empire. Theodosius, I mentioned him in other videos, he was incidentally also the last emperor to rule over both Eastern and Western Roman empires. So you have this empire that starts off very anti-Christian, actually in the beginning they don't really take much note of what's going on in Judea and Galilee, but more and more they start to persecute them. But we go a few hundred years into this and it becomes a Christian empire."}, {"video_title": "Timur 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then in the west, you have the Golden Horde, the Shagatai Khanate, and then the Il Khanate in much of the Middle East and Persia. Now, as we go a little bit further into the 14th century, and in particular the 1330s, you might remember when we studied Europe that the bubonic plague hits. And it doesn't just hit Europe, it hits Asia. And one of the causes often given for the rapid spread is that you had relative stability formed by these khanates so that trade was able to happen. But with that trade, you also have the spread of disease. And so the bubonic plague, or the Black Death of the 1330s, in particular does damage to the Il Khanate in Persia and the Middle East. Not only the emperor, but his sons all die from the bubonic plague."}, {"video_title": "Timur 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And one of the causes often given for the rapid spread is that you had relative stability formed by these khanates so that trade was able to happen. But with that trade, you also have the spread of disease. And so the bubonic plague, or the Black Death of the 1330s, in particular does damage to the Il Khanate in Persia and the Middle East. Not only the emperor, but his sons all die from the bubonic plague. And so you see here on this timeline, the Il Khanate goes into a rapid decline because of the Black Death. And at the same time, in the southwest corner of the Shagatai Khanate, a future conqueror is born. Timur, which means iron."}, {"video_title": "Timur 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Not only the emperor, but his sons all die from the bubonic plague. And so you see here on this timeline, the Il Khanate goes into a rapid decline because of the Black Death. And at the same time, in the southwest corner of the Shagatai Khanate, a future conqueror is born. Timur, which means iron. He's often known as Timur Lane because when he was young, he was injured in both the hand and leg by arrows, which impaired his movement, and which is why the Europeans called him Timur the Lame, which became Timur Lane. But despite his physical impairments, he's able to conquer much of the Shagatai Khanate eventually and the Il Khanate and establish a dynasty of his own. The empire gets established in 1370 when he gets effective power over much of the western Shagatai Khanate."}, {"video_title": "Timur 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Timur, which means iron. He's often known as Timur Lane because when he was young, he was injured in both the hand and leg by arrows, which impaired his movement, and which is why the Europeans called him Timur the Lame, which became Timur Lane. But despite his physical impairments, he's able to conquer much of the Shagatai Khanate eventually and the Il Khanate and establish a dynasty of his own. The empire gets established in 1370 when he gets effective power over much of the western Shagatai Khanate. He comes from a Turko-Mongol tradition. Now you'll hear these terms Turko-Mongol a lot because even though the Mongols conquered this large swath of territory, they did so with the significant help of people speaking Turkic languages from Central Asia, Turkish being the most well-known of the Turkic languages. And so many of the conquerors, especially the Muslim conquerors of Central Asia and Persia of this period are of a Turko-Mongol ethnicity."}, {"video_title": "Timur 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The empire gets established in 1370 when he gets effective power over much of the western Shagatai Khanate. He comes from a Turko-Mongol tradition. Now you'll hear these terms Turko-Mongol a lot because even though the Mongols conquered this large swath of territory, they did so with the significant help of people speaking Turkic languages from Central Asia, Turkish being the most well-known of the Turkic languages. And so many of the conquerors, especially the Muslim conquerors of Central Asia and Persia of this period are of a Turko-Mongol ethnicity. Even though there's no evidence of him being a direct descendant of Genghis Khan or Genghis Khan, he views himself as the successor. He wants to recreate the great Mongol Empire. By the time of Timur's death, the Timurid Empire encompasses much of Persia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East."}, {"video_title": "Timur 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so many of the conquerors, especially the Muslim conquerors of Central Asia and Persia of this period are of a Turko-Mongol ethnicity. Even though there's no evidence of him being a direct descendant of Genghis Khan or Genghis Khan, he views himself as the successor. He wants to recreate the great Mongol Empire. By the time of Timur's death, the Timurid Empire encompasses much of Persia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. His legacy is a bloody one. As he expanded territory and took over cities, it was not uncommon for his soldiers to kill tens if not hundreds of thousands of civilians who revolted against Timur's rule. His forces famously attacked the Dali Sultanate, not hoping to conquer India, but to take its spoils."}, {"video_title": "Timur 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "By the time of Timur's death, the Timurid Empire encompasses much of Persia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. His legacy is a bloody one. As he expanded territory and took over cities, it was not uncommon for his soldiers to kill tens if not hundreds of thousands of civilians who revolted against Timur's rule. His forces famously attacked the Dali Sultanate, not hoping to conquer India, but to take its spoils. In 1398, he was able to successfully defeat the sultan who had battle elephants, and he was able to defeat them by sending camels that had flames on their backs to scare the elephants. And famously, when his forces took Dali, they killed 100,000 to 200,000 people and took the spoils of the city. There are some estimates that Timur's forces killed as many as 17 million people as the empire expanded."}, {"video_title": "Timur 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "His forces famously attacked the Dali Sultanate, not hoping to conquer India, but to take its spoils. In 1398, he was able to successfully defeat the sultan who had battle elephants, and he was able to defeat them by sending camels that had flames on their backs to scare the elephants. And famously, when his forces took Dali, they killed 100,000 to 200,000 people and took the spoils of the city. There are some estimates that Timur's forces killed as many as 17 million people as the empire expanded. To put this into perspective, this is roughly 5% of the world's population at that time. Now once Timur dies in 1405, you can see from this timeline that the empire does not last long. As we get to the second half of the 15th century, it is in decline."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Hello my learning friends. In today's short episode we're going to take a commonly used term from world history and proceed to knock it out of the park. SCURVY. I'm most excited to cover this term because it gives me a chance to talk like a pirate. SCURVY. Aye, I'm a pirate. Although pirates were not the only victims."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm most excited to cover this term because it gives me a chance to talk like a pirate. SCURVY. Aye, I'm a pirate. Although pirates were not the only victims. And while it may be fun to say, SCURVY, SCURVY, SCURVY, it certainly was not fun to have. So what is scurvy? Scurvy is simply a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C in the human body."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Although pirates were not the only victims. And while it may be fun to say, SCURVY, SCURVY, SCURVY, it certainly was not fun to have. So what is scurvy? Scurvy is simply a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C in the human body. Now in nature, in most cases, we humans have the advantage. You know, like the whole opposable thumb thing, you know. But there's one evolutionary advantage we missed out on that most animals have."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Scurvy is simply a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C in the human body. Now in nature, in most cases, we humans have the advantage. You know, like the whole opposable thumb thing, you know. But there's one evolutionary advantage we missed out on that most animals have. The ability for our bodies to naturally create its own supply of vitamin C. We get our fix mainly from citrus fruits, oranges, strawberries, lemons. But we also find vitamin C in lots of other categories of food as well. Now after only a few weeks of depriving yourself of vitamin C, you're going to start to lose your red blood cells."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But there's one evolutionary advantage we missed out on that most animals have. The ability for our bodies to naturally create its own supply of vitamin C. We get our fix mainly from citrus fruits, oranges, strawberries, lemons. But we also find vitamin C in lots of other categories of food as well. Now after only a few weeks of depriving yourself of vitamin C, you're going to start to lose your red blood cells. And then your teeth are going to start falling out. Then your hair is going to start to fall out. Then you're going to bleed from your skin, go insane, and you're going to die."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Now after only a few weeks of depriving yourself of vitamin C, you're going to start to lose your red blood cells. And then your teeth are going to start falling out. Then your hair is going to start to fall out. Then you're going to bleed from your skin, go insane, and you're going to die. Yeah, not pleasant. Now today, scurvy is pretty rare, mainly affecting those in developing countries, those in refugee camps. Alcoholics are also at risk, as well as those with mental diseases or, you know, unusual dietary habits."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Then you're going to bleed from your skin, go insane, and you're going to die. Yeah, not pleasant. Now today, scurvy is pretty rare, mainly affecting those in developing countries, those in refugee camps. Alcoholics are also at risk, as well as those with mental diseases or, you know, unusual dietary habits. But back in the day, scurvy was the disease as common as they come. Now since the beginning of the 20th century, pretty much the whole world knew what scurvy was and how to avoid it. But the same cannot be said about its victims throughout the ages."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Alcoholics are also at risk, as well as those with mental diseases or, you know, unusual dietary habits. But back in the day, scurvy was the disease as common as they come. Now since the beginning of the 20th century, pretty much the whole world knew what scurvy was and how to avoid it. But the same cannot be said about its victims throughout the ages. And especially during the age of exploration from 1500 to 1800, where it is estimated that scurvy claimed the lives of more than 2 million sailors. But scurvy symptoms were first recorded as early as 1550 BCE by the ancient Egyptians. And the Greek father of medicine, Hippocrates, described scurvy symptoms nearly 2500 years ago, around the same time that the Chinese monk Sphaxian reported the use of ginger on ships was being used to prevent it."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But the same cannot be said about its victims throughout the ages. And especially during the age of exploration from 1500 to 1800, where it is estimated that scurvy claimed the lives of more than 2 million sailors. But scurvy symptoms were first recorded as early as 1550 BCE by the ancient Egyptians. And the Greek father of medicine, Hippocrates, described scurvy symptoms nearly 2500 years ago, around the same time that the Chinese monk Sphaxian reported the use of ginger on ships was being used to prevent it. Without Facebook, without Twitter, this life-saving knowledge was repeatedly lost and then found, and then lost, and then found, all the way up until the 1900s. Now the largest death tolls due to scurvy were during the long sea voyages undertaken during the age of exploration. Now some of you may have heard of Ferdinand Magellan, the famed Portuguese explorer who created a trade route, the first one, between Europe and India."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Greek father of medicine, Hippocrates, described scurvy symptoms nearly 2500 years ago, around the same time that the Chinese monk Sphaxian reported the use of ginger on ships was being used to prevent it. Without Facebook, without Twitter, this life-saving knowledge was repeatedly lost and then found, and then lost, and then found, all the way up until the 1900s. Now the largest death tolls due to scurvy were during the long sea voyages undertaken during the age of exploration. Now some of you may have heard of Ferdinand Magellan, the famed Portuguese explorer who created a trade route, the first one, between Europe and India. In 1520, you might not know, that out of 230 of his sailors, 208 died mainly due to scurvy. During the 1700s, scurvy killed more British sailors than wartime action. And one more example which blows my mind."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Now some of you may have heard of Ferdinand Magellan, the famed Portuguese explorer who created a trade route, the first one, between Europe and India. In 1520, you might not know, that out of 230 of his sailors, 208 died mainly due to scurvy. During the 1700s, scurvy killed more British sailors than wartime action. And one more example which blows my mind. During the Seven Year War, the British enlisted nearly 185,000 sailors, out of which 133,000 died. The main culprit? Yeah, scurvy."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And one more example which blows my mind. During the Seven Year War, the British enlisted nearly 185,000 sailors, out of which 133,000 died. The main culprit? Yeah, scurvy. And even though throughout world history, there was overwhelming anecdotal evidence that citrus cured scurvy, science was not able to validate that fact until the turn of the 20th century, where literature became widely available and known throughout the world. And hence, no more sailing unless you have a big jar of lemon juice. Bang, bang, that was a fast one."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, scurvy. And even though throughout world history, there was overwhelming anecdotal evidence that citrus cured scurvy, science was not able to validate that fact until the turn of the 20th century, where literature became widely available and known throughout the world. And hence, no more sailing unless you have a big jar of lemon juice. Bang, bang, that was a fast one. So you better go take that test or write that essay before you forget everything that I said. I recommend washing down that fast meal of learning with a big glass of OJ. And once again, thanks for tuning in for another Hip Hughes video."}, {"video_title": "Scurvy and World History Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Bang, bang, that was a fast one. So you better go take that test or write that essay before you forget everything that I said. I recommend washing down that fast meal of learning with a big glass of OJ. And once again, thanks for tuning in for another Hip Hughes video. If you haven't checked out the video arsenal, you can find it in the description below, where you'll find more than 400 videos of my collection, nicely organized into neat, tidy draws of learning. And please, take a second, whether you're a teacher, a student, or a lifelong learner on the YouTubes, to click that subscribe button and turn on notifications so you know when new videos come out. That would just be the cat's meow."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. World history on tap for you today. A huge, it's huge, it's huge turning point in world history. No, it's not the Crusades, it's not the Industrial Revolution, it's something you've probably never heard of before. It's the Columbian Exchange. And it's not going to just rock one world, it's going to rock two worlds, one of them to the ground. So why don't we take a look at the Columbian Exchange and see if we can't grow our brains as we do a little bit of the giddy up for the look."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "No, it's not the Crusades, it's not the Industrial Revolution, it's something you've probably never heard of before. It's the Columbian Exchange. And it's not going to just rock one world, it's going to rock two worlds, one of them to the ground. So why don't we take a look at the Columbian Exchange and see if we can't grow our brains as we do a little bit of the giddy up for the look. Let's go get it done. So once upon a time, about 175 million years ago, there existed a continent called Pangaea. And of course over the next 175 million years, that's going to break up into the seven continents that we know today."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "So why don't we take a look at the Columbian Exchange and see if we can't grow our brains as we do a little bit of the giddy up for the look. Let's go get it done. So once upon a time, about 175 million years ago, there existed a continent called Pangaea. And of course over the next 175 million years, that's going to break up into the seven continents that we know today. And really, we're going to have two worlds. We're going to have the New World, the Americas, and then what we're going to call the Old World, Africa, Asia, Europe. And over that 175 million years, they're going to grow up differently, ecologically, evolutionary."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course over the next 175 million years, that's going to break up into the seven continents that we know today. And really, we're going to have two worlds. We're going to have the New World, the Americas, and then what we're going to call the Old World, Africa, Asia, Europe. And over that 175 million years, they're going to grow up differently, ecologically, evolutionary. And in 1972, a young man by the name of Alfred W. Crosby, he might have been old, from the University of Texas at Austin wrote a book called The Columbian Exchange, where he wrote about the tremendous effects that occurred when these two worlds, the Old World and the New World, clashed, came together. Not always intended consequences, sometimes unintended consequences, but they shaped the world we know today. They are revolutionary in the sense that they're going to change everything."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "And over that 175 million years, they're going to grow up differently, ecologically, evolutionary. And in 1972, a young man by the name of Alfred W. Crosby, he might have been old, from the University of Texas at Austin wrote a book called The Columbian Exchange, where he wrote about the tremendous effects that occurred when these two worlds, the Old World and the New World, clashed, came together. Not always intended consequences, sometimes unintended consequences, but they shaped the world we know today. They are revolutionary in the sense that they're going to change everything. And really, we're going to be talking about three different factors that are going to cause the effects. That's going to be plants, animals, and diseases. So why don't we take a look at all three and see if we can figure out why the Columbian Exchange is going to be on the test."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "They are revolutionary in the sense that they're going to change everything. And really, we're going to be talking about three different factors that are going to cause the effects. That's going to be plants, animals, and diseases. So why don't we take a look at all three and see if we can figure out why the Columbian Exchange is going to be on the test. So we're going to start with diseases because without a doubt, I think this is going to have the most powerful impact on both worlds. And just so you know, before we tell the story, Old World wins. If we think about the peoples of the New World, these are people that came over the Bering Strait land bridge 10,000 years ago."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "So why don't we take a look at all three and see if we can figure out why the Columbian Exchange is going to be on the test. So we're going to start with diseases because without a doubt, I think this is going to have the most powerful impact on both worlds. And just so you know, before we tell the story, Old World wins. If we think about the peoples of the New World, these are people that came over the Bering Strait land bridge 10,000 years ago. And when they came over, they're not hauling tons of animals, and it's really cold. These are two factors that are going to really limit the amount of diseases that are coming into the New World. It was a healthy place to live."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "If we think about the peoples of the New World, these are people that came over the Bering Strait land bridge 10,000 years ago. And when they came over, they're not hauling tons of animals, and it's really cold. These are two factors that are going to really limit the amount of diseases that are coming into the New World. It was a healthy place to live. There is no black plague pre-Columbus in the New World. They're thriving for the most part. And there are estimates there's anywhere between 40 and 100 million indigenous Native Americans in the New World when Columbus comes."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "It was a healthy place to live. There is no black plague pre-Columbus in the New World. They're thriving for the most part. And there are estimates there's anywhere between 40 and 100 million indigenous Native Americans in the New World when Columbus comes. This means we had more people than they did, at least Europe. So that's going to radically change because the Europeans that are coming over and the slaves that they're going to be bringing, they're bringing a whole host of nasties, a lot of bad stuff. And this is because really Europe had gone through, you know, numerous different plagues and outbreaks of disease, whether it is the plague or smallpox."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "And there are estimates there's anywhere between 40 and 100 million indigenous Native Americans in the New World when Columbus comes. This means we had more people than they did, at least Europe. So that's going to radically change because the Europeans that are coming over and the slaves that they're going to be bringing, they're bringing a whole host of nasties, a lot of bad stuff. And this is because really Europe had gone through, you know, numerous different plagues and outbreaks of disease, whether it is the plague or smallpox. In Africa, they have yellow fever. There's tons of diseases, measles. And now Europeans over the centuries kind of had weeded themselves down to people that had good immunity systems."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is because really Europe had gone through, you know, numerous different plagues and outbreaks of disease, whether it is the plague or smallpox. In Africa, they have yellow fever. There's tons of diseases, measles. And now Europeans over the centuries kind of had weeded themselves down to people that had good immunity systems. So they're not being ravaged by these diseases, but the Native Americans, their immunity systems, they know not smallpox. They know not the plague or yellow fever. Now that population total we talked about, between 40 and 100 million in 1492, that's going to be cut by 90% within a couple hundred years."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "And now Europeans over the centuries kind of had weeded themselves down to people that had good immunity systems. So they're not being ravaged by these diseases, but the Native Americans, their immunity systems, they know not smallpox. They know not the plague or yellow fever. Now that population total we talked about, between 40 and 100 million in 1492, that's going to be cut by 90% within a couple hundred years. It's not really guns that are going to kill the Native Americans. It's not going to be wars that are going to kill the Native Americans. It's going to be smallpox."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "Now that population total we talked about, between 40 and 100 million in 1492, that's going to be cut by 90% within a couple hundred years. It's not really guns that are going to kill the Native Americans. It's not going to be wars that are going to kill the Native Americans. It's going to be smallpox. In the Caribbean, yellow fever, smallpox wiped out sometimes 100% of different populations. So the populations that are left in the Americas, that 10%, just think about what your culture would be like if we wiped out 90% of you, right? You don't have people that are working in the crops."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "It's going to be smallpox. In the Caribbean, yellow fever, smallpox wiped out sometimes 100% of different populations. So the populations that are left in the Americas, that 10%, just think about what your culture would be like if we wiped out 90% of you, right? You don't have people that are working in the crops. You don't have enough people to fight off enemies. And there's going to be huge consequences because their arm is going to be down. Now when the Europeans come, and we think about the Europeans against the Native Americans and how the Europeans were so superior, well, if you wiped out 90% of a population, I probably could have taken over as well."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "You don't have people that are working in the crops. You don't have enough people to fight off enemies. And there's going to be huge consequences because their arm is going to be down. Now when the Europeans come, and we think about the Europeans against the Native Americans and how the Europeans were so superior, well, if you wiped out 90% of a population, I probably could have taken over as well. So that's going to be a huge one in terms of the old world bringing these diseases to the new world. Now in terms of the other way around, were there diseases that went back to Europe? And certainly archaeologists have found that Native Americans had arthritis, so they got arthritis."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "Now when the Europeans come, and we think about the Europeans against the Native Americans and how the Europeans were so superior, well, if you wiped out 90% of a population, I probably could have taken over as well. So that's going to be a huge one in terms of the old world bringing these diseases to the new world. Now in terms of the other way around, were there diseases that went back to Europe? And certainly archaeologists have found that Native Americans had arthritis, so they got arthritis. Their knuckles hurt a little bit. And there is some evidence that maybe Columbus brought back syphilis. You know, there was a huge outbreak of syphilis in 1494 in Naples, Italy."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "And certainly archaeologists have found that Native Americans had arthritis, so they got arthritis. Their knuckles hurt a little bit. And there is some evidence that maybe Columbus brought back syphilis. You know, there was a huge outbreak of syphilis in 1494 in Naples, Italy. And there are many historians, anthropologists that claim that syphilis was only in the new world and went to the old world, although there are some that argue it was in the old world, it really just wasn't defined as a disease. But I guess that's a win for the new world. But overall, they're going to be ravished, they're going to be destroyed."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, there was a huge outbreak of syphilis in 1494 in Naples, Italy. And there are many historians, anthropologists that claim that syphilis was only in the new world and went to the old world, although there are some that argue it was in the old world, it really just wasn't defined as a disease. But I guess that's a win for the new world. But overall, they're going to be ravished, they're going to be destroyed. It's going to be a bigger impact than the Black Plague had on Europe, this new introduction of these diseases into the new world. Not only did the old world bring all their old cooties to the new world and kill everybody, but they also found some pretty cool materials to fight diseases back in Europe. This probably should go in the plant section, but they found quinine, a malaria-fighting plant, and that's going to be a drug that is really going to wipe out malaria, for the most part, in the old world because of the new world."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "But overall, they're going to be ravished, they're going to be destroyed. It's going to be a bigger impact than the Black Plague had on Europe, this new introduction of these diseases into the new world. Not only did the old world bring all their old cooties to the new world and kill everybody, but they also found some pretty cool materials to fight diseases back in Europe. This probably should go in the plant section, but they found quinine, a malaria-fighting plant, and that's going to be a drug that is really going to wipe out malaria, for the most part, in the old world because of the new world. So old world wins, new world loses. So in terms of animals, the old world just has a lot more animals. There were 72 classifications of large mammals in the old world, and of those 72, something like 13 had been domesticated."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "This probably should go in the plant section, but they found quinine, a malaria-fighting plant, and that's going to be a drug that is really going to wipe out malaria, for the most part, in the old world because of the new world. So old world wins, new world loses. So in terms of animals, the old world just has a lot more animals. There were 72 classifications of large mammals in the old world, and of those 72, something like 13 had been domesticated. Now there's only 23 large mammal classifications in the new world. Of those 23, zero were domesticated. Now there's certainly small animals like they had llamas and they had small dogs and there was the turkey in North America, but it's not the same as in Europe where they're using animals as part of the way that they live."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "There were 72 classifications of large mammals in the old world, and of those 72, something like 13 had been domesticated. Now there's only 23 large mammal classifications in the new world. Of those 23, zero were domesticated. Now there's certainly small animals like they had llamas and they had small dogs and there was the turkey in North America, but it's not the same as in Europe where they're using animals as part of the way that they live. So when they start bringing their animals over, and we're talking about horses and donkeys and mules and pigs and sheep and goats and rats and large dogs and cats and bees, that's going to rock the world of the new world, especially when we're talking about some of those animals that are going to help the spread of those diseases that we previously talked about. So that's going to have an impact on speeding up the destruction of the new world cultures. But if we wanted to pick one animal, because we can't lecture forever, and we talked about how it really impacted the new world, I'd go with the horse."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "Now there's certainly small animals like they had llamas and they had small dogs and there was the turkey in North America, but it's not the same as in Europe where they're using animals as part of the way that they live. So when they start bringing their animals over, and we're talking about horses and donkeys and mules and pigs and sheep and goats and rats and large dogs and cats and bees, that's going to rock the world of the new world, especially when we're talking about some of those animals that are going to help the spread of those diseases that we previously talked about. So that's going to have an impact on speeding up the destruction of the new world cultures. But if we wanted to pick one animal, because we can't lecture forever, and we talked about how it really impacted the new world, I'd go with the horse. Because when Native Americans figured out how to adopt the horse to their culture, when they saw these Spanish people riding the horses, they were like, I want one of those! And quite quickly it became a source of wealth in the Native American world. Not only are the plain tribes going to be able to expand because of the horse, but you're also going to have a lot of mountain Native American tribes that are going to adopt to the horse and stop living in an agricultural lifestyle and start living a more nomadic lifestyle."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "But if we wanted to pick one animal, because we can't lecture forever, and we talked about how it really impacted the new world, I'd go with the horse. Because when Native Americans figured out how to adopt the horse to their culture, when they saw these Spanish people riding the horses, they were like, I want one of those! And quite quickly it became a source of wealth in the Native American world. Not only are the plain tribes going to be able to expand because of the horse, but you're also going to have a lot of mountain Native American tribes that are going to adopt to the horse and stop living in an agricultural lifestyle and start living a more nomadic lifestyle. So the horse is going to have a huge impact on how Native Americans lived, how their culture operated. Now in terms of the other way around, there's just not a lot of animals to talk about. You certainly had the llama, the turkey, the raccoon, the mink that ended up in Europe, and to this day there's feral populations of minks and raccoons because of fur farming and such like that."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "Not only are the plain tribes going to be able to expand because of the horse, but you're also going to have a lot of mountain Native American tribes that are going to adopt to the horse and stop living in an agricultural lifestyle and start living a more nomadic lifestyle. So the horse is going to have a huge impact on how Native Americans lived, how their culture operated. Now in terms of the other way around, there's just not a lot of animals to talk about. You certainly had the llama, the turkey, the raccoon, the mink that ended up in Europe, and to this day there's feral populations of minks and raccoons because of fur farming and such like that. But really, like when we talked about diseases, this is really talking about taking stuff from the old world, putting it in the new world, and changing everything. Alright, we have one more. You wouldn't think that plants are really important, but crops, plants, food is muy muy importante."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "You certainly had the llama, the turkey, the raccoon, the mink that ended up in Europe, and to this day there's feral populations of minks and raccoons because of fur farming and such like that. But really, like when we talked about diseases, this is really talking about taking stuff from the old world, putting it in the new world, and changing everything. Alright, we have one more. You wouldn't think that plants are really important, but crops, plants, food is muy muy importante. So go ahead, try to imagine a world where Italy doesn't have the tomato, where chocolate doesn't come out of Switzerland, and when there's no oranges in Florida. All of those are examples of foods that previously didn't exist in those locations. So once again, a lot of this Columbian exchange is less of an exchange and more of like the new world's got some cool stuff that you might want."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "You wouldn't think that plants are really important, but crops, plants, food is muy muy importante. So go ahead, try to imagine a world where Italy doesn't have the tomato, where chocolate doesn't come out of Switzerland, and when there's no oranges in Florida. All of those are examples of foods that previously didn't exist in those locations. So once again, a lot of this Columbian exchange is less of an exchange and more of like the new world's got some cool stuff that you might want. Now if I had to pick two or three crops or food items that are going to have the biggest impact on the old world coming out of the new world, I'd have to go with potatoes. Potatoes which were grown in South America are going to quite quickly in a couple of centuries change the face of the old world. Not only is it going to become a main staple in Africa and in China, but you've all heard of the potato famine in Ireland."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "So once again, a lot of this Columbian exchange is less of an exchange and more of like the new world's got some cool stuff that you might want. Now if I had to pick two or three crops or food items that are going to have the biggest impact on the old world coming out of the new world, I'd have to go with potatoes. Potatoes which were grown in South America are going to quite quickly in a couple of centuries change the face of the old world. Not only is it going to become a main staple in Africa and in China, but you've all heard of the potato famine in Ireland. They were so dependent on the potato that it shows you how much of an impact that it had. These food items are going to allow the European populations, the Asian populations to rapidly grow. They were hungry and now they have, you know, a potato, a starch item that is just awesome in terms of sustainability."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "Not only is it going to become a main staple in Africa and in China, but you've all heard of the potato famine in Ireland. They were so dependent on the potato that it shows you how much of an impact that it had. These food items are going to allow the European populations, the Asian populations to rapidly grow. They were hungry and now they have, you know, a potato, a starch item that is just awesome in terms of sustainability. Now corn, corn's another huge crop that's going to be exported to the old world and quite quickly corn's going to be grown, maize, around the old world sustaining these populations that we talked about. And then there's the tomato. You can go read up on the tomato."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "They were hungry and now they have, you know, a potato, a starch item that is just awesome in terms of sustainability. Now corn, corn's another huge crop that's going to be exported to the old world and quite quickly corn's going to be grown, maize, around the old world sustaining these populations that we talked about. And then there's the tomato. You can go read up on the tomato. It's a really interesting story because when the tomato came back to Italy for a couple hundred years, it was considered not to be edible. That it was more of a decoration. They would draw paintings of tomatoes and people would, you know, put them in their kitchens just to look pretty."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "You can go read up on the tomato. It's a really interesting story because when the tomato came back to Italy for a couple hundred years, it was considered not to be edible. That it was more of a decoration. They would draw paintings of tomatoes and people would, you know, put them in their kitchens just to look pretty. And then eventually I guess someone ate one and they're like, mmm, it's good. And then of course by the 1800s the tomato is the base, the staple of Italian cooking. In fact, the Europeans are going to bring with them rice and sugar and you know what that means."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "They would draw paintings of tomatoes and people would, you know, put them in their kitchens just to look pretty. And then eventually I guess someone ate one and they're like, mmm, it's good. And then of course by the 1800s the tomato is the base, the staple of Italian cooking. In fact, the Europeans are going to bring with them rice and sugar and you know what that means. That means plantations and then you add to the fact that there's a huge labor shortage because all the Native Americans have died from disease and now you have the African slave trade. So these unintended consequences with just something like the introduction of sugar and rice into the new world shows you what a huge impact is. Now if we want to give one win to the new world, why don't we say tobacco?"}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, the Europeans are going to bring with them rice and sugar and you know what that means. That means plantations and then you add to the fact that there's a huge labor shortage because all the Native Americans have died from disease and now you have the African slave trade. So these unintended consequences with just something like the introduction of sugar and rice into the new world shows you what a huge impact is. Now if we want to give one win to the new world, why don't we say tobacco? Because tobacco was used by Native Americans and that crop, which eventually is going to be exported to Europe, is going to end up killing a lot of them. So if we want to rack that up as a win, I guess we can. So whether we're talking about the tomato in Italy or the chili pepper and potatoes that end up in India."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "Now if we want to give one win to the new world, why don't we say tobacco? Because tobacco was used by Native Americans and that crop, which eventually is going to be exported to Europe, is going to end up killing a lot of them. So if we want to rack that up as a win, I guess we can. So whether we're talking about the tomato in Italy or the chili pepper and potatoes that end up in India. Could you imagine Indian food with no spice and no potatoes? It wouldn't exist. But the main idea is that these crops are going to change the old world by sustaining these populations and many would argue really leading to the Industrial Revolution, to imperialism eventually because you can't have that type of power unless you can sustain your populations and the new world through the Columbian Exchange allowed that to happen."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "So whether we're talking about the tomato in Italy or the chili pepper and potatoes that end up in India. Could you imagine Indian food with no spice and no potatoes? It wouldn't exist. But the main idea is that these crops are going to change the old world by sustaining these populations and many would argue really leading to the Industrial Revolution, to imperialism eventually because you can't have that type of power unless you can sustain your populations and the new world through the Columbian Exchange allowed that to happen. Now on the flip side, in terms of foods that are coming across to the new world, certainly you have the orange and stuff like that, some citrus fruits, but really if you want to talk about impact, you would talk about the different weeds that they brought over and that's going to have a huge impact, especially in the Caribbean, which is going to cause a different ecological system which the people there are just not used to. So food, crops, plants, it's going to change both worlds. So there you go guys, there is the Columbian Exchange."}, {"video_title": "The Columbian Exchange.m4a", "Sentence": "But the main idea is that these crops are going to change the old world by sustaining these populations and many would argue really leading to the Industrial Revolution, to imperialism eventually because you can't have that type of power unless you can sustain your populations and the new world through the Columbian Exchange allowed that to happen. Now on the flip side, in terms of foods that are coming across to the new world, certainly you have the orange and stuff like that, some citrus fruits, but really if you want to talk about impact, you would talk about the different weeds that they brought over and that's going to have a huge impact, especially in the Caribbean, which is going to cause a different ecological system which the people there are just not used to. So food, crops, plants, it's going to change both worlds. So there you go guys, there is the Columbian Exchange. Now there are tons of other examples, why don't you leave some of them down in the comments below, but we certainly hope that you have the basic skinny when it comes to animal, plants and diseases and how they rocked two worlds. And make sure that you rock my world by going down and subscribing below and check out the video arsenal, we have hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of videos. Now I'm going to say it because I say it at the end of every lecture because I believe with all my heart, where tension goes, energy flows."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We're now going to talk about a people that began to settle and eventually conquer much of Anatolia, modern-day Turkey, at the beginning of the second millennium BCE. And these people are known as the Hittites. And the word Hittite is referred to in the Hebrew Bible, in the Old Testament. And it's worth dissecting that word a little bit because the word comes from the idea that this region that they conquer in modern-day Turkey was referred to as Hatti. And Hatti had original inhabitants known as the Hattians. But the Hittites conquer and displace these Hattians, but they are referred to as the Hittites because they settle in Hatti. Now, they're considered to be Indo-European people."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's worth dissecting that word a little bit because the word comes from the idea that this region that they conquer in modern-day Turkey was referred to as Hatti. And Hatti had original inhabitants known as the Hattians. But the Hittites conquer and displace these Hattians, but they are referred to as the Hittites because they settle in Hatti. Now, they're considered to be Indo-European people. And this is a word that you will hear often in world history. And that's because what linguists have found is that many modern languages seem to have a root in what's called Proto-Indo-European language. And I'll do a whole video on it."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, they're considered to be Indo-European people. And this is a word that you will hear often in world history. And that's because what linguists have found is that many modern languages seem to have a root in what's called Proto-Indo-European language. And I'll do a whole video on it. But looking at linguistic structures, we believe, or one model is, is that many of the people who speak these Indo-European languages are these ones that are derived from that Proto-Indo-European and that includes Greek and languages related to Greek. We're talking about Latin. We're talking about the Germanic languages, including what I'm speaking right now, which is English, which is fundamentally a Germanic language with a lot of Latin influence."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I'll do a whole video on it. But looking at linguistic structures, we believe, or one model is, is that many of the people who speak these Indo-European languages are these ones that are derived from that Proto-Indo-European and that includes Greek and languages related to Greek. We're talking about Latin. We're talking about the Germanic languages, including what I'm speaking right now, which is English, which is fundamentally a Germanic language with a lot of Latin influence. We're talking about Celtic. But we're also talking about more Eastern languages, like Persian and Hindi and Bengali. All of these have a lot of commonalities to them, which we believe gives evidence that at one point, it was a very closely related group of people who are coming from this Caucasus region."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We're talking about the Germanic languages, including what I'm speaking right now, which is English, which is fundamentally a Germanic language with a lot of Latin influence. We're talking about Celtic. But we're also talking about more Eastern languages, like Persian and Hindi and Bengali. All of these have a lot of commonalities to them, which we believe gives evidence that at one point, it was a very closely related group of people who are coming from this Caucasus region. And this map that you see here, this shows one model for how those people spread and eventually broke off into various tribes, speaking different but very related languages. So the fourth millennium BCE, they were in this region right over here, which would be southern Russia, the Caucasus right around there. And then by 2500 BCE, that's this orange area, they had spread even further."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "All of these have a lot of commonalities to them, which we believe gives evidence that at one point, it was a very closely related group of people who are coming from this Caucasus region. And this map that you see here, this shows one model for how those people spread and eventually broke off into various tribes, speaking different but very related languages. So the fourth millennium BCE, they were in this region right over here, which would be southern Russia, the Caucasus right around there. And then by 2500 BCE, that's this orange area, they had spread even further. And then by 1000 BCE, they had spread even further. And the Hittites would have been one of those people because they settle in Anatolia right over here. Now, we don't know as much about the Hittites as we know about, say, the ancient Egyptians or the Mesopotamians."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then by 2500 BCE, that's this orange area, they had spread even further. And then by 1000 BCE, they had spread even further. And the Hittites would have been one of those people because they settle in Anatolia right over here. Now, we don't know as much about the Hittites as we know about, say, the ancient Egyptians or the Mesopotamians. But we know that they were a significant civilization. Now, if you look at this timeline here, it shows the various civilizations that were emerging around this time. We're now talking about the mid to late second millennium."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, we don't know as much about the Hittites as we know about, say, the ancient Egyptians or the Mesopotamians. But we know that they were a significant civilization. Now, if you look at this timeline here, it shows the various civilizations that were emerging around this time. We're now talking about the mid to late second millennium. So this is 1700 BCE. Let me write that down just to make sure we know that's BCE. 1600 BCE, so on and so forth."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We're now talking about the mid to late second millennium. So this is 1700 BCE. Let me write that down just to make sure we know that's BCE. 1600 BCE, so on and so forth. And I show these various civilizations that existed around that time. So when you, and they should, they correspond to this map here. So you have Mycenaean Greece, which emerges around 1600 BCE, all the way to about 1100 BCE."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "1600 BCE, so on and so forth. And I show these various civilizations that existed around that time. So when you, and they should, they correspond to this map here. So you have Mycenaean Greece, which emerges around 1600 BCE, all the way to about 1100 BCE. You have the New Kingdom of Egypt, which is from about 1550 BCE to a little bit after 1100 BCE. And we do a whole series of videos on ancient Egypt. And then we talk about the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and of course, the New Kingdom."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So you have Mycenaean Greece, which emerges around 1600 BCE, all the way to about 1100 BCE. You have the New Kingdom of Egypt, which is from about 1550 BCE to a little bit after 1100 BCE. And we do a whole series of videos on ancient Egypt. And then we talk about the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and of course, the New Kingdom. And the New Kingdom of Egypt is important because they're going to be one of the key rivals for the Hittites in this period. The New Kingdom of Egypt is often referred to as the Egyptian Empire because it was the most powerful time of ancient Egypt. Now, and you see that right over here in this brown color."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then we talk about the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and of course, the New Kingdom. And the New Kingdom of Egypt is important because they're going to be one of the key rivals for the Hittites in this period. The New Kingdom of Egypt is often referred to as the Egyptian Empire because it was the most powerful time of ancient Egypt. Now, and you see that right over here in this brown color. Now in this purplish-blue color, that is the Hittite civilization. And this map right over here, you can see that they started to really settle and conquer that area at the beginning of the second millennium. And by 1600, you have the Old Hittite Kingdom."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, and you see that right over here in this brown color. Now in this purplish-blue color, that is the Hittite civilization. And this map right over here, you can see that they started to really settle and conquer that area at the beginning of the second millennium. And by 1600, you have the Old Hittite Kingdom. And then as we get to about 1400 BCE, you have the New Hittite Kingdom, often known as the Hittite Empire. And this is where they really start to flex their muscle. And notice, they're flexing their muscles at roughly the same time as the Egyptians."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And by 1600, you have the Old Hittite Kingdom. And then as we get to about 1400 BCE, you have the New Hittite Kingdom, often known as the Hittite Empire. And this is where they really start to flex their muscle. And notice, they're flexing their muscles at roughly the same time as the Egyptians. And so this map right over here, this is in roughly the 14th century what this area looked like. So we're talking roughly this zone. And you can see there are several civilizations, many of them that were in their peak."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And notice, they're flexing their muscles at roughly the same time as the Egyptians. And so this map right over here, this is in roughly the 14th century what this area looked like. So we're talking roughly this zone. And you can see there are several civilizations, many of them that were in their peak. You see the Mitanni Kingdom right over here. You see the Middle Assyrian Empire. And we talk about them when we talk about Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can see there are several civilizations, many of them that were in their peak. You see the Mitanni Kingdom right over here. You see the Middle Assyrian Empire. And we talk about them when we talk about Mesopotamia. And you see Kassite Babylonia right over here. The Kassites took over after the Amorites under Hammurabi and his dynasty. And we'll see that they also have a connection to the Hittites."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we talk about them when we talk about Mesopotamia. And you see Kassite Babylonia right over here. The Kassites took over after the Amorites under Hammurabi and his dynasty. And we'll see that they also have a connection to the Hittites. So this will hopefully acquaint you with time. These are Bronze Age civilizations. The state of the art of technology for most of them was bronze, which is combining copper and tin, and you can make weapons and tools and jewelry with it."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we'll see that they also have a connection to the Hittites. So this will hopefully acquaint you with time. These are Bronze Age civilizations. The state of the art of technology for most of them was bronze, which is combining copper and tin, and you can make weapons and tools and jewelry with it. Now what's interesting about the Hittites is that they were one of the first to start to use iron. Iron required a little bit more technology. In order to smelt iron, you had to get the furnace to be even hotter."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The state of the art of technology for most of them was bronze, which is combining copper and tin, and you can make weapons and tools and jewelry with it. Now what's interesting about the Hittites is that they were one of the first to start to use iron. Iron required a little bit more technology. In order to smelt iron, you had to get the furnace to be even hotter. And the Hittites, we know, did make use of iron. Now they are also known as great charioteers. This is an image of what a Hittite chariot would look like."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In order to smelt iron, you had to get the furnace to be even hotter. And the Hittites, we know, did make use of iron. Now they are also known as great charioteers. This is an image of what a Hittite chariot would look like. And so with the combination of iron chariots, that's one of the things that helped them establish something of an empire. Now I mentioned that they come into conflict with many other peoples. In fact, they come into conflict with most of the folks that you see on this picture over here."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is an image of what a Hittite chariot would look like. And so with the combination of iron chariots, that's one of the things that helped them establish something of an empire. Now I mentioned that they come into conflict with many other peoples. In fact, they come into conflict with most of the folks that you see on this picture over here. The first time that you really see them in a significant way conquering things is in 1595 BCE. And this would be the old Hittite kingdom. But this is what famously ends Hammurabi's dynasty, the Amorite dynasty in Babylon right over here."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, they come into conflict with most of the folks that you see on this picture over here. The first time that you really see them in a significant way conquering things is in 1595 BCE. And this would be the old Hittite kingdom. But this is what famously ends Hammurabi's dynasty, the Amorite dynasty in Babylon right over here. They go to Babylon in 1595 BCE and they overthrow it. They're not able to maintain rule. They have to go back."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But this is what famously ends Hammurabi's dynasty, the Amorite dynasty in Babylon right over here. They go to Babylon in 1595 BCE and they overthrow it. They're not able to maintain rule. They have to go back. There start to be fragmentation, dissension at home. But it's the end of the Amorites. And then eventually another group, the Kassites, take over this region."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They have to go back. There start to be fragmentation, dissension at home. But it's the end of the Amorites. And then eventually another group, the Kassites, take over this region. And you can see them in gray right over here. Now what's also interesting in this timeline that we have, and we're talking about hundreds of years, it's important to keep things in perspective, is that you see that a lot of these civilizations in the Middle East and Mesopotamia, this area is often referred to as the Levant. It's related to the word levante from Italian for to rise."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then eventually another group, the Kassites, take over this region. And you can see them in gray right over here. Now what's also interesting in this timeline that we have, and we're talking about hundreds of years, it's important to keep things in perspective, is that you see that a lot of these civilizations in the Middle East and Mesopotamia, this area is often referred to as the Levant. It's related to the word levante from Italian for to rise. Because for the Romans, for the Europeans, for those in the West, this is where the sun rose. This was the east. It was the eastern Mediterranean."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's related to the word levante from Italian for to rise. Because for the Romans, for the Europeans, for those in the West, this is where the sun rose. This was the east. It was the eastern Mediterranean. And so you have all of these civilizations that are in the Levant in the 14th century BCE, in the 13th century BCE. But then they start to decline. And that general period after the, or around the 12th century BCE, is known as the Bronze Age Collapse, when a lot of these civilizations become a lot more fragmented."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was the eastern Mediterranean. And so you have all of these civilizations that are in the Levant in the 14th century BCE, in the 13th century BCE. But then they start to decline. And that general period after the, or around the 12th century BCE, is known as the Bronze Age Collapse, when a lot of these civilizations become a lot more fragmented. Now I've already alluded to the fact, and I talk about this in a lot of detail, in the Ancient Egypt video, that the chief rivals of the Hittites were the Egyptians, and vice versa. And it's particularly the case in the 14th and 13th centuries, where both of them were quite powerful empires. You have the Egyptians moving up into this area right over here, modern-day Israel and Lebanon."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that general period after the, or around the 12th century BCE, is known as the Bronze Age Collapse, when a lot of these civilizations become a lot more fragmented. Now I've already alluded to the fact, and I talk about this in a lot of detail, in the Ancient Egypt video, that the chief rivals of the Hittites were the Egyptians, and vice versa. And it's particularly the case in the 14th and 13th centuries, where both of them were quite powerful empires. You have the Egyptians moving up into this area right over here, modern-day Israel and Lebanon. And you have the Hittites moving down from the north, from Anatolia into modern-day Syria. And there's a whole series of conflicts that emerge in this area. And one of the most famous, and one of the most significant, happens in 1274 BCE."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the Egyptians moving up into this area right over here, modern-day Israel and Lebanon. And you have the Hittites moving down from the north, from Anatolia into modern-day Syria. And there's a whole series of conflicts that emerge in this area. And one of the most famous, and one of the most significant, happens in 1274 BCE. And that is the Battle of Kadesh. Kadesh is an area that has switched hands multiple times between the Egyptians and the Hittites. At this time, you have Ramses II, considered the greatest Egyptian pharaoh."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And one of the most famous, and one of the most significant, happens in 1274 BCE. And that is the Battle of Kadesh. Kadesh is an area that has switched hands multiple times between the Egyptians and the Hittites. At this time, you have Ramses II, considered the greatest Egyptian pharaoh. He is the pharaoh, he is the ruler of Egypt, and he wants to recapture Kadesh. And what's significant about the Battle of Kadesh, it's the earliest battle where we have a significant account of the tactics, of the strategy, of the formation of the troops. We know that there were over 50,000 soldiers involved."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "At this time, you have Ramses II, considered the greatest Egyptian pharaoh. He is the pharaoh, he is the ruler of Egypt, and he wants to recapture Kadesh. And what's significant about the Battle of Kadesh, it's the earliest battle where we have a significant account of the tactics, of the strategy, of the formation of the troops. We know that there were over 50,000 soldiers involved. It's currently believed it might be the largest chariot battle in all of world history that we at least know about. And the actual outcome of the Battle of Kadesh seems to be a stalemate. Our accounts of it come primarily from the Egyptians."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We know that there were over 50,000 soldiers involved. It's currently believed it might be the largest chariot battle in all of world history that we at least know about. And the actual outcome of the Battle of Kadesh seems to be a stalemate. Our accounts of it come primarily from the Egyptians. We don't have any significant Hittite surviving accounts of the Battle of Kadesh, but it gave us a lot of information. But beyond just the battle itself being significant, because we have this detail about what battles were like at that time, be it with chariots and the type of tactics that were used, what's also significant is 16 years after the Battle of Kadesh, you have the Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty in 1258 BCE. And the reason why this is significant, and this is sometimes referred to as the first peace treaty in history."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Our accounts of it come primarily from the Egyptians. We don't have any significant Hittite surviving accounts of the Battle of Kadesh, but it gave us a lot of information. But beyond just the battle itself being significant, because we have this detail about what battles were like at that time, be it with chariots and the type of tactics that were used, what's also significant is 16 years after the Battle of Kadesh, you have the Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty in 1258 BCE. And the reason why this is significant, and this is sometimes referred to as the first peace treaty in history. I would qualify a little bit as saying it's the first peace treaty that we know about in this part of the world. And this right over here is the Hittite version of it. And what's especially cool about this peace treaty, and just so you know what these other pictures are, this is a Hittite ramp discovered at the Hittite capital of Hattusa."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the reason why this is significant, and this is sometimes referred to as the first peace treaty in history. I would qualify a little bit as saying it's the first peace treaty that we know about in this part of the world. And this right over here is the Hittite version of it. And what's especially cool about this peace treaty, and just so you know what these other pictures are, this is a Hittite ramp discovered at the Hittite capital of Hattusa. This is some pictures of the Hittite gods of the underworld. But once again, we don't have as complete of a picture of the Hittites versus, say, the Egyptians. But what's also neat about this treaty, it's sometimes called the Treaty of Kadesh, but it doesn't refer directly to Kadesh."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's especially cool about this peace treaty, and just so you know what these other pictures are, this is a Hittite ramp discovered at the Hittite capital of Hattusa. This is some pictures of the Hittite gods of the underworld. But once again, we don't have as complete of a picture of the Hittites versus, say, the Egyptians. But what's also neat about this treaty, it's sometimes called the Treaty of Kadesh, but it doesn't refer directly to Kadesh. These folks have been in conflict with each other for nearly, for over 100 years right over here. So this treaty is really to talk about not just Kadesh, and this treaty happened 16 years after the Battle of Kadesh, but to talk about, let's just have a permanent peace between our two great empires. And what's cool about it is we have surviving accounts from the Hittites that were discovered in Hattusa, and we also have a symmetric account that we get from the Egyptians."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But what's also neat about this treaty, it's sometimes called the Treaty of Kadesh, but it doesn't refer directly to Kadesh. These folks have been in conflict with each other for nearly, for over 100 years right over here. So this treaty is really to talk about not just Kadesh, and this treaty happened 16 years after the Battle of Kadesh, but to talk about, let's just have a permanent peace between our two great empires. And what's cool about it is we have surviving accounts from the Hittites that were discovered in Hattusa, and we also have a symmetric account that we get from the Egyptians. And so this is the one from the Hittites, and this is from the Egyptians. It's written in Akkadian, which wasn't their language. Akkadian, we talked about, was a Semitic language."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's cool about it is we have surviving accounts from the Hittites that were discovered in Hattusa, and we also have a symmetric account that we get from the Egyptians. And so this is the one from the Hittites, and this is from the Egyptians. It's written in Akkadian, which wasn't their language. Akkadian, we talked about, was a Semitic language. And they use that cuneiform script, which remember, we get from the Sumerians. But it's cool to get the same treaty written in different scripts from both sides of the conflict. And I'll just read a little bit of it because it's neat to just think about it."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Akkadian, we talked about, was a Semitic language. And they use that cuneiform script, which remember, we get from the Sumerians. But it's cool to get the same treaty written in different scripts from both sides of the conflict. And I'll just read a little bit of it because it's neat to just think about it. And of course, they didn't write it in this language. Modern English wouldn't show up for many, actually thousands of years from this point. But this is a translation."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I'll just read a little bit of it because it's neat to just think about it. And of course, they didn't write it in this language. Modern English wouldn't show up for many, actually thousands of years from this point. But this is a translation. Now from the beginning of the limits of eternity, as for the situation of the great ruler of Egypt with the great prince of Hatti, the god did not permit hostility to occur between them through a regulation. But in the time of Muatalis, the great prince of Hatti, my brother, so this is from the point of view of Hattusalis, who is the Hittite king at the time of the treaty, he fought with Ramses Mary Amon, the pharaoh Ramses, the great ruler of Egypt. But hereafter, from this day, behold, Hattusalis, the great prince of Hatti, is under a regulation in order not to permit hostility to occur between them forever."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But this is a translation. Now from the beginning of the limits of eternity, as for the situation of the great ruler of Egypt with the great prince of Hatti, the god did not permit hostility to occur between them through a regulation. But in the time of Muatalis, the great prince of Hatti, my brother, so this is from the point of view of Hattusalis, who is the Hittite king at the time of the treaty, he fought with Ramses Mary Amon, the pharaoh Ramses, the great ruler of Egypt. But hereafter, from this day, behold, Hattusalis, the great prince of Hatti, is under a regulation in order not to permit hostility to occur between them forever. Those are big words. Behold, Hattusalis, sometimes it's spelled Hattusali, the great prince of Hatti has set himself in a regulation with Uzermat-re-setep-en-re. That's sometimes how Ramses is referred to."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But hereafter, from this day, behold, Hattusalis, the great prince of Hatti, is under a regulation in order not to permit hostility to occur between them forever. Those are big words. Behold, Hattusalis, sometimes it's spelled Hattusali, the great prince of Hatti has set himself in a regulation with Uzermat-re-setep-en-re. That's sometimes how Ramses is referred to. The great ruler of Egypt, beginning from this day, to cause that good peace and brotherhood occur between us forever. While he is in brotherhood with me and he is at peace with me, and I am in brotherhood with him, and I am in peace with him forever. Behold, I, as the great prince of Hatti, am with Ramses Mary Amon in good peace and in good brotherhood."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That's sometimes how Ramses is referred to. The great ruler of Egypt, beginning from this day, to cause that good peace and brotherhood occur between us forever. While he is in brotherhood with me and he is at peace with me, and I am in brotherhood with him, and I am in peace with him forever. Behold, I, as the great prince of Hatti, am with Ramses Mary Amon in good peace and in good brotherhood. The children of the children of the great prince of Hatti are in brotherhood and peace with the children of the children of Ramses Mary Amon, the great ruler of Egypt. For they are in our situation of brotherhood and our situation of peace. The land of Egypt, with the land of Hatti, shall be at peace and in brotherhood, like unto us forever."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Behold, I, as the great prince of Hatti, am with Ramses Mary Amon in good peace and in good brotherhood. The children of the children of the great prince of Hatti are in brotherhood and peace with the children of the children of Ramses Mary Amon, the great ruler of Egypt. For they are in our situation of brotherhood and our situation of peace. The land of Egypt, with the land of Hatti, shall be at peace and in brotherhood, like unto us forever. Hostilities shall not occur between them forever. So not only are they, and this is just part of the text, and it's actually quite interesting. Do a web search for the Egyptian Hittite Treaty text, and you can actually get the whole text."}, {"video_title": "The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The land of Egypt, with the land of Hatti, shall be at peace and in brotherhood, like unto us forever. Hostilities shall not occur between them forever. So not only are they, and this is just part of the text, and it's actually quite interesting. Do a web search for the Egyptian Hittite Treaty text, and you can actually get the whole text. This is just part of an excerpt of it. But they go into much more details about how they might provide aid for each other, how they're not going to have conflict, et cetera, et cetera. So I'll leave you there, but the important thing to take away is some of these modern notions of peace treaties and military tactics, they go deep into history, and this is some of the earliest evidence we find, but I would suspect as we discover more things, we might find even earlier evidence."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "This time we're going to hit you up with some Jainism. You're going to want to know something about that, aren't you? So why don't we giddy up for the learning and go get her done right now. You want to talk about old? How about 5000 years, guys? Jainism is going to grow up alongside of Hinduism in India from around 5000 years ago, 3000 BCE. It's not only one of the oldest religions in the world, it's considered to be one of the oldest philosophies in the world."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You want to talk about old? How about 5000 years, guys? Jainism is going to grow up alongside of Hinduism in India from around 5000 years ago, 3000 BCE. It's not only one of the oldest religions in the world, it's considered to be one of the oldest philosophies in the world. Many people even consider it to be a form of atheism. Now Jainists, their knowledge, their belief system comes from 24 great teachers that were called Tirthankaras. And these were people that had already freed their souls from their body, possessing all knowledge of the universe, and then came back to teach other people."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not only one of the oldest religions in the world, it's considered to be one of the oldest philosophies in the world. Many people even consider it to be a form of atheism. Now Jainists, their knowledge, their belief system comes from 24 great teachers that were called Tirthankaras. And these were people that had already freed their souls from their body, possessing all knowledge of the universe, and then came back to teach other people. Jainists believe in no God. There is no creator. There is no deity that started it all."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And these were people that had already freed their souls from their body, possessing all knowledge of the universe, and then came back to teach other people. Jainists believe in no God. There is no creator. There is no deity that started it all. Jainists would say, where does matter come from? It comes from nowhere. It's always been."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There is no deity that started it all. Jainists would say, where does matter come from? It comes from nowhere. It's always been. So you can't have a period before there was matter, where there was a God, which didn't exist because there was no matter that created that matter that didn't exist. Jainists would say, where does the perfect God's intention come from to create a universe to be so perfect? Why is there a need to create a universe in the first place?"}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's always been. So you can't have a period before there was matter, where there was a God, which didn't exist because there was no matter that created that matter that didn't exist. Jainists would say, where does the perfect God's intention come from to create a universe to be so perfect? Why is there a need to create a universe in the first place? A Jainist would say, there is no God. There are only souls. There's only matter."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Why is there a need to create a universe in the first place? A Jainist would say, there is no God. There are only souls. There's only matter. There's only the universe, all eternal. And we need to learn how to play by the rules. There is only, according to Jainists, the universe that is all eternal."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's only matter. There's only the universe, all eternal. And we need to learn how to play by the rules. There is only, according to Jainists, the universe that is all eternal. They also believe that Jainism has been around forever, that it is eternal as well. And they divide the universe basically into two different, you want to call them substances, we'll call one jiva, soul, the eternal life force. And they believe that our souls and the souls of animals and plants and every living being is eternal as well, that it's always existed."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There is only, according to Jainists, the universe that is all eternal. They also believe that Jainism has been around forever, that it is eternal as well. And they divide the universe basically into two different, you want to call them substances, we'll call one jiva, soul, the eternal life force. And they believe that our souls and the souls of animals and plants and every living being is eternal as well, that it's always existed. Nobody created the soul. They also believe that there is something called a jiva, which is basically matter and time and space. And they believe, Jainists do, that just like there's laws of the universe when it comes to matter, time and space, there are laws of the universe that apply to our souls."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And they believe that our souls and the souls of animals and plants and every living being is eternal as well, that it's always existed. Nobody created the soul. They also believe that there is something called a jiva, which is basically matter and time and space. And they believe, Jainists do, that just like there's laws of the universe when it comes to matter, time and space, there are laws of the universe that apply to our souls. These are inescapable. There is no God that is going to save you from these natural laws that we're going to call and they're going to call karma. There is only your soul and the karma that attaches itself to your soul."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And they believe, Jainists do, that just like there's laws of the universe when it comes to matter, time and space, there are laws of the universe that apply to our souls. These are inescapable. There is no God that is going to save you from these natural laws that we're going to call and they're going to call karma. There is only your soul and the karma that attaches itself to your soul. So the ultimate purpose in Jainism is to cleanse your soul so clean that you can achieve nirvana and escape this cycle of reincarnation. Yes, they believe in reincarnation and they don't want to keep coming back. They want to free their soul to connect with the one universe to achieve what they call moksha."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There is only your soul and the karma that attaches itself to your soul. So the ultimate purpose in Jainism is to cleanse your soul so clean that you can achieve nirvana and escape this cycle of reincarnation. Yes, they believe in reincarnation and they don't want to keep coming back. They want to free their soul to connect with the one universe to achieve what they call moksha. Now, the Jainists have a very elaborate and complex system of the universe that they believe in. They actually believe in three universes, but that blew my mind so I can't talk about that. But I can talk about the official symbol of Jainism, which is right there."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They want to free their soul to connect with the one universe to achieve what they call moksha. Now, the Jainists have a very elaborate and complex system of the universe that they believe in. They actually believe in three universes, but that blew my mind so I can't talk about that. But I can talk about the official symbol of Jainism, which is right there. And now we can get to the swastika. So this is the official symbol of Jainism. They call it Jain Pratikshina and it represents basically everything that they believe in."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But I can talk about the official symbol of Jainism, which is right there. And now we can get to the swastika. So this is the official symbol of Jainism. They call it Jain Pratikshina and it represents basically everything that they believe in. We'll start with the outline itself, which they believe is the outline of the universe. And the concept is that when we are trapped in this universe, our job is to elevate our soul to the point where it can escape the universe and go way up to the tippy top of there where is moksha, where you are now a perfect soul that doesn't need to keep coming back in this cycle of reincarnation. Now the swastika specifically refers to two different ideas."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They call it Jain Pratikshina and it represents basically everything that they believe in. We'll start with the outline itself, which they believe is the outline of the universe. And the concept is that when we are trapped in this universe, our job is to elevate our soul to the point where it can escape the universe and go way up to the tippy top of there where is moksha, where you are now a perfect soul that doesn't need to keep coming back in this cycle of reincarnation. Now the swastika specifically refers to two different ideas. And swastika is a Sanskrit word that means good fortune. The Nazis messed that all up. But if you go to any temple in Jainism or any book of Jainism, you're going to run into this swastika."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the swastika specifically refers to two different ideas. And swastika is a Sanskrit word that means good fortune. The Nazis messed that all up. But if you go to any temple in Jainism or any book of Jainism, you're going to run into this swastika. And one of the concepts is that each point on the swastika represents a different entry into the universe for our souls. So you could come back as a deva and that would be basically a god. They don't believe in a god, but they do believe that if you can elevate your soul, rid yourself of karma, that you can come back as a deity, as a god yourself before you achieve perfect moksha."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But if you go to any temple in Jainism or any book of Jainism, you're going to run into this swastika. And one of the concepts is that each point on the swastika represents a different entry into the universe for our souls. So you could come back as a deva and that would be basically a god. They don't believe in a god, but they do believe that if you can elevate your soul, rid yourself of karma, that you can come back as a deity, as a god yourself before you achieve perfect moksha. Now they also believe you can come back as a human or an animal. They believe you can come back as a hellish creature and they believe you can come back as a subhuman, like literally like a plant. And all of these provide your soul opportunity to achieve moksha."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They don't believe in a god, but they do believe that if you can elevate your soul, rid yourself of karma, that you can come back as a deity, as a god yourself before you achieve perfect moksha. Now they also believe you can come back as a human or an animal. They believe you can come back as a hellish creature and they believe you can come back as a subhuman, like literally like a plant. And all of these provide your soul opportunity to achieve moksha. Now it also represents the four different infinite aspects of the soul, which Jainists believe are infinite knowledge, that the soul has infinite perception, the soul has infinite happiness and infinite energy. Now above the swastika you have three dots, which represents basically the straight path for Jainists to achieve moksha. This would be belief, knowledge and conduct."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And all of these provide your soul opportunity to achieve moksha. Now it also represents the four different infinite aspects of the soul, which Jainists believe are infinite knowledge, that the soul has infinite perception, the soul has infinite happiness and infinite energy. Now above the swastika you have three dots, which represents basically the straight path for Jainists to achieve moksha. This would be belief, knowledge and conduct. Now the actual universe is kind of separated into three spheres and we have on that top sphere sort of the heavenly section, the mid section for humans and animals and then hellish beings would go down below. The last symbol is going to be the hand with the wheel. This is ahimsa, which means non-injury."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "This would be belief, knowledge and conduct. Now the actual universe is kind of separated into three spheres and we have on that top sphere sort of the heavenly section, the mid section for humans and animals and then hellish beings would go down below. The last symbol is going to be the hand with the wheel. This is ahimsa, which means non-injury. And this is basically the concept that if you want to stop coming back, you have to not hurt other souls. And this would be to stop what's called samsara, which is this repetitive cycle of coming back. Now the spokes on the wheel represent the 24 great teachers themselves."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "This is ahimsa, which means non-injury. And this is basically the concept that if you want to stop coming back, you have to not hurt other souls. And this would be to stop what's called samsara, which is this repetitive cycle of coming back. Now the spokes on the wheel represent the 24 great teachers themselves. And then there's actual a motto that goes along with all of this symbology, which is basically that all life is bound together by mutual support and interdependence. So the ultimate goal is to achieve moksha. And now you want to know how to do that."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the spokes on the wheel represent the 24 great teachers themselves. And then there's actual a motto that goes along with all of this symbology, which is basically that all life is bound together by mutual support and interdependence. So the ultimate goal is to achieve moksha. And now you want to know how to do that. Well the Jainists, they have five vows that are going to get you there. So because there is no God concept, there's no deity to pray to, to save you, to ask for forgiveness. You're all alone in the universe."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And now you want to know how to do that. Well the Jainists, they have five vows that are going to get you there. So because there is no God concept, there's no deity to pray to, to save you, to ask for forgiveness. You're all alone in the universe. Your soul's job is your soul's job and nobody else's. No other soul and no other deity. Certainly other souls can help you, but you got to save yourself."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You're all alone in the universe. Your soul's job is your soul's job and nobody else's. No other soul and no other deity. Certainly other souls can help you, but you got to save yourself. And to save yourself, you have to follow the five vows. Now monks are going to take this and nuns very seriously, but the common practitioners, the 10 million people that follow Jainism, do it to the best of their abilities to cleanse their soul of karma so they can achieve moksha. Keep saying that, right?"}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Certainly other souls can help you, but you got to save yourself. And to save yourself, you have to follow the five vows. Now monks are going to take this and nuns very seriously, but the common practitioners, the 10 million people that follow Jainism, do it to the best of their abilities to cleanse their soul of karma so they can achieve moksha. Keep saying that, right? Well the number one vow you've already been introduced to, and this would be from that hand wheel, which is ahimsa. This means no violence. And the monks will go as far as doing everything possible in order to practice a life of non-injury to other creatures, which means that they will walk barefoot with a broom and sweep out insects in order not to cause harm to those insects."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Keep saying that, right? Well the number one vow you've already been introduced to, and this would be from that hand wheel, which is ahimsa. This means no violence. And the monks will go as far as doing everything possible in order to practice a life of non-injury to other creatures, which means that they will walk barefoot with a broom and sweep out insects in order not to cause harm to those insects. They'll also cover their mouths so they won't be breathing in any type of insects as well. Now all Jainists are vegetarians because they believe that it creates injury to the animal when you decide to eat meat, that you're part of that process. Many Jainists are vegans because they believe that the dairy industry, that the way that we get our milk creates injury to animals as well."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And the monks will go as far as doing everything possible in order to practice a life of non-injury to other creatures, which means that they will walk barefoot with a broom and sweep out insects in order not to cause harm to those insects. They'll also cover their mouths so they won't be breathing in any type of insects as well. Now all Jainists are vegetarians because they believe that it creates injury to the animal when you decide to eat meat, that you're part of that process. Many Jainists are vegans because they believe that the dairy industry, that the way that we get our milk creates injury to animals as well. And some Jainists will go as far as not even eating root vegetables because they believe when they pull out the potatoes, they're hurting the microorganisms that are part of the roots themselves. Now many people will say, well that's silly, how can you get through life not hurting an ant? And what the Jainists would say, it's not the actual act of stepping on the ant."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Many Jainists are vegans because they believe that the dairy industry, that the way that we get our milk creates injury to animals as well. And some Jainists will go as far as not even eating root vegetables because they believe when they pull out the potatoes, they're hurting the microorganisms that are part of the roots themselves. Now many people will say, well that's silly, how can you get through life not hurting an ant? And what the Jainists would say, it's not the actual act of stepping on the ant. That's not what creates the karmic matter to attach itself to your soul. It's the passion that you make the decision to step on the ant. That's what creates that karmic matter attaching itself to your soul."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And what the Jainists would say, it's not the actual act of stepping on the ant. That's not what creates the karmic matter to attach itself to your soul. It's the passion that you make the decision to step on the ant. That's what creates that karmic matter attaching itself to your soul. So the idea is that he who has passion causes injury to himself by himself, whether or not you hurt someone or you don't hurt somebody. So if I make the decision to shoot somebody and I pull that gun out and I aim real good and I go bang, bang and I miss, that's worse than if I have a gun and I accidentally make it go off and it hurts somebody. The main concept is you practice a life of non-injury as best you can."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That's what creates that karmic matter attaching itself to your soul. So the idea is that he who has passion causes injury to himself by himself, whether or not you hurt someone or you don't hurt somebody. So if I make the decision to shoot somebody and I pull that gun out and I aim real good and I go bang, bang and I miss, that's worse than if I have a gun and I accidentally make it go off and it hurts somebody. The main concept is you practice a life of non-injury as best you can. They also believe in many of the other concepts that you would find like in the Ten Commandments. There's a vow of not lying, satya. There is a vow of not stealing, asteya."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The main concept is you practice a life of non-injury as best you can. They also believe in many of the other concepts that you would find like in the Ten Commandments. There's a vow of not lying, satya. There is a vow of not stealing, asteya. There is a vow of chastity. Now of course a regular practitioner is going to be able to have a sexual life but not be a slave to sexual passion. And of course monks and nuns are going to take a vow of celibacy."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There is a vow of not stealing, asteya. There is a vow of chastity. Now of course a regular practitioner is going to be able to have a sexual life but not be a slave to sexual passion. And of course monks and nuns are going to take a vow of celibacy. They're not going to go anywhere near that, how about that. And then the last vow is non-possessiveness, that we need to live a life where we are not attached to matter, to objects. That our goal is to live a life where we remove karma and free our souls of this repetitive pattern of reincarnation so we can achieve moksha."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course monks and nuns are going to take a vow of celibacy. They're not going to go anywhere near that, how about that. And then the last vow is non-possessiveness, that we need to live a life where we are not attached to matter, to objects. That our goal is to live a life where we remove karma and free our souls of this repetitive pattern of reincarnation so we can achieve moksha. Don't you want some moksha in your life? Now in Sanskrit, Jainism literally means conqueror. Your job on earth as a soul is to conquer attachment, desire, ego, greed, anger."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That our goal is to live a life where we remove karma and free our souls of this repetitive pattern of reincarnation so we can achieve moksha. Don't you want some moksha in your life? Now in Sanskrit, Jainism literally means conqueror. Your job on earth as a soul is to conquer attachment, desire, ego, greed, anger. That's the way to salvation. Now of course like all other religions, Jainists are going to have festivals and pilgrimages. They're going to have meditation and prayer and fasting, all of the other good stuff."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Your job on earth as a soul is to conquer attachment, desire, ego, greed, anger. That's the way to salvation. Now of course like all other religions, Jainists are going to have festivals and pilgrimages. They're going to have meditation and prayer and fasting, all of the other good stuff. But the main difference is they're not doing all of that to pay homage or ask for forgiveness from a deity. They're doing it in order for their soul to cleanse karma so it can gain more perception into infinite knowledge and live a better life. So that soul can free itself."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to have meditation and prayer and fasting, all of the other good stuff. But the main difference is they're not doing all of that to pay homage or ask for forgiveness from a deity. They're doing it in order for their soul to cleanse karma so it can gain more perception into infinite knowledge and live a better life. So that soul can free itself. That's the idea. And I hope that your brain's a whole lot bigger than when you started the video. So giddy up for the learning guys, I'm going to say it because I believe it with all of my heart."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So that soul can free itself. That's the idea. And I hope that your brain's a whole lot bigger than when you started the video. So giddy up for the learning guys, I'm going to say it because I believe it with all of my heart. Where attention goes, energy flows. Make sure you check out all of the other videos we have. We have over 400 videos, it's crazy."}, {"video_title": "Jainism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So giddy up for the learning guys, I'm going to say it because I believe it with all of my heart. Where attention goes, energy flows. Make sure you check out all of the other videos we have. We have over 400 videos, it's crazy. Go down to the description below, I even put them in ABC order. How nice of me. All right guys, we'll see you next time you press the buttons."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "How about the Black Death? How about the Great Plague? The Bubonic Plague? With some historians estimating it's going to wipe out almost 60% of the entire European population. Total death tallies go upwards of 100 million people. I'm telling you, it's not so great. Alright guys, let's see if we can do a little bit of the giddy up for the learning as we go ahead and get her done right now."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "With some historians estimating it's going to wipe out almost 60% of the entire European population. Total death tallies go upwards of 100 million people. I'm telling you, it's not so great. Alright guys, let's see if we can do a little bit of the giddy up for the learning as we go ahead and get her done right now. Yersinia's pestis. It was Yersinia's pestis in the kitchen with a knife. It's that bacteria that is the cause of plague."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright guys, let's see if we can do a little bit of the giddy up for the learning as we go ahead and get her done right now. Yersinia's pestis. It was Yersinia's pestis in the kitchen with a knife. It's that bacteria that is the cause of plague. And that bacteria has existed for a long, long time. And the actual plague we're going to talk about is going to really be centralized in Mongolia and it's going to spread outward from there. But basically this is a bacteria that exists in various rodent populations, some cute, some not so cute like the black rat."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's that bacteria that is the cause of plague. And that bacteria has existed for a long, long time. And the actual plague we're going to talk about is going to really be centralized in Mongolia and it's going to spread outward from there. But basically this is a bacteria that exists in various rodent populations, some cute, some not so cute like the black rat. And it attacks fleas and it blocks up the mid-gut section of the flea. The flea then tries to eat, it can't, it keeps trying to suck blood. It throws up that bacteria into the rodent it's living on and then that rodent's going to die."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But basically this is a bacteria that exists in various rodent populations, some cute, some not so cute like the black rat. And it attacks fleas and it blocks up the mid-gut section of the flea. The flea then tries to eat, it can't, it keeps trying to suck blood. It throws up that bacteria into the rodent it's living on and then that rodent's going to die. And then the flea has to find somewhere else to go. And if there's no humans around, it's kind of all good. It really doesn't bother anybody."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It throws up that bacteria into the rodent it's living on and then that rodent's going to die. And then the flea has to find somewhere else to go. And if there's no humans around, it's kind of all good. It really doesn't bother anybody. But once the rats come into contact with humans, then the fleas are going to jump on the humans and then we have ourselves an epidemic because that's at the heart of bubonic plague. Because once the flea jumps on the human, it's going to enter the lymph node of where it's going into. That's going to create these huge swellings on the armpits, on the groins, on the lymph nodes of the human body."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It really doesn't bother anybody. But once the rats come into contact with humans, then the fleas are going to jump on the humans and then we have ourselves an epidemic because that's at the heart of bubonic plague. Because once the flea jumps on the human, it's going to enter the lymph node of where it's going into. That's going to create these huge swellings on the armpits, on the groins, on the lymph nodes of the human body. And then not long after, you're going to die. You're eventually going to get really high fevers, you're going to throw up, you're going to be at the shivers, you're going to be delirious, you're eventually going to get gangrene which is going to cause part of your body to turn black, hence the name black death. Now you're starting to understand."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's going to create these huge swellings on the armpits, on the groins, on the lymph nodes of the human body. And then not long after, you're going to die. You're eventually going to get really high fevers, you're going to throw up, you're going to be at the shivers, you're going to be delirious, you're eventually going to get gangrene which is going to cause part of your body to turn black, hence the name black death. Now you're starting to understand. But there's also other forms that it can take. It can take pneumonic plague where then it's transferred through the air system like when you're throwing up blood. And there's also the worst kind, septicemic plague which enters the bloodstream."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now you're starting to understand. But there's also other forms that it can take. It can take pneumonic plague where then it's transferred through the air system like when you're throwing up blood. And there's also the worst kind, septicemic plague which enters the bloodstream. That has a 100% kill rate. But the bubonic plague has up to an 80% death rate if nothing is done. And now, nowadays we have huge, vast amounts of antibiotics and we can normally cure the plague."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's also the worst kind, septicemic plague which enters the bloodstream. That has a 100% kill rate. But the bubonic plague has up to an 80% death rate if nothing is done. And now, nowadays we have huge, vast amounts of antibiotics and we can normally cure the plague. There is a fear the plague could break that immunity cycle but we're not going to talk about it. We're going to talk about the black death. The black death that's going to kill upwards of 100 million people in Europe in a less than 10 year time span."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now, nowadays we have huge, vast amounts of antibiotics and we can normally cure the plague. There is a fear the plague could break that immunity cycle but we're not going to talk about it. We're going to talk about the black death. The black death that's going to kill upwards of 100 million people in Europe in a less than 10 year time span. But it's important to mention that there are actually three huge plague outbreaks. The first one was in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire where it's going to attack Constantinople, it's going to go on to kill in a very short period of time about 25 million people eventually. Probably more as these plagues seem to have outbreaks after they end for the next 50, 100, 200 years."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The black death that's going to kill upwards of 100 million people in Europe in a less than 10 year time span. But it's important to mention that there are actually three huge plague outbreaks. The first one was in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire where it's going to attack Constantinople, it's going to go on to kill in a very short period of time about 25 million people eventually. Probably more as these plagues seem to have outbreaks after they end for the next 50, 100, 200 years. And then the second outbreak is going to be the one that occurs in the 14th century, in the 1330s, 1340s, 1350s. This is the big one, the great plague, the black plague which we're going to focus on. But later on the plague is going to be back."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Probably more as these plagues seem to have outbreaks after they end for the next 50, 100, 200 years. And then the second outbreak is going to be the one that occurs in the 14th century, in the 1330s, 1340s, 1350s. This is the big one, the great plague, the black plague which we're going to focus on. But later on the plague is going to be back. It's going to be back in the mid 19th century to the early 20th century in China and India killing upwards of 12 million people. And there's even spotty outbreaks to this day, normally in the Sub-Saharan African region. And normally if we get hold of these people we can cure them."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But later on the plague is going to be back. It's going to be back in the mid 19th century to the early 20th century in China and India killing upwards of 12 million people. And there's even spotty outbreaks to this day, normally in the Sub-Saharan African region. And normally if we get hold of these people we can cure them. But now let's focus on why did this happen? How did the little bacteria, the little flea, the little rat get all the way to London? So how did the Black Death start, the great plague, the great mortality?"}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And normally if we get hold of these people we can cure them. But now let's focus on why did this happen? How did the little bacteria, the little flea, the little rat get all the way to London? So how did the Black Death start, the great plague, the great mortality? We do know that there were some type of natural disasters that occurred in the 1330s in the Central Asia Mongolia area. It could have been an earthquake, but there was drought, there was famine, there was a change in the environment. That probably caused some of those varmints, some of those rodents, some of those rats to go scurrying about."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So how did the Black Death start, the great plague, the great mortality? We do know that there were some type of natural disasters that occurred in the 1330s in the Central Asia Mongolia area. It could have been an earthquake, but there was drought, there was famine, there was a change in the environment. That probably caused some of those varmints, some of those rodents, some of those rats to go scurrying about. And at the same time period you have the Silk Road, which is this transport system between China and Europe. And now it's not as easy as just saying that the rats got on the Silk Road and they were carried into Europe. That's not how it happened."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That probably caused some of those varmints, some of those rodents, some of those rats to go scurrying about. And at the same time period you have the Silk Road, which is this transport system between China and Europe. And now it's not as easy as just saying that the rats got on the Silk Road and they were carried into Europe. That's not how it happened. Because the Mongols at that time period had turned to Islam and basically shut the Christians off from the Silk Road. And that basically occurred in Crimea, that was the border. And in Crimea you still had some Italian tradesmen and they were holed up in a city called Kaffa."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's not how it happened. Because the Mongols at that time period had turned to Islam and basically shut the Christians off from the Silk Road. And that basically occurred in Crimea, that was the border. And in Crimea you still had some Italian tradesmen and they were holed up in a city called Kaffa. And basically what occurred was as the Mongols were affected with the plague, with bubonic plague, and they couldn't do the siege anymore, they started tossing the dead bodies over the wall. It's probably the first instance of biological warfare in human history. But then these Italian tradesmen, these sailors, they got infected and at the same time they're trying to get the heck out of Dodge."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And in Crimea you still had some Italian tradesmen and they were holed up in a city called Kaffa. And basically what occurred was as the Mongols were affected with the plague, with bubonic plague, and they couldn't do the siege anymore, they started tossing the dead bodies over the wall. It's probably the first instance of biological warfare in human history. But then these Italian tradesmen, these sailors, they got infected and at the same time they're trying to get the heck out of Dodge. So they jump on the boats, they go on the Black Sea and they start heading towards Europe. And along the way they're going to stop at different ports, they're going to be turned away. And when they stop, if those rats get off that ship, it's going to start infecting human beings."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But then these Italian tradesmen, these sailors, they got infected and at the same time they're trying to get the heck out of Dodge. So they jump on the boats, they go on the Black Sea and they start heading towards Europe. And along the way they're going to stop at different ports, they're going to be turned away. And when they stop, if those rats get off that ship, it's going to start infecting human beings. Eventually the ship is going to land in Sicily in October of 1347 and that's where the rats are really going to do their business, eventually affecting the whole island of Sicily. And from there it's just a transmigrating process. Then the fleas are eventually going to affect more humans."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And when they stop, if those rats get off that ship, it's going to start infecting human beings. Eventually the ship is going to land in Sicily in October of 1347 and that's where the rats are really going to do their business, eventually affecting the whole island of Sicily. And from there it's just a transmigrating process. Then the fleas are eventually going to affect more humans. Those humans that are affected are going to start running away from those areas and spreading the fleas with them. And we're going to talk about some of the other contributing factors that are going to make it much, much worse. But by 1348 it's going to reach Great Britain."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Then the fleas are eventually going to affect more humans. Those humans that are affected are going to start running away from those areas and spreading the fleas with them. And we're going to talk about some of the other contributing factors that are going to make it much, much worse. But by 1348 it's going to reach Great Britain. By 1349 and 1350 it's going to reach the Scandinavian countries and eventually it's going to make its way back to the east into Russia by 1351. And it's important to say it's not just going to affect Europe. It's thought that there's probably 25 or 30 million Chinese that died before the plague even reached Europe."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But by 1348 it's going to reach Great Britain. By 1349 and 1350 it's going to reach the Scandinavian countries and eventually it's going to make its way back to the east into Russia by 1351. And it's important to say it's not just going to affect Europe. It's thought that there's probably 25 or 30 million Chinese that died before the plague even reached Europe. But it's going to be in Europe that we have the best records and we know that it wreaked the most havoc. And it's not going to affect all communities. Some communities were kind of left alone from the plague and that's probably because they weren't along different trade routes, they weren't exposed in the same ways, or maybe they had different customs that are going to keep them away from the plague."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's thought that there's probably 25 or 30 million Chinese that died before the plague even reached Europe. But it's going to be in Europe that we have the best records and we know that it wreaked the most havoc. And it's not going to affect all communities. Some communities were kind of left alone from the plague and that's probably because they weren't along different trade routes, they weren't exposed in the same ways, or maybe they had different customs that are going to keep them away from the plague. But you can see from the map that I've been showing you, the plague in a very short period of time, in less than a 10 year period, it's going to do its dirty deed. And it's also important to say that it's going to be cyclical in nature. In the winter, the fleas are going to die."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Some communities were kind of left alone from the plague and that's probably because they weren't along different trade routes, they weren't exposed in the same ways, or maybe they had different customs that are going to keep them away from the plague. But you can see from the map that I've been showing you, the plague in a very short period of time, in less than a 10 year period, it's going to do its dirty deed. And it's also important to say that it's going to be cyclical in nature. In the winter, the fleas are going to die. So it's not going to have the same effect across Europe in the winter, but it's going to reoccur during this 8 year period every spring and then it's going to do its havoc. And in some cities they lost 20 or 30 percent of their population. Other cities lost up to 70 or 80 percent of their population."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In the winter, the fleas are going to die. So it's not going to have the same effect across Europe in the winter, but it's going to reoccur during this 8 year period every spring and then it's going to do its havoc. And in some cities they lost 20 or 30 percent of their population. Other cities lost up to 70 or 80 percent of their population. So there's, my brain's exploding. There's so much to talk about in terms of why was this allowed to happen, what was the current present thought on disease, why did they think this was happening, how did they react to it, and eventually what are the effects. We always have to get to the effect."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Other cities lost up to 70 or 80 percent of their population. So there's, my brain's exploding. There's so much to talk about in terms of why was this allowed to happen, what was the current present thought on disease, why did they think this was happening, how did they react to it, and eventually what are the effects. We always have to get to the effect. So let's put a couple layers of a maple syrup of learning on top of what we have already found out. So having the plague isn't bad enough. Having the sanitary conditions of Europe is probably going to make it much, much worse."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We always have to get to the effect. So let's put a couple layers of a maple syrup of learning on top of what we have already found out. So having the plague isn't bad enough. Having the sanitary conditions of Europe is probably going to make it much, much worse. There's no sewer system. They did it in ancient civilizations, but they don't have it in Europe really up to the 1800s. So they're dumping their waste, their human waste into the streets."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Having the sanitary conditions of Europe is probably going to make it much, much worse. There's no sewer system. They did it in ancient civilizations, but they don't have it in Europe really up to the 1800s. So they're dumping their waste, their human waste into the streets. They're bringing animals with them as they flee the rural areas because of the drought and the famines that are going on into the city. They're bringing their pigs. Their pigs are running around the streets amongst the sewer and the nastiness and the garbage."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So they're dumping their waste, their human waste into the streets. They're bringing animals with them as they flee the rural areas because of the drought and the famines that are going on into the city. They're bringing their pigs. Their pigs are running around the streets amongst the sewer and the nastiness and the garbage. It's just not a good deal. Now the Catholic Church, they believed this was God's wrath and that's what most people believed. So they believed if it was God's wrath that you couldn't be sinful, therefore you couldn't be gluttonous, so you shouldn't do things like buy new clothes, change your clothes a lot, or take baths."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Their pigs are running around the streets amongst the sewer and the nastiness and the garbage. It's just not a good deal. Now the Catholic Church, they believed this was God's wrath and that's what most people believed. So they believed if it was God's wrath that you couldn't be sinful, therefore you couldn't be gluttonous, so you shouldn't do things like buy new clothes, change your clothes a lot, or take baths. And scientists at that time period were saying that baths would open your pores, which let the bad air in. So if their solution is no bathing, not changing our clothes, and in fact some people thought that it would be smell that would ward this away. So sometimes they would take feces and rub it over the victims of the plague to try to cure them."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So they believed if it was God's wrath that you couldn't be sinful, therefore you couldn't be gluttonous, so you shouldn't do things like buy new clothes, change your clothes a lot, or take baths. And scientists at that time period were saying that baths would open your pores, which let the bad air in. So if their solution is no bathing, not changing our clothes, and in fact some people thought that it would be smell that would ward this away. So sometimes they would take feces and rub it over the victims of the plague to try to cure them. I don't even know what to say at this period. So the plague is not going to slow down because of those things. I think we can all agree to that."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So sometimes they would take feces and rub it over the victims of the plague to try to cure them. I don't even know what to say at this period. So the plague is not going to slow down because of those things. I think we can all agree to that. And most smarter people of the day thought that this was some type of disease that was caused by bad air, that there was an earthquake that released bad air and you had to just kind of keep away from the bad air and that would keep you safe. And of course that's not true. There's also scientists at that time period saying that it's because of the alignment of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I think we can all agree to that. And most smarter people of the day thought that this was some type of disease that was caused by bad air, that there was an earthquake that released bad air and you had to just kind of keep away from the bad air and that would keep you safe. And of course that's not true. There's also scientists at that time period saying that it's because of the alignment of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars. That's why this is occurring. So if their solutions are no bathing, not changing your clothes, and looking up to God and the stars, blaming them, the disease is going to travel pretty easily. And of course anybody who comes into contact with these people, and if you're losing half the population, where are you going to bury the bodies?"}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There's also scientists at that time period saying that it's because of the alignment of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars. That's why this is occurring. So if their solutions are no bathing, not changing your clothes, and looking up to God and the stars, blaming them, the disease is going to travel pretty easily. And of course anybody who comes into contact with these people, and if you're losing half the population, where are you going to bury the bodies? Just think of that. So they're drilling big pits and they're throwing the bodies over the city walls and they're decaying and the fleas are hopping around. And every time someone leaves, the fleas are leaving and traveling and of course because of the ships and the trading ports, it's going to travel much faster than if it was just human to human contact with pneumonia or something like that."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course anybody who comes into contact with these people, and if you're losing half the population, where are you going to bury the bodies? Just think of that. So they're drilling big pits and they're throwing the bodies over the city walls and they're decaying and the fleas are hopping around. And every time someone leaves, the fleas are leaving and traveling and of course because of the ships and the trading ports, it's going to travel much faster than if it was just human to human contact with pneumonia or something like that. The bubonic plague is going to wreak havoc. Another interesting fact was the city of Ragusa in 1377 was the first city in the world to institute a quarantine, so it seems as though some people were getting the message. It's also important to say that this is not just a disease of the poor."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And every time someone leaves, the fleas are leaving and traveling and of course because of the ships and the trading ports, it's going to travel much faster than if it was just human to human contact with pneumonia or something like that. The bubonic plague is going to wreak havoc. Another interesting fact was the city of Ragusa in 1377 was the first city in the world to institute a quarantine, so it seems as though some people were getting the message. It's also important to say that this is not just a disease of the poor. Because of the habits of the times, the way that people lived, even the rich, and the way that the fleas were transmitted on these trade routes along clothing lines, even fine linens, this would reach the upper class as well. And even though the poor had a higher rate, probably because they were congregated together in smaller spaces, this didn't spare all the rich people. In fact it was monasteries that were probably the most susceptible to the disease because priests going to give last rites, bringing that back amongst an isolated community, and it's spreading quite quickly with some monasteries experiencing a 100% rate of death."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's also important to say that this is not just a disease of the poor. Because of the habits of the times, the way that people lived, even the rich, and the way that the fleas were transmitted on these trade routes along clothing lines, even fine linens, this would reach the upper class as well. And even though the poor had a higher rate, probably because they were congregated together in smaller spaces, this didn't spare all the rich people. In fact it was monasteries that were probably the most susceptible to the disease because priests going to give last rites, bringing that back amongst an isolated community, and it's spreading quite quickly with some monasteries experiencing a 100% rate of death. Now of course you couldn't have a plague, you couldn't have something horrible happen if you didn't have somebody to blame. We all know that to be true. It's got to be someone's fault, right?"}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact it was monasteries that were probably the most susceptible to the disease because priests going to give last rites, bringing that back amongst an isolated community, and it's spreading quite quickly with some monasteries experiencing a 100% rate of death. Now of course you couldn't have a plague, you couldn't have something horrible happen if you didn't have somebody to blame. We all know that to be true. It's got to be someone's fault, right? Not God's fault or the star's fault. Maybe it's the Jews, maybe it's the Jewish race. And it's important to note that there was a mass hysteria in many parts of Europe against the Jewish people and that in many cases they were massacred, they were burned alive."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's got to be someone's fault, right? Not God's fault or the star's fault. Maybe it's the Jews, maybe it's the Jewish race. And it's important to note that there was a mass hysteria in many parts of Europe against the Jewish people and that in many cases they were massacred, they were burned alive. There were tens of thousands of Jews that were killed during this time period because it was claimed they were poisoning the wells with this disease. And it was also the thought that if they weren't getting it as much, they had something to do with it and that might be attributed to many of the customs of the Jewish faith like taking baths before the Sabbath, you know, washing your hands after you go to the bathroom, stuff like that. That's probably more of the culprit than, you know, the conspiracy of their putting it in the wells."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's important to note that there was a mass hysteria in many parts of Europe against the Jewish people and that in many cases they were massacred, they were burned alive. There were tens of thousands of Jews that were killed during this time period because it was claimed they were poisoning the wells with this disease. And it was also the thought that if they weren't getting it as much, they had something to do with it and that might be attributed to many of the customs of the Jewish faith like taking baths before the Sabbath, you know, washing your hands after you go to the bathroom, stuff like that. That's probably more of the culprit than, you know, the conspiracy of their putting it in the wells. So there's a lot of different effects that are going to ripple through Europe when you remove half of the population. And why don't we talk about those effects now because that's what you do in social studies. You talk about the causes and the effects."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's probably more of the culprit than, you know, the conspiracy of their putting it in the wells. So there's a lot of different effects that are going to ripple through Europe when you remove half of the population. And why don't we talk about those effects now because that's what you do in social studies. You talk about the causes and the effects. So what happens when a bunch of dirty little fleas knock off half of Europe's population in less than a decade from 80 million down to about 30 million people? Well, number one, you're going to have a healthier population. Not only is natural selection kicked in, and I feel bad for saying it, but it's true."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You talk about the causes and the effects. So what happens when a bunch of dirty little fleas knock off half of Europe's population in less than a decade from 80 million down to about 30 million people? Well, number one, you're going to have a healthier population. Not only is natural selection kicked in, and I feel bad for saying it, but it's true. You have people now that are passing along genes with a very stronger immune system that are going to be able to survive for longer. The life expectancy is going to go up, not to mention that you have a better diet now. You have a surplus of food because you have less people that are eating."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Not only is natural selection kicked in, and I feel bad for saying it, but it's true. You have people now that are passing along genes with a very stronger immune system that are going to be able to survive for longer. The life expectancy is going to go up, not to mention that you have a better diet now. You have a surplus of food because you have less people that are eating. Wages are going to go up as well because there's less workers that are available. So you're going to have kind of a burgeoning middle class that eventually is going to spread from this. Not to mention that not in the too far off distance, the Black Death is going to result in a questioning of the Catholic Church if they couldn't stop this."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You have a surplus of food because you have less people that are eating. Wages are going to go up as well because there's less workers that are available. So you're going to have kind of a burgeoning middle class that eventually is going to spread from this. Not to mention that not in the too far off distance, the Black Death is going to result in a questioning of the Catholic Church if they couldn't stop this. It's really putting the roots down not only for the Protestant revolution, but also for the scientific revolution that we can't just rely on the word of the Bible to figure these things out. That we're going to have to have some type of scientific method to figure these things out as well. There's also the very cool mask that comes in later."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Not to mention that not in the too far off distance, the Black Death is going to result in a questioning of the Catholic Church if they couldn't stop this. It's really putting the roots down not only for the Protestant revolution, but also for the scientific revolution that we can't just rely on the word of the Bible to figure these things out. That we're going to have to have some type of scientific method to figure these things out as well. There's also the very cool mask that comes in later. It's important to say that even though we say it's less than 10 years, the plague is going to keep reoccurring during that Black Death for another couple hundred years. There was a huge outbreak in the 17th century in London that's going to kill hundreds of thousands of people. But I really love the mask that the doctors ended up wearing when they were trying to treat people."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There's also the very cool mask that comes in later. It's important to say that even though we say it's less than 10 years, the plague is going to keep reoccurring during that Black Death for another couple hundred years. There was a huge outbreak in the 17th century in London that's going to kill hundreds of thousands of people. But I really love the mask that the doctors ended up wearing when they were trying to treat people. And these aren't real doctors, these were just people that wanted the money to check out the people that were dying. There was not much that they could do. But they have these large beaks because they believe that good aroma could stop the bad air from penetrating the human body."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But I really love the mask that the doctors ended up wearing when they were trying to treat people. And these aren't real doctors, these were just people that wanted the money to check out the people that were dying. There was not much that they could do. But they have these large beaks because they believe that good aroma could stop the bad air from penetrating the human body. So they would put different flower arrangements and stuff in the petals and that was thought to ward off the Black Death as was the beginning of the use of cologne. None of that's going to work, of course we all know that. But really the Black Death is a reset button for Europe."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But they have these large beaks because they believe that good aroma could stop the bad air from penetrating the human body. So they would put different flower arrangements and stuff in the petals and that was thought to ward off the Black Death as was the beginning of the use of cologne. None of that's going to work, of course we all know that. But really the Black Death is a reset button for Europe. The population is not going to be back to the same number for another three centuries. So in a sense it is a huge turning point just for in a sense racing the blackboard of Europe for a very long time. And again, not just Europe, the Middle East suffered, Asia suffered, and in those further pandemics it goes as far as Australia and even Hawaii."}, {"video_title": "The Black Death Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But really the Black Death is a reset button for Europe. The population is not going to be back to the same number for another three centuries. So in a sense it is a huge turning point just for in a sense racing the blackboard of Europe for a very long time. And again, not just Europe, the Middle East suffered, Asia suffered, and in those further pandemics it goes as far as Australia and even Hawaii. But at the end of the day it's going to be these customs that are going to have to change in world history in terms of bathing and sanitization and what we do with waste and all of that good stuff that wards off huge plagues. So there you go guys, now you know that the plague wasn't caused by the first horsemen of the apocalypse but rather from some bacteria that infected some fleas, that infected some rats, that traveled to humans where the fleas jumped off and bit the humans and there you go, wiping out half of Europe's population, upwards of 100 million killed. You're going to want to know this one for the test and make sure that you don't catch the plague but catch some other hip-hues history videos by going down to the video arsenal in the description below."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about a relationship. No, not you, college girlfriend. No, not that kind of relationship either. No, Stan, this is a history class! We're going to talk about the relationship between a city, Venice, and an empire, the Ottomans. And in doing so, we're going to return to an old theme here on Crash Course World History, how studying history can make you a better boyfriend and or girlfriend. Probably or, but I'm not here to judge."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "No, Stan, this is a history class! We're going to talk about the relationship between a city, Venice, and an empire, the Ottomans. And in doing so, we're going to return to an old theme here on Crash Course World History, how studying history can make you a better boyfriend and or girlfriend. Probably or, but I'm not here to judge. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, no offense, but you don't really seem like an expert in how to get girls to like you. Here's something amazing me from the past. You know that girl, Sarah, in 10th grade who's super, super smart?"}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Probably or, but I'm not here to judge. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, no offense, but you don't really seem like an expert in how to get girls to like you. Here's something amazing me from the past. You know that girl, Sarah, in 10th grade who's super, super smart? Yeah, she's really hot. She's like three or four leagues hotter than I am. Yeah, I married her."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "You know that girl, Sarah, in 10th grade who's super, super smart? Yeah, she's really hot. She's like three or four leagues hotter than I am. Yeah, I married her. So shut up and listen. [\u266a INTRO MUSIC \u266a Ten minutes from now, I'm hoping you'll understand how one mutually beneficial relationship between the Venetians and the Ottomans led to two really big deals, the European Renaissance and Christopher Columbus. Not like his birth."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, I married her. So shut up and listen. [\u266a INTRO MUSIC \u266a Ten minutes from now, I'm hoping you'll understand how one mutually beneficial relationship between the Venetians and the Ottomans led to two really big deals, the European Renaissance and Christopher Columbus. Not like his birth. I mean, he wasn't like a half Ottoman, half Venetian baby. His travels! So Venice is a city made up of hundreds of islands at the northern tip of the Adriatic Sea, but walking around it, you can't help but feel that the city is essentially a collection of floating buildings tied together by some canals."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Not like his birth. I mean, he wasn't like a half Ottoman, half Venetian baby. His travels! So Venice is a city made up of hundreds of islands at the northern tip of the Adriatic Sea, but walking around it, you can't help but feel that the city is essentially a collection of floating buildings tied together by some canals. If ever there were a place where geography was destiny, it was Venice. Venice was literally built for ocean-going trade. As you can imagine, Venice didn't have a lot of natural resources except for fish and mustaches, so if they wanted to grow, they had to rely on trade."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "So Venice is a city made up of hundreds of islands at the northern tip of the Adriatic Sea, but walking around it, you can't help but feel that the city is essentially a collection of floating buildings tied together by some canals. If ever there were a place where geography was destiny, it was Venice. Venice was literally built for ocean-going trade. As you can imagine, Venice didn't have a lot of natural resources except for fish and mustaches, so if they wanted to grow, they had to rely on trade. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. First, Venetians became experts in shipbuilding. Remember that when the Crusaders needed ships for their crazy fourth crusade, they headed to Venice, because the Venetians were famous for their ships, including merchant ships like the Gali and the Cod."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "As you can imagine, Venice didn't have a lot of natural resources except for fish and mustaches, so if they wanted to grow, they had to rely on trade. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. First, Venetians became experts in shipbuilding. Remember that when the Crusaders needed ships for their crazy fourth crusade, they headed to Venice, because the Venetians were famous for their ships, including merchant ships like the Gali and the Cod. Not only could they build ships, they could also sail them to pleasant locales like Constantinople and the Levant, so the Venetians formed trade treaties, sometimes called concessions, with the Byzantines, and then when Constantinople fell to the Ottomans and became Istanbul, the Venetians were quick to make trade treaties with their new neighbors, famously saying that while Istanbul had been Constantinople, the matter of Constantinople getting the works was nobody's business but the Turks. But even before the Ottomans, Venice had experience trading with the Islamic world. It initially established itself as the biggest European power in the Mediterranean, thanks to its trade with the Egypt's sultan in the outlandishly lucrative pepper business."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember that when the Crusaders needed ships for their crazy fourth crusade, they headed to Venice, because the Venetians were famous for their ships, including merchant ships like the Gali and the Cod. Not only could they build ships, they could also sail them to pleasant locales like Constantinople and the Levant, so the Venetians formed trade treaties, sometimes called concessions, with the Byzantines, and then when Constantinople fell to the Ottomans and became Istanbul, the Venetians were quick to make trade treaties with their new neighbors, famously saying that while Istanbul had been Constantinople, the matter of Constantinople getting the works was nobody's business but the Turks. But even before the Ottomans, Venice had experience trading with the Islamic world. It initially established itself as the biggest European power in the Mediterranean, thanks to its trade with the Egypt's sultan in the outlandishly lucrative pepper business. Can't blame the Europeans, really. That stuff's delicious. Oh, you mean like actual pepper?"}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "It initially established itself as the biggest European power in the Mediterranean, thanks to its trade with the Egypt's sultan in the outlandishly lucrative pepper business. Can't blame the Europeans, really. That stuff's delicious. Oh, you mean like actual pepper? Eh, that's good too. Especially since it masks the taste of spoiled meat, which most meat was in the days before refrigeration. Due to some awkward crusades, the Egyptian merchants weren't terribly welcome in, you know, Europe."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, you mean like actual pepper? Eh, that's good too. Especially since it masks the taste of spoiled meat, which most meat was in the days before refrigeration. Due to some awkward crusades, the Egyptian merchants weren't terribly welcome in, you know, Europe. But they had all the pepper, because the Egyptians imported it from India and controlled both overland and overseas access to the Mediterranean. And while others cited moral or religious opposition to trade, the Venetians usually found a way, which is why the whole freakin' town is made of marble. Thanks, Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Due to some awkward crusades, the Egyptian merchants weren't terribly welcome in, you know, Europe. But they had all the pepper, because the Egyptians imported it from India and controlled both overland and overseas access to the Mediterranean. And while others cited moral or religious opposition to trade, the Venetians usually found a way, which is why the whole freakin' town is made of marble. Thanks, Thought Bubble. To avoid the sticky situation of having to consort with the heathen Egyptians, the Venetians employed a handy story. This is the Piazza San Marco, the number one destination in the entire world for people who like to be pooped on by pigeons. It's also home to this church, which includes some bronze horses you may remember that were looted from Constantinople."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. To avoid the sticky situation of having to consort with the heathen Egyptians, the Venetians employed a handy story. This is the Piazza San Marco, the number one destination in the entire world for people who like to be pooped on by pigeons. It's also home to this church, which includes some bronze horses you may remember that were looted from Constantinople. And it contains the body of Saint Mark, author of the Gospel according to Saint Mark, who had once been the bishop of Alexandria in Egypt. So naturally he died and was buried in Alexandria, but the Venetians claimed him as their own, because apparently one time he visited Venice, and these two merchants hatched a very clever plan. They went to Alexandria on business, stole Saint Mark's body, and then hid it in a shipment of pork, which the Muslims didn't check very carefully because, you know, they were disgusted by it."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "It's also home to this church, which includes some bronze horses you may remember that were looted from Constantinople. And it contains the body of Saint Mark, author of the Gospel according to Saint Mark, who had once been the bishop of Alexandria in Egypt. So naturally he died and was buried in Alexandria, but the Venetians claimed him as their own, because apparently one time he visited Venice, and these two merchants hatched a very clever plan. They went to Alexandria on business, stole Saint Mark's body, and then hid it in a shipment of pork, which the Muslims didn't check very carefully because, you know, they were disgusted by it. You can actually see a version of this on the mosaics in the Basilica of Saint Mark, complete with the Muslims shouting an Arabic version of, like, eww, gross. And then forever after, the Venetians were like, listen, we have to trade with these guys. We use it as a secret way to ferry saint bodies out of Egypt."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "They went to Alexandria on business, stole Saint Mark's body, and then hid it in a shipment of pork, which the Muslims didn't check very carefully because, you know, they were disgusted by it. You can actually see a version of this on the mosaics in the Basilica of Saint Mark, complete with the Muslims shouting an Arabic version of, like, eww, gross. And then forever after, the Venetians were like, listen, we have to trade with these guys. We use it as a secret way to ferry saint bodies out of Egypt. We don't want to become fantastically wealthy. It's just a necessary byproduct of our saint savings. So what did Venice import?"}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "We use it as a secret way to ferry saint bodies out of Egypt. We don't want to become fantastically wealthy. It's just a necessary byproduct of our saint savings. So what did Venice import? Lots, but notable for us, they imported a lot of grain, because if you've ever been to Venice, then you might have noticed that it's basically made out of marble and therefore kind of difficult to farm. The Ottomans, on the other hand, had abundant grain, even before they conquered Egypt and its oh-so-fertile Nile River in 1517. Also, while trade was certainly the linchpin of Venice's economic success, they had a diverse economy."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "So what did Venice import? Lots, but notable for us, they imported a lot of grain, because if you've ever been to Venice, then you might have noticed that it's basically made out of marble and therefore kind of difficult to farm. The Ottomans, on the other hand, had abundant grain, even before they conquered Egypt and its oh-so-fertile Nile River in 1517. Also, while trade was certainly the linchpin of Venice's economic success, they had a diverse economy. They also produced things like textiles and glass. And in fact, Venice is still known for its glass, but they couldn't produce it without a special ash that they used to make the colors. And you'll never guess where that ash came from."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, while trade was certainly the linchpin of Venice's economic success, they had a diverse economy. They also produced things like textiles and glass. And in fact, Venice is still known for its glass, but they couldn't produce it without a special ash that they used to make the colors. And you'll never guess where that ash came from. The Ottomans. Am I making you a better boyfriend yet? You have to add to your partner's life."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "And you'll never guess where that ash came from. The Ottomans. Am I making you a better boyfriend yet? You have to add to your partner's life. You have to color their glass. That sounds like a euphemism, but it's not. Back to history."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "You have to add to your partner's life. You have to color their glass. That sounds like a euphemism, but it's not. Back to history. One last thing about Venice that makes it special, at least for its time, Venice was a republic, not a monarchy or, God forbid, an empire. Its leaders were elected and had to answer to the populace, I mean, you know, at least the property-owning male populace. The ruler was the doge, and he got to live in a very nice house and wear a funny hat."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Back to history. One last thing about Venice that makes it special, at least for its time, Venice was a republic, not a monarchy or, God forbid, an empire. Its leaders were elected and had to answer to the populace, I mean, you know, at least the property-owning male populace. The ruler was the doge, and he got to live in a very nice house and wear a funny hat. The sultan of the Ottoman Empire also got to live in a nice house and wear a funny hat, but there the similarities end. To begin, the Ottomans were an empire that lasted from around 1300 CE until 1919, making it one of the longest-lasting and richest empires in world history. The Ottomans managed to blend their pastoral nomadic roots with some very un-nomadic empire building some really impressive architecture like this and this and this, making them very different from, wait for it, the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "The ruler was the doge, and he got to live in a very nice house and wear a funny hat. The sultan of the Ottoman Empire also got to live in a nice house and wear a funny hat, but there the similarities end. To begin, the Ottomans were an empire that lasted from around 1300 CE until 1919, making it one of the longest-lasting and richest empires in world history. The Ottomans managed to blend their pastoral nomadic roots with some very un-nomadic empire building some really impressive architecture like this and this and this, making them very different from, wait for it, the Mongols. The Empire, or at least the dynasty, was founded by Osman Bey, and Ottoman is a Latinization of Osmanli, which basically means, like, the House of Osmond. No, Stan, the house, yes, oh my gosh. The Ottomans were greatest in the 15th and 16th centuries under two famous sultans."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "The Ottomans managed to blend their pastoral nomadic roots with some very un-nomadic empire building some really impressive architecture like this and this and this, making them very different from, wait for it, the Mongols. The Empire, or at least the dynasty, was founded by Osman Bey, and Ottoman is a Latinization of Osmanli, which basically means, like, the House of Osmond. No, Stan, the house, yes, oh my gosh. The Ottomans were greatest in the 15th and 16th centuries under two famous sultans. First, Mehmed the Conqueror ruled from 1451 to 1481 and expanded Ottoman control to the Balkans, which is why there are Bosnian Muslims today. But Ottoman expansion reached its greatest extent under Suleiman the Magnificent, who ruled from 1520 to 1566. He took valuable territory in Mesopotamia and Egypt, thus securing control over the western parts of the Asian trade both over land and over sea."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "The Ottomans were greatest in the 15th and 16th centuries under two famous sultans. First, Mehmed the Conqueror ruled from 1451 to 1481 and expanded Ottoman control to the Balkans, which is why there are Bosnian Muslims today. But Ottoman expansion reached its greatest extent under Suleiman the Magnificent, who ruled from 1520 to 1566. He took valuable territory in Mesopotamia and Egypt, thus securing control over the western parts of the Asian trade both over land and over sea. He also defeated the King of Hungary and laid siege to Vienna in 1526, and he turned the Ottomans into a huge naval power. Also, judging from his hat, he had the largest brain in human history. The Ottomans basically controlled about half of what the Romans controlled, but it was much more valuable because of all that Indian Ocean trade you remember from last week."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "He took valuable territory in Mesopotamia and Egypt, thus securing control over the western parts of the Asian trade both over land and over sea. He also defeated the King of Hungary and laid siege to Vienna in 1526, and he turned the Ottomans into a huge naval power. Also, judging from his hat, he had the largest brain in human history. The Ottomans basically controlled about half of what the Romans controlled, but it was much more valuable because of all that Indian Ocean trade you remember from last week. So all this land brought a lot of wealth, but it needed to be ruled. The Ottomans could have followed the Roman model, where you send out generals and nobles to rule over conquered territories, or they could have demanded the allegiance of client kings like the Persians, or developed a civil service system like the Chinese. But instead, they created an entirely new ruling class, a system that some historians call the slave aristocracy."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "The Ottomans basically controlled about half of what the Romans controlled, but it was much more valuable because of all that Indian Ocean trade you remember from last week. So all this land brought a lot of wealth, but it needed to be ruled. The Ottomans could have followed the Roman model, where you send out generals and nobles to rule over conquered territories, or they could have demanded the allegiance of client kings like the Persians, or developed a civil service system like the Chinese. But instead, they created an entirely new ruling class, a system that some historians call the slave aristocracy. So if you're a king, one of your main problems is hereditary nobles, because they always want to replace you, and they don't want to give you your money, and they want their ugly sons to marry your gorgeous daughters, etc. One way to deal with this problem is to make them part of the government so they feel included and shut up. Another way is to kill them."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "But instead, they created an entirely new ruling class, a system that some historians call the slave aristocracy. So if you're a king, one of your main problems is hereditary nobles, because they always want to replace you, and they don't want to give you your money, and they want their ugly sons to marry your gorgeous daughters, etc. One way to deal with this problem is to make them part of the government so they feel included and shut up. Another way is to kill them. That's what they usually do in Russia. I'm whispering so Putin doesn't hear me. Ah!"}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Another way is to kill them. That's what they usually do in Russia. I'm whispering so Putin doesn't hear me. Ah! Putin! The Ottomans just bypassed the problem of hereditary nobles altogether by creating both an army and a bureaucracy from scratch, so they would be loyal only to the sultan. How?"}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Ah! Putin! The Ottomans just bypassed the problem of hereditary nobles altogether by creating both an army and a bureaucracy from scratch, so they would be loyal only to the sultan. How? The Devshirme, a program in which they kidnapped Christian boys, converted them to Islam, and raised them either to be part of an elite military fighting force called the Janissaries, or to be government bureaucrats. Incidentally, which of those gigs would you prefer? Because I think that says a lot about you as a person."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "How? The Devshirme, a program in which they kidnapped Christian boys, converted them to Islam, and raised them either to be part of an elite military fighting force called the Janissaries, or to be government bureaucrats. Incidentally, which of those gigs would you prefer? Because I think that says a lot about you as a person. Either way, you weren't allowed to have kids, which prevented the whole hereditary nobles problem, and also ensured that the Ottoman government would contain quite a lot of eunuchs. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Ottoman eunuchs."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Because I think that says a lot about you as a person. Either way, you weren't allowed to have kids, which prevented the whole hereditary nobles problem, and also ensured that the Ottoman government would contain quite a lot of eunuchs. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Ottoman eunuchs. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a blow-up globe. Stua Quinn's smoking will get you me from the past."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to Ottoman eunuchs. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a blow-up globe. Stua Quinn's smoking will get you me from the past. Hey there, Ottoman eunuchs. How's it hanging? I'm just kidding, that was mean."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Stua Quinn's smoking will get you me from the past. Hey there, Ottoman eunuchs. How's it hanging? I'm just kidding, that was mean. Listen, there have been eunuchs all around this great planet of ours. But you're special. I'm not going to get into the details of why, because they're horrifying."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm just kidding, that was mean. Listen, there have been eunuchs all around this great planet of ours. But you're special. I'm not going to get into the details of why, because they're horrifying. I'm just going to link to an article in the video info. You started out just being harem guards, Ottoman eunuchs, which is kind of an obvious gig for you. But then, you expanded."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm not going to get into the details of why, because they're horrifying. I'm just going to link to an article in the video info. You started out just being harem guards, Ottoman eunuchs, which is kind of an obvious gig for you. But then, you expanded. As had happened in China, you made yourselves indispensable, and you were often the center of palace intrigue. In fact, few people in the Ottoman Empire were as wealthy and important as many of you were. Way to turn lemons into lemonade."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "But then, you expanded. As had happened in China, you made yourselves indispensable, and you were often the center of palace intrigue. In fact, few people in the Ottoman Empire were as wealthy and important as many of you were. Way to turn lemons into lemonade. I'm sorry, I shouldn't have brought up lemons. Best wishes, John Green. This system eventually broke down as the Janissaries, who had guns, lobbied to be allowed to have families."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Way to turn lemons into lemonade. I'm sorry, I shouldn't have brought up lemons. Best wishes, John Green. This system eventually broke down as the Janissaries, who had guns, lobbied to be allowed to have families. But until that happened, the Ottoman system of using a mix of slave administrators and eunuchs to run everything worked incredibly well. To return to the relationship between the Ottomans and the Venetians, after the Ottomans captured Egypt, they pretty much controlled the flow of trade through the Mediterranean. But the Venetians had centuries of experience as mariners, and also lots of boats."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "This system eventually broke down as the Janissaries, who had guns, lobbied to be allowed to have families. But until that happened, the Ottoman system of using a mix of slave administrators and eunuchs to run everything worked incredibly well. To return to the relationship between the Ottomans and the Venetians, after the Ottomans captured Egypt, they pretty much controlled the flow of trade through the Mediterranean. But the Venetians had centuries of experience as mariners, and also lots of boats. Speaking of ships, I ship these guys. So the Ottomans were content to let the Venetians do all the actual, like, trading and carrying of goods, and they just made their money from taxes. And that worked because both Venice and the Ottomans added value to each other."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Venetians had centuries of experience as mariners, and also lots of boats. Speaking of ships, I ship these guys. So the Ottomans were content to let the Venetians do all the actual, like, trading and carrying of goods, and they just made their money from taxes. And that worked because both Venice and the Ottomans added value to each other. Healthy relationships, listen up, me from the past, aren't about extracting value. They have to be mutually beneficial to work. And boy, was that a mutually beneficial relationship."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "And that worked because both Venice and the Ottomans added value to each other. Healthy relationships, listen up, me from the past, aren't about extracting value. They have to be mutually beneficial to work. And boy, was that a mutually beneficial relationship. For instance, Venice became super rich. And being super rich was a prerequisite for the European Renaissance, because all that art and learning required money. Which is why Venice was a leading city at the beginning of the European Renaissance, before being eclipsed by Florence, Rome, and, I don't know, say, Rotterdam."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "And boy, was that a mutually beneficial relationship. For instance, Venice became super rich. And being super rich was a prerequisite for the European Renaissance, because all that art and learning required money. Which is why Venice was a leading city at the beginning of the European Renaissance, before being eclipsed by Florence, Rome, and, I don't know, say, Rotterdam. Also, this relationship established firm connections between Europe and the Islamic world, which allowed ideas to flow again, especially old Greek ideas that had been preserved and built upon by Muslims. I mean, I guess those connections had existed for a long time, but crusades aren't a great way to exchange ideas. But perhaps the most crucial result of the Venetian and Ottoman control of trade is that it forced other European powers to look for different paths to the riches of the East."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Which is why Venice was a leading city at the beginning of the European Renaissance, before being eclipsed by Florence, Rome, and, I don't know, say, Rotterdam. Also, this relationship established firm connections between Europe and the Islamic world, which allowed ideas to flow again, especially old Greek ideas that had been preserved and built upon by Muslims. I mean, I guess those connections had existed for a long time, but crusades aren't a great way to exchange ideas. But perhaps the most crucial result of the Venetian and Ottoman control of trade is that it forced other European powers to look for different paths to the riches of the East. And that fueled huge investments in exploration. The Portuguese sailed south and east around the southern tip of Africa, and the Spanish went west, believing that the Indies and China were much closer than they turned out to be. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "But perhaps the most crucial result of the Venetian and Ottoman control of trade is that it forced other European powers to look for different paths to the riches of the East. And that fueled huge investments in exploration. The Portuguese sailed south and east around the southern tip of Africa, and the Spanish went west, believing that the Indies and China were much closer than they turned out to be. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Venice and the Ottoman Empire Crash Course World History #19.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, unfortunately, they didn't have pizza."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Mayan civilization is one of the most long-lasting civilizations, not just in the ancient Americas, but in the world in general. You can see the rough outline here on this map of where the Mayan civilization occurred. You can see it has the Yucatan Peninsula in the north, the Sierra Madre Mountains in the south, and it covers regions of modern day southeast Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Western Honduras, and El Salvador. We believe that there were settlements in this region as early as 2000, as early as 2000 BCE, and then we have the emergence of the first cities around 750 BCE. And even then, there are signs of significant cultural advancements. There's evidence that there was a sophisticated base 20 numeral system that included the use of place value as early as 1000 BCE. To put that in context, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, which we now use, and most of the world now uses, it wasn't devised, we don't believe, until about a thousand years later."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We believe that there were settlements in this region as early as 2000, as early as 2000 BCE, and then we have the emergence of the first cities around 750 BCE. And even then, there are signs of significant cultural advancements. There's evidence that there was a sophisticated base 20 numeral system that included the use of place value as early as 1000 BCE. To put that in context, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, which we now use, and most of the world now uses, it wasn't devised, we don't believe, until about a thousand years later. And it wasn't adopted in Europe until about 2000 years after the time where we see the first evidence of this Mayan numeral system, this base 20 system, that had place value. Now, around the third century BCE, so roughly in this time period right over here, we see the first writing. And these are examples of what a Mayan glyph looks like."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "To put that in context, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, which we now use, and most of the world now uses, it wasn't devised, we don't believe, until about a thousand years later. And it wasn't adopted in Europe until about 2000 years after the time where we see the first evidence of this Mayan numeral system, this base 20 system, that had place value. Now, around the third century BCE, so roughly in this time period right over here, we see the first writing. And these are examples of what a Mayan glyph looks like. So that is a Mayan glyph, and you read it in an order like this. And once again, this is a very early form of writing, and it's believed to be the first form of writing, well-established writing, in the Americas. Now, on top of their sophisticated numeral system and the writing that they developed, they also had a very sophisticated calendar."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And these are examples of what a Mayan glyph looks like. So that is a Mayan glyph, and you read it in an order like this. And once again, this is a very early form of writing, and it's believed to be the first form of writing, well-established writing, in the Americas. Now, on top of their sophisticated numeral system and the writing that they developed, they also had a very sophisticated calendar. Their calendar was more accurate than the Julian calendar, which was adopted by Julius Caesar, and that was the state of the art in the Western world until the middle of the second millennium. So their calendar was more accurate than what was used in most of the world until around 15 or 1600. Now, as we get into 250 in the Common Era, that's considered the Classical Period."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, on top of their sophisticated numeral system and the writing that they developed, they also had a very sophisticated calendar. Their calendar was more accurate than the Julian calendar, which was adopted by Julius Caesar, and that was the state of the art in the Western world until the middle of the second millennium. So their calendar was more accurate than what was used in most of the world until around 15 or 1600. Now, as we get into 250 in the Common Era, that's considered the Classical Period. That's when some of the really great cities start to emerge, cities like Tikal and Calakmul, and my apologies ahead of time for the pronunciation. It was believed that at their peak, these cities had 50 to 100,000 people. Now, what we now believe is that it was not one unified empire, that there wasn't a Mayan empire with a centralized emperor, but rather it was closer to the Greek city-states, where each of these cities were their own state, their more powerful cities, like Tikal or Calakmul, might have had influence or sway over others, but it wasn't a unified empire in the sense of the Roman Empire or the Persian Empire or some of the early Indian Empires."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, as we get into 250 in the Common Era, that's considered the Classical Period. That's when some of the really great cities start to emerge, cities like Tikal and Calakmul, and my apologies ahead of time for the pronunciation. It was believed that at their peak, these cities had 50 to 100,000 people. Now, what we now believe is that it was not one unified empire, that there wasn't a Mayan empire with a centralized emperor, but rather it was closer to the Greek city-states, where each of these cities were their own state, their more powerful cities, like Tikal or Calakmul, might have had influence or sway over others, but it wasn't a unified empire in the sense of the Roman Empire or the Persian Empire or some of the early Indian Empires. Now, it is believed that each of these city-states, they did have a king who was not only a political ruler but also a spiritual ruler, considered a divine king, a connection between the natural and the supernatural, and we have evidence that they practiced human sacrifice as part of their belief system, as part of their rituals. Now, near the end of the fourth century, there's evidence that there was significant influence or even conquering of some of these cities by another civilization, or maybe we could say another city, and that is Teotihuacan. We know that it was a very powerful city and that in the fourth century, it started to really exert significant influence, and just to get a sense of the sophistication of what Mayan cities look like, and I'll show you what we believe Teotihuacan looked like in a second, but this is a construction of what Tical might have looked like near its peak, and Teotihuacan, we have significant ruins there."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, what we now believe is that it was not one unified empire, that there wasn't a Mayan empire with a centralized emperor, but rather it was closer to the Greek city-states, where each of these cities were their own state, their more powerful cities, like Tikal or Calakmul, might have had influence or sway over others, but it wasn't a unified empire in the sense of the Roman Empire or the Persian Empire or some of the early Indian Empires. Now, it is believed that each of these city-states, they did have a king who was not only a political ruler but also a spiritual ruler, considered a divine king, a connection between the natural and the supernatural, and we have evidence that they practiced human sacrifice as part of their belief system, as part of their rituals. Now, near the end of the fourth century, there's evidence that there was significant influence or even conquering of some of these cities by another civilization, or maybe we could say another city, and that is Teotihuacan. We know that it was a very powerful city and that in the fourth century, it started to really exert significant influence, and just to get a sense of the sophistication of what Mayan cities look like, and I'll show you what we believe Teotihuacan looked like in a second, but this is a construction of what Tical might have looked like near its peak, and Teotihuacan, we have significant ruins there. Teotihuacan, as you can see, is based near modern-day Mexico City, and these are the ruins from Teotihuacan, and just to get a sense of how sophisticated a city this was, this is a reconstruction of the map of the city, so the vantage point that you have from this picture would have been roughly in that area, so what you're seeing right over here are these buildings or these little squares here, this pyramid that you see out in the distance, that would have been this pyramid, and so you can see from this reconstruction of what the city might have looked like, it was a vast and significant city. Pretty much everything that you can see in this picture was part of this great city, and it was believed that it was established around 150 BCE, based on our best evidence today, and lasted until about the middle of the sixth century. Now, the name Teotihuacan, that's not its original name."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We know that it was a very powerful city and that in the fourth century, it started to really exert significant influence, and just to get a sense of the sophistication of what Mayan cities look like, and I'll show you what we believe Teotihuacan looked like in a second, but this is a construction of what Tical might have looked like near its peak, and Teotihuacan, we have significant ruins there. Teotihuacan, as you can see, is based near modern-day Mexico City, and these are the ruins from Teotihuacan, and just to get a sense of how sophisticated a city this was, this is a reconstruction of the map of the city, so the vantage point that you have from this picture would have been roughly in that area, so what you're seeing right over here are these buildings or these little squares here, this pyramid that you see out in the distance, that would have been this pyramid, and so you can see from this reconstruction of what the city might have looked like, it was a vast and significant city. Pretty much everything that you can see in this picture was part of this great city, and it was believed that it was established around 150 BCE, based on our best evidence today, and lasted until about the middle of the sixth century. Now, the name Teotihuacan, that's not its original name. It's the name given to it by the Aztecs, but it's believed that at its peak, around 400, 450, and remember, this is around the time that it was exerting significant influence over the Mayans, it is believed that it had upwards of 100,000 people living in the city, 100,000 to 200,000, I've even seen some accounts saying 250,000 people, which would have made it, at the time, one of the largest cities in the world. Some accounts have it ranked as the sixth largest city in the world that we know about. Now, one interesting question was, was Teotihuacan an independent city-state by itself, or was it the center of an empire?"}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the name Teotihuacan, that's not its original name. It's the name given to it by the Aztecs, but it's believed that at its peak, around 400, 450, and remember, this is around the time that it was exerting significant influence over the Mayans, it is believed that it had upwards of 100,000 people living in the city, 100,000 to 200,000, I've even seen some accounts saying 250,000 people, which would have made it, at the time, one of the largest cities in the world. Some accounts have it ranked as the sixth largest city in the world that we know about. Now, one interesting question was, was Teotihuacan an independent city-state by itself, or was it the center of an empire? And this is something that historians debate today. Now, some of the evidence for why it was maybe a center of an empire is it's believed it was a multi-ethnic city. We see its influence over the Mayan cities, especially over Tikal, as we get into the end of the fourth century."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, one interesting question was, was Teotihuacan an independent city-state by itself, or was it the center of an empire? And this is something that historians debate today. Now, some of the evidence for why it was maybe a center of an empire is it's believed it was a multi-ethnic city. We see its influence over the Mayan cities, especially over Tikal, as we get into the end of the fourth century. We also see this incredible confluence of people and culture and trade at Teotihuacan, which once again hints that it probably wasn't a standalone city, but it was probably the center of some type of regional influence, or maybe an empire. We don't traditionally see cities of that size form unless they're the center of a larger empire, and they're able to get tribute or taxation from other states. Now, Teotihuacan ends up declining or falling before the Mayan civilization."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We see its influence over the Mayan cities, especially over Tikal, as we get into the end of the fourth century. We also see this incredible confluence of people and culture and trade at Teotihuacan, which once again hints that it probably wasn't a standalone city, but it was probably the center of some type of regional influence, or maybe an empire. We don't traditionally see cities of that size form unless they're the center of a larger empire, and they're able to get tribute or taxation from other states. Now, Teotihuacan ends up declining or falling before the Mayan civilization. You see Teotihuacan in this blue-green line. You see the Mayan civilization in this light blue, and then in the classical period, this slightly darker light blue. And Teotihuacan collapses around 550 in the Common Era."}, {"video_title": "Mayans and Teotihuacan World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Teotihuacan ends up declining or falling before the Mayan civilization. You see Teotihuacan in this blue-green line. You see the Mayan civilization in this light blue, and then in the classical period, this slightly darker light blue. And Teotihuacan collapses around 550 in the Common Era. And the best theories we have today is that it might have been some type of an internal uprising maybe due to some type of drought and famine, and you can imagine people will revolt if they're not able to get enough food. Now, the Mayan civilization, it is believed, also started to collapse a few hundred years after that. So as we get into the 800s, the Mayan civilization, we believe, might have experienced some similar things, maybe some drought, some famine, that similarly caused uprisings, division, and allowed that to collapse."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. How you doing? We're doing the Irish potato famine in the next couple minutes. Guys, a million dead, a million leave the country. It's kind of a big deal. So what are we waiting for? Why don't we go get her done right now?"}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Guys, a million dead, a million leave the country. It's kind of a big deal. So what are we waiting for? Why don't we go get her done right now? So Ireland and Great Britain, you can see Ireland how close in proximity it is to Great Britain, have a relationship that goes back to 1542 with King Henry the 8th. And that relationship is cemented down in a governing sense with a law passed in 1801 out of Parliament called the Union Act. Ireland really is, in a sense, a colony of Great Britain, but part of Great Britain."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Why don't we go get her done right now? So Ireland and Great Britain, you can see Ireland how close in proximity it is to Great Britain, have a relationship that goes back to 1542 with King Henry the 8th. And that relationship is cemented down in a governing sense with a law passed in 1801 out of Parliament called the Union Act. Ireland really is, in a sense, a colony of Great Britain, but part of Great Britain. And all of the representation that they do have on a local basis and in Parliament, I'm talking about Irish representation, is basically coming out of landowners, people that own landowners, families, they're the ones that are representing Ireland with Great Britain. And they're not representing the vast majority of Catholic Irish. You know, there's 8 million people in 1844 in Ireland."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Ireland really is, in a sense, a colony of Great Britain, but part of Great Britain. And all of the representation that they do have on a local basis and in Parliament, I'm talking about Irish representation, is basically coming out of landowners, people that own landowners, families, they're the ones that are representing Ireland with Great Britain. And they're not representing the vast majority of Catholic Irish. You know, there's 8 million people in 1844 in Ireland. 80% of them are Catholics. Prior to 1800, Catholics couldn't own land, they couldn't hold office, they couldn't vote, they couldn't even get a formal education. So you know, you're only talking about a couple generations after that changing, the vast majority of Catholics are self-sufficient in terms of growing their own food, they're living in dire poverty, and they have no other choice really than to be tenant farmers."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, there's 8 million people in 1844 in Ireland. 80% of them are Catholics. Prior to 1800, Catholics couldn't own land, they couldn't hold office, they couldn't vote, they couldn't even get a formal education. So you know, you're only talking about a couple generations after that changing, the vast majority of Catholics are self-sufficient in terms of growing their own food, they're living in dire poverty, and they have no other choice really than to be tenant farmers. And this is really the system that is screwing the Irish Catholics. Most of the land in 1844, of course all of the land is really owned by rich barons and princes and people that are in the elite in Great Britain, and these are absentee landlords. So what the absentee landlords would do is they would basically find middlemen, they would find people that would become landlords for them."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So you know, you're only talking about a couple generations after that changing, the vast majority of Catholics are self-sufficient in terms of growing their own food, they're living in dire poverty, and they have no other choice really than to be tenant farmers. And this is really the system that is screwing the Irish Catholics. Most of the land in 1844, of course all of the land is really owned by rich barons and princes and people that are in the elite in Great Britain, and these are absentee landlords. So what the absentee landlords would do is they would basically find middlemen, they would find people that would become landlords for them. And these landlords, bloodsuckers some people would call them, would pay rent to these people in Great Britain every month. So then they would basically try to suck as much money out of that land by dividing it up into as many parcels as possible. Parcels, you know, smaller pieces of land."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So what the absentee landlords would do is they would basically find middlemen, they would find people that would become landlords for them. And these landlords, bloodsuckers some people would call them, would pay rent to these people in Great Britain every month. So then they would basically try to suck as much money out of that land by dividing it up into as many parcels as possible. Parcels, you know, smaller pieces of land. So something like 65% of all the tenant farmers are farming land less than something like 10 acres. I believe 25% of them had only one or two acres. Just a very small piece of land, and they're really working for the landlord."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Parcels, you know, smaller pieces of land. So something like 65% of all the tenant farmers are farming land less than something like 10 acres. I believe 25% of them had only one or two acres. Just a very small piece of land, and they're really working for the landlord. They have to pay him rent and they have to work for him. What are they doing with the landowner's land? They're raising sheep and cattle and grains and great things that are being exported to Great Britain for a profit."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Just a very small piece of land, and they're really working for the landlord. They have to pay him rent and they have to work for him. What are they doing with the landowner's land? They're raising sheep and cattle and grains and great things that are being exported to Great Britain for a profit. So the land that's left, the little piece of dirt in the corner, that's for the farmer and his family and they're growing potatoes. Because potatoes are relatively cheap, they really grow in not great soil, and you can grow them in abundance. So really people are eating potatoes and drinking water."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're raising sheep and cattle and grains and great things that are being exported to Great Britain for a profit. So the land that's left, the little piece of dirt in the corner, that's for the farmer and his family and they're growing potatoes. Because potatoes are relatively cheap, they really grow in not great soil, and you can grow them in abundance. So really people are eating potatoes and drinking water. A man can consume 50 potatoes a day, a woman 40 potatoes a day, and the kids are dying on like 25 potatoes a day. And that's really disgusting. And it's really dire poverty."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So really people are eating potatoes and drinking water. A man can consume 50 potatoes a day, a woman 40 potatoes a day, and the kids are dying on like 25 potatoes a day. And that's really disgusting. And it's really dire poverty. So all we need now for a catastrophe is a bad policy coming out of Great Britain and a blight, some type of disease that's going to attach itself to the potatoes. And that really begins first in the United States. They believe the blight came out of Mexico and it's affecting potato shipments in the Northeast out of New York and Boston by the early 1840s."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's really dire poverty. So all we need now for a catastrophe is a bad policy coming out of Great Britain and a blight, some type of disease that's going to attach itself to the potatoes. And that really begins first in the United States. They believe the blight came out of Mexico and it's affecting potato shipments in the Northeast out of New York and Boston by the early 1840s. And by 1843, 1844, it's reached Europe and Ireland, of course, as well. The difference between Europe and Ireland is that Europe isn't self-sufficient on the potato crop. They have a lot of variety."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They believe the blight came out of Mexico and it's affecting potato shipments in the Northeast out of New York and Boston by the early 1840s. And by 1843, 1844, it's reached Europe and Ireland, of course, as well. The difference between Europe and Ireland is that Europe isn't self-sufficient on the potato crop. They have a lot of variety. And Ireland did too, but that variety is being sent back to Great Britain for a profit. So by 1846, with something like 75% of all the potatoes destroyed by this blight, there really is nowhere for these Irish Catholics to turn. They're dying by the tens of thousands."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They have a lot of variety. And Ireland did too, but that variety is being sent back to Great Britain for a profit. So by 1846, with something like 75% of all the potatoes destroyed by this blight, there really is nowhere for these Irish Catholics to turn. They're dying by the tens of thousands. Eventually a million are going to perish. Some people estimate even up to 2 million. And a million are going to ditch Ireland for the shores in Liverpool, in Toronto, in Boston, in New York."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're dying by the tens of thousands. Eventually a million are going to perish. Some people estimate even up to 2 million. And a million are going to ditch Ireland for the shores in Liverpool, in Toronto, in Boston, in New York. They're going to get the heck out of Dodge. Ireland loses 25% of its population in this potato famine that only lasted for five years in the 1840s. Ireland lost something like 25% of its population."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And a million are going to ditch Ireland for the shores in Liverpool, in Toronto, in Boston, in New York. They're going to get the heck out of Dodge. Ireland loses 25% of its population in this potato famine that only lasted for five years in the 1840s. Ireland lost something like 25% of its population. And it wasn't because of a lack of food. This is the most important point. In the 1840s, Parliament adopted a laissez-faire attitude, meaning they thought if they gave just free stuff to these Irish people, they wouldn't work hard for themselves."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Ireland lost something like 25% of its population. And it wasn't because of a lack of food. This is the most important point. In the 1840s, Parliament adopted a laissez-faire attitude, meaning they thought if they gave just free stuff to these Irish people, they wouldn't work hard for themselves. The market will take care of this. And of course it's not. They did buy something like $100,000 worth of maize, corn out of the United States that was shipped to Ireland."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In the 1840s, Parliament adopted a laissez-faire attitude, meaning they thought if they gave just free stuff to these Irish people, they wouldn't work hard for themselves. The market will take care of this. And of course it's not. They did buy something like $100,000 worth of maize, corn out of the United States that was shipped to Ireland. But they didn't really have the mills to process it. And people weren't used to eating corn. So that didn't work out."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They did buy something like $100,000 worth of maize, corn out of the United States that was shipped to Ireland. But they didn't really have the mills to process it. And people weren't used to eating corn. So that didn't work out. They tried charity. That didn't work out. Really nothing worked out."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So that didn't work out. They tried charity. That didn't work out. Really nothing worked out. So at the end of the day, Great Britain dropped the ball. But they never stopped the exports. They never stopped all that cattle and that bacon and that grain and all that stuff coming over to Great Britain."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Really nothing worked out. So at the end of the day, Great Britain dropped the ball. But they never stopped the exports. They never stopped all that cattle and that bacon and that grain and all that stuff coming over to Great Britain. They're still using Ireland and starving to death as their personal supermarket. And I think that really is going to be kind of the taste left over in the Irish independence movement because that's, I think, the long-term effect. The Irish aren't going to be free for quite some time."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They never stopped all that cattle and that bacon and that grain and all that stuff coming over to Great Britain. They're still using Ireland and starving to death as their personal supermarket. And I think that really is going to be kind of the taste left over in the Irish independence movement because that's, I think, the long-term effect. The Irish aren't going to be free for quite some time. But it really starts to allow the Irish to have some self-examination about the relationship with Great Britain. And it begins the beginnings of really an Irish resistance movement that's going to eventually try to break away from Great Britain. So that's the Irish potato famine."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Irish aren't going to be free for quite some time. But it really starts to allow the Irish to have some self-examination about the relationship with Great Britain. And it begins the beginnings of really an Irish resistance movement that's going to eventually try to break away from Great Britain. So that's the Irish potato famine. Of course, it's had other effects. It has an effect on the United States history with many of those Irish landing in big cities and really an immigration explosion. And the Irish are going to be integral in building at least the eastern part of the Transcontinental Railroad in the 1860s and the 1870s."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So that's the Irish potato famine. Of course, it's had other effects. It has an effect on the United States history with many of those Irish landing in big cities and really an immigration explosion. And the Irish are going to be integral in building at least the eastern part of the Transcontinental Railroad in the 1860s and the 1870s. But that's probably a little bit out of this wheelhouse right here in terms of the Irish potato famine. But either way you cut it, you're a little bit smarter about the potatoes now. So giddy up for that, guys."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Irish are going to be integral in building at least the eastern part of the Transcontinental Railroad in the 1860s and the 1870s. But that's probably a little bit out of this wheelhouse right here in terms of the Irish potato famine. But either way you cut it, you're a little bit smarter about the potatoes now. So giddy up for that, guys. Make sure that you subscribe to Hippie's History. You can hit that button right there and that'll take you to the internet where you can subscribe. It's fun, it's fast, it's free."}, {"video_title": "The Irish Potato Famine Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So giddy up for that, guys. Make sure that you subscribe to Hippie's History. You can hit that button right there and that'll take you to the internet where you can subscribe. It's fun, it's fast, it's free. And I always say it, where attention goes, energy flows. We'll see you guys next time. Thanks for pressing the buttons."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So I have significant conflicts or events that happened to the Greek world on this timeline, especially in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE. In the beginning of the fifth century BCE, you have the Greco-Persian Wars, where the Greek city-states are able to fend off attack from the great Persian Empire, and then they go on the offensive. But as we exit the fifth century BCE, the city-states start fighting amongst themselves. You have Athens leading the Delian League in a fight against Sparta and their allies, which significantly weakens the city-states. It ends with Athens losing, but all of the city-states have been weakened, and it leaves them open to be conquered by the Macedonians, in particular Philip of Macedonia, and then his son Alexander the Great is able to not just keep control of Greece, of the city-states, but conquer Egypt and Persia and get all the way to modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. But after his death, you then have his successors, and Greece falls under the Antigonid dynasty. But eventually, as we get into the second and first century BCEs, it goes under Roman control."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have Athens leading the Delian League in a fight against Sparta and their allies, which significantly weakens the city-states. It ends with Athens losing, but all of the city-states have been weakened, and it leaves them open to be conquered by the Macedonians, in particular Philip of Macedonia, and then his son Alexander the Great is able to not just keep control of Greece, of the city-states, but conquer Egypt and Persia and get all the way to modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. But after his death, you then have his successors, and Greece falls under the Antigonid dynasty. But eventually, as we get into the second and first century BCEs, it goes under Roman control. And we've talked about this classical period, all of the various contributions. We've talked about the contributions in philosophy from people like Socrates, and Socrates' student Plato, and Plato's student Aristotle. But there are also significant contributions in mathematics."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But eventually, as we get into the second and first century BCEs, it goes under Roman control. And we've talked about this classical period, all of the various contributions. We've talked about the contributions in philosophy from people like Socrates, and Socrates' student Plato, and Plato's student Aristotle. But there are also significant contributions in mathematics. You have Pythagoras, who actually predates these philosophers, and he's most famous, especially to many of us, for his Pythagorean theorem and a lot of mathematics and the foundations of a lot of geometry. But he and his followers, they were actually creating something of a mysticism, of a religion around mathematics, and even a philosophy that would later influence some of the other philosophers that we talk about, especially this ideal of ideal platonic forms. You can imagine, if you're studying perfect right triangles, there's no such thing as a perfect right triangle in the universe."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But there are also significant contributions in mathematics. You have Pythagoras, who actually predates these philosophers, and he's most famous, especially to many of us, for his Pythagorean theorem and a lot of mathematics and the foundations of a lot of geometry. But he and his followers, they were actually creating something of a mysticism, of a religion around mathematics, and even a philosophy that would later influence some of the other philosophers that we talk about, especially this ideal of ideal platonic forms. You can imagine, if you're studying perfect right triangles, there's no such thing as a perfect right triangle in the universe. These are ideas that we use in geometry, and other things in the universe are really just approximations of these. But to appreciate the philosophical side of Pythagoras, here are some quotes from him, or quotes ascribed to him. There is geometry in the humming of the strings."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You can imagine, if you're studying perfect right triangles, there's no such thing as a perfect right triangle in the universe. These are ideas that we use in geometry, and other things in the universe are really just approximations of these. But to appreciate the philosophical side of Pythagoras, here are some quotes from him, or quotes ascribed to him. There is geometry in the humming of the strings. There is music in the spacing of the spheres. Reason is immortal, all else mortal. And you'll see, even in the 6th century BCE, this thread of Greek thinking, putting reason at a very high level, not just trying to explain everything with pure mysticism."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There is geometry in the humming of the strings. There is music in the spacing of the spheres. Reason is immortal, all else mortal. And you'll see, even in the 6th century BCE, this thread of Greek thinking, putting reason at a very high level, not just trying to explain everything with pure mysticism. Although Pythagoras definitely was, and Pythagoreanism was definitely about mysticism. But it was mysticism that at the core had mathematics and geometry. But continuing on with significant mathematical contributions from ancient Greece, we have Euclid."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you'll see, even in the 6th century BCE, this thread of Greek thinking, putting reason at a very high level, not just trying to explain everything with pure mysticism. Although Pythagoras definitely was, and Pythagoreanism was definitely about mysticism. But it was mysticism that at the core had mathematics and geometry. But continuing on with significant mathematical contributions from ancient Greece, we have Euclid. We don't know all of the exact details of his birth and his death. But he is the father of modern geometry. And as you can see in this map here, he didn't live in what we call Greece proper today."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But continuing on with significant mathematical contributions from ancient Greece, we have Euclid. We don't know all of the exact details of his birth and his death. But he is the father of modern geometry. And as you can see in this map here, he didn't live in what we call Greece proper today. He lived in Alexandria, a city established by Alexander the Great. And this is during the Hellenistic period, where all of the territory that had, or most of the territory that had been conquered by Alexander the Great, was still ruled by his successors. Egypt was ruled by Ptolemy, establishing the Ptolemaic dynasty in the time of Euclid."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as you can see in this map here, he didn't live in what we call Greece proper today. He lived in Alexandria, a city established by Alexander the Great. And this is during the Hellenistic period, where all of the territory that had, or most of the territory that had been conquered by Alexander the Great, was still ruled by his successors. Egypt was ruled by Ptolemy, establishing the Ptolemaic dynasty in the time of Euclid. And Euclid lived in that great center of learning in the arts, Alexandria, which even exists today. And he is most famous for his elements. This is a much later printing of his elements, of Euclid's elements."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Egypt was ruled by Ptolemy, establishing the Ptolemaic dynasty in the time of Euclid. And Euclid lived in that great center of learning in the arts, Alexandria, which even exists today. And he is most famous for his elements. This is a much later printing of his elements, of Euclid's elements. But you would be amazed how much of modern geometry has been described by Euclid. Even your geometry textbook can trace it back directly to Euclid's elements. Abraham Lincoln famously learned every proof in Euclid's elements in order to fine tune his mind."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is a much later printing of his elements, of Euclid's elements. But you would be amazed how much of modern geometry has been described by Euclid. Even your geometry textbook can trace it back directly to Euclid's elements. Abraham Lincoln famously learned every proof in Euclid's elements in order to fine tune his mind. So you can really view Euclid as the father of geometry. But that's not all. There are many other contributors in philosophy and math."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Abraham Lincoln famously learned every proof in Euclid's elements in order to fine tune his mind. So you can really view Euclid as the father of geometry. But that's not all. There are many other contributors in philosophy and math. And this is just, once again, a sample of all of the folks who contributed. On the side of philosophy, you have Xenophon, who is another one of Socrates' students in addition to Plato. And in fact, the life of Socrates, we learn from the writings of Plato and Xenophon."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There are many other contributors in philosophy and math. And this is just, once again, a sample of all of the folks who contributed. On the side of philosophy, you have Xenophon, who is another one of Socrates' students in addition to Plato. And in fact, the life of Socrates, we learn from the writings of Plato and Xenophon. Xenophon was also a historian who gave us some accounts of the later Peloponnesian War. You have the famous cynics, Antisthenes, and his student, Diogenes. Diogenes, famous for living in a barrel in Athens, and somewhat insulting Alexander the Great."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in fact, the life of Socrates, we learn from the writings of Plato and Xenophon. Xenophon was also a historian who gave us some accounts of the later Peloponnesian War. You have the famous cynics, Antisthenes, and his student, Diogenes. Diogenes, famous for living in a barrel in Athens, and somewhat insulting Alexander the Great. But these cynics, which the word is derived from being dog-like, these are people who were philosophers who gave up the trappings of materialism and caring, frankly, what other people thought. As we go a little bit out of our timeline right over here, you have Archimedes, one of the greatest mathematicians and scientists of all time. But you also have contributions in the arts."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Diogenes, famous for living in a barrel in Athens, and somewhat insulting Alexander the Great. But these cynics, which the word is derived from being dog-like, these are people who were philosophers who gave up the trappings of materialism and caring, frankly, what other people thought. As we go a little bit out of our timeline right over here, you have Archimedes, one of the greatest mathematicians and scientists of all time. But you also have contributions in the arts. Some of the most famous playwrights of the ancient time, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, we might remember as being a bit of a thorn in the side of Socrates. He wrote about Socrates, but it was more of a parody. You have contributions in medicine."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But you also have contributions in the arts. Some of the most famous playwrights of the ancient time, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, we might remember as being a bit of a thorn in the side of Socrates. He wrote about Socrates, but it was more of a parody. You have contributions in medicine. The famous Hippocrates, the Hippocratic Oath, still has an influence on modern medicine. You have some of the earliest, what we could say, historians that we know of. Herodotus, famously giving us the accounts we have of the Greco-Persian Wars, a lot of what we even know about the ancient Persian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have contributions in medicine. The famous Hippocrates, the Hippocratic Oath, still has an influence on modern medicine. You have some of the earliest, what we could say, historians that we know of. Herodotus, famously giving us the accounts we have of the Greco-Persian Wars, a lot of what we even know about the ancient Persian Empire. You have Thucydides, who gives us accounts of the Peloponnesian War, along with Xenophon. And so when you see this density of arts, sciences, learning, in one place, a lot of this was centered in Athens, it makes you wonder what was going on at that time. And historians do call the period from when the Athenians were able to fend off the Persians all the way until the end of the Peloponnesian War as the Golden Age of Athens."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Herodotus, famously giving us the accounts we have of the Greco-Persian Wars, a lot of what we even know about the ancient Persian Empire. You have Thucydides, who gives us accounts of the Peloponnesian War, along with Xenophon. And so when you see this density of arts, sciences, learning, in one place, a lot of this was centered in Athens, it makes you wonder what was going on at that time. And historians do call the period from when the Athenians were able to fend off the Persians all the way until the end of the Peloponnesian War as the Golden Age of Athens. And for good reason, look at this flourishing of the arts and the sciences that developed during that period. You might wonder what was happening in terms of government. And government of this period might be one of the longest-lasting influences."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And historians do call the period from when the Athenians were able to fend off the Persians all the way until the end of the Peloponnesian War as the Golden Age of Athens. And for good reason, look at this flourishing of the arts and the sciences that developed during that period. You might wonder what was happening in terms of government. And government of this period might be one of the longest-lasting influences. As we exit the 6th century BCE, in 507, you have Greek democracy taking root in Athens. And in fact, the word democracy is a Greek word, government by the people. And shortly after that, during the Golden Age of Athens, you start having leadership by Pericles."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And government of this period might be one of the longest-lasting influences. As we exit the 6th century BCE, in 507, you have Greek democracy taking root in Athens. And in fact, the word democracy is a Greek word, government by the people. And shortly after that, during the Golden Age of Athens, you start having leadership by Pericles. He was an orator, he was a statesman, he was a general. In this period right over here that I have in orange, often known as the Age of Pericles, he helped Athens invest significantly in the arts and in architecture. Some of the most iconic structures we now associate with Greece or ancient Greece were built during his time."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And shortly after that, during the Golden Age of Athens, you start having leadership by Pericles. He was an orator, he was a statesman, he was a general. In this period right over here that I have in orange, often known as the Age of Pericles, he helped Athens invest significantly in the arts and in architecture. Some of the most iconic structures we now associate with Greece or ancient Greece were built during his time. They were promoted by him. Here you have a picture of the Acropolis, which is this rock outcropping, which still exists in Athens, as it likely looked during the time of Pericles, during the Golden Age of Athens. And you can see here in particular, the most famous structure, the Parthenon, a lot of which still stands today, was constructed under the rule of Pericles."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some of the most iconic structures we now associate with Greece or ancient Greece were built during his time. They were promoted by him. Here you have a picture of the Acropolis, which is this rock outcropping, which still exists in Athens, as it likely looked during the time of Pericles, during the Golden Age of Athens. And you can see here in particular, the most famous structure, the Parthenon, a lot of which still stands today, was constructed under the rule of Pericles. As I mentioned, the Greek city-states get conquered by the Macedonians, but after the death of Alexander the Great, falls under the control of the Antigonid dynasty. But eventually, as we get into the 2nd century BCE, off of this timeline, it comes under Roman control, becomes part of the Roman Empire. But the Roman Empire is itself significantly influenced by Greek culture, Greek mathematics, Greek architecture, Greek philosophy."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can see here in particular, the most famous structure, the Parthenon, a lot of which still stands today, was constructed under the rule of Pericles. As I mentioned, the Greek city-states get conquered by the Macedonians, but after the death of Alexander the Great, falls under the control of the Antigonid dynasty. But eventually, as we get into the 2nd century BCE, off of this timeline, it comes under Roman control, becomes part of the Roman Empire. But the Roman Empire is itself significantly influenced by Greek culture, Greek mathematics, Greek architecture, Greek philosophy. And in a lot of ways, the Romans end up becoming the caretakers of much of this culture that we talk about in this video. And once you have the decline of the Roman Empire, especially the Western Roman Empire, and Europe enters into the Middle Ages, you have the Islamic world that acts as a bit of a bridge of this Greek culture into the European Renaissance, and eventually the Enlightenment. And so we can trace even our modern views of science and philosophy all the way back to these Greeks."}, {"video_title": "Golden Age of Athens, Pericles and Greek Culture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Roman Empire is itself significantly influenced by Greek culture, Greek mathematics, Greek architecture, Greek philosophy. And in a lot of ways, the Romans end up becoming the caretakers of much of this culture that we talk about in this video. And once you have the decline of the Roman Empire, especially the Western Roman Empire, and Europe enters into the Middle Ages, you have the Islamic world that acts as a bit of a bridge of this Greek culture into the European Renaissance, and eventually the Enlightenment. And so we can trace even our modern views of science and philosophy all the way back to these Greeks. And so I'll leave you with this quote from the Roman poet Horace, who wrote this around the 1st century BCE. Captive Greece took captive her fierce conqueror and instilled her arts in rustic Latium, or Latium. And so what he's saying is, even though Rome had conquered Greece, Greece's culture took captive her conqueror, took captive the Roman culture, instilled Greece's arts in the rustic Latin world."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to talk about Mesopotamia. I love Mesopotamia because it helped create two of my favorite things, writing and taxes. Why do I like taxes? Because before taxes, the only certainty was death. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, did you know that you're referencing Mark Twain? I'm not referencing Mark Twain, me from the past. I'm referencing Benjamin Franklin, who was probably himself referencing the unfortunately named playwright Christopher Bullock."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Because before taxes, the only certainty was death. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, did you know that you're referencing Mark Twain? I'm not referencing Mark Twain, me from the past. I'm referencing Benjamin Franklin, who was probably himself referencing the unfortunately named playwright Christopher Bullock. Listen, you may be smart, kid, but I've been smart longer. By the way, today's illustration points out that an eye for an eye leaves the whole world monocular. So about 5,000 years ago, in the land Meso, or between, the Tigris and Euphrates Potomoy, or rivers, cities started popping up, much like they had in our old friend the Indus River Valley."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm referencing Benjamin Franklin, who was probably himself referencing the unfortunately named playwright Christopher Bullock. Listen, you may be smart, kid, but I've been smart longer. By the way, today's illustration points out that an eye for an eye leaves the whole world monocular. So about 5,000 years ago, in the land Meso, or between, the Tigris and Euphrates Potomoy, or rivers, cities started popping up, much like they had in our old friend the Indus River Valley. These early Mesopotamian cities engaged in a form of socialism where farmers contributed their crops to public storehouses, out of which workers, like metal workers or builders or male models or whatever, would be paid uniform wages in grain. So basically... Mr. Green, Mr. Green, were there really male models? Can you do blue steel?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "So about 5,000 years ago, in the land Meso, or between, the Tigris and Euphrates Potomoy, or rivers, cities started popping up, much like they had in our old friend the Indus River Valley. These early Mesopotamian cities engaged in a form of socialism where farmers contributed their crops to public storehouses, out of which workers, like metal workers or builders or male models or whatever, would be paid uniform wages in grain. So basically... Mr. Green, Mr. Green, were there really male models? Can you do blue steel? Oh, younger version of myself, how I hate you. Oh, the humiliation I suffer for you people. That was my best blue steel."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Can you do blue steel? Oh, younger version of myself, how I hate you. Oh, the humiliation I suffer for you people. That was my best blue steel. That was as close as I can get. So anyway, if you lived in a city, you could be something other than a shepherd, and thanks to this proto-socialism, you could be reasonably sure that you'd eat. Stan, is there any way we can get another globe in here?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "That was my best blue steel. That was as close as I can get. So anyway, if you lived in a city, you could be something other than a shepherd, and thanks to this proto-socialism, you could be reasonably sure that you'd eat. Stan, is there any way we can get another globe in here? I feel like this shot is inadequately globed. Yes, much better. You know, you can tell the quality of a historian by the number of his or her globes."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, is there any way we can get another globe in here? I feel like this shot is inadequately globed. Yes, much better. You know, you can tell the quality of a historian by the number of his or her globes. But even though you could give up your flock, a lot of people didn't want to, and one of the legacies of Mesopotamia is the enduring conflict between country and city. You see this explored a lot in some of our greatest art, like the Beverly Hillbillies and Deliverance and the showdown between Enkidu and Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is one of the oldest known works of literature, and I'm not going to spoil it for you."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, you can tell the quality of a historian by the number of his or her globes. But even though you could give up your flock, a lot of people didn't want to, and one of the legacies of Mesopotamia is the enduring conflict between country and city. You see this explored a lot in some of our greatest art, like the Beverly Hillbillies and Deliverance and the showdown between Enkidu and Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is one of the oldest known works of literature, and I'm not going to spoil it for you. There's a link to the poem in the video info. But suffice it to say that in the showdown between country and city, the city wins. So what were these city-states like?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Gilgamesh is one of the oldest known works of literature, and I'm not going to spoil it for you. There's a link to the poem in the video info. But suffice it to say that in the showdown between country and city, the city wins. So what were these city-states like? Well, let's take a look at one such city-state, Gilgamesh's hometown of Uruk, in the Thought Bubble. Uruk was a walled city with an extensive canal system and several monumental temples called ziggurats. The priests of these temples initially had all the power because they were able to communicate directly with the gods, and that was a useful talent because Mesopotamian gods were moody and frankly pretty mean."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "So what were these city-states like? Well, let's take a look at one such city-state, Gilgamesh's hometown of Uruk, in the Thought Bubble. Uruk was a walled city with an extensive canal system and several monumental temples called ziggurats. The priests of these temples initially had all the power because they were able to communicate directly with the gods, and that was a useful talent because Mesopotamian gods were moody and frankly pretty mean. Like, according to Gilgamesh, they once got mad at us because we were making too much noise while they were trying to sleep, so they decided to destroy all of humanity with a flood. The Tigris and Euphrates are decent as rivers go, but Mesopotamia is no Indus Valley with its on-schedule flooding and easy irrigation. A lot of slave labor was needed to make the Tigris and Euphrates useful for irrigation."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "The priests of these temples initially had all the power because they were able to communicate directly with the gods, and that was a useful talent because Mesopotamian gods were moody and frankly pretty mean. Like, according to Gilgamesh, they once got mad at us because we were making too much noise while they were trying to sleep, so they decided to destroy all of humanity with a flood. The Tigris and Euphrates are decent as rivers go, but Mesopotamia is no Indus Valley with its on-schedule flooding and easy irrigation. A lot of slave labor was needed to make the Tigris and Euphrates useful for irrigation. They're also difficult to navigate and flood unpredictably and violently. Violent, unpredictable, and difficult to navigate. Oh, Tigris and Euphrates, how you remind me of my college girlfriend."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "A lot of slave labor was needed to make the Tigris and Euphrates useful for irrigation. They're also difficult to navigate and flood unpredictably and violently. Violent, unpredictable, and difficult to navigate. Oh, Tigris and Euphrates, how you remind me of my college girlfriend. So I mean, given that the region tends to yo-yo between devastating flood and horrible drought, it follows that one would believe that the gods are kind of random and capricious, and that any priests who might be able to lead rituals that placate those gods would be very useful individuals. But about 1,000 years after the first temples, we find in cities like Uruk a rival structure begins to show up, the palace. The responsibility for the well-being and success of the social order was shifting from gods to people, a power shift that will see-saw throughout human history until probably forever, actually."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, Tigris and Euphrates, how you remind me of my college girlfriend. So I mean, given that the region tends to yo-yo between devastating flood and horrible drought, it follows that one would believe that the gods are kind of random and capricious, and that any priests who might be able to lead rituals that placate those gods would be very useful individuals. But about 1,000 years after the first temples, we find in cities like Uruk a rival structure begins to show up, the palace. The responsibility for the well-being and success of the social order was shifting from gods to people, a power shift that will see-saw throughout human history until probably forever, actually. But in another development we'll see again, these kings, who probably started out as military leaders or really rich landowners, took on a quasi-religious role. How? Often by engaging in sacred marriage, specifically scoodily-pooping with the high priestess of the city's temple."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "The responsibility for the well-being and success of the social order was shifting from gods to people, a power shift that will see-saw throughout human history until probably forever, actually. But in another development we'll see again, these kings, who probably started out as military leaders or really rich landowners, took on a quasi-religious role. How? Often by engaging in sacred marriage, specifically scoodily-pooping with the high priestess of the city's temple. So the priests were overtaken by kings, who soon declared themselves priests. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So how do we know that these kings were scoodily-pooping with lady priests?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Often by engaging in sacred marriage, specifically scoodily-pooping with the high priestess of the city's temple. So the priests were overtaken by kings, who soon declared themselves priests. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So how do we know that these kings were scoodily-pooping with lady priests? Because they made a scoodily-pooping tape and put it on the internet. No, because there's a written record. Mesopotamia gave us writing, specifically a form of writing called cuneiform, which was initially created not to, like, woo lovers or whatever, but to record transactions, like how many bushels of wheat were exchanged for how many goats."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "So how do we know that these kings were scoodily-pooping with lady priests? Because they made a scoodily-pooping tape and put it on the internet. No, because there's a written record. Mesopotamia gave us writing, specifically a form of writing called cuneiform, which was initially created not to, like, woo lovers or whatever, but to record transactions, like how many bushels of wheat were exchanged for how many goats. I'm not kidding, by the way, a lot of cuneiform is about wheat and goats. I don't think you can overestimate the importance of writing, but let's just make three points here. First, writing and reading are things that not everyone can do, so they create a class distinction, one that in fact survives to this day."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Mesopotamia gave us writing, specifically a form of writing called cuneiform, which was initially created not to, like, woo lovers or whatever, but to record transactions, like how many bushels of wheat were exchanged for how many goats. I'm not kidding, by the way, a lot of cuneiform is about wheat and goats. I don't think you can overestimate the importance of writing, but let's just make three points here. First, writing and reading are things that not everyone can do, so they create a class distinction, one that in fact survives to this day. Foraging social orders were relatively egalitarian, but the Mesopotamians had slaves and they played this metaphorically resonant sport that was like polo, except instead of riding on horses, you rode on other people. And written language played an important role in widening the gap between classes. Two, once writing enters the picture, you have actual history instead of just a lot of guesswork and archaeology."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "First, writing and reading are things that not everyone can do, so they create a class distinction, one that in fact survives to this day. Foraging social orders were relatively egalitarian, but the Mesopotamians had slaves and they played this metaphorically resonant sport that was like polo, except instead of riding on horses, you rode on other people. And written language played an important role in widening the gap between classes. Two, once writing enters the picture, you have actual history instead of just a lot of guesswork and archaeology. And three, without writing, I would not have a job. So I'd like to personally thank Mesopotamia for making it possible for me to work while reclining in my lazy boy. So why did this writing happen in Mesopotamia?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Two, once writing enters the picture, you have actual history instead of just a lot of guesswork and archaeology. And three, without writing, I would not have a job. So I'd like to personally thank Mesopotamia for making it possible for me to work while reclining in my lazy boy. So why did this writing happen in Mesopotamia? Well, the Fertile Crescent, while it is fertile, is lacking pretty much everything else. In order to get metal for tools or stone for sculpture or wood for burning, Mesopotamia had to trade. This trading eventually led Mesopotamia to develop the world's first territorial kingdom, which will become very important and will eventually culminate in some extraordinarily inbred Habsburgs."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "So why did this writing happen in Mesopotamia? Well, the Fertile Crescent, while it is fertile, is lacking pretty much everything else. In order to get metal for tools or stone for sculpture or wood for burning, Mesopotamia had to trade. This trading eventually led Mesopotamia to develop the world's first territorial kingdom, which will become very important and will eventually culminate in some extraordinarily inbred Habsburgs. The city-state period in Mesopotamia ended around 2000 BCE, probably because drought and a shift in the course of rivers led to pastoral nomads coming in and conquering the environmentally weakened cities, and then the nomads settled into cities of their own as nomads almost always will, unless, wait for it, you are the Mongols. These new Mesopotamian city-states were similar to their predecessors in that they had temples and writing and their own self-glorifying stories, but they were different in some important ways. First, that early proto-socialism was replaced by something that looked a lot like private enterprise, where people could produce as much as they would like as long as they gave a cut, also known as taxes, to the government."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "This trading eventually led Mesopotamia to develop the world's first territorial kingdom, which will become very important and will eventually culminate in some extraordinarily inbred Habsburgs. The city-state period in Mesopotamia ended around 2000 BCE, probably because drought and a shift in the course of rivers led to pastoral nomads coming in and conquering the environmentally weakened cities, and then the nomads settled into cities of their own as nomads almost always will, unless, wait for it, you are the Mongols. These new Mesopotamian city-states were similar to their predecessors in that they had temples and writing and their own self-glorifying stories, but they were different in some important ways. First, that early proto-socialism was replaced by something that looked a lot like private enterprise, where people could produce as much as they would like as long as they gave a cut, also known as taxes, to the government. We talk a lot of smack about taxes, but it turns out they're pretty important to creating stable social orders. Things were also different politically, because the dudes who'd been the tribal chiefs became like full-blown kings who tried to extend their power outside of cities and also tried to pass on their power to their sons. The most famous of these early monarchs is Hammurabi, or as I remember him from my high school history class, the Hammer of Abbe."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "First, that early proto-socialism was replaced by something that looked a lot like private enterprise, where people could produce as much as they would like as long as they gave a cut, also known as taxes, to the government. We talk a lot of smack about taxes, but it turns out they're pretty important to creating stable social orders. Things were also different politically, because the dudes who'd been the tribal chiefs became like full-blown kings who tried to extend their power outside of cities and also tried to pass on their power to their sons. The most famous of these early monarchs is Hammurabi, or as I remember him from my high school history class, the Hammer of Abbe. Hammurabi ruled the new Kingdom of Babylon from 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE. Hammurabi's main claim to fame is his famous law code, which established everything from like the wages of ox drivers to the fact that the punishment for taking an eye should be having an eye taken. Hammurabi's law code can be pretty insanely harsh, like if a builder builds a shoddy building and then the owner's son dies in a collapse, the punishment for that is the execution of the builder's son."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "The most famous of these early monarchs is Hammurabi, or as I remember him from my high school history class, the Hammer of Abbe. Hammurabi ruled the new Kingdom of Babylon from 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE. Hammurabi's main claim to fame is his famous law code, which established everything from like the wages of ox drivers to the fact that the punishment for taking an eye should be having an eye taken. Hammurabi's law code can be pretty insanely harsh, like if a builder builds a shoddy building and then the owner's son dies in a collapse, the punishment for that is the execution of the builder's son. The kid's like, that's not fair, I'm just a kid, what did I do? You should kill my dad! All of which is to say that Hammurabi's law code gives a new meaning to the phrase tough on crime, but it did introduce the presumption of innocence."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Hammurabi's law code can be pretty insanely harsh, like if a builder builds a shoddy building and then the owner's son dies in a collapse, the punishment for that is the execution of the builder's son. The kid's like, that's not fair, I'm just a kid, what did I do? You should kill my dad! All of which is to say that Hammurabi's law code gives a new meaning to the phrase tough on crime, but it did introduce the presumption of innocence. And in the law code, Hammurabi tried to portray himself in two roles that should sound familiar, shepherd and father. I am the shepherd who brings peace. My benevolent shade was spread over the city."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "All of which is to say that Hammurabi's law code gives a new meaning to the phrase tough on crime, but it did introduce the presumption of innocence. And in the law code, Hammurabi tried to portray himself in two roles that should sound familiar, shepherd and father. I am the shepherd who brings peace. My benevolent shade was spread over the city. I held the peoples of Sumer and Akkad safely on my lap. So again we see the authority for protection of the social order shifting to men, not gods, which is important, but don't worry, it'll shift back. Even though territorial kingdoms like Babylon were more powerful than any cities that had come before, and even though Babylon was probably the world's most populous city during Hammurabi's rule, it wasn't actually that powerful."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "My benevolent shade was spread over the city. I held the peoples of Sumer and Akkad safely on my lap. So again we see the authority for protection of the social order shifting to men, not gods, which is important, but don't worry, it'll shift back. Even though territorial kingdoms like Babylon were more powerful than any cities that had come before, and even though Babylon was probably the world's most populous city during Hammurabi's rule, it wasn't actually that powerful. And keeping with the pattern, it was soon taken over by the formerly nomadic Kassites. The thing about territorial kingdoms is they relied on the poorest people to pay taxes and provide labor and serve in the army, all of which made you not like your king very much. So if you saw any nomadic invaders coming by, you might just be like, hey, nomadic invaders, come on in, you seem better than the last guy."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Even though territorial kingdoms like Babylon were more powerful than any cities that had come before, and even though Babylon was probably the world's most populous city during Hammurabi's rule, it wasn't actually that powerful. And keeping with the pattern, it was soon taken over by the formerly nomadic Kassites. The thing about territorial kingdoms is they relied on the poorest people to pay taxes and provide labor and serve in the army, all of which made you not like your king very much. So if you saw any nomadic invaders coming by, you might just be like, hey, nomadic invaders, come on in, you seem better than the last guy. Well, that was the case until the Assyrians came along anyway. The Assyrians have a deserved reputation for being the brutal bullies of Mesopotamia. But the Assyrians did give us an early example of probably the most important and durable form of political organization in world history, and also Star Wars history, the empire."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "So if you saw any nomadic invaders coming by, you might just be like, hey, nomadic invaders, come on in, you seem better than the last guy. Well, that was the case until the Assyrians came along anyway. The Assyrians have a deserved reputation for being the brutal bullies of Mesopotamia. But the Assyrians did give us an early example of probably the most important and durable form of political organization in world history, and also Star Wars history, the empire. The biggest problem with empires is that, by definition, they're diverse and multi-ethnic, which makes them hard to unify. So beginning around 911 BCE, the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew from its hometowns of Ashur and Nineveh to include the whole of Mesopotamia, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, and even, by 680 BCE, Egypt. They did this thanks to the most brutal, terrifying, and deficient army the world had ever seen."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Assyrians did give us an early example of probably the most important and durable form of political organization in world history, and also Star Wars history, the empire. The biggest problem with empires is that, by definition, they're diverse and multi-ethnic, which makes them hard to unify. So beginning around 911 BCE, the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew from its hometowns of Ashur and Nineveh to include the whole of Mesopotamia, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, and even, by 680 BCE, Egypt. They did this thanks to the most brutal, terrifying, and deficient army the world had ever seen. More adjectives describing my college girlfriend. For one thing, the army was a meritocracy. Generals weren't chosen based on who their dads were."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "They did this thanks to the most brutal, terrifying, and deficient army the world had ever seen. More adjectives describing my college girlfriend. For one thing, the army was a meritocracy. Generals weren't chosen based on who their dads were. They were chosen based on if they were good at generaling. Stan, is generaling a word? It is!"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Generals weren't chosen based on who their dads were. They were chosen based on if they were good at generaling. Stan, is generaling a word? It is! Also, they were super mean, like they would deport hundreds of thousands of people to separate them from their history and their families and also moved skilled workers around where they were most needed. Also, the Neo-Assyrians loved to find would-be rebels and lop off their appendages, particularly their noses for some reason. And there was your standard raping and pillaging and torture, all of which was done in the name of Ashur, the great god of the Neo-Assyrians, whose divine regent was the king."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "It is! Also, they were super mean, like they would deport hundreds of thousands of people to separate them from their history and their families and also moved skilled workers around where they were most needed. Also, the Neo-Assyrians loved to find would-be rebels and lop off their appendages, particularly their noses for some reason. And there was your standard raping and pillaging and torture, all of which was done in the name of Ashur, the great god of the Neo-Assyrians, whose divine regent was the king. Ashur, through the king, kept the world going, and as long as conquest continued, the world would not end. But if conquest ever stopped, the world would end and there would be rivers of blood and weeping and gnashing of teeth. You know how apocalypses go."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "And there was your standard raping and pillaging and torture, all of which was done in the name of Ashur, the great god of the Neo-Assyrians, whose divine regent was the king. Ashur, through the king, kept the world going, and as long as conquest continued, the world would not end. But if conquest ever stopped, the world would end and there would be rivers of blood and weeping and gnashing of teeth. You know how apocalypses go. The Assyrians spread this worldview with propaganda like monumental architecture and readings about how awesome the king was at public festivals, all of which was designed to inspire awe in the empire's subjects. Oh, that reminds me, it's time for the open letter. An open letter to the word awesome."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "You know how apocalypses go. The Assyrians spread this worldview with propaganda like monumental architecture and readings about how awesome the king was at public festivals, all of which was designed to inspire awe in the empire's subjects. Oh, that reminds me, it's time for the open letter. An open letter to the word awesome. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, Stan, is this yellow cake uranium? You never find that in Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to the word awesome. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, Stan, is this yellow cake uranium? You never find that in Mesopotamia. Dear Awesome, I love you. Like most contemporary English speakers, in fact, I probably love you a little too much. The thing about you, Awesome, is that Awesome is just so awesomely awesome at being awesome."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "You never find that in Mesopotamia. Dear Awesome, I love you. Like most contemporary English speakers, in fact, I probably love you a little too much. The thing about you, Awesome, is that Awesome is just so awesomely awesome at being awesome. So we lose track of what you really mean, Awesome. You're not just cool, you're terrifying and wonderful. You're knees buckling, chest tightening, fearful encounters with something radically other, something that we know could both crush and bless us."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "The thing about you, Awesome, is that Awesome is just so awesomely awesome at being awesome. So we lose track of what you really mean, Awesome. You're not just cool, you're terrifying and wonderful. You're knees buckling, chest tightening, fearful encounters with something radically other, something that we know could both crush and bless us. That is awe. And I apologize for having watered you down, but seriously, you're awesome. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "You're knees buckling, chest tightening, fearful encounters with something radically other, something that we know could both crush and bless us. That is awe. And I apologize for having watered you down, but seriously, you're awesome. Best wishes, John Green. So what happened to the Assyrians? Well, first, they extended their empire beyond their roads, making administration impossible. But more importantly, when your whole worldview is based on the idea that the apocalypse will come if you ever lose a battle, and then you lose one battle, the whole worldview just blows up."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. So what happened to the Assyrians? Well, first, they extended their empire beyond their roads, making administration impossible. But more importantly, when your whole worldview is based on the idea that the apocalypse will come if you ever lose a battle, and then you lose one battle, the whole worldview just blows up. That eventually happened, and in 612 BCE, the city of Nineveh was finally conquered and the Neo-Assyrian Empire had come to its end. But the idea of empire was just getting started. Next week, we'll talk about mummies."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "But more importantly, when your whole worldview is based on the idea that the apocalypse will come if you ever lose a battle, and then you lose one battle, the whole worldview just blows up. That eventually happened, and in 612 BCE, the city of Nineveh was finally conquered and the Neo-Assyrian Empire had come to its end. But the idea of empire was just getting started. Next week, we'll talk about mummies. Oh, I have to talk about other things too? Crap, I only want to talk about mummies. Anyway, we'll be talking about... Sudan."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Next week, we'll talk about mummies. Oh, I have to talk about other things too? Crap, I only want to talk about mummies. Anyway, we'll be talking about... Sudan. No! Dang it! We'll actually be talking about... Egypt."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Anyway, we'll be talking about... Sudan. No! Dang it! We'll actually be talking about... Egypt. Thank you, Smart Globe. See you next week. Today's episode of Crash Course was produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "We'll actually be talking about... Egypt. Thank you, Smart Globe. See you next week. Today's episode of Crash Course was produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show was written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer, with some help from myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Better Boyfriend."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Crash Course World History #3.m4a", "Sentence": "Today's episode of Crash Course was produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show was written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer, with some help from myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Better Boyfriend. If you want to take a guess at this week's Phrase of the Week, you can do so in comments, where you can also suggest new phrases of the week. And if you have any questions about today's show, leave them in comments and our team of semi-professional quasi-historians will endeavor to answer them. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is a question that you should always be asking yourself as you study history. Why did something emerge? Why did something happen when and where it did? And I encourage you to pause this video and think about it. Maybe you're reviewing some of the other videos on Buddhism and Hinduism or doing some research. Yourself. Well, let's remind ourselves of the context."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I encourage you to pause this video and think about it. Maybe you're reviewing some of the other videos on Buddhism and Hinduism or doing some research. Yourself. Well, let's remind ourselves of the context. Buddha emerges in Northeast India and modern day Nepal at the end of the Vedic period. Hinduism has been evolving now for many hundreds of years, arguably close to a thousand years. Now, as we've talked about in other videos, there's a spiritual core of Hinduism described in the Upanishads."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, let's remind ourselves of the context. Buddha emerges in Northeast India and modern day Nepal at the end of the Vedic period. Hinduism has been evolving now for many hundreds of years, arguably close to a thousand years. Now, as we've talked about in other videos, there's a spiritual core of Hinduism described in the Upanishads. This idea of Atman, your inner self, Brahman, the ultimate reality, that we live in an illusion of maya and through meditation we should be able to pierce that veil and eventually break free from the cycle of birth and rebirth, samsara, and become one with Brahman, become one with the ultimate reality. But in the time of Buddha, there were other aspects of Hinduism that were maybe even more associated with the religion. There is also a lot of ritual in the Vedas."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, as we've talked about in other videos, there's a spiritual core of Hinduism described in the Upanishads. This idea of Atman, your inner self, Brahman, the ultimate reality, that we live in an illusion of maya and through meditation we should be able to pierce that veil and eventually break free from the cycle of birth and rebirth, samsara, and become one with Brahman, become one with the ultimate reality. But in the time of Buddha, there were other aspects of Hinduism that were maybe even more associated with the religion. There is also a lot of ritual in the Vedas. And in the time of Buddha, the Hinduism that he grows up in is very focused on the ritual aspects of it. And it was a Hinduism in which not just anyone could do the rituals, it was a fairly stratified society that he grew up in. We've discussed the caste system in some detail."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There is also a lot of ritual in the Vedas. And in the time of Buddha, the Hinduism that he grows up in is very focused on the ritual aspects of it. And it was a Hinduism in which not just anyone could do the rituals, it was a fairly stratified society that he grew up in. We've discussed the caste system in some detail. It's still a matter of debate to what degree caste is hereditary and it's actually part of the religion. But it was a fact of the culture of the time. Where at the top you had the Brahmins, who were the priests."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We've discussed the caste system in some detail. It's still a matter of debate to what degree caste is hereditary and it's actually part of the religion. But it was a fact of the culture of the time. Where at the top you had the Brahmins, who were the priests. And much of their power came from their ability to interpret the Vedas, came from their exclusive ability to practice the rituals just right. Buddha came from a ruling class. He came from the Kshatriya class."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Where at the top you had the Brahmins, who were the priests. And much of their power came from their ability to interpret the Vedas, came from their exclusive ability to practice the rituals just right. Buddha came from a ruling class. He came from the Kshatriya class. But even they were considered one notch below the Brahmins. And especially the bottom rungs of the caste system, these were fairly marginalized people. And so when Buddha emerges, initially in a very privileged life, he's essentially a prince."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He came from the Kshatriya class. But even they were considered one notch below the Brahmins. And especially the bottom rungs of the caste system, these were fairly marginalized people. And so when Buddha emerges, initially in a very privileged life, he's essentially a prince. But eventually when Buddha sees the suffering in the world, a lot of the suffering happening in these lower rungs of society, he looks for answers, spiritual answers, and is not satisfied by what he sees. He's not satisfied by the answers that he's getting from this ruling class. You could imagine that he's even suspicious of it, whether they're focused on the true spiritual core or whether they're focused on ritual as a way to keep their power."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so when Buddha emerges, initially in a very privileged life, he's essentially a prince. But eventually when Buddha sees the suffering in the world, a lot of the suffering happening in these lower rungs of society, he looks for answers, spiritual answers, and is not satisfied by what he sees. He's not satisfied by the answers that he's getting from this ruling class. You could imagine that he's even suspicious of it, whether they're focused on the true spiritual core or whether they're focused on ritual as a way to keep their power. But there's also another tradition in Hinduism at the time. This is all very important to why Buddhism was able to emerge when it happened. There was this tradition of asceticism, of people going off into the woods and meditating and thinking about the nature of life."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You could imagine that he's even suspicious of it, whether they're focused on the true spiritual core or whether they're focused on ritual as a way to keep their power. But there's also another tradition in Hinduism at the time. This is all very important to why Buddhism was able to emerge when it happened. There was this tradition of asceticism, of people going off into the woods and meditating and thinking about the nature of life. And these folks were much more focused on the spiritual core. And so Buddha initially takes that track. He goes and he meditates."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There was this tradition of asceticism, of people going off into the woods and meditating and thinking about the nature of life. And these folks were much more focused on the spiritual core. And so Buddha initially takes that track. He goes and he meditates. And he eventually comes to a realization. He awakens, so to speak, that the root of Buddhism is that there should not be this stratified society, that one should not focus on ritual, that at the end of the day, you need to have a very personal path to nirvana, to escaping the cycle of samsara. So I would argue, if I were to simply answer the question, why did Buddhism emerge when and where it did?"}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He goes and he meditates. And he eventually comes to a realization. He awakens, so to speak, that the root of Buddhism is that there should not be this stratified society, that one should not focus on ritual, that at the end of the day, you need to have a very personal path to nirvana, to escaping the cycle of samsara. So I would argue, if I were to simply answer the question, why did Buddhism emerge when and where it did? Well, if you consider Buddhism to be a reformation of Hinduism, it's important that Buddha was Hindu. It's also important that it needed to be reformed, or at least Buddha thought it needed to be reformed. So it's important that at the time that he lived, Hinduism had become very ritualistic."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So I would argue, if I were to simply answer the question, why did Buddhism emerge when and where it did? Well, if you consider Buddhism to be a reformation of Hinduism, it's important that Buddha was Hindu. It's also important that it needed to be reformed, or at least Buddha thought it needed to be reformed. So it's important that at the time that he lived, Hinduism had become very ritualistic. It had become very stratified. And he saw a need to reform it. Now, there's even a further question."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So it's important that at the time that he lived, Hinduism had become very ritualistic. It had become very stratified. And he saw a need to reform it. Now, there's even a further question. It emerged when it did, and we have some ideas of why that might have happened. But why did it become a major religion? One argument was that what he was describing was just very compelling."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, there's even a further question. It emerged when it did, and we have some ideas of why that might have happened. But why did it become a major religion? One argument was that what he was describing was just very compelling. You no longer have to go through this ruling class, through the priests anymore. You could have your own personal path. It was also perhaps compelling to people who felt marginalized in the traditional hierarchy of the time."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "One argument was that what he was describing was just very compelling. You no longer have to go through this ruling class, through the priests anymore. You could have your own personal path. It was also perhaps compelling to people who felt marginalized in the traditional hierarchy of the time. Another argument would be the Emperor Ashoka, who we study in other videos, that once he converts to Buddhism after feeling guilty for his war with Kalinga, where tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of people are killed, he converts to Buddhism and becomes a major patron of Buddhism and sends missionaries throughout the world to spread it. So one argument of why Buddhism spread is that a few hundred years after Buddha, you have a significant, powerful emperor converting to the religion and deciding to spread it. Now, that leads us to a second question."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was also perhaps compelling to people who felt marginalized in the traditional hierarchy of the time. Another argument would be the Emperor Ashoka, who we study in other videos, that once he converts to Buddhism after feeling guilty for his war with Kalinga, where tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of people are killed, he converts to Buddhism and becomes a major patron of Buddhism and sends missionaries throughout the world to spread it. So one argument of why Buddhism spread is that a few hundred years after Buddha, you have a significant, powerful emperor converting to the religion and deciding to spread it. Now, that leads us to a second question. Are there other historical parallels to what we have just described? And this is something that, once again, you should always ask yourself in history. And what's the structure of this?"}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, that leads us to a second question. Are there other historical parallels to what we have just described? And this is something that, once again, you should always ask yourself in history. And what's the structure of this? Well, there's some spiritual core here, but eventually you have the ritualistic side as it actually gets practiced. And you have a stratified society where you have a class that has a bit of a monopoly on the ritual, derives a lot of their power from that ritual. And then someone comes along and says, wait, this priesthood is more focused on power and on ritual than the true spiritual core, and they're not happy with the answers that that priesthood is delivering."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's the structure of this? Well, there's some spiritual core here, but eventually you have the ritualistic side as it actually gets practiced. And you have a stratified society where you have a class that has a bit of a monopoly on the ritual, derives a lot of their power from that ritual. And then someone comes along and says, wait, this priesthood is more focused on power and on ritual than the true spiritual core, and they're not happy with the answers that that priesthood is delivering. Can you think of any other parallels to that? Well, a few come to my mind, and once again, these can all be debated, and that's the fun thing about history. I encourage you to debate all of these things."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then someone comes along and says, wait, this priesthood is more focused on power and on ritual than the true spiritual core, and they're not happy with the answers that that priesthood is delivering. Can you think of any other parallels to that? Well, a few come to my mind, and once again, these can all be debated, and that's the fun thing about history. I encourage you to debate all of these things. About 500 years after the time of Buddha, someone by the name of Jesus of Nazareth comes onto the scene. Where is the parallel? Well, you have the spiritual core of Judaism that comes from Abraham and Moses, but then you have the ritual of the Pharisees of the time."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I encourage you to debate all of these things. About 500 years after the time of Buddha, someone by the name of Jesus of Nazareth comes onto the scene. Where is the parallel? Well, you have the spiritual core of Judaism that comes from Abraham and Moses, but then you have the ritual of the Pharisees of the time. They are the power brokers. He feels that the religion is corrupted. He sees the money changers in the temple, and much of his preaching is a reformation, a reminder of that spiritual core."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, you have the spiritual core of Judaism that comes from Abraham and Moses, but then you have the ritual of the Pharisees of the time. They are the power brokers. He feels that the religion is corrupted. He sees the money changers in the temple, and much of his preaching is a reformation, a reminder of that spiritual core. He also tries to encourage people to have a more personal connection and tries to break up the stratification, and once again, you can imagine this to be a very compelling message for those who felt marginalized. And the parallel goes even further. Just as Buddha had Ashoka come onto the scene a few hundred years after Buddha to really popularize the religion, Jesus has a parallel."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He sees the money changers in the temple, and much of his preaching is a reformation, a reminder of that spiritual core. He also tries to encourage people to have a more personal connection and tries to break up the stratification, and once again, you can imagine this to be a very compelling message for those who felt marginalized. And the parallel goes even further. Just as Buddha had Ashoka come onto the scene a few hundred years after Buddha to really popularize the religion, Jesus has a parallel. Roughly 300 years after the life of Jesus, Constantine is emperor of the Romans, the same Romans who have been persecuting Christians for 300 years. Now all of a sudden, Constantine not only allows it to be legal, but he eventually promotes the religion and converts to the religion, and it eventually, after Constantine's death, becomes the official religion of Rome. Whether you're talking about Buddha or Jesus, you have a reformer, and then a few hundred years later, you have a powerful emperor who adopts the religion and spreads it."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Just as Buddha had Ashoka come onto the scene a few hundred years after Buddha to really popularize the religion, Jesus has a parallel. Roughly 300 years after the life of Jesus, Constantine is emperor of the Romans, the same Romans who have been persecuting Christians for 300 years. Now all of a sudden, Constantine not only allows it to be legal, but he eventually promotes the religion and converts to the religion, and it eventually, after Constantine's death, becomes the official religion of Rome. Whether you're talking about Buddha or Jesus, you have a reformer, and then a few hundred years later, you have a powerful emperor who adopts the religion and spreads it. What are other examples? Well, even within the world of Christianity, we could fast forward another 1,500 years from the time of Jesus and go to the time of Martin Luther, who at least from his perspective sees the Christian church in the early 16th century and thinks that it is diverged from the spiritual core, from the teachings of Jesus, that it has become too focused on ritual, that the priesthood and the papacy is really more about power than it is about spirituality. So he brings about what will be known as the Protestant Reformation, which is making the religion more personal, not having to go through priests, having a personal connection with the spiritual core of religion."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Whether you're talking about Buddha or Jesus, you have a reformer, and then a few hundred years later, you have a powerful emperor who adopts the religion and spreads it. What are other examples? Well, even within the world of Christianity, we could fast forward another 1,500 years from the time of Jesus and go to the time of Martin Luther, who at least from his perspective sees the Christian church in the early 16th century and thinks that it is diverged from the spiritual core, from the teachings of Jesus, that it has become too focused on ritual, that the priesthood and the papacy is really more about power than it is about spirituality. So he brings about what will be known as the Protestant Reformation, which is making the religion more personal, not having to go through priests, having a personal connection with the spiritual core of religion. After this video, think about other historical parallels. Are there other religions? What about Islam?"}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he brings about what will be known as the Protestant Reformation, which is making the religion more personal, not having to go through priests, having a personal connection with the spiritual core of religion. After this video, think about other historical parallels. Are there other religions? What about Islam? What about Sikhism? How do they connect to these ideas, or how do they not connect to these? Or maybe they're counterexamples."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism context and comparison World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What about Islam? What about Sikhism? How do they connect to these ideas, or how do they not connect to these? Or maybe they're counterexamples. And maybe there are parallels in history that have nothing to do with religion. Maybe it's more about politics or science or economics. Think about these questions."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to go giddy up for the learning right now and go get her done. Alright guys, why don't we start with Socrates because he's the first one and not much is known about his life, everything that we know because the dude didn't write anything down. I was like the smartest guy ever, not write anything down because he liked to talk a lot and he liked to ask a lot of questions but he didn't like to write stuff down. So what we do know about him, we're going to know from his student Plato because Plato wrote everything down in what were called dialogues which were recollection or an imaginary conversation that he's having with his teacher Socrates but I'm getting off track. Now Socrates is thought is born near the city state of Athens around 469 BCE in the golden age of Greece. This is where people are learning and growing and building and sculpting and there's democracy. It's a wonderful world."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So what we do know about him, we're going to know from his student Plato because Plato wrote everything down in what were called dialogues which were recollection or an imaginary conversation that he's having with his teacher Socrates but I'm getting off track. Now Socrates is thought is born near the city state of Athens around 469 BCE in the golden age of Greece. This is where people are learning and growing and building and sculpting and there's democracy. It's a wonderful world. Now he's born in moderate means, his mother was a midwife, his father was a sculptor. Socrates thought that he was a soldier at a certain point who fought very valiantly with a lot of courage, saved a lot of lives, did a lot of great things but then he wants to be a philosopher. Now a philosopher is basically somebody, it literally means lover of wisdom who is seeking out answers to truth."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a wonderful world. Now he's born in moderate means, his mother was a midwife, his father was a sculptor. Socrates thought that he was a soldier at a certain point who fought very valiantly with a lot of courage, saved a lot of lives, did a lot of great things but then he wants to be a philosopher. Now a philosopher is basically somebody, it literally means lover of wisdom who is seeking out answers to truth. They're seeking out answers about the existence of life or about knowledge in different subject areas or value or reason and at that time period most philosophers were called sophists and sophists like Protagoras who was one of the more famous ones of his day were really people that were paid teachers. They were people that believed there was no universal truth. There was really only man and that man was the measure of all things and Socrates kind of disagrees with that."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now a philosopher is basically somebody, it literally means lover of wisdom who is seeking out answers to truth. They're seeking out answers about the existence of life or about knowledge in different subject areas or value or reason and at that time period most philosophers were called sophists and sophists like Protagoras who was one of the more famous ones of his day were really people that were paid teachers. They were people that believed there was no universal truth. There was really only man and that man was the measure of all things and Socrates kind of disagrees with that. He believes there's a universal truth. Now the story is there is an oracle at Delphi that informs one of Socrates' friends to tell him that he's the smartest dude of the land and Socrates is like there's no way I'm the smartest guy. So he starts going around to the leaders and to the important people of Athens to kind of question them about what they know about life and he's figuring he'll find out that there's got to be someone smarter than him and he starts doing what's called the Socratic method."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There was really only man and that man was the measure of all things and Socrates kind of disagrees with that. He believes there's a universal truth. Now the story is there is an oracle at Delphi that informs one of Socrates' friends to tell him that he's the smartest dude of the land and Socrates is like there's no way I'm the smartest guy. So he starts going around to the leaders and to the important people of Athens to kind of question them about what they know about life and he's figuring he'll find out that there's got to be someone smarter than him and he starts doing what's called the Socratic method. He starts asking these people questions when they tell them things that he knows and he starts to find out through this Socratic method that these dudes really don't know what they're talking about. So he ends up figuring out that he is the smartest person not because he knows anything but that he knows that he really doesn't know anything. Two of the more famous quotes that are attributed to Socrates really sum him up and they are an unexamined life is not worth living."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So he starts going around to the leaders and to the important people of Athens to kind of question them about what they know about life and he's figuring he'll find out that there's got to be someone smarter than him and he starts doing what's called the Socratic method. He starts asking these people questions when they tell them things that he knows and he starts to find out through this Socratic method that these dudes really don't know what they're talking about. So he ends up figuring out that he is the smartest person not because he knows anything but that he knows that he really doesn't know anything. Two of the more famous quotes that are attributed to Socrates really sum him up and they are an unexamined life is not worth living. And the second quote is true knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing. Only thing I really know is I don't know anything at all. And then he starts after that really just kind of being what's called a get fly."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Two of the more famous quotes that are attributed to Socrates really sum him up and they are an unexamined life is not worth living. And the second quote is true knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing. Only thing I really know is I don't know anything at all. And then he starts after that really just kind of being what's called a get fly. He's a social critic. He's messing with people. He's doing Q&A."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then he starts after that really just kind of being what's called a get fly. He's a social critic. He's messing with people. He's doing Q&A. He's walking around asking people about beliefs that they have held forever and he's trying to show them that they might be wrong. They should be looking for universal truth rather than accepting the status quo and that's going to land him in hot water. He's trying to root out ignorance."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's doing Q&A. He's walking around asking people about beliefs that they have held forever and he's trying to show them that they might be wrong. They should be looking for universal truth rather than accepting the status quo and that's going to land him in hot water. He's trying to root out ignorance. He believes that false beliefs are dangerous. That if you believe that a car won't kill you if you cross in front of it you're in big big trouble. And if you believe that the root of all happiness is money you're in big big trouble."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's trying to root out ignorance. He believes that false beliefs are dangerous. That if you believe that a car won't kill you if you cross in front of it you're in big big trouble. And if you believe that the root of all happiness is money you're in big big trouble. So he's not really trying to lecture to people. He's not trying to tell them I know stuff and you don't. He's using the Socratic method of questioning people to make them examine themselves and their own beliefs so he can expose truth."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you believe that the root of all happiness is money you're in big big trouble. So he's not really trying to lecture to people. He's not trying to tell them I know stuff and you don't. He's using the Socratic method of questioning people to make them examine themselves and their own beliefs so he can expose truth. They can expose truth to themselves. But like I said before he's in big big trouble and he's going to get arrested and he's charged with two crimes. Heresy that he's corrupting the young people's minds with all of these questioning."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's using the Socratic method of questioning people to make them examine themselves and their own beliefs so he can expose truth. They can expose truth to themselves. But like I said before he's in big big trouble and he's going to get arrested and he's charged with two crimes. Heresy that he's corrupting the young people's minds with all of these questioning. And the second is that he has violated the gods. So now he's in big big trouble. And now it's a democracy so they had a jury."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Heresy that he's corrupting the young people's minds with all of these questioning. And the second is that he has violated the gods. So now he's in big big trouble. And now it's a democracy so they had a jury. How about that? There was about 500 people it's thought to be on Socrates' jury and they hold this big trial. And at the end of the day he's found guilty by 30 votes."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now it's a democracy so they had a jury. How about that? There was about 500 people it's thought to be on Socrates' jury and they hold this big trial. And at the end of the day he's found guilty by 30 votes. That's it. 30 votes. And he was actually asked what do you think your punishment should be?"}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And at the end of the day he's found guilty by 30 votes. That's it. 30 votes. And he was actually asked what do you think your punishment should be? And Socrates replied something to the effect I think you should give me free food for the rest of my life because you know I'm a gift to you people. What are you talking about? He also had an opportunity to escape as Frank Crito had arranged that he would be able to get out of Dodge."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he was actually asked what do you think your punishment should be? And Socrates replied something to the effect I think you should give me free food for the rest of my life because you know I'm a gift to you people. What are you talking about? He also had an opportunity to escape as Frank Crito had arranged that he would be able to get out of Dodge. He'd be able to get out of Athens. And Socrates says no no no no. Number one I put you in danger."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He also had an opportunity to escape as Frank Crito had arranged that he would be able to get out of Dodge. He'd be able to get out of Athens. And Socrates says no no no no. Number one I put you in danger. Number two where am I going to go because I'm not going to shut up my big mouth. I'm just going to get in trouble somewhere else. Number three if I fear death then what does that say about me?"}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Number one I put you in danger. Number two where am I going to go because I'm not going to shut up my big mouth. I'm just going to get in trouble somewhere else. Number three if I fear death then what does that say about me? That I know something about death? I know nothing. So I'm not going to do that."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Number three if I fear death then what does that say about me? That I know something about death? I know nothing. So I'm not going to do that. And number four there's a social contract here. I'm part of Athens society. I'm a law and order kind of guy."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I'm not going to do that. And number four there's a social contract here. I'm part of Athens society. I'm a law and order kind of guy. A jury of my peers has found me guilty. I'm going to take the hemlock. I'm going to take the poison."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm a law and order kind of guy. A jury of my peers has found me guilty. I'm going to take the hemlock. I'm going to take the poison. I'm going to die. And that's what he did. It's thought that his last words were thought to be something to the effect to his friend that we owe a rooster to the god of medicine for what he has given me."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm going to take the poison. I'm going to die. And that's what he did. It's thought that his last words were thought to be something to the effect to his friend that we owe a rooster to the god of medicine for what he has given me. And now his soul would be free. So that's the very basis of Socrates. You just really want to say the only thing I know is that I don't know anything."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's thought that his last words were thought to be something to the effect to his friend that we owe a rooster to the god of medicine for what he has given me. And now his soul would be free. So that's the very basis of Socrates. You just really want to say the only thing I know is that I don't know anything. And we can figure it out if we ask him questions. Our second Greek philosopher batter up is going to be Plato. Plato is going to be the student of Socrates and he is going to write everything down."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You just really want to say the only thing I know is that I don't know anything. And we can figure it out if we ask him questions. Our second Greek philosopher batter up is going to be Plato. Plato is going to be the student of Socrates and he is going to write everything down. A number of dialogues that he wrote and other famous writings such as the Republic. He's also going to leave behind a great university called the Academy. The Academy of Athens which existed for hundreds of years and that's going to be the first institution in Western civilization of higher learning."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Plato is going to be the student of Socrates and he is going to write everything down. A number of dialogues that he wrote and other famous writings such as the Republic. He's also going to leave behind a great university called the Academy. The Academy of Athens which existed for hundreds of years and that's going to be the first institution in Western civilization of higher learning. He believed it was the job of society to through the Socratic method to enlighten people. To people enlighten themselves and that to have a great society more people needed to be enlightened. He believes in a sense a utopian society."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Academy of Athens which existed for hundreds of years and that's going to be the first institution in Western civilization of higher learning. He believed it was the job of society to through the Socratic method to enlighten people. To people enlighten themselves and that to have a great society more people needed to be enlightened. He believes in a sense a utopian society. Some people would say hey Plato you're being too idealistic wanting all these great things in terms of happiness and a great society and perfect friends and great beauty. And he would say no that what we need to do is envision form. What is a perfect society?"}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He believes in a sense a utopian society. Some people would say hey Plato you're being too idealistic wanting all these great things in terms of happiness and a great society and perfect friends and great beauty. And he would say no that what we need to do is envision form. What is a perfect society? What is beauty? What is a great friendship? And we need to have a rational plan to get there."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "What is a perfect society? What is beauty? What is a great friendship? And we need to have a rational plan to get there. One of his most famous writings was about something called the cave an allegory in the Republic. And it's basically a description of how he sees society. He says that imagine if society was living in a cave."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And we need to have a rational plan to get there. One of his most famous writings was about something called the cave an allegory in the Republic. And it's basically a description of how he sees society. He says that imagine if society was living in a cave. A dark cave chained to the floor and all they had was a little fire that cast shadows on the wall. And that they would live there for centuries looking at these shadows and they would develop great theories and wisdom and intelligence and knowledge about those shadows. And then one day somebody would figure out I can crawl out of the cave."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He says that imagine if society was living in a cave. A dark cave chained to the floor and all they had was a little fire that cast shadows on the wall. And that they would live there for centuries looking at these shadows and they would develop great theories and wisdom and intelligence and knowledge about those shadows. And then one day somebody would figure out I can crawl out of the cave. They crawl out of the cave and there would be the glorious sun shining upon life itself. And this person would be amazed. They would see things they never thought ever existed."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then one day somebody would figure out I can crawl out of the cave. They crawl out of the cave and there would be the glorious sun shining upon life itself. And this person would be amazed. They would see things they never thought ever existed. They would be a little bit closer to seeing true reality. Not all of it but some of it. They'd then crawl back in the cave and they would tell everybody you people don't know what you're talking about looking at those silly shadows."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They would see things they never thought ever existed. They would be a little bit closer to seeing true reality. Not all of it but some of it. They'd then crawl back in the cave and they would tell everybody you people don't know what you're talking about looking at those silly shadows. I've seen more. I'm telling you that this is reality. I'm closer to reality than you'll ever be."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They'd then crawl back in the cave and they would tell everybody you people don't know what you're talking about looking at those silly shadows. I've seen more. I'm telling you that this is reality. I'm closer to reality than you'll ever be. And then they'd kill them. And this is kind of an analogy of what it's like to be somebody who's enlightened, to be a philosopher, somebody who thinks about things versus most people who don't think about things. So he wasn't a big fan of democracy."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm closer to reality than you'll ever be. And then they'd kill them. And this is kind of an analogy of what it's like to be somebody who's enlightened, to be a philosopher, somebody who thinks about things versus most people who don't think about things. So he wasn't a big fan of democracy. He believed democracy was kind of like mob rule. That the people in the cave that didn't know what they were talking about were running everything. He believes in something called the philosopher king theory."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So he wasn't a big fan of democracy. He believed democracy was kind of like mob rule. That the people in the cave that didn't know what they were talking about were running everything. He believes in something called the philosopher king theory. That the only people who should be leading should really be people that were, these people that asked these big questions that were seeking answers, trying to get closer to truth and that that would be the best way to guide society. So that's why he started the academy. In order to train people in the art of thinking and in knowledge and wisdom so they could create a better society for the generations that followed."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He believes in something called the philosopher king theory. That the only people who should be leading should really be people that were, these people that asked these big questions that were seeking answers, trying to get closer to truth and that that would be the best way to guide society. So that's why he started the academy. In order to train people in the art of thinking and in knowledge and wisdom so they could create a better society for the generations that followed. He even got in big trouble because he would point to Sparta and he would say, look it, they have a truth they know of, which is the military. They have a vision. They want to have the best military."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In order to train people in the art of thinking and in knowledge and wisdom so they could create a better society for the generations that followed. He even got in big trouble because he would point to Sparta and he would say, look it, they have a truth they know of, which is the military. They have a vision. They want to have the best military. Everything they do, they plan to have a great military. And guess what? They have a great military and they whooped us."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They want to have the best military. Everything they do, they plan to have a great military. And guess what? They have a great military and they whooped us. So why don't we do the same thing? Instead, our objectives will be truth and honor and justice. And then we can get to that through rational thinking and planning."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They have a great military and they whooped us. So why don't we do the same thing? Instead, our objectives will be truth and honor and justice. And then we can get to that through rational thinking and planning. It was said that when Plato met Socrates, after he was introduced to the Socratic method and learned a little bit, he burned all of his previous writings because he was so out of whack before he met Socrates. All right, guys, our last of the great Greek philosophers is going to be Aristotle, who was called the master, the great thinker, the philosopher. When you're called the philosopher, you must be pretty good at philosophy."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then we can get to that through rational thinking and planning. It was said that when Plato met Socrates, after he was introduced to the Socratic method and learned a little bit, he burned all of his previous writings because he was so out of whack before he met Socrates. All right, guys, our last of the great Greek philosophers is going to be Aristotle, who was called the master, the great thinker, the philosopher. When you're called the philosopher, you must be pretty good at philosophy. He's born in 384 BCE and at the age of 18, he goes to the great academy of Athens where he is a student of Plato's. And of course, he's going to be exposed in all of the different disciplines at that time period and he's going to excel. It's said that he was the best of Plato's students and he stays there till he's 37 when Plato passes away in 343 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "When you're called the philosopher, you must be pretty good at philosophy. He's born in 384 BCE and at the age of 18, he goes to the great academy of Athens where he is a student of Plato's. And of course, he's going to be exposed in all of the different disciplines at that time period and he's going to excel. It's said that he was the best of Plato's students and he stays there till he's 37 when Plato passes away in 343 BCE. At that time, Aristotle goes to become a tutor, probably the highest paid tutor in all of the universe, tutoring Alexander the Great. How great is it to tutor Alexander the Great? And he must have done a really great job because Alexander the Great goes on to conquer the Western world."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's said that he was the best of Plato's students and he stays there till he's 37 when Plato passes away in 343 BCE. At that time, Aristotle goes to become a tutor, probably the highest paid tutor in all of the universe, tutoring Alexander the Great. How great is it to tutor Alexander the Great? And he must have done a really great job because Alexander the Great goes on to conquer the Western world. Alexander the Great is said to reward Aristotle with all of these awesome resources where Aristotle is then going to go back to Athens and start what's called Lycaeum, a new school with a great library that's borrowed in much from Alexander the Great. Now, Aristotle is going to be a little bit different than his teacher, Plato. Plato was focusing much on the ideas of idealism, of truth, of form, and Aristotle is a little bit more scientific based."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he must have done a really great job because Alexander the Great goes on to conquer the Western world. Alexander the Great is said to reward Aristotle with all of these awesome resources where Aristotle is then going to go back to Athens and start what's called Lycaeum, a new school with a great library that's borrowed in much from Alexander the Great. Now, Aristotle is going to be a little bit different than his teacher, Plato. Plato was focusing much on the ideas of idealism, of truth, of form, and Aristotle is a little bit more scientific based. He's looking at the empirical data, at what's observable, but at the same time period he said that happiness is the goal of life. One of the biggest teachings under Aristotle is going to be called the Golden Mean and basically whenever you're examining something, let's say you want to be a great conversationalist, there's always something in the middle. You can be a bore, you can be really boring."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Plato was focusing much on the ideas of idealism, of truth, of form, and Aristotle is a little bit more scientific based. He's looking at the empirical data, at what's observable, but at the same time period he said that happiness is the goal of life. One of the biggest teachings under Aristotle is going to be called the Golden Mean and basically whenever you're examining something, let's say you want to be a great conversationalist, there's always something in the middle. You can be a bore, you can be really boring. We all know those people when you talk to them, they're really boring. And then you can have people that are buffoons. Just like the other side, right?"}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You can be a bore, you can be really boring. We all know those people when you talk to them, they're really boring. And then you can have people that are buffoons. Just like the other side, right? That's where they're not deficient in a skill, but they're excessive in a skill. They're always joking and they're not serious and they won't shut up. He says that witty is the middle, that is the mean."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Just like the other side, right? That's where they're not deficient in a skill, but they're excessive in a skill. They're always joking and they're not serious and they won't shut up. He says that witty is the middle, that is the mean. These are people you want to converse with. He talks about bravery, right? You have the extreme, which is recklessness, and then you have the deficient behavior, which is cowardness, and then you have courage in the middle."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He says that witty is the middle, that is the mean. These are people you want to converse with. He talks about bravery, right? You have the extreme, which is recklessness, and then you have the deficient behavior, which is cowardness, and then you have courage in the middle. So he says we should seek the golden mean in life. One of my favorite quotes from Aristotle, and I think it goes to the heart of his philosophy, it is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it. He's also considered to be the father of logic, of rational thinking, of breaking it down."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the extreme, which is recklessness, and then you have the deficient behavior, which is cowardness, and then you have courage in the middle. So he says we should seek the golden mean in life. One of my favorite quotes from Aristotle, and I think it goes to the heart of his philosophy, it is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it. He's also considered to be the father of logic, of rational thinking, of breaking it down. And that's what all the Greek philosophers do. They break it down. I hope we broke it down for you."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's also considered to be the father of logic, of rational thinking, of breaking it down. And that's what all the Greek philosophers do. They break it down. I hope we broke it down for you. So there you go, guys. I hope that you learned a little bit. I hope your brain's a little bit bigger."}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I hope we broke it down for you. So there you go, guys. I hope that you learned a little bit. I hope your brain's a little bit bigger. I hope you passed your test. And I hope you subscribe and watch more videos. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I hope your brain's a little bit bigger. I hope you passed your test. And I hope you subscribe and watch more videos. How about that? I say it at the end of every lecture because I believe it with all my heart. Where attention goes, energy flows. We'll see you guys next time."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we get into the late Heian period, you start to have the emergence of a increasingly powerful warrior class. And all of that comes to a head in the year 1185 when the Heian period ends and a general by the name of Minamoto Yoritomo comes to power. And what's significant here is the notion of an emperor continues to exist, but all of the power resides in what you can essentially consider a military dictator or a shogun. And the system that emerges is known as the bakufu system or the shogunate. And Minamoto Yoritomo was the first shogun. So you can see here the emperor still was there, but the shogun was where all of the power was. And this is really the beginning of medieval Japan."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the system that emerges is known as the bakufu system or the shogunate. And Minamoto Yoritomo was the first shogun. So you can see here the emperor still was there, but the shogun was where all of the power was. And this is really the beginning of medieval Japan. It's the beginning of the Kamakura period named for where the capital of the Kamakura period was. Now what's distinctive about medieval Japan and the bakufu system is that it becomes much more decentralized than what we had under the Heian period. It's often called a feudal system because it has parallels to what was going on in Europe at around the same time, where at the top you had this military ruler, the shogun, and then beneath the shogun, you had this decentralized structure of these lords essentially that controlled significant regions of Japan."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is really the beginning of medieval Japan. It's the beginning of the Kamakura period named for where the capital of the Kamakura period was. Now what's distinctive about medieval Japan and the bakufu system is that it becomes much more decentralized than what we had under the Heian period. It's often called a feudal system because it has parallels to what was going on in Europe at around the same time, where at the top you had this military ruler, the shogun, and then beneath the shogun, you had this decentralized structure of these lords essentially that controlled significant regions of Japan. They were called the daimyo. And there were roughly 300 daimyo in Japan, roughly county-sized districts. And the daimyo, in order to conquer land or to protect their own land, they would support a warrior class known as the samurai."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's often called a feudal system because it has parallels to what was going on in Europe at around the same time, where at the top you had this military ruler, the shogun, and then beneath the shogun, you had this decentralized structure of these lords essentially that controlled significant regions of Japan. They were called the daimyo. And there were roughly 300 daimyo in Japan, roughly county-sized districts. And the daimyo, in order to conquer land or to protect their own land, they would support a warrior class known as the samurai. And so they would take their agricultural surplus from their lands and use that to support this warrior class. And this warrior class, the samurai, they were analogous to knights in medieval Europe. And just as the knights had chivalry in Europe, the samurai in Japan had bushido, which eventually emerges as their code of conduct."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the daimyo, in order to conquer land or to protect their own land, they would support a warrior class known as the samurai. And so they would take their agricultural surplus from their lands and use that to support this warrior class. And this warrior class, the samurai, they were analogous to knights in medieval Europe. And just as the knights had chivalry in Europe, the samurai in Japan had bushido, which eventually emerges as their code of conduct. Despite that decentralized nature, they were able to fend off invasions from Kublai Khan. So as we've mentioned in other videos, in the 1270s, Kublai Khan is conquering much of China, and he also attempts to conquer Japan. This right over here is a picture of the Mongols shooting arrows at a samurai warrior."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And just as the knights had chivalry in Europe, the samurai in Japan had bushido, which eventually emerges as their code of conduct. Despite that decentralized nature, they were able to fend off invasions from Kublai Khan. So as we've mentioned in other videos, in the 1270s, Kublai Khan is conquering much of China, and he also attempts to conquer Japan. This right over here is a picture of the Mongols shooting arrows at a samurai warrior. Now one of the key factors that keeps Kublai Khan from taking over Japan is on two different occasions, as they send their boats from what we now consider to be Korea to Japan, they encounter significant storms that destroy most of the boats. And so the Mongols, who are able to get to land, are significantly depleted, and they're pushed back by the samurai warriors. Now the Kamakura period continues on until 1333, when there is a brief, only a few years, restoration of the power of the emperor."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This right over here is a picture of the Mongols shooting arrows at a samurai warrior. Now one of the key factors that keeps Kublai Khan from taking over Japan is on two different occasions, as they send their boats from what we now consider to be Korea to Japan, they encounter significant storms that destroy most of the boats. And so the Mongols, who are able to get to land, are significantly depleted, and they're pushed back by the samurai warriors. Now the Kamakura period continues on until 1333, when there is a brief, only a few years, restoration of the power of the emperor. But a few years after that, another shogun comes to power, and that is Ashikaga Takauji. And this is the beginning now of the Muromachi period. The Muromachi period is often known as the Ashikaga period, or the Ashikaga shogunate, but it's named Muromachi for the district of Kyoto at which it had its capital."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the Kamakura period continues on until 1333, when there is a brief, only a few years, restoration of the power of the emperor. But a few years after that, another shogun comes to power, and that is Ashikaga Takauji. And this is the beginning now of the Muromachi period. The Muromachi period is often known as the Ashikaga period, or the Ashikaga shogunate, but it's named Muromachi for the district of Kyoto at which it had its capital. And even though over the course of the Muromachi period, the emperor at different points was subsumed into the power of the shogun, this is considered, especially the later Muromachi period, as one of the more fragmented times of Japanese history. You had many civil wars, you had a lot of internal conflict, and it was only at the end, as we get to the end of the 16th century, that Japan gets reunified. And one of the key factors that allows it to get reunified is that in the middle of the 16th century, Portuguese traders show up, and they introduce guns to Japan."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Muromachi period is often known as the Ashikaga period, or the Ashikaga shogunate, but it's named Muromachi for the district of Kyoto at which it had its capital. And even though over the course of the Muromachi period, the emperor at different points was subsumed into the power of the shogun, this is considered, especially the later Muromachi period, as one of the more fragmented times of Japanese history. You had many civil wars, you had a lot of internal conflict, and it was only at the end, as we get to the end of the 16th century, that Japan gets reunified. And one of the key factors that allows it to get reunified is that in the middle of the 16th century, Portuguese traders show up, and they introduce guns to Japan. And one daimyo in particular is able to take significant advantage of those guns, and that is Oda Nobunaga. Oda Nobunaga, as I mentioned, was a powerful daimyo, one of these lords who controlled what you can kind of consider to be a county of Japan, and using these guns, he's able to put most of the other daimyos, most of the other lords into submission, and he begins to significantly unify Japan. Now, he is eventually assassinated, and his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, continues to unify Japan even further."}, {"video_title": "Shoguns, samurai and the Japanese Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And one of the key factors that allows it to get reunified is that in the middle of the 16th century, Portuguese traders show up, and they introduce guns to Japan. And one daimyo in particular is able to take significant advantage of those guns, and that is Oda Nobunaga. Oda Nobunaga, as I mentioned, was a powerful daimyo, one of these lords who controlled what you can kind of consider to be a county of Japan, and using these guns, he's able to put most of the other daimyos, most of the other lords into submission, and he begins to significantly unify Japan. Now, he is eventually assassinated, and his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, continues to unify Japan even further. When he dies, Tokugawa Ayasu takes power, and he's able to consolidate even further and definitively becomes the ruling shogun of Japan. Now, even though this period that we're entering, the Edo period, and it's named for the castle Edo, from which the Tokugawa shogunate ruled, even though this continues to be a shogunate with a shogun in power at the top, the bakafu system, the reason why this is considered the beginning of the modern period or the early modern period is that Japan was finally unified again. Now, one thing that we will see as we get into the 19th century, as we get into the end of the Edo period, and then you have the Meiji Restoration, where you have imperial rule again, is that Japan is very good at borrowing technology and ideas from other cultures, and then making it their own."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. We're hitting you up with the Yalta Conference today, also known as the Crimean Conference, codename Agronaut Conference. February 2nd to February 11th, 1945, we're bringing Churchill, we're bringing FDR, we're even gonna bring Stalin to Lovatia Palace, which is in Yalta in Crimea, southern Ukraine, and we're gonna giddy up for the Cold War. So why don't you go put a jacket on so we can do some of the learning right now. So we have three guys who are gonna show up in Yalta in 1945 to fix the world forever in post-war Europe. Of course we have Joseph Stalin representing the Soviet Union. He had formally aligned himself with Hitler in 1939."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So why don't you go put a jacket on so we can do some of the learning right now. So we have three guys who are gonna show up in Yalta in 1945 to fix the world forever in post-war Europe. Of course we have Joseph Stalin representing the Soviet Union. He had formally aligned himself with Hitler in 1939. Hitler broke that pact by invading the Soviet Union. So in 1941 he's gonna throw his lot with Great Britain and the United States, kind of teaming up with this very strange communist ally because we have a common enemy in Adolf Hitler. We also have, of course, Winston Churchill representing Great Britain, the Prime Minister, and FDR, who only has a few breaths left, and he's gonna be, of course, being represented in the United States."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "He had formally aligned himself with Hitler in 1939. Hitler broke that pact by invading the Soviet Union. So in 1941 he's gonna throw his lot with Great Britain and the United States, kind of teaming up with this very strange communist ally because we have a common enemy in Adolf Hitler. We also have, of course, Winston Churchill representing Great Britain, the Prime Minister, and FDR, who only has a few breaths left, and he's gonna be, of course, being represented in the United States. In 1945, in February, the Soviets had a much stronger hand. They had already invaded Germany. They were about 40 miles outside of Berlin."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "We also have, of course, Winston Churchill representing Great Britain, the Prime Minister, and FDR, who only has a few breaths left, and he's gonna be, of course, being represented in the United States. In 1945, in February, the Soviets had a much stronger hand. They had already invaded Germany. They were about 40 miles outside of Berlin. It looked like they were gonna be the first ones to take Berlin, while the Western powers, the Allies, or not even to the Rhine, remember D-Day, and they're marching across France towards Germany. So the Soviets definitely have a stronger hand. It was James Byrne, who's gonna be Secretary of State for the United States, he was a delegate at Yalta, that said, it wasn't a question of what we would let the Soviets do, but rather a question of what we could get the Russians to do."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They were about 40 miles outside of Berlin. It looked like they were gonna be the first ones to take Berlin, while the Western powers, the Allies, or not even to the Rhine, remember D-Day, and they're marching across France towards Germany. So the Soviets definitely have a stronger hand. It was James Byrne, who's gonna be Secretary of State for the United States, he was a delegate at Yalta, that said, it wasn't a question of what we would let the Soviets do, but rather a question of what we could get the Russians to do. So I think that they definitely have the stronger hand, and you have to keep in mind that we have different objectives. Winston Churchill, he's looking for a democratic and free Poland and Eastern Europe. The Poles, about 200,000 of them were put into the gulags in 1939 by the Soviets."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "It was James Byrne, who's gonna be Secretary of State for the United States, he was a delegate at Yalta, that said, it wasn't a question of what we would let the Soviets do, but rather a question of what we could get the Russians to do. So I think that they definitely have the stronger hand, and you have to keep in mind that we have different objectives. Winston Churchill, he's looking for a democratic and free Poland and Eastern Europe. The Poles, about 200,000 of them were put into the gulags in 1939 by the Soviets. In 1941, they were let out to form the Free Polish Army, which fought for Great Britain very valiantly in Northern Africa. So they wanna make sure they have a home to go to that's gonna be free and democratic, and Great Britain's gonna try and fight for that. Of course, the Soviets, they want a sphere of influence."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The Poles, about 200,000 of them were put into the gulags in 1939 by the Soviets. In 1941, they were let out to form the Free Polish Army, which fought for Great Britain very valiantly in Northern Africa. So they wanna make sure they have a home to go to that's gonna be free and democratic, and Great Britain's gonna try and fight for that. Of course, the Soviets, they want a sphere of influence. They want satellite states. They want a buffer zone from the rest of Europe to make sure they're not gonna get invaded again. And the United States, we're thinking about Japan."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Of course, the Soviets, they want a sphere of influence. They want satellite states. They want a buffer zone from the rest of Europe to make sure they're not gonna get invaded again. And the United States, we're thinking about Japan. We're thinking about not really having the atomic bomb yet. The Manhattan Project hasn't been completed. So we're thinking we're gonna need Russia's help as we invade Japan so there's not this huge land invasion by American forces."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And the United States, we're thinking about Japan. We're thinking about not really having the atomic bomb yet. The Manhattan Project hasn't been completed. So we're thinking we're gonna need Russia's help as we invade Japan so there's not this huge land invasion by American forces. So everybody's got different objectives. We're all gonna show up on February 2nd in Southern Ukraine, in Crimea, at the Yalta Conference, and we should probably go over what was accomplished at Yalta right now. So what's accomplished at Yalta?"}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So we're thinking we're gonna need Russia's help as we invade Japan so there's not this huge land invasion by American forces. So everybody's got different objectives. We're all gonna show up on February 2nd in Southern Ukraine, in Crimea, at the Yalta Conference, and we should probably go over what was accomplished at Yalta right now. So what's accomplished at Yalta? Most historians would say the Cold War starts at Yalta because the biggest kind of end result is gonna be Europe is gonna be divided. Now, specifically in the agreement, there's some things that were pretty easy. We all agreed on the unconditional surrender of Hitler of Germany, of denazifying it, of defascizizing, is defascizizing a word?"}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So what's accomplished at Yalta? Most historians would say the Cold War starts at Yalta because the biggest kind of end result is gonna be Europe is gonna be divided. Now, specifically in the agreement, there's some things that were pretty easy. We all agreed on the unconditional surrender of Hitler of Germany, of denazifying it, of defascizizing, is defascizizing a word? But making sure that Hitler and his group of cronies aren't gonna be able to run the show anymore. It was also decided that Germany would be broken up into four spheres. Basically three spheres on the Western side, controlled by the United States in one sector, Great Britain and France in the other sectors, while the Soviets would maintain Eastern Germany as their sphere of influence."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "We all agreed on the unconditional surrender of Hitler of Germany, of denazifying it, of defascizizing, is defascizizing a word? But making sure that Hitler and his group of cronies aren't gonna be able to run the show anymore. It was also decided that Germany would be broken up into four spheres. Basically three spheres on the Western side, controlled by the United States in one sector, Great Britain and France in the other sectors, while the Soviets would maintain Eastern Germany as their sphere of influence. We also have the idea of the United Nations. That was on FDR's target list. He wants a new League of Nations to work this time."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Basically three spheres on the Western side, controlled by the United States in one sector, Great Britain and France in the other sectors, while the Soviets would maintain Eastern Germany as their sphere of influence. We also have the idea of the United Nations. That was on FDR's target list. He wants a new League of Nations to work this time. In order for it to work, the United States and the Soviet Union are gonna have to be part of this. So he gets Joseph Stalin to agree to join the United Nations, but the secret deal was that there would be a Security Council where the Soviet Union would be a member and they would have veto power. So the Soviet Union and the United States are not gonna be puppets of the United Nations."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "He wants a new League of Nations to work this time. In order for it to work, the United States and the Soviet Union are gonna have to be part of this. So he gets Joseph Stalin to agree to join the United Nations, but the secret deal was that there would be a Security Council where the Soviet Union would be a member and they would have veto power. So the Soviet Union and the United States are not gonna be puppets of the United Nations. They're, in a sense, gonna have complete veto power over any type of action the United Nations takes in the future. We also have a big lie. The big lie is free elections in Eastern Europe."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Soviet Union and the United States are not gonna be puppets of the United Nations. They're, in a sense, gonna have complete veto power over any type of action the United Nations takes in the future. We also have a big lie. The big lie is free elections in Eastern Europe. And Stalin, who tried to make amends for his sins in Poland at Yalta, admitting that the Soviet Union had done horrific things and that he wanted to make it all better. So he agrees that there's gonna be free elections. Basically the language saying that the countries would consult on how to enforce some of the language in the agreement."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The big lie is free elections in Eastern Europe. And Stalin, who tried to make amends for his sins in Poland at Yalta, admitting that the Soviet Union had done horrific things and that he wanted to make it all better. So he agrees that there's gonna be free elections. Basically the language saying that the countries would consult on how to enforce some of the language in the agreement. Consultations are not going to be good for Poland. The government that was installed in Poland, the communist government's gonna stay there. In fact, the month after Yalta, there's gonna be what's called the trial of 16."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Basically the language saying that the countries would consult on how to enforce some of the language in the agreement. Consultations are not going to be good for Poland. The government that was installed in Poland, the communist government's gonna stay there. In fact, the month after Yalta, there's gonna be what's called the trial of 16. 16 Polish representatives of the exile government in Great Britain, who were invited to Moscow to deal with negotiations on these free elections, are gonna be arrested and sent to the gulags. So quite quickly after Yalta, we're gonna figure out that there are gonna be no free elections. We also have what's gonna happen in Japan."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, the month after Yalta, there's gonna be what's called the trial of 16. 16 Polish representatives of the exile government in Great Britain, who were invited to Moscow to deal with negotiations on these free elections, are gonna be arrested and sent to the gulags. So quite quickly after Yalta, we're gonna figure out that there are gonna be no free elections. We also have what's gonna happen in Japan. And the Soviets agree that they're gonna help three months after the fall of Hitler to invade Japan with the United States. In return, they want what they lost in the Russo-Japanese War. They wanna make sure that Mongolia is gonna be separated from China and is gonna be a satellite state that's recognized by the United States."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "We also have what's gonna happen in Japan. And the Soviets agree that they're gonna help three months after the fall of Hitler to invade Japan with the United States. In return, they want what they lost in the Russo-Japanese War. They wanna make sure that Mongolia is gonna be separated from China and is gonna be a satellite state that's recognized by the United States. So they're gonna get a lot out of it. And of course, we're not gonna need their help in Japan because the Manhattan Project is gonna be successful and we're gonna drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and we're not gonna need the Soviets. I can't even imagine what would have happened if the Soviets invaded from the north and we invaded from the south and we had a north-south Japanese sector like eastern and western Germany."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They wanna make sure that Mongolia is gonna be separated from China and is gonna be a satellite state that's recognized by the United States. So they're gonna get a lot out of it. And of course, we're not gonna need their help in Japan because the Manhattan Project is gonna be successful and we're gonna drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and we're not gonna need the Soviets. I can't even imagine what would have happened if the Soviets invaded from the north and we invaded from the south and we had a north-south Japanese sector like eastern and western Germany. Those are the major, major parts of the deal. But I think that if you're studying this for an exam, the real concept is that Europe is now divided. Now, why did FDR and Churchill do that?"}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "I can't even imagine what would have happened if the Soviets invaded from the north and we invaded from the south and we had a north-south Japanese sector like eastern and western Germany. Those are the major, major parts of the deal. But I think that if you're studying this for an exam, the real concept is that Europe is now divided. Now, why did FDR and Churchill do that? Churchill, after the agreement had said, poor Neville and Chamber had trusted Hitler and he was wrong. I don't think I'm wrong about Stalin. You are wrong, Mr. Churchill."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, why did FDR and Churchill do that? Churchill, after the agreement had said, poor Neville and Chamber had trusted Hitler and he was wrong. I don't think I'm wrong about Stalin. You are wrong, Mr. Churchill. FDR is wrong as well. But I think we wanna be careful not to be revisionists here. We have to understand that what are our other options?"}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You are wrong, Mr. Churchill. FDR is wrong as well. But I think we wanna be careful not to be revisionists here. We have to understand that what are our other options? The other options are after we invade Berlin, we keep marching and we fight the Soviets and we, you know, throw Europe into World War III right away. So at the end of the day, I think that FDR and Churchill made the best deal they thought they could get at Yalta. So that's what Yalta did."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "We have to understand that what are our other options? The other options are after we invade Berlin, we keep marching and we fight the Soviets and we, you know, throw Europe into World War III right away. So at the end of the day, I think that FDR and Churchill made the best deal they thought they could get at Yalta. So that's what Yalta did. Yalta started the Cold War but it ended World War II. So giddy up for the learning, guys. We hope you understand a little bit more about Yalta and its importance in world history and United States history."}, {"video_title": "The Yalta Conference Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So that's what Yalta did. Yalta started the Cold War but it ended World War II. So giddy up for the learning, guys. We hope you understand a little bit more about Yalta and its importance in world history and United States history. And we certainly hope that if you haven't subscribed, you do that right now by clicking that big red button. We have over 350 social studies videos and learning videos for teachers and kids. So giddy up and go do that right now."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we enter into the 6th century BCE, the dominant power in the region that we now refer to as Iran, it was the Median Empire. And the Median Empire, I'll draw the rough border right over here, was something like that. And you can see the dominant region of Media right over here. But by the middle of that century, they're going to be overthrown. And they're going to be overthrown by one of their subject kingdoms. And that is the Persians. And so right over here on this map, it's called Persis."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But by the middle of that century, they're going to be overthrown. And they're going to be overthrown by one of their subject kingdoms. And that is the Persians. And so right over here on this map, it's called Persis. But that region is called Pars, or Fars. And even today in modern Iran, that region is called Fars. And the king of Pars was Cyrus the Great."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so right over here on this map, it's called Persis. But that region is called Pars, or Fars. And even today in modern Iran, that region is called Fars. And the king of Pars was Cyrus the Great. And in 550, 549 BCE, he's able to overthrow the Median Emperor, who happens to be his grandfather. And then he establishes what history views as the first real Persian Empire. And the whole reason why we even call it a Persian Empire is because Cyrus the Great was from Pars."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the king of Pars was Cyrus the Great. And in 550, 549 BCE, he's able to overthrow the Median Emperor, who happens to be his grandfather. And then he establishes what history views as the first real Persian Empire. And the whole reason why we even call it a Persian Empire is because Cyrus the Great was from Pars. Persian is really referring to the idea that the ruler, the dynasty that gets established, was coming from Pars. It turns out, and I talk about it in other videos, the Persians did not refer to themselves as Persians. They viewed themselves more as the Aryan people."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the whole reason why we even call it a Persian Empire is because Cyrus the Great was from Pars. Persian is really referring to the idea that the ruler, the dynasty that gets established, was coming from Pars. It turns out, and I talk about it in other videos, the Persians did not refer to themselves as Persians. They viewed themselves more as the Aryan people. In a lot of ways, Iran, or Airan, or Aryanam, or Aja, and these types of words are more accurate for how the Persians viewed themselves. But needless to say, in 549, Cyrus the Great is able to conquer the Median Empire, and he keeps going. And what he establishes, this empire, this dynasty, is called the Achaemenid Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They viewed themselves more as the Aryan people. In a lot of ways, Iran, or Airan, or Aryanam, or Aja, and these types of words are more accurate for how the Persians viewed themselves. But needless to say, in 549, Cyrus the Great is able to conquer the Median Empire, and he keeps going. And what he establishes, this empire, this dynasty, is called the Achaemenid Dynasty. Achaemenid. And you might wonder why is it called the Achaemenid Dynasty instead of, say, the Cyrid Dynasty? And that's because Cyrus claims descendant from Achaemenes."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what he establishes, this empire, this dynasty, is called the Achaemenid Dynasty. Achaemenid. And you might wonder why is it called the Achaemenid Dynasty instead of, say, the Cyrid Dynasty? And that's because Cyrus claims descendant from Achaemenes. He is part of that family. Achaemenes is this semi-legendary patriarch of it that lived 100, 150 years before Cyrus the Great. And so I will draw a dotted line from Achaemenes to Cyrus."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's because Cyrus claims descendant from Achaemenes. He is part of that family. Achaemenes is this semi-legendary patriarch of it that lived 100, 150 years before Cyrus the Great. And so I will draw a dotted line from Achaemenes to Cyrus. And Cyrus then goes on, so he conquers the Median Empire. Then he goes on to conquer several of the major empires of that time. In the mid 540s BCE, so we are right around there, he conquers the Lydian Empire, right over there, which is on the western half of the Anatolian Peninsula in modern-day Turkey."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so I will draw a dotted line from Achaemenes to Cyrus. And Cyrus then goes on, so he conquers the Median Empire. Then he goes on to conquer several of the major empires of that time. In the mid 540s BCE, so we are right around there, he conquers the Lydian Empire, right over there, which is on the western half of the Anatolian Peninsula in modern-day Turkey. And then he sets his sight on the Neo-Babylonian Empire. And in 539, he's able to conquer the Neo-Babylonian Empire. And from a biblical perspective, that's relevant, because when he takes Babylon, he frees the Jews from the Babylonian captivity and he resettles them in Jerusalem."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In the mid 540s BCE, so we are right around there, he conquers the Lydian Empire, right over there, which is on the western half of the Anatolian Peninsula in modern-day Turkey. And then he sets his sight on the Neo-Babylonian Empire. And in 539, he's able to conquer the Neo-Babylonian Empire. And from a biblical perspective, that's relevant, because when he takes Babylon, he frees the Jews from the Babylonian captivity and he resettles them in Jerusalem. And he works with them to rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and especially Solomon's Temple, which is now called the Second Temple on the Temple Mount. And Cyrus the Great is viewed by history as one of the great rulers of all time, often referred to as a model ruler, someone who really takes the interest of his people at heart. So Cyrus was able to conquer a lot of what you see here in green, but not all of it."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And from a biblical perspective, that's relevant, because when he takes Babylon, he frees the Jews from the Babylonian captivity and he resettles them in Jerusalem. And he works with them to rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and especially Solomon's Temple, which is now called the Second Temple on the Temple Mount. And Cyrus the Great is viewed by history as one of the great rulers of all time, often referred to as a model ruler, someone who really takes the interest of his people at heart. So Cyrus was able to conquer a lot of what you see here in green, but not all of it. And especially, he was not able to get to Egypt. That would be left to his son Cambyses. So in 530, Cyrus dies and Cambyses takes over."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So Cyrus was able to conquer a lot of what you see here in green, but not all of it. And especially, he was not able to get to Egypt. That would be left to his son Cambyses. So in 530, Cyrus dies and Cambyses takes over. And just so you read how I made this timeline, and I made this timeline really to help myself understand the various Shah and Shahs, or king of kings of Iran. So Cyrus the Great was the Shah and Shah, king of kings, and then Cambyses II was the next one, is that this timeline up here, this shows who is in charge. So you see from 550, 549, all the way to 530, I have it yellow and that's because Cyrus the Great was in charge of what is called the Achaemenid Empire, or I guess you could say this first great Persian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in 530, Cyrus dies and Cambyses takes over. And just so you read how I made this timeline, and I made this timeline really to help myself understand the various Shah and Shahs, or king of kings of Iran. So Cyrus the Great was the Shah and Shah, king of kings, and then Cambyses II was the next one, is that this timeline up here, this shows who is in charge. So you see from 550, 549, all the way to 530, I have it yellow and that's because Cyrus the Great was in charge of what is called the Achaemenid Empire, or I guess you could say this first great Persian Empire. What I have down here is the best information I could find on the lifespans of these people. And when I have these dotted lines at the beginning, that's when it's unclear when these people were born. So there's different accounts that Cyrus the Great might have been born in 575 BCE, he might have been born closer to 600 BCE, and so that's why I have these dotted lines."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So you see from 550, 549, all the way to 530, I have it yellow and that's because Cyrus the Great was in charge of what is called the Achaemenid Empire, or I guess you could say this first great Persian Empire. What I have down here is the best information I could find on the lifespans of these people. And when I have these dotted lines at the beginning, that's when it's unclear when these people were born. So there's different accounts that Cyrus the Great might have been born in 575 BCE, he might have been born closer to 600 BCE, and so that's why I have these dotted lines. Similarly, we don't know exactly when Cambyses II was born, but we do know that he took control in 530 BCE, and so that's why you see Cambyses, you see this line right over here turn blue. And actually Cambyses ends up dying in 522, so let me actually, this should be like that, there you go. He ends up dying in 522, but before he dies in 522, he is able to conquer Egypt in 525 BCE, so right around there."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So there's different accounts that Cyrus the Great might have been born in 575 BCE, he might have been born closer to 600 BCE, and so that's why I have these dotted lines. Similarly, we don't know exactly when Cambyses II was born, but we do know that he took control in 530 BCE, and so that's why you see Cambyses, you see this line right over here turn blue. And actually Cambyses ends up dying in 522, so let me actually, this should be like that, there you go. He ends up dying in 522, but before he dies in 522, he is able to conquer Egypt in 525 BCE, so right around there. And you can imagine that while he's conquering Egypt, and let me keep drawing this family tree, so now we have Cambyses, Cambyses, Cambyses II, he goes off, makes his real goal to conquer Egypt, and that's a big deal. Remember, this is ending thousands of years of the rule by the native pharaohs. They start, these now foreign rulers start calling themselves the pharaohs of Egypt as well, but they get put in to, Egypt becomes part of the Persian Empire because of Cambyses."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He ends up dying in 522, but before he dies in 522, he is able to conquer Egypt in 525 BCE, so right around there. And you can imagine that while he's conquering Egypt, and let me keep drawing this family tree, so now we have Cambyses, Cambyses, Cambyses II, he goes off, makes his real goal to conquer Egypt, and that's a big deal. Remember, this is ending thousands of years of the rule by the native pharaohs. They start, these now foreign rulers start calling themselves the pharaohs of Egypt as well, but they get put in to, Egypt becomes part of the Persian Empire because of Cambyses. But you can imagine with the Shah and Shah, with the king of kings often doing conquest in Egypt, it leaves a little power vacuum back in the center of the empire. And this is when things get a little bit sketchy. So Cyrus does have another son."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They start, these now foreign rulers start calling themselves the pharaohs of Egypt as well, but they get put in to, Egypt becomes part of the Persian Empire because of Cambyses. But you can imagine with the Shah and Shah, with the king of kings often doing conquest in Egypt, it leaves a little power vacuum back in the center of the empire. And this is when things get a little bit sketchy. So Cyrus does have another son. The other son is called Bardia. So let me write this down. So there is another son called Bardia."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So Cyrus does have another son. The other son is called Bardia. So let me write this down. So there is another son called Bardia. And then there's this other character known as Darius, soon to be known as Darius the Great. And Darius is not a direct descendant of Cyrus the Great, but he is part of his family. He's a distant relative."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So there is another son called Bardia. And then there's this other character known as Darius, soon to be known as Darius the Great. And Darius is not a direct descendant of Cyrus the Great, but he is part of his family. He's a distant relative. He is part of the Achaemenid dynasty, a part of, he claims descendant from Achaemenes, and he was the lance bearer for Cambyses II. So while Cambyses is out here in Egypt leaving that power vacuum, someone who claims to be Bardia takes, someone who claims to be Bardia takes control of the empire, or is trying to take control of the empire. Now some accounts say that this is really Bardia."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's a distant relative. He is part of the Achaemenid dynasty, a part of, he claims descendant from Achaemenes, and he was the lance bearer for Cambyses II. So while Cambyses is out here in Egypt leaving that power vacuum, someone who claims to be Bardia takes, someone who claims to be Bardia takes control of the empire, or is trying to take control of the empire. Now some accounts say that this is really Bardia. This is really the other son of Cyrus the Great, and so there would be some legitimate claim to the throne. But there's other claims, especially the ones that Darius was later able to spread, that no, this was not the real Bardia. This was a fake Bardia, that the real Bardia had actually been killed by Cambyses II before, and that this person proposing to be Bardia was this fake usurper, this Zoroastrian priest named Gamatha."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now some accounts say that this is really Bardia. This is really the other son of Cyrus the Great, and so there would be some legitimate claim to the throne. But there's other claims, especially the ones that Darius was later able to spread, that no, this was not the real Bardia. This was a fake Bardia, that the real Bardia had actually been killed by Cambyses II before, and that this person proposing to be Bardia was this fake usurper, this Zoroastrian priest named Gamatha. And once Cambyses is on his way, he's trying to come back in order to reclaim the throne, or in order to get rid of this usurper, whether it was the real Bardia or not. But on the way he dies, and once again it's under dubious circumstances. Cyrus the Great, how he died, not clear."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This was a fake Bardia, that the real Bardia had actually been killed by Cambyses II before, and that this person proposing to be Bardia was this fake usurper, this Zoroastrian priest named Gamatha. And once Cambyses is on his way, he's trying to come back in order to reclaim the throne, or in order to get rid of this usurper, whether it was the real Bardia or not. But on the way he dies, and once again it's under dubious circumstances. Cyrus the Great, how he died, not clear. Cambyses II also dies under dubious circumstances. And then this Bardia actually becomes the Shah and Shah for real. He obviously has claims to it while Cambyses is there, but once Cambyses dies, he is the Shah and Shah."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Cyrus the Great, how he died, not clear. Cambyses II also dies under dubious circumstances. And then this Bardia actually becomes the Shah and Shah for real. He obviously has claims to it while Cambyses is there, but once Cambyses dies, he is the Shah and Shah. Well, Darius doesn't like this. He has his own imperial ambitions. He gets some other nobility together and says, no, no, no, this Bardia isn't the real Bardia."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He obviously has claims to it while Cambyses is there, but once Cambyses dies, he is the Shah and Shah. Well, Darius doesn't like this. He has his own imperial ambitions. He gets some other nobility together and says, no, no, no, this Bardia isn't the real Bardia. He's a usurper. Let's go kill that guy. And so they kill him, and then it's an interesting story."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He gets some other nobility together and says, no, no, no, this Bardia isn't the real Bardia. He's a usurper. Let's go kill that guy. And so they kill him, and then it's an interesting story. Herodotus has a fairly dubious account of how Darius was able to convince the other noble people why he should be the Shah and Shah, the emperor. But they are able to get rid of Bardia. We still do not know whether it was the real Bardia or whether it was the fake Bardia."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so they kill him, and then it's an interesting story. Herodotus has a fairly dubious account of how Darius was able to convince the other noble people why he should be the Shah and Shah, the emperor. But they are able to get rid of Bardia. We still do not know whether it was the real Bardia or whether it was the fake Bardia. But then Darius takes power in 522 BCE. And he's known as Darius the Great because he continues to spread, he continues to conquer more and more for the Persian Empire. And this map right over here, this is the Persian Empire in 500 BCE under Darius the Great."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We still do not know whether it was the real Bardia or whether it was the fake Bardia. But then Darius takes power in 522 BCE. And he's known as Darius the Great because he continues to spread, he continues to conquer more and more for the Persian Empire. And this map right over here, this is the Persian Empire in 500 BCE under Darius the Great. It's near its maximum extent. And it's a pretty incredible empire. It's worth noting, it's big by any stretch of the imagination."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this map right over here, this is the Persian Empire in 500 BCE under Darius the Great. It's near its maximum extent. And it's a pretty incredible empire. It's worth noting, it's big by any stretch of the imagination. But it's, at this time, the population is on the order of 50 million people. And based on the accounts that I've seen, that's almost half of the world population at that time. No empire in history, as far as we can tell, has ever had such a large fraction of the world's population under its control."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's worth noting, it's big by any stretch of the imagination. But it's, at this time, the population is on the order of 50 million people. And based on the accounts that I've seen, that's almost half of the world population at that time. No empire in history, as far as we can tell, has ever had such a large fraction of the world's population under its control. And so that gives you a sense of, I guess you could say, how great or how large an empire this was. Now Darius the Great, he is also famous, especially from a Greek perspective, for going after the Greeks. You had these Greek revolts in these towns on the west coast of the Anatolian Peninsula."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "No empire in history, as far as we can tell, has ever had such a large fraction of the world's population under its control. And so that gives you a sense of, I guess you could say, how great or how large an empire this was. Now Darius the Great, he is also famous, especially from a Greek perspective, for going after the Greeks. You had these Greek revolts in these towns on the west coast of the Anatolian Peninsula. They revolted against their Persian overlords, I guess you could say, and they did that with the help of the Athenians. And so Darius didn't like this. In the 490s, he starts going after the Athenians."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You had these Greek revolts in these towns on the west coast of the Anatolian Peninsula. They revolted against their Persian overlords, I guess you could say, and they did that with the help of the Athenians. And so Darius didn't like this. In the 490s, he starts going after the Athenians. This is the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars. He is unsuccessful. He dies in the 480s, and then his son, this is actually a relief of Darius the Great right over here from Persepolis, and then his son continues to try to take over in the second Greco-Persian Wars, and he too is unsuccessful."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In the 490s, he starts going after the Athenians. This is the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars. He is unsuccessful. He dies in the 480s, and then his son, this is actually a relief of Darius the Great right over here from Persepolis, and then his son continues to try to take over in the second Greco-Persian Wars, and he too is unsuccessful. But it's worth noting, a lot of this history that we get, especially of Cyrus the Great and the early Persian shanshas, the history we get is from the Greeks. So it's worth taking it with a grain of salt because as you can see, they were rivals. And to say rivals is a little bit unfair to the Persians because the Greeks were more of a thorn in the side of a large empire."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He dies in the 480s, and then his son, this is actually a relief of Darius the Great right over here from Persepolis, and then his son continues to try to take over in the second Greco-Persian Wars, and he too is unsuccessful. But it's worth noting, a lot of this history that we get, especially of Cyrus the Great and the early Persian shanshas, the history we get is from the Greeks. So it's worth taking it with a grain of salt because as you can see, they were rivals. And to say rivals is a little bit unfair to the Persians because the Greeks were more of a thorn in the side of a large empire. The Greeks were this group of city-states. They weren't even a unified empire, while you had here the Persian Empire controls almost half of the world's population. So the Greeks were more of a thorn in the side, but we get our history from them, or a lot of our history from them, so we get their account of things."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And to say rivals is a little bit unfair to the Persians because the Greeks were more of a thorn in the side of a large empire. The Greeks were this group of city-states. They weren't even a unified empire, while you had here the Persian Empire controls almost half of the world's population. So the Greeks were more of a thorn in the side, but we get our history from them, or a lot of our history from them, so we get their account of things. Now, once you have Xerxes, then after Xerxes, you have Artaxerxes right over here, and then you have a little bit of a squabble for the throne, and then Darius II. There's one thing that you see over 200 years of Achaemenid rule is that most people, after Darius the Great, are named either Xerxes, Artaxerxes, Darius II, III, IV, or Darius II or III, at least, not IV, Artaxerxes, Artaxerxes II, Artaxerxes III, so it can get a little confusing, but the reason why I even did this for myself to see when all of these people lived and when they ruled is to have a good sense of what was going on and how Darius II lived at a different time than, for example, Darius I or Darius the Great. The other thing worth mentioning, because you'll hear this in various history classes when you talk about the Persian Empire, is the great cities of the Persian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Greeks were more of a thorn in the side, but we get our history from them, or a lot of our history from them, so we get their account of things. Now, once you have Xerxes, then after Xerxes, you have Artaxerxes right over here, and then you have a little bit of a squabble for the throne, and then Darius II. There's one thing that you see over 200 years of Achaemenid rule is that most people, after Darius the Great, are named either Xerxes, Artaxerxes, Darius II, III, IV, or Darius II or III, at least, not IV, Artaxerxes, Artaxerxes II, Artaxerxes III, so it can get a little confusing, but the reason why I even did this for myself to see when all of these people lived and when they ruled is to have a good sense of what was going on and how Darius II lived at a different time than, for example, Darius I or Darius the Great. The other thing worth mentioning, because you'll hear this in various history classes when you talk about the Persian Empire, is the great cities of the Persian Empire. Osiris the Great, he establishes a capital at Pasargidae right over here. You have Cambyses, establishes a capital at Susa. Susa is one end of the great royal highway that goes from Sardis all the way to Susa right over there."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The other thing worth mentioning, because you'll hear this in various history classes when you talk about the Persian Empire, is the great cities of the Persian Empire. Osiris the Great, he establishes a capital at Pasargidae right over here. You have Cambyses, establishes a capital at Susa. Susa is one end of the great royal highway that goes from Sardis all the way to Susa right over there. You have Darius the Great, establish a capital at Persepolis, and that's the Greek name for it, literally referring to Persian city, and this is a relief from Persepolis right over here. Now, the end of the Achaemenid Dynasty comes when that famous thorn in the side, Greece, actually unifies under Philip of Macedon, and here we're talking about the early to mid fourth century BCE, and his son Alexander becomes this great conqueror, Alexander the Great, and he's able to conquer the entire Persian Empire, famously taking it away from Darius III. We talk about that in another video, or in several videos in some detail."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Susa is one end of the great royal highway that goes from Sardis all the way to Susa right over there. You have Darius the Great, establish a capital at Persepolis, and that's the Greek name for it, literally referring to Persian city, and this is a relief from Persepolis right over here. Now, the end of the Achaemenid Dynasty comes when that famous thorn in the side, Greece, actually unifies under Philip of Macedon, and here we're talking about the early to mid fourth century BCE, and his son Alexander becomes this great conqueror, Alexander the Great, and he's able to conquer the entire Persian Empire, famously taking it away from Darius III. We talk about that in another video, or in several videos in some detail. But Alexander the Great, he has this vision of a one nation, of these people, kind of their cultures mixing together, and there's a significant amount of cultural mix between the Greeks and the Persians, but then Alexander dies and his empire is split, but most of the Persian Empire goes to, under the control of Seleucus, who's one of Alexander's generals, and then you have the Seleucid Empire, which is really foreign rule of Persia, and that will continue for a while until eventually the Parthians, which is once again another state or region of the Persian Empire, takes control to establish the Parthian Empire, which is one of the rivals to Rome. That's worth mentioning, and I mentioned this in the video on ancient Persia, that under Persian rule, and Cyrus, and the various Shahs and Shahs, they were famous for delegating their authority. When you have such a large empire, you can't control all of it yourself, so each of these regions had their own, I guess you could say, governors, and those governors were called satraps, and the regions were called satrapies."}, {"video_title": "Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We talk about that in another video, or in several videos in some detail. But Alexander the Great, he has this vision of a one nation, of these people, kind of their cultures mixing together, and there's a significant amount of cultural mix between the Greeks and the Persians, but then Alexander dies and his empire is split, but most of the Persian Empire goes to, under the control of Seleucus, who's one of Alexander's generals, and then you have the Seleucid Empire, which is really foreign rule of Persia, and that will continue for a while until eventually the Parthians, which is once again another state or region of the Persian Empire, takes control to establish the Parthian Empire, which is one of the rivals to Rome. That's worth mentioning, and I mentioned this in the video on ancient Persia, that under Persian rule, and Cyrus, and the various Shahs and Shahs, they were famous for delegating their authority. When you have such a large empire, you can't control all of it yourself, so each of these regions had their own, I guess you could say, governors, and those governors were called satraps, and the regions were called satrapies. Anyway, I will leave you there. Oh, the other thing that Cyrus the Great is really known for is the spread of the Zoroastrian faith. We talk about the Zoroastrian faith in other videos, and Zarathustra, who was kind of the prophet of the Zoroastrian faith, he lived someplace between 1500 BCE, and might have even lived shortly right before, almost near the time of Cyrus the Great, but it was really Cyrus the Great who helped spread this great ancient faith."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Names like Julius Caesar and Augustus might come to mind. You might think of some of the famous architecture, some of which you can still see if you were to visit Rome. And these are all real images of Rome, or they're appropriately associated with it. And we'll talk about most of these things in some depth. But Rome did not start out that way. And the purpose of this video is to give us an overarching arc of the history of Rome, to be able to place it within history, both in terms of time and geography. So just to make sure we can read what I did here ahead of time, is I have up here, is I have a high-level timeline."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we'll talk about most of these things in some depth. But Rome did not start out that way. And the purpose of this video is to give us an overarching arc of the history of Rome, to be able to place it within history, both in terms of time and geography. So just to make sure we can read what I did here ahead of time, is I have up here, is I have a high-level timeline. And then down here, I have a timeline that zooms in a little bit, goes into a few more details. And you can see this timeline on top. It's going from the 8th century BCE all the way to the 5th century CE."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So just to make sure we can read what I did here ahead of time, is I have up here, is I have a high-level timeline. And then down here, I have a timeline that zooms in a little bit, goes into a few more details. And you can see this timeline on top. It's going from the 8th century BCE all the way to the 5th century CE. So it's covering over 1,000 years of history. And I needed it to cover over 1,000 years of history because the Roman Empire, right, we could even say just the Western Roman Empire, covers that much. And that doesn't even cover the entire legacy of the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's going from the 8th century BCE all the way to the 5th century CE. So it's covering over 1,000 years of history. And I needed it to cover over 1,000 years of history because the Roman Empire, right, we could even say just the Western Roman Empire, covers that much. And that doesn't even cover the entire legacy of the Roman Empire. Because when we get into the 4th century, the 4th century CE, you have a split where you have the Eastern and the Western Roman Empire, and the Eastern, often known as the Byzantine Empire, that goes on until 1453 CE, so another 1,000 years until they are conquered by the Ottomans. So the legacy of the Roman Empire, even formally as an empire, is significant. And then it continues on."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that doesn't even cover the entire legacy of the Roman Empire. Because when we get into the 4th century, the 4th century CE, you have a split where you have the Eastern and the Western Roman Empire, and the Eastern, often known as the Byzantine Empire, that goes on until 1453 CE, so another 1,000 years until they are conquered by the Ottomans. So the legacy of the Roman Empire, even formally as an empire, is significant. And then it continues on. Much of Western civilization, especially Europe and the Mediterranean, has its foundations in the Roman Empire and then before that, Greek civilization. And the Roman Empire is really up there alongside the Persian Empire as one of the really great civilizations or empires. And when I say great, you should take that with a grain of salt."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then it continues on. Much of Western civilization, especially Europe and the Mediterranean, has its foundations in the Roman Empire and then before that, Greek civilization. And the Roman Empire is really up there alongside the Persian Empire as one of the really great civilizations or empires. And when I say great, you should take that with a grain of salt. Great, I'm saying it was big, it was powerful, but not everything they did was great. They had a lot of slavery, they were very cruel, they were sometimes very violent. So take these terms great with a grain of salt."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And when I say great, you should take that with a grain of salt. Great, I'm saying it was big, it was powerful, but not everything they did was great. They had a lot of slavery, they were very cruel, they were sometimes very violent. So take these terms great with a grain of salt. So now that we get this timeline up here, and then down here I'm gonna go, whoops, down here I have some maps that are gonna show how the Roman Empire grew and then eventually splits and declines. But as we go to this top timeline, we see the founding of Rome in the 8th century BCE. And this date, 753, is the date that's often given to the founding of Rome by Romulus, one of twin brothers, Romulus and Remus, raised by a she-wolf."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So take these terms great with a grain of salt. So now that we get this timeline up here, and then down here I'm gonna go, whoops, down here I have some maps that are gonna show how the Roman Empire grew and then eventually splits and declines. But as we go to this top timeline, we see the founding of Rome in the 8th century BCE. And this date, 753, is the date that's often given to the founding of Rome by Romulus, one of twin brothers, Romulus and Remus, raised by a she-wolf. They were abandoned and raised by the she-wolf, as legend would have it, and then Romulus eventually kills his brother and then becomes the first king of Rome. We don't know how much of this is true. I suspect a lot of this is very legendary."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this date, 753, is the date that's often given to the founding of Rome by Romulus, one of twin brothers, Romulus and Remus, raised by a she-wolf. They were abandoned and raised by the she-wolf, as legend would have it, and then Romulus eventually kills his brother and then becomes the first king of Rome. We don't know how much of this is true. I suspect a lot of this is very legendary. A legend would have it that Rome is named for Romulus. But some historians today think, well, it might have been the other way around. We have the city of Rome, they needed a founding story."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I suspect a lot of this is very legendary. A legend would have it that Rome is named for Romulus. But some historians today think, well, it might have been the other way around. We have the city of Rome, they needed a founding story. Hey, let's say this person Romulus started it. And we don't know the exact date, but there seems to be a reasonable consensus that around this mid-8th century BCE, you have the founding of the city of Rome. But it's important to realize that at that point, the founding of the city, the kingdom of Rome, it wasn't a significant power on the Italian peninsula at the time."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We have the city of Rome, they needed a founding story. Hey, let's say this person Romulus started it. And we don't know the exact date, but there seems to be a reasonable consensus that around this mid-8th century BCE, you have the founding of the city of Rome. But it's important to realize that at that point, the founding of the city, the kingdom of Rome, it wasn't a significant power on the Italian peninsula at the time. Where I have this X marked, that's where Rome is. And what you see in green, this is actually the Etruscan civilization. And for most of this period of the Roman kingdom, so this period right over here, it's actually the Etruscans that are the dominant power."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's important to realize that at that point, the founding of the city, the kingdom of Rome, it wasn't a significant power on the Italian peninsula at the time. Where I have this X marked, that's where Rome is. And what you see in green, this is actually the Etruscan civilization. And for most of this period of the Roman kingdom, so this period right over here, it's actually the Etruscans that are the dominant power. And for significant fractions of this, they were dominant over the Roman kingdom, over the city of Rome. But as we get to 509 BCE, this is when the Roman Republic is established. And in this blue-green color, this is the kingdom."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And for most of this period of the Roman kingdom, so this period right over here, it's actually the Etruscans that are the dominant power. And for significant fractions of this, they were dominant over the Roman kingdom, over the city of Rome. But as we get to 509 BCE, this is when the Roman Republic is established. And in this blue-green color, this is the kingdom. The gold color, this yellow color, is the Republic. And then the red color is when the empire gets established by Julius Caesar and his adopted son, Augustus. And as we get into this, I guess you could say this Republic period, or into the Roman Republic, this is when it starts to really exert itself as more of a dominant influence in the region."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in this blue-green color, this is the kingdom. The gold color, this yellow color, is the Republic. And then the red color is when the empire gets established by Julius Caesar and his adopted son, Augustus. And as we get into this, I guess you could say this Republic period, or into the Roman Republic, this is when it starts to really exert itself as more of a dominant influence in the region. And it continues to be a dominant influence in the region for several hundred years. And then as we get into the first several hundred years in the Common Era, so after the time of Jesus, as we get into the 200s, the 300s, this is when we start to see a real decline of the Roman Empire. And the Western Empire, at least, gets sacked multiple times in the fifth century."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we get into this, I guess you could say this Republic period, or into the Roman Republic, this is when it starts to really exert itself as more of a dominant influence in the region. And it continues to be a dominant influence in the region for several hundred years. And then as we get into the first several hundred years in the Common Era, so after the time of Jesus, as we get into the 200s, the 300s, this is when we start to see a real decline of the Roman Empire. And the Western Empire, at least, gets sacked multiple times in the fifth century. And the year 476 is what's typically given for the end of the Roman Empire. But even that's not exactly the end of the Roman Empire, because in the fourth century, you have the Roman Empire splitting into this Eastern and Western Empires. And the Eastern later gets known as the Byzantine Empire."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Western Empire, at least, gets sacked multiple times in the fifth century. And the year 476 is what's typically given for the end of the Roman Empire. But even that's not exactly the end of the Roman Empire, because in the fourth century, you have the Roman Empire splitting into this Eastern and Western Empires. And the Eastern later gets known as the Byzantine Empire. That goes on for another thousand years until it's, as I mentioned, I think earlier, taken over by the Ottomans. But to get more of an appreciation for how the Roman Empire grew and then eventually starts to shrink, I have some maps over here. So this first map, this is roughly from the third century BCE."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Eastern later gets known as the Byzantine Empire. That goes on for another thousand years until it's, as I mentioned, I think earlier, taken over by the Ottomans. But to get more of an appreciation for how the Roman Empire grew and then eventually starts to shrink, I have some maps over here. So this first map, this is roughly from the third century BCE. And third century BCE, you might remember, Rome is a republic at this time. But it's not the dominant power in the Mediterranean. Just to give ourselves some bearings, you might remember that in the late fourth century BCE, that's when Alexander conquers much of, or most of, Greece, Macedonia, the Persian Empire, which included at the time, Egypt."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this first map, this is roughly from the third century BCE. And third century BCE, you might remember, Rome is a republic at this time. But it's not the dominant power in the Mediterranean. Just to give ourselves some bearings, you might remember that in the late fourth century BCE, that's when Alexander conquers much of, or most of, Greece, Macedonia, the Persian Empire, which included at the time, Egypt. And as we get into the third century BCE, you still have the fragments of Alexander's Empire. That these are still significant powers in the region. You also have the Carthaginian Empire, which you see here in blue in North Africa and Southern Spain."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Just to give ourselves some bearings, you might remember that in the late fourth century BCE, that's when Alexander conquers much of, or most of, Greece, Macedonia, the Persian Empire, which included at the time, Egypt. And as we get into the third century BCE, you still have the fragments of Alexander's Empire. That these are still significant powers in the region. You also have the Carthaginian Empire, which you see here in blue in North Africa and Southern Spain. And this period, you have a series of wars between the Romans and the Carthaginians, known as the Punic Wars. And we'll do videos in depth on the Punic Wars. They're called the Punic Wars because the term Punic, it comes from what the Romans called the Phoenicians."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You also have the Carthaginian Empire, which you see here in blue in North Africa and Southern Spain. And this period, you have a series of wars between the Romans and the Carthaginians, known as the Punic Wars. And we'll do videos in depth on the Punic Wars. They're called the Punic Wars because the term Punic, it comes from what the Romans called the Phoenicians. And Carthage was actually settled, founded by ancient Phoenicians. So you could call it, you could kind of consider it the Phoenician War or the descendants of the Phoenician Wars. But that's why it's called Punic."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They're called the Punic Wars because the term Punic, it comes from what the Romans called the Phoenicians. And Carthage was actually settled, founded by ancient Phoenicians. So you could call it, you could kind of consider it the Phoenician War or the descendants of the Phoenician Wars. But that's why it's called Punic. But the Romans eventually win the multiple rounds of Punic Wars, take over their territory, and eventually destroy Carthage. Carthage is destroyed in 146 BCE. And we'll talk about that in more detail."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But that's why it's called Punic. But the Romans eventually win the multiple rounds of Punic Wars, take over their territory, and eventually destroy Carthage. Carthage is destroyed in 146 BCE. And we'll talk about that in more detail. Now, as we go into the first century BCE, this is when Rome goes from being a republic to an empire. And it happens when the general, Julius Caesar, he's able to conquer Gaul for the Roman Republic. So Gaul is modern day France and some other surrounding regions."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we'll talk about that in more detail. Now, as we go into the first century BCE, this is when Rome goes from being a republic to an empire. And it happens when the general, Julius Caesar, he's able to conquer Gaul for the Roman Republic. So Gaul is modern day France and some other surrounding regions. And he is so powerful that when he comes back to Rome, a civil war ensues. And Julius Caesar is able to essentially win the civil war, declare himself a dictator. And then his adopted son, Augustus, right over here, is in 27 BCE declared emperor."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So Gaul is modern day France and some other surrounding regions. And he is so powerful that when he comes back to Rome, a civil war ensues. And Julius Caesar is able to essentially win the civil war, declare himself a dictator. And then his adopted son, Augustus, right over here, is in 27 BCE declared emperor. And that's the beginning of the Roman Empire. And we keep going, and I think I've already mentioned it once in this video, but eventually we get a split in the fourth century CE, where we have eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire. The western side centered at Rome, the eastern side centered at what was originally Byzantium, renamed Constantinople, and today Istanbul."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now we're gonna talk about one of the most significant figures in Western history, and that's Gaius Julius Caesar. Now, what we'll see is his life really marks the transition from official Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. And I say official Roman Republic because it's important to keep in mind, even at the time of Julius Caesar's birth, at the beginning of the first century BCE, the Roman Republic already looked something like an empire. You might remember that during the Punic Wars, they were able to take over Carthage's possessions in Africa and in Spain. At the end of the third Punic War, they were also, and this wasn't part of the Punic War, but they were separately in 146 BCE, were also able to take over Greece. So any state that has conquered these people that have different languages, cultures, and they don't have the same rights as the citizens of that state, well, this is, by most definitions, what would constitute an empire. But during Julius Caesar's birth and during his life, Rome was still officially a republic, and that's referring more to its form of government."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might remember that during the Punic Wars, they were able to take over Carthage's possessions in Africa and in Spain. At the end of the third Punic War, they were also, and this wasn't part of the Punic War, but they were separately in 146 BCE, were also able to take over Greece. So any state that has conquered these people that have different languages, cultures, and they don't have the same rights as the citizens of that state, well, this is, by most definitions, what would constitute an empire. But during Julius Caesar's birth and during his life, Rome was still officially a republic, and that's referring more to its form of government. You had a very powerful Senate, you had these consuls who were elected for these one-year terms, and there were all of these checks and balances. As we'll see, his life, especially the end of his life, marks the transition to an empire in which there is a Roman emperor who holds most of the power. But let's go into the story, and there's going to be a significant cast of characters here that I'm going to go into."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But during Julius Caesar's birth and during his life, Rome was still officially a republic, and that's referring more to its form of government. You had a very powerful Senate, you had these consuls who were elected for these one-year terms, and there were all of these checks and balances. As we'll see, his life, especially the end of his life, marks the transition to an empire in which there is a Roman emperor who holds most of the power. But let's go into the story, and there's going to be a significant cast of characters here that I'm going to go into. So by 60 BCE, Julius Caesar is roughly 40 years old, and he's already a significant figure in the republic. He is born to a patrician family, he rises up through the ranks, he's a charismatic figure. And in 60, he forms a triumvirate with two other powerful figures in Rome."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But let's go into the story, and there's going to be a significant cast of characters here that I'm going to go into. So by 60 BCE, Julius Caesar is roughly 40 years old, and he's already a significant figure in the republic. He is born to a patrician family, he rises up through the ranks, he's a charismatic figure. And in 60, he forms a triumvirate with two other powerful figures in Rome. So you have, this is Julius Caesar, of course, and he forms this triumvirate, which later gets known as the First Triumvirate, with Crassus, who is the richest man in Rome at the time and is believed to be one of the richest men in Roman history. And you can see, Crassus is a good bit older than Julius Caesar. He's born more than a decade before Julius Caesar."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in 60, he forms a triumvirate with two other powerful figures in Rome. So you have, this is Julius Caesar, of course, and he forms this triumvirate, which later gets known as the First Triumvirate, with Crassus, who is the richest man in Rome at the time and is believed to be one of the richest men in Roman history. And you can see, Crassus is a good bit older than Julius Caesar. He's born more than a decade before Julius Caesar. And he also forms this alliance with Pompey, who is also a little bit older than Julius Caesar, and is a significant military figure, a general in the Roman Republic. And this First Triumvirate, even though it wasn't an official, it's not an official government group, it allowed them to really hold the power of the Roman Republic and to really move and hold the power within the Senate. This First Triumvirate, and even though Julius Caesar was a patrician, he was part of the nobility, they had populist tendencies."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's born more than a decade before Julius Caesar. And he also forms this alliance with Pompey, who is also a little bit older than Julius Caesar, and is a significant military figure, a general in the Roman Republic. And this First Triumvirate, even though it wasn't an official, it's not an official government group, it allowed them to really hold the power of the Roman Republic and to really move and hold the power within the Senate. This First Triumvirate, and even though Julius Caesar was a patrician, he was part of the nobility, they had populist tendencies. They wanted to do things for the people. You could view them as, in certain ways, progressive. They wanted to do land redistribution versus the conservatives who wanted to hold the power in the aristocracy."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This First Triumvirate, and even though Julius Caesar was a patrician, he was part of the nobility, they had populist tendencies. They wanted to do things for the people. You could view them as, in certain ways, progressive. They wanted to do land redistribution versus the conservatives who wanted to hold the power in the aristocracy. And so this First Triumvirate is able to use their influence to put Julius Caesar in as consul for the year 59 BCE. And as I just mentioned at the beginning of this video, there are two consuls. The other one was a figure named Bibulus."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They wanted to do land redistribution versus the conservatives who wanted to hold the power in the aristocracy. And so this First Triumvirate is able to use their influence to put Julius Caesar in as consul for the year 59 BCE. And as I just mentioned at the beginning of this video, there are two consuls. The other one was a figure named Bibulus. But Julius Caesar is able to dominate the position. And he's a very powerful consul, and he tries to put all of these populist reforms into place. So this is already starting to cause a lot of tension in the Senate between the populists and the conservatives."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The other one was a figure named Bibulus. But Julius Caesar is able to dominate the position. And he's a very powerful consul, and he tries to put all of these populist reforms into place. So this is already starting to cause a lot of tension in the Senate between the populists and the conservatives. Now, after he's done his one-year term, he becomes pro-consul, which you can view as a military governor. And he's given regions that border Gaul. So he's given what would be considered southern France right over here, or border with the Gallic tribes, I guess you could say, near the Italian Alps."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is already starting to cause a lot of tension in the Senate between the populists and the conservatives. Now, after he's done his one-year term, he becomes pro-consul, which you can view as a military governor. And he's given regions that border Gaul. So he's given what would be considered southern France right over here, or border with the Gallic tribes, I guess you could say, near the Italian Alps. These are two of the regions, two of the three regions, that he's given to govern. And he uses his position as military governor, as pro-consul, pro-consul, to expand the territories into Gaul, to take on these Gallic tribes. Now, the Gauls, or these Gallic tribes, they're super fragmented."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he's given what would be considered southern France right over here, or border with the Gallic tribes, I guess you could say, near the Italian Alps. These are two of the regions, two of the three regions, that he's given to govern. And he uses his position as military governor, as pro-consul, pro-consul, to expand the territories into Gaul, to take on these Gallic tribes. Now, the Gauls, or these Gallic tribes, they're super fragmented. There was many, many of them. Plutarch says on the order of 300 of these Gallic tribes. They were militarily fairly sophisticated."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the Gauls, or these Gallic tribes, they're super fragmented. There was many, many of them. Plutarch says on the order of 300 of these Gallic tribes. They were militarily fairly sophisticated. They were, many historians say, comparable to the Romans, but it was their fragmentation that allowed Julius Caesar to go after them. So over the course of his governorship, of his position as pro-consul, you also have the Gallic Wars, or the Gallic Wars, and that's what I have depicted here in red, from 58 BCE to 52 BCE, and they end here in Alesia, where Julius Caesar's legions are able to win decisively. And that is the end, and he's able to take all of this territory for Rome."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were militarily fairly sophisticated. They were, many historians say, comparable to the Romans, but it was their fragmentation that allowed Julius Caesar to go after them. So over the course of his governorship, of his position as pro-consul, you also have the Gallic Wars, or the Gallic Wars, and that's what I have depicted here in red, from 58 BCE to 52 BCE, and they end here in Alesia, where Julius Caesar's legions are able to win decisively. And that is the end, and he's able to take all of this territory for Rome. Now, while that was happening, in 53 BCE, so in 53 BCE, which is right over here, in 53, this is 53, 52, yeah, this is 53 BCE, Crassus, who you might remember, was part of this first triumvirate. He's off here, he's off over here in the east, fighting the Parthians. You might remember the Parthians."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that is the end, and he's able to take all of this territory for Rome. Now, while that was happening, in 53 BCE, so in 53 BCE, which is right over here, in 53, this is 53, 52, yeah, this is 53 BCE, Crassus, who you might remember, was part of this first triumvirate. He's off here, he's off over here in the east, fighting the Parthians. You might remember the Parthians. This is now the Parthian Persian Empire. They're the successors of the Seleucids, or the successor of Alexander the Great, who was the successor in Persia of the Achaemenid Empire. And while fighting the Parthians, he is killed."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might remember the Parthians. This is now the Parthian Persian Empire. They're the successors of the Seleucids, or the successor of Alexander the Great, who was the successor in Persia of the Achaemenid Empire. And while fighting the Parthians, he is killed. Crassus is killed while fighting the Parthians, which breaks up this first triumvirate, and then Pompey switches sides. He switches sides over to the conservative side. So now, instead of being one of Julius Caesar's allies, he becomes one of his opponents."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And while fighting the Parthians, he is killed. Crassus is killed while fighting the Parthians, which breaks up this first triumvirate, and then Pompey switches sides. He switches sides over to the conservative side. So now, instead of being one of Julius Caesar's allies, he becomes one of his opponents. And so Julius Caesar, he's victorious. He's able to conquer these powerful Gallic tribes. Plutarch, according to him, Julius Caesar's legions fought over, or on the order of three million Gauls."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So now, instead of being one of Julius Caesar's allies, he becomes one of his opponents. And so Julius Caesar, he's victorious. He's able to conquer these powerful Gallic tribes. Plutarch, according to him, Julius Caesar's legions fought over, or on the order of three million Gauls. I don't know if those numbers are exaggerations. They sound like they might be a little bit of one, of which one million were killed, and one million were enslaved. 800 cities were destroyed."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Plutarch, according to him, Julius Caesar's legions fought over, or on the order of three million Gauls. I don't know if those numbers are exaggerations. They sound like they might be a little bit of one, of which one million were killed, and one million were enslaved. 800 cities were destroyed. 300 tribes were overrun. And those might be exaggerations. They probably were."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "800 cities were destroyed. 300 tribes were overrun. And those might be exaggerations. They probably were. But it tells you the scope of what Julius Caesar did when he took over, when he took over Gaul. So he's already this very charismatic figure. He was consul."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They probably were. But it tells you the scope of what Julius Caesar did when he took over, when he took over Gaul. So he's already this very charismatic figure. He was consul. But he's not, he's a controversial figure in the Senate. He has these more populist tendencies, while there's a lot of these conservatives in the Senate. The first triumvirate breaks."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He was consul. But he's not, he's a controversial figure in the Senate. He has these more populist tendencies, while there's a lot of these conservatives in the Senate. The first triumvirate breaks. Pompey switched sides. He's able to take over Gaul. And so you can imagine, as he is now victorious, the senators are worried."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The first triumvirate breaks. Pompey switched sides. He's able to take over Gaul. And so you can imagine, as he is now victorious, the senators are worried. They're like, you know, this guy, if he comes back to Rome, he might have too much power. And he might have too much power to do the things that we, especially the conservatives, don't want him to do, you know, this land redistribution and all of the things like that. And so they tell him, in 50 BCE, so this is 50 BCE, let me circle that, in 50 BCE, they tell him to leave his pro-consul position, disband his army, and return to Rome."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you can imagine, as he is now victorious, the senators are worried. They're like, you know, this guy, if he comes back to Rome, he might have too much power. And he might have too much power to do the things that we, especially the conservatives, don't want him to do, you know, this land redistribution and all of the things like that. And so they tell him, in 50 BCE, so this is 50 BCE, let me circle that, in 50 BCE, they tell him to leave his pro-consul position, disband his army, and return to Rome. Now, Julius Caesar's thinking to himself, wait, you know, I just did all of this. I might be, you know, these people are afraid of me. If I go without my title, without my army, who knows what they're gonna do to me when I go back to Rome."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so they tell him, in 50 BCE, so this is 50 BCE, let me circle that, in 50 BCE, they tell him to leave his pro-consul position, disband his army, and return to Rome. Now, Julius Caesar's thinking to himself, wait, you know, I just did all of this. I might be, you know, these people are afraid of me. If I go without my title, without my army, who knows what they're gonna do to me when I go back to Rome. So he says, well, I'm faced with a, I either go back without my armies, or I go with my armies. And so he decides to do the latter. He takes his armies, and he crosses the Rubicon River."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If I go without my title, without my army, who knows what they're gonna do to me when I go back to Rome. So he says, well, I'm faced with a, I either go back without my armies, or I go with my armies. And so he decides to do the latter. He takes his armies, and he crosses the Rubicon River. Now, crossing the Rubicon, I'm gonna write this down. Crossing the Rubicon is now a phrase that we have in our culture that means, you know, you've gone past the point of no return. There's a famous quote ascribed to Julius Caesar once he crossed the Rubicon, as the die has been cast."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He takes his armies, and he crosses the Rubicon River. Now, crossing the Rubicon, I'm gonna write this down. Crossing the Rubicon is now a phrase that we have in our culture that means, you know, you've gone past the point of no return. There's a famous quote ascribed to Julius Caesar once he crossed the Rubicon, as the die has been cast. It's the point of no return. And this was a really big deal, because it was illegal for a governor general, a pro consul, to take their legions outside of territories they governed. And this wasn't just any region."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a famous quote ascribed to Julius Caesar once he crossed the Rubicon, as the die has been cast. It's the point of no return. And this was a really big deal, because it was illegal for a governor general, a pro consul, to take their legions outside of territories they governed. And this wasn't just any region. He was taking it into the Italian peninsula. He was taking it to Rome. So this was very, very, very illegal."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this wasn't just any region. He was taking it into the Italian peninsula. He was taking it to Rome. So this was very, very, very illegal. So the senators weren't happy about this. So they said, hey, Pompey, you have to go, you have to go face your former ally, Julius Caesar. Now, Pompey doesn't know that Julius Caesar only has one legion."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this was very, very, very illegal. So the senators weren't happy about this. So they said, hey, Pompey, you have to go, you have to go face your former ally, Julius Caesar. Now, Pompey doesn't know that Julius Caesar only has one legion. The legion is about 4,000 or 5,000 soldiers. He's thinking, surely if Julius Caesar is crossing the Rubicon, he must have a trick up his sleeve. He's already had this, you know, conquering Gaul."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Pompey doesn't know that Julius Caesar only has one legion. The legion is about 4,000 or 5,000 soldiers. He's thinking, surely if Julius Caesar is crossing the Rubicon, he must have a trick up his sleeve. He's already had this, you know, conquering Gaul. He's established himself as this significant military figure. And so Pompey says, you know, senators, I'm not gonna keep him from going to Rome just yet. I'm gonna go over to the east, into Greece, where we can build up our armies and make sure we are prepared to retake Rome."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's already had this, you know, conquering Gaul. He's established himself as this significant military figure. And so Pompey says, you know, senators, I'm not gonna keep him from going to Rome just yet. I'm gonna go over to the east, into Greece, where we can build up our armies and make sure we are prepared to retake Rome. And so the senators aren't too happy about this, but a good number of them says, okay, well, if you're gonna leave, then we're gonna go with you. And so Julius Caesar is actually able to, in 49 BCE, take Rome. But this isn't the end, and we will continue it in the next video, because as I just said, the power of Rome has now moved over to Greece."}, {"video_title": "Rise of Julius Caesar World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm gonna go over to the east, into Greece, where we can build up our armies and make sure we are prepared to retake Rome. And so the senators aren't too happy about this, but a good number of them says, okay, well, if you're gonna leave, then we're gonna go with you. And so Julius Caesar is actually able to, in 49 BCE, take Rome. But this isn't the end, and we will continue it in the next video, because as I just said, the power of Rome has now moved over to Greece. A good number of the powerful senators, you have Pompey and his armies are in Greece. Pompey controls significant fractions of the navy. And so a civil war has now broken out in the Roman Republic."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "People still practice Zoroastrianism. In terms of when it started, there's some debate. A lot of accounts have it starting as early or even earlier than 3,500 years ago, so around 1500 BCE, and some accounts put it a little bit closer to Cyrus the Great, maybe 700 or 600 BCE, and the accounts or the beginning of the religion is really around the teachings of Zarathustra, and his teachings really established one of the first, often viewed as monotheistic religions of the world, this idea that there is one god, and that god in the Zoroastrian faith is Ahura Mazda, Ahura Mazda, and it's viewed that Ahura Mazda does not take a human form, and you cannot even conceive, fully conceive, the human mind can't fully conceive of Ahura Mazda, but Ahura Mazda is, in the Zoroastrian faith, the one and only god, but in conjunction with the idea of Ahura Mazda, a lot of people refer to Zoroastrianism as a dualistic faith. Dualistic faith means that there's this kind of interest in counterbalancing forces, for example, light versus dark, and of course, good versus evil, and one of the main ideas or words here are the ideas of asha and druj. So asha, these are the ideas of being principled, honest, ordered, and druj is the opposite. Druj is the idea of being unprincipled, dishonest, chaotic, and so there's a lot of talk and kind of insight or trying to get a better understanding of these dualistic natures in the world, and trying for humanity to be on the site of the good, the light, the ordered, the principled, the honest. Now, right over here is a key symbol of Zoroastrianism that you might see."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Dualistic faith means that there's this kind of interest in counterbalancing forces, for example, light versus dark, and of course, good versus evil, and one of the main ideas or words here are the ideas of asha and druj. So asha, these are the ideas of being principled, honest, ordered, and druj is the opposite. Druj is the idea of being unprincipled, dishonest, chaotic, and so there's a lot of talk and kind of insight or trying to get a better understanding of these dualistic natures in the world, and trying for humanity to be on the site of the good, the light, the ordered, the principled, the honest. Now, right over here is a key symbol of Zoroastrianism that you might see. It's called the farvahar. I'm probably mispronouncing it. Farvahar."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, right over here is a key symbol of Zoroastrianism that you might see. It's called the farvahar. I'm probably mispronouncing it. Farvahar. Farvahar. And there's a lot of symbolism here. It shows the connection of the universe to humanity."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Farvahar. Farvahar. And there's a lot of symbolism here. It shows the connection of the universe to humanity. You see the depiction of a human being here, and the three layers of the wings depict these three very important ideas in Zoroastrianism. The first layer is good thoughts. The second layer right over here of the wings are good words, and then the third layer here is good actions."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It shows the connection of the universe to humanity. You see the depiction of a human being here, and the three layers of the wings depict these three very important ideas in Zoroastrianism. The first layer is good thoughts. The second layer right over here of the wings are good words, and then the third layer here is good actions. Good actions. And it makes sense. You kind of imagine this idea that good thoughts lead to good words, and that combined they can lead to good actions."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The second layer right over here of the wings are good words, and then the third layer here is good actions. Good actions. And it makes sense. You kind of imagine this idea that good thoughts lead to good words, and that combined they can lead to good actions. And on the tail here, and these are the things you should avoid, these are the bad thoughts, the bad actions, or the bad thoughts, the bad words, and the bad actions. Along lines this idea of dualism, especially the fascination with the ideas of light, fire is a very important element of the Zoroastrian faith. In fact, if you visit a Zoroastrian temple, you will see an eternal fire, and they feed that fire five times a day."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You kind of imagine this idea that good thoughts lead to good words, and that combined they can lead to good actions. And on the tail here, and these are the things you should avoid, these are the bad thoughts, the bad actions, or the bad thoughts, the bad words, and the bad actions. Along lines this idea of dualism, especially the fascination with the ideas of light, fire is a very important element of the Zoroastrian faith. In fact, if you visit a Zoroastrian temple, you will see an eternal fire, and they feed that fire five times a day. Another very important element of the faith is water. And the sacred text for the Zoroastrians is called the Avesta. And the Avesta is written in a language called Avestan, and it's called Avestan because it's the language that the Avesta was written in, but it's written in a language that is closely related to ancient Sanskrit."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, if you visit a Zoroastrian temple, you will see an eternal fire, and they feed that fire five times a day. Another very important element of the faith is water. And the sacred text for the Zoroastrians is called the Avesta. And the Avesta is written in a language called Avestan, and it's called Avestan because it's the language that the Avesta was written in, but it's written in a language that is closely related to ancient Sanskrit. And so there's probably some connections, or for sure there's some connections, between ancient Hinduism and the progenitor, or some of the preexisting ideas that Zarathustra developed or might have built on top of. Now, one of the really interesting things about Zoroastrianism is that even though today it's a relatively small faith, on the order of less than 200,000 people around the world practice it, and most of them are in India and the United States, at one time it was, you could view it as the state religion of ancient Persia. But then eventually in the 7th century CE, when Persia, Iran, became Islamic, you have a Zoroastrian diaspora, especially moving to India and then eventually places like the United States, although there are still practicing Zoroastrians in Iran."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Avesta is written in a language called Avestan, and it's called Avestan because it's the language that the Avesta was written in, but it's written in a language that is closely related to ancient Sanskrit. And so there's probably some connections, or for sure there's some connections, between ancient Hinduism and the progenitor, or some of the preexisting ideas that Zarathustra developed or might have built on top of. Now, one of the really interesting things about Zoroastrianism is that even though today it's a relatively small faith, on the order of less than 200,000 people around the world practice it, and most of them are in India and the United States, at one time it was, you could view it as the state religion of ancient Persia. But then eventually in the 7th century CE, when Persia, Iran, became Islamic, you have a Zoroastrian diaspora, especially moving to India and then eventually places like the United States, although there are still practicing Zoroastrians in Iran. But above and beyond the continuing legacy of the Zoroastrians, they've had a lot of influence on some of the major religions of the world. And what you have on this timeline here, I've made some of the major religions. You see up here in blue you have Judaism, and the reason why I draw the dotted line is these are periods, and it's not exact, these religions are evolving, and they're forming, and they're getting more and more of a tradition over time."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then eventually in the 7th century CE, when Persia, Iran, became Islamic, you have a Zoroastrian diaspora, especially moving to India and then eventually places like the United States, although there are still practicing Zoroastrians in Iran. But above and beyond the continuing legacy of the Zoroastrians, they've had a lot of influence on some of the major religions of the world. And what you have on this timeline here, I've made some of the major religions. You see up here in blue you have Judaism, and the reason why I draw the dotted line is these are periods, and it's not exact, these religions are evolving, and they're forming, and they're getting more and more of a tradition over time. So you hear Judaism, and of course Christianity is in a lot of ways built on top of Judaism. Jesus was Jewish. You have Islam right over here, which of the major world religions is one of the newest, in a lot of ways built or related to Christianity and Judaism."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You see up here in blue you have Judaism, and the reason why I draw the dotted line is these are periods, and it's not exact, these religions are evolving, and they're forming, and they're getting more and more of a tradition over time. So you hear Judaism, and of course Christianity is in a lot of ways built on top of Judaism. Jesus was Jewish. You have Islam right over here, which of the major world religions is one of the newest, in a lot of ways built or related to Christianity and Judaism. And even though the Zoroastrianism is related, and it kind of comes out of a similar kind of early Aryan people type of religion, it has a lot of influence on some of these other traditional or these mainstream religions that we have in the world today. As we mentioned, it's viewed as a monotheistic religion, and it's also had direct influence on, for example, Christianity. So right over here, this is from John Bowker, who's a famous Christian theologian."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have Islam right over here, which of the major world religions is one of the newest, in a lot of ways built or related to Christianity and Judaism. And even though the Zoroastrianism is related, and it kind of comes out of a similar kind of early Aryan people type of religion, it has a lot of influence on some of these other traditional or these mainstream religions that we have in the world today. As we mentioned, it's viewed as a monotheistic religion, and it's also had direct influence on, for example, Christianity. So right over here, this is from John Bowker, who's a famous Christian theologian. He wrote in his book World Religions that angels, the end of the world, a final judgment, the resurrection, and heaven and hell received form and substance from Zoroastrian beliefs. In Christian tradition, the three wise men, the three kings, the three magi that visit the baby Jesus. Magi, this is referring to Zoroastrian priests who are visiting the baby Jesus."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So right over here, this is from John Bowker, who's a famous Christian theologian. He wrote in his book World Religions that angels, the end of the world, a final judgment, the resurrection, and heaven and hell received form and substance from Zoroastrian beliefs. In Christian tradition, the three wise men, the three kings, the three magi that visit the baby Jesus. Magi, this is referring to Zoroastrian priests who are visiting the baby Jesus. And the word magic comes from the word magi because the Zoroastrian elite, the priests, they were very capable in the sciences of astronomy, and they were also very well known for their astrology. And so some people associated them with magical capabilities. Also has close ties to Islam."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Magi, this is referring to Zoroastrian priests who are visiting the baby Jesus. And the word magic comes from the word magi because the Zoroastrian elite, the priests, they were very capable in the sciences of astronomy, and they were also very well known for their astrology. And so some people associated them with magical capabilities. Also has close ties to Islam. The sacred fire in Zoroastrianism is fed five times a day. Zoroastrians pray five times a day. And before prayer, they go through a ritual around washing themselves to cleanse themselves, where they wash themselves three times before each prayer."}, {"video_title": "Zoroastrianism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Also has close ties to Islam. The sacred fire in Zoroastrianism is fed five times a day. Zoroastrians pray five times a day. And before prayer, they go through a ritual around washing themselves to cleanse themselves, where they wash themselves three times before each prayer. That is something that we see in Islam. So Zoroastrianism, it's the faith of ancient Persia popularized by Cyrus the Great. And it's a living religion even today, although it's a much smaller population that practices it."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's begin today with a question. Why am I alive? Also, why don't I have any eyes? Ah, that's better. The way we answer that question ends up organizing all kinds of other thoughts, like what we should value, and how we should behave, and if we should eat meat, and whether we should dump that boy who is very nice, but insanely clingy in a way that he cannot possibly think is attractive, all of which adds up- Mr. Green, Mr. Green, are you talking about me? Yes, I am talking about you, me from the past. I am telling you that one of the reasons we study history is so that you can be a less terrible boyfriend, but more on that momentarily."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Ah, that's better. The way we answer that question ends up organizing all kinds of other thoughts, like what we should value, and how we should behave, and if we should eat meat, and whether we should dump that boy who is very nice, but insanely clingy in a way that he cannot possibly think is attractive, all of which adds up- Mr. Green, Mr. Green, are you talking about me? Yes, I am talking about you, me from the past. I am telling you that one of the reasons we study history is so that you can be a less terrible boyfriend, but more on that momentarily. Today we're going to talk about civilizations, but in order to do that, we have to talk about talking about civilizations, because it's a problematic word. So problematic, in fact, that I have to turn to camera 2 to discuss it. Certain conglomerations of humans are seen as civilizations, whereas, say, nomadic cultures generally aren't, unless you are, say it with me, the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "I am telling you that one of the reasons we study history is so that you can be a less terrible boyfriend, but more on that momentarily. Today we're going to talk about civilizations, but in order to do that, we have to talk about talking about civilizations, because it's a problematic word. So problematic, in fact, that I have to turn to camera 2 to discuss it. Certain conglomerations of humans are seen as civilizations, whereas, say, nomadic cultures generally aren't, unless you are, say it with me, the Mongols. By calling some groups civilizations, you imply that all other social orders are uncivilized, which is basically just another way of saying that they're savages or barbarians. Side note, originally Greek, the word barbarian denoted anyone who did not speak ancient Greek, because to the Greeks, all other languages sounded like bar-bar-bar-bar-bar-bar-bar. So that is to say that we are all essentially barbarians, except for the classics majors, which is worth remembering when we're discussing civilizations."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Certain conglomerations of humans are seen as civilizations, whereas, say, nomadic cultures generally aren't, unless you are, say it with me, the Mongols. By calling some groups civilizations, you imply that all other social orders are uncivilized, which is basically just another way of saying that they're savages or barbarians. Side note, originally Greek, the word barbarian denoted anyone who did not speak ancient Greek, because to the Greeks, all other languages sounded like bar-bar-bar-bar-bar-bar-bar. So that is to say that we are all essentially barbarians, except for the classics majors, which is worth remembering when we're discussing civilizations. Civilizations are like most of the things we like to study. They're intellectual constructs. No one woke up in the city of Thebes in Egypt one morning and said, what a beautiful morning, I sure am living at the height of Egyptian civilization."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "So that is to say that we are all essentially barbarians, except for the classics majors, which is worth remembering when we're discussing civilizations. Civilizations are like most of the things we like to study. They're intellectual constructs. No one woke up in the city of Thebes in Egypt one morning and said, what a beautiful morning, I sure am living at the height of Egyptian civilization. Still, they're useful constructs, particularly when you're comparing one civilization to another. They're less useful when you're comparing a civilization to a non-civilization type social order, which is why we will try to avoid that. And yes, I am getting to the good boyfriend stuff."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "No one woke up in the city of Thebes in Egypt one morning and said, what a beautiful morning, I sure am living at the height of Egyptian civilization. Still, they're useful constructs, particularly when you're comparing one civilization to another. They're less useful when you're comparing a civilization to a non-civilization type social order, which is why we will try to avoid that. And yes, I am getting to the good boyfriend stuff. Patience, grasshopper. So what is a civilization? Well, diagnosing a civilization is a little like diagnosing an illness."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "And yes, I am getting to the good boyfriend stuff. Patience, grasshopper. So what is a civilization? Well, diagnosing a civilization is a little like diagnosing an illness. If you have four or more of the following symptoms, you might be a civilization. Surplus production. Once one person can make enough food to feed several people, it becomes possible to build a city, another symptom of civilization."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, diagnosing a civilization is a little like diagnosing an illness. If you have four or more of the following symptoms, you might be a civilization. Surplus production. Once one person can make enough food to feed several people, it becomes possible to build a city, another symptom of civilization. It also leads to the specialization of labor, which in turn leads to trade. Like, if everybody picks berries for a living, there is no reason to trade, because I have berries and you have berries. But if I pick berries for a living and you make hammers, suddenly we have cause to trade."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Once one person can make enough food to feed several people, it becomes possible to build a city, another symptom of civilization. It also leads to the specialization of labor, which in turn leads to trade. Like, if everybody picks berries for a living, there is no reason to trade, because I have berries and you have berries. But if I pick berries for a living and you make hammers, suddenly we have cause to trade. Civilizations are also usually associated with social stratification, centralized government, shared values, generally in the form of religion and writing. And at least in the early days, they were almost always associated with rivers. These days you can just bisect a segment of land horizontally and vertically and boom, build a city."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "But if I pick berries for a living and you make hammers, suddenly we have cause to trade. Civilizations are also usually associated with social stratification, centralized government, shared values, generally in the form of religion and writing. And at least in the early days, they were almost always associated with rivers. These days you can just bisect a segment of land horizontally and vertically and boom, build a city. But 5,000 years ago, civilizations were almost always associated with rivers, whether that's the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Yellow River, the Nile, the Amazon Basin, the Coatzacoalcos. Gah, I was doing so good until I got to Coatzacoalcos! Coatzacoalcos."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "These days you can just bisect a segment of land horizontally and vertically and boom, build a city. But 5,000 years ago, civilizations were almost always associated with rivers, whether that's the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Yellow River, the Nile, the Amazon Basin, the Coatzacoalcos. Gah, I was doing so good until I got to Coatzacoalcos! Coatzacoalcos. Coatzacoalcos. Maybe. Why river valleys?"}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Coatzacoalcos. Coatzacoalcos. Maybe. Why river valleys? They're flat, they're well-watered, and when they flood, they deposit nutrient-rich silt. We'll have more to say about most of these civilizations later, but let's talk about this guy, the Indus Valley Civilization, because it's my all-time favorite. The Indus Valley Civilization was located in the floodplain of the Indus and Suwarti Rivers, and it was about the best place in the world to have an ancient civilization, because the rivers flooded very reliably twice a year, which meant that it had the most available calories per acre of pretty much anywhere on the planet."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Why river valleys? They're flat, they're well-watered, and when they flood, they deposit nutrient-rich silt. We'll have more to say about most of these civilizations later, but let's talk about this guy, the Indus Valley Civilization, because it's my all-time favorite. The Indus Valley Civilization was located in the floodplain of the Indus and Suwarti Rivers, and it was about the best place in the world to have an ancient civilization, because the rivers flooded very reliably twice a year, which meant that it had the most available calories per acre of pretty much anywhere on the planet. We know the Indus Valley Civilization flourished a long time ago, probably around 3000 BCE. Why is that question literally hanging over my head? But people of the Indus Valley were trading with Mesopotamians as early as 3500 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "The Indus Valley Civilization was located in the floodplain of the Indus and Suwarti Rivers, and it was about the best place in the world to have an ancient civilization, because the rivers flooded very reliably twice a year, which meant that it had the most available calories per acre of pretty much anywhere on the planet. We know the Indus Valley Civilization flourished a long time ago, probably around 3000 BCE. Why is that question literally hanging over my head? But people of the Indus Valley were trading with Mesopotamians as early as 3500 BCE. We also know that it was the largest of the ancient civilizations. Archaeologists have discovered more than 1500 sites. So what do we know about this civilization?"}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "But people of the Indus Valley were trading with Mesopotamians as early as 3500 BCE. We also know that it was the largest of the ancient civilizations. Archaeologists have discovered more than 1500 sites. So what do we know about this civilization? Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Everything we know about the Indus Valley Civilization comes from archaeology, because while they did use written language, we don't know how to read it, and no Rosetta Stone has thus far appeared to help us learn it. I meant the other Rosetta Stone Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "So what do we know about this civilization? Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Everything we know about the Indus Valley Civilization comes from archaeology, because while they did use written language, we don't know how to read it, and no Rosetta Stone has thus far appeared to help us learn it. I meant the other Rosetta Stone Thought Bubble. Yeah, although come to think of it, either would be acceptable. So here's what we know. They had amazing cities."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "I meant the other Rosetta Stone Thought Bubble. Yeah, although come to think of it, either would be acceptable. So here's what we know. They had amazing cities. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are the best known, with dense, multi-story homes constructed out of uniformly sized bricks along perpendicular streets. I mean, this wasn't some ancient world version of Houston. More like Chicago."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "They had amazing cities. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are the best known, with dense, multi-story homes constructed out of uniformly sized bricks along perpendicular streets. I mean, this wasn't some ancient world version of Houston. More like Chicago. This means they must have had some form of government and zoning, but we don't know what gave this government its authority. Cities were oriented to catch the wind and provide a natural form of air conditioning. And they were clean."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "More like Chicago. This means they must have had some form of government and zoning, but we don't know what gave this government its authority. Cities were oriented to catch the wind and provide a natural form of air conditioning. And they were clean. Most homes were connected to a centralized drainage system that used gravity to carry waste and water out of the city in big sewer ditches that ran under the main avenues, a plumbing system that would have been the envy of many 18th century European cities. Also, in Mohenjo-Daro, the largest public building was not a temple or a palace, but a public bath, which historians call the Great Bath. We don't know what the Great Bath was used for, but since later Indian culture placed a huge emphasis on ritual purity, which is the basis for the caste system, some historians have speculated that the bath might have been like a giant baptismal pool."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "And they were clean. Most homes were connected to a centralized drainage system that used gravity to carry waste and water out of the city in big sewer ditches that ran under the main avenues, a plumbing system that would have been the envy of many 18th century European cities. Also, in Mohenjo-Daro, the largest public building was not a temple or a palace, but a public bath, which historians call the Great Bath. We don't know what the Great Bath was used for, but since later Indian culture placed a huge emphasis on ritual purity, which is the basis for the caste system, some historians have speculated that the bath might have been like a giant baptismal pool. Also, they traded. One of the coolest things that the Indus Valley civilization produced were seals, used as identification markers on goods and clay tablets. These seals contain the writing that we still can't decipher and a number of fantastic designs, many featuring animals and monsters."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "We don't know what the Great Bath was used for, but since later Indian culture placed a huge emphasis on ritual purity, which is the basis for the caste system, some historians have speculated that the bath might have been like a giant baptismal pool. Also, they traded. One of the coolest things that the Indus Valley civilization produced were seals, used as identification markers on goods and clay tablets. These seals contain the writing that we still can't decipher and a number of fantastic designs, many featuring animals and monsters. One of the most famous and frightening is of a man with what looks like water buffalo horns on his head, sitting cross-legged between a tiger and a bull. We don't know what's really going on here, but it's safe to say that this was a powerful dude because he seems to be able to control the tiger. How did these seals let us know that they traded?"}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "These seals contain the writing that we still can't decipher and a number of fantastic designs, many featuring animals and monsters. One of the most famous and frightening is of a man with what looks like water buffalo horns on his head, sitting cross-legged between a tiger and a bull. We don't know what's really going on here, but it's safe to say that this was a powerful dude because he seems to be able to control the tiger. How did these seals let us know that they traded? Well, because we found them in Mesopotamia, not the Indus Valley. Plus, archaeologists have found stuff like bronze in the Indus Valley that is not native to the region. So what did they trade?"}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "How did these seals let us know that they traded? Well, because we found them in Mesopotamia, not the Indus Valley. Plus, archaeologists have found stuff like bronze in the Indus Valley that is not native to the region. So what did they trade? Cotton cloth. Still such a fascinating export, incidentally, that it will be the subject of the 40th and final video in this very series. But here's the most amazing thing about the Indus Valley people."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "So what did they trade? Cotton cloth. Still such a fascinating export, incidentally, that it will be the subject of the 40th and final video in this very series. But here's the most amazing thing about the Indus Valley people. They were peaceful. Despite archaeologists finding 1,500 sites, they have found very little evidence of warfare and almost no weapons. Thanks, Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "But here's the most amazing thing about the Indus Valley people. They were peaceful. Despite archaeologists finding 1,500 sites, they have found very little evidence of warfare and almost no weapons. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Okay, before we talk about the fascinating demise of the Indus Valley civilization, it's time for the open letter. Magic! I wonder what the secret compartment has for me today."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. Okay, before we talk about the fascinating demise of the Indus Valley civilization, it's time for the open letter. Magic! I wonder what the secret compartment has for me today. Oh, fancy clothes! I guess the secret compartment didn't think I was dressed up enough for the occasion. An open letter to historians."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "I wonder what the secret compartment has for me today. Oh, fancy clothes! I guess the secret compartment didn't think I was dressed up enough for the occasion. An open letter to historians. Dear historians, The Great Bath? Really? The Great Bath?"}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to historians. Dear historians, The Great Bath? Really? The Great Bath? I'm trying to make history fascinating and you give me a term that evokes scented candles, bath salts, and Frederick Foucault hair products? I know sometimes the crushingly boring names of history aren't your fault. You didn't name the Federalist Papers or the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Adam Smith."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "The Great Bath? I'm trying to make history fascinating and you give me a term that evokes scented candles, bath salts, and Frederick Foucault hair products? I know sometimes the crushingly boring names of history aren't your fault. You didn't name the Federalist Papers or the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Adam Smith. But when you do get a chance to name something, you go with The Great Bath, not the epic bath of Mohenjo-Daro or the bath to end all baths or the pool that ruled or the moist mystery of Mohenjo-Daro or the wet wonder. The Great Bath? Really?"}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "You didn't name the Federalist Papers or the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Adam Smith. But when you do get a chance to name something, you go with The Great Bath, not the epic bath of Mohenjo-Daro or the bath to end all baths or the pool that ruled or the moist mystery of Mohenjo-Daro or the wet wonder. The Great Bath? Really? You can do better. Best wishes, John Green. So what happened to these people?"}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Really? You can do better. Best wishes, John Green. So what happened to these people? Well, here's what didn't happen to them. They didn't morph into the current residents of that area of the world, Hindu Indians or Muslim Pakistanis. Those people probably came from the Caucasus."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "So what happened to these people? Well, here's what didn't happen to them. They didn't morph into the current residents of that area of the world, Hindu Indians or Muslim Pakistanis. Those people probably came from the Caucasus. Instead, sometime around 1750 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization declined until it faded into obscurity. Why? Historians have three theories."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Those people probably came from the Caucasus. Instead, sometime around 1750 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization declined until it faded into obscurity. Why? Historians have three theories. One, conquest. Turns out to be a terrible military strategy not to have any weapons and it's possible people from the Indus Valley were completely overrun by people from the Caucasus. Two, environmental disaster."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Historians have three theories. One, conquest. Turns out to be a terrible military strategy not to have any weapons and it's possible people from the Indus Valley were completely overrun by people from the Caucasus. Two, environmental disaster. It's possible they brought about their own end by destroying their environment. Three, earthquake. The most interesting theory is that a massive earthquake changed the course of the rivers so much that a lot of the tributaries dried up."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Two, environmental disaster. It's possible they brought about their own end by destroying their environment. Three, earthquake. The most interesting theory is that a massive earthquake changed the course of the rivers so much that a lot of the tributaries dried up. Without adequate water supplies for irrigation, the cities couldn't sustain themselves, so people literally just picked up and left for greener pastures. Well, probably not pastures. It's unlikely they became nomads."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "The most interesting theory is that a massive earthquake changed the course of the rivers so much that a lot of the tributaries dried up. Without adequate water supplies for irrigation, the cities couldn't sustain themselves, so people literally just picked up and left for greener pastures. Well, probably not pastures. It's unlikely they became nomads. They probably just moved to a different plain and continued their agricultural ways. I am already boring you and I haven't even told you yet how to be a better boy and or girlfriend. I'm going to do that now."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "It's unlikely they became nomads. They probably just moved to a different plain and continued their agricultural ways. I am already boring you and I haven't even told you yet how to be a better boy and or girlfriend. I'm going to do that now. So we don't know why the Indus Valley civilization ended, but we also don't really know why it started. Why did these people build cities and dig swimming pools and make unnecessarily ornate seals? Were they motivated by hunger, fear, a desire for companionship, the need to be near their sacred spaces, or a general feeling that city life was just more awesome than foraging?"}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm going to do that now. So we don't know why the Indus Valley civilization ended, but we also don't really know why it started. Why did these people build cities and dig swimming pools and make unnecessarily ornate seals? Were they motivated by hunger, fear, a desire for companionship, the need to be near their sacred spaces, or a general feeling that city life was just more awesome than foraging? Thinking about what motivated them to structure their life as they did helps us to think about how we structure our own lives. In short, you're clingy because you're motivated by fear and a need for companionship. And she finds it annoying because it's enough work having to be responsible for herself without having to also be responsible for you."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Were they motivated by hunger, fear, a desire for companionship, the need to be near their sacred spaces, or a general feeling that city life was just more awesome than foraging? Thinking about what motivated them to structure their life as they did helps us to think about how we structure our own lives. In short, you're clingy because you're motivated by fear and a need for companionship. And she finds it annoying because it's enough work having to be responsible for herself without having to also be responsible for you. Also, you're not really helping her by clinging, and from the Indus Valley in the Bronze Age to school life today, human life is all about collaboration. Trading cloth for bronze, building cities together, and collaborating to make sure that human lives are tilted to catch the wind. Next week we will travel here to discuss the hot mess Opitamia, but in the meantime, if you have any questions, leave them in comments and our team of semi-trained semi-professionals will do their best to answer them."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "And she finds it annoying because it's enough work having to be responsible for herself without having to also be responsible for you. Also, you're not really helping her by clinging, and from the Indus Valley in the Bronze Age to school life today, human life is all about collaboration. Trading cloth for bronze, building cities together, and collaborating to make sure that human lives are tilted to catch the wind. Next week we will travel here to discuss the hot mess Opitamia, but in the meantime, if you have any questions, leave them in comments and our team of semi-trained semi-professionals will do their best to answer them. Also, you'll find some suggested resources in the video info below, he said pointing at his pants. Thanks for watching and we'll see you next week. Today's episode of Crash Course was produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Next week we will travel here to discuss the hot mess Opitamia, but in the meantime, if you have any questions, leave them in comments and our team of semi-trained semi-professionals will do their best to answer them. Also, you'll find some suggested resources in the video info below, he said pointing at his pants. Thanks for watching and we'll see you next week. Today's episode of Crash Course was produced and directed by Stan Muller. The show was written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble and our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Last week's Phrase of the Week was double cheeseburger."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Crash Course World History #2.m4a", "Sentence": "Today's episode of Crash Course was produced and directed by Stan Muller. The show was written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble and our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Last week's Phrase of the Week was double cheeseburger. If you want to take a guess at this week's Phrase of the Week, you can do so in comments, where you can also suggest new Phrases of the Week. And if you have any questions about today's show, leave them in comments, where our team of semi-professional quasi-historians will endeavor to answer them. Thanks for watching and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's just state at the outset that in 4 BCE, being the son of God, or at least being the son of a god, was not such an unusual thing. But a poor Jew being the son of God, that was news. INTRO Any understanding of Christianity has to start with Judaism, because Jesus was born a Jew and he grew up in the Jewish tradition. He was one of many teachers spreading his ideas in the Roman province of Judea at the time, and he was part of a messianic tradition that helps us understand why he was thought of not only as a teacher, but as something much, much more. Let's go straight to the Thought Bubble today. The people who would become the Jews were just one of many tribal peoples eking out an existence in that not-very-fertile crescent world of Mesopotamia after the agricultural revolution. The Hebrews initially worshipped many gods, making sacrifices to them in order to bring good weather and good fortune, but they eventually developed a religion centered around an idea that would become key to the other great Western religions."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "He was one of many teachers spreading his ideas in the Roman province of Judea at the time, and he was part of a messianic tradition that helps us understand why he was thought of not only as a teacher, but as something much, much more. Let's go straight to the Thought Bubble today. The people who would become the Jews were just one of many tribal peoples eking out an existence in that not-very-fertile crescent world of Mesopotamia after the agricultural revolution. The Hebrews initially worshipped many gods, making sacrifices to them in order to bring good weather and good fortune, but they eventually developed a religion centered around an idea that would become key to the other great Western religions. This was monotheism, the idea that there is only one true god, or at least that if there are other gods, they're total lame-oids. The Hebrews developed a second concept that is key to their religion as well, the idea of the covenant, a deal with God. The main man in this, the big mocker, was Abraham."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "The Hebrews initially worshipped many gods, making sacrifices to them in order to bring good weather and good fortune, but they eventually developed a religion centered around an idea that would become key to the other great Western religions. This was monotheism, the idea that there is only one true god, or at least that if there are other gods, they're total lame-oids. The Hebrews developed a second concept that is key to their religion as well, the idea of the covenant, a deal with God. The main man in this, the big mocker, was Abraham. Not to make this too much of a scripture lesson, but it's kind of hard to understand the Jews without understanding Abraham, or Abram, as he was known before he had his big conversation with God, recorded in Genesis 17. When Abram was ninety years and nine, the Lord appeared to Abram and said unto him, I am the Almighty God, walk before me and be thou perfect. And I'm gonna make a covenant with you and a bunch of cool things will happen, like you're gonna have kids and your descendants will number the stars and you can have all the land of Canaan forever, it's gonna be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "The main man in this, the big mocker, was Abraham. Not to make this too much of a scripture lesson, but it's kind of hard to understand the Jews without understanding Abraham, or Abram, as he was known before he had his big conversation with God, recorded in Genesis 17. When Abram was ninety years and nine, the Lord appeared to Abram and said unto him, I am the Almighty God, walk before me and be thou perfect. And I'm gonna make a covenant with you and a bunch of cool things will happen, like you're gonna have kids and your descendants will number the stars and you can have all the land of Canaan forever, it's gonna be awesome. I'm paraphrasing, by the way, Thought Bubble. So God promised that Abram would have kids with his wife, even though the dude was already like ninety-nine, but there was a catch. This is my covenant which ye shall keep between me and you and thy seed after thee, every man child among you shall be circumcised."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "And I'm gonna make a covenant with you and a bunch of cool things will happen, like you're gonna have kids and your descendants will number the stars and you can have all the land of Canaan forever, it's gonna be awesome. I'm paraphrasing, by the way, Thought Bubble. So God promised that Abram would have kids with his wife, even though the dude was already like ninety-nine, but there was a catch. This is my covenant which ye shall keep between me and you and thy seed after thee, every man child among you shall be circumcised. Keep it PG-13, Thought Bubble. Now that is asking a lot from a guy, especially a ninety-nine year old geezer like Abram living in a time before general anesthesia. But those were the terms of the deal, and in exchange, God had chosen Abraham and his descendants to be a great nation."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "This is my covenant which ye shall keep between me and you and thy seed after thee, every man child among you shall be circumcised. Keep it PG-13, Thought Bubble. Now that is asking a lot from a guy, especially a ninety-nine year old geezer like Abram living in a time before general anesthesia. But those were the terms of the deal, and in exchange, God had chosen Abraham and his descendants to be a great nation. From this, we get the expression that the Jews are the chosen people. Thanks for keeping it clean, Thought Bubble. So some important things about this God."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "But those were the terms of the deal, and in exchange, God had chosen Abraham and his descendants to be a great nation. From this, we get the expression that the Jews are the chosen people. Thanks for keeping it clean, Thought Bubble. So some important things about this God. One, singularity. He, and I'm using the masculine pronoun because that's what Hebrew prayers use, does not want you to put any gods before him. He is also transcendent, having always existed, and he is deeply personal."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "So some important things about this God. One, singularity. He, and I'm using the masculine pronoun because that's what Hebrew prayers use, does not want you to put any gods before him. He is also transcendent, having always existed, and he is deeply personal. He chats with prophets, sends locusts, etc. But he doesn't take corporeal form like Greek and Roman gods do. He is also involved in history, like he will destroy cities and bring floods and determine the outcome of wars and possibly football games."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "He is also transcendent, having always existed, and he is deeply personal. He chats with prophets, sends locusts, etc. But he doesn't take corporeal form like Greek and Roman gods do. He is also involved in history, like he will destroy cities and bring floods and determine the outcome of wars and possibly football games. Stan, no, football games! Probably most important to us today, and certainly most important to Jesus, this God demands moral righteousness and social justice. So this is the God of the Hebrews, Yahweh, and despite many ups and downs, the Jewish people have stuck with him for, according to the Hebrew calendar, at least over 5,700 years."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "He is also involved in history, like he will destroy cities and bring floods and determine the outcome of wars and possibly football games. Stan, no, football games! Probably most important to us today, and certainly most important to Jesus, this God demands moral righteousness and social justice. So this is the God of the Hebrews, Yahweh, and despite many ups and downs, the Jewish people have stuck with him for, according to the Hebrew calendar, at least over 5,700 years. And he has stuck by them too, despite the Jews being on occasion something of a disappointment to him, which leads to various miseries, and also to a tradition of prophets who speak for God and warn the people to get back on the right path lest there be more miseries. Which brings us back to our friends, the Romans. By the time Jesus was born, the land of the Israelites had been absorbed into the Roman Empire as the province of Judea."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is the God of the Hebrews, Yahweh, and despite many ups and downs, the Jewish people have stuck with him for, according to the Hebrew calendar, at least over 5,700 years. And he has stuck by them too, despite the Jews being on occasion something of a disappointment to him, which leads to various miseries, and also to a tradition of prophets who speak for God and warn the people to get back on the right path lest there be more miseries. Which brings us back to our friends, the Romans. By the time Jesus was born, the land of the Israelites had been absorbed into the Roman Empire as the province of Judea. At the time of Jesus' birth, Judea was under the control of Herod the Great, best known for building the massive temple in Jerusalem that the Romans would later destroy. And by the time Jesus died, an expanded Judea was under the rule of Herod Antipater, also unhelpfully known as Herod. Both Herods ultimately took their orders from the Romans, and they both show up on the list of rulers who were oppressive to the Jews, partly because there's never that much religious freedom in an empire."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "By the time Jesus was born, the land of the Israelites had been absorbed into the Roman Empire as the province of Judea. At the time of Jesus' birth, Judea was under the control of Herod the Great, best known for building the massive temple in Jerusalem that the Romans would later destroy. And by the time Jesus died, an expanded Judea was under the rule of Herod Antipater, also unhelpfully known as Herod. Both Herods ultimately took their orders from the Romans, and they both show up on the list of rulers who were oppressive to the Jews, partly because there's never that much religious freedom in an empire. Unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. Or the Persians. Also they were Hellenizers, bringing in Greek theater and architecture and rationalism."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Both Herods ultimately took their orders from the Romans, and they both show up on the list of rulers who were oppressive to the Jews, partly because there's never that much religious freedom in an empire. Unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. Or the Persians. Also they were Hellenizers, bringing in Greek theater and architecture and rationalism. And in response to those Hellenistic influences, there were a lot of preachers trying to get the Jews to return to the traditions and the godly ways of the past, including the Sadducees and the Pharisees and the Essenes and the Zealots. And one of those preachers, who didn't fit comfortably into any of those four groups, was Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus was a preacher who spread his message of peace, love, and above all, justice, across Judea during his actually average-length life for his time."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Also they were Hellenizers, bringing in Greek theater and architecture and rationalism. And in response to those Hellenistic influences, there were a lot of preachers trying to get the Jews to return to the traditions and the godly ways of the past, including the Sadducees and the Pharisees and the Essenes and the Zealots. And one of those preachers, who didn't fit comfortably into any of those four groups, was Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus was a preacher who spread his message of peace, love, and above all, justice, across Judea during his actually average-length life for his time. He was remarkably charismatic, attracting a small but incredibly loyal group of followers, and he was said to perform miracles, although it's worth noting that miracles weren't terribly uncommon at the time. Jesus' message was particularly resonant to the poor and downtrodden, and pretty radical in its anti-authoritarian stance. He said it was easier for a camel to get through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to get to heaven."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Jesus was a preacher who spread his message of peace, love, and above all, justice, across Judea during his actually average-length life for his time. He was remarkably charismatic, attracting a small but incredibly loyal group of followers, and he was said to perform miracles, although it's worth noting that miracles weren't terribly uncommon at the time. Jesus' message was particularly resonant to the poor and downtrodden, and pretty radical in its anti-authoritarian stance. He said it was easier for a camel to get through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to get to heaven. He said the meek were blessed, that the last would be first and the first would be last. All of which was kind of threatening to the powers that be, who accordingly had him arrested, tried, and then executed in the normal manner of killing rebels at that time, crucifixion. Also, just to put this question to bed, the Romans crucified Jesus because he was a threat to their authority."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "He said it was easier for a camel to get through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to get to heaven. He said the meek were blessed, that the last would be first and the first would be last. All of which was kind of threatening to the powers that be, who accordingly had him arrested, tried, and then executed in the normal manner of killing rebels at that time, crucifixion. Also, just to put this question to bed, the Romans crucified Jesus because he was a threat to their authority. Later traditions saying that the Jews killed Jesus, very unfortunate, also very untrue. We're not going to discuss Jesus' divinity because 1. this isn't a theology class and 2. flame wars on the internet make me so uncomfortable that I have to turn to camera 2. Hi there, camera 2."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, just to put this question to bed, the Romans crucified Jesus because he was a threat to their authority. Later traditions saying that the Jews killed Jesus, very unfortunate, also very untrue. We're not going to discuss Jesus' divinity because 1. this isn't a theology class and 2. flame wars on the internet make me so uncomfortable that I have to turn to camera 2. Hi there, camera 2. I'm here to remind you that 3. fighting over such things, like fighting over whether the proverbial cake is a lie, rarely accomplishes anything. Plus 4. what matters to us is the historical fact that people at the time believed that Jesus was the Messiah, the Anointed One, the Son of God. And they believed that he would return someday to redeem the world, which leads us to two questions about Christianity."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi there, camera 2. I'm here to remind you that 3. fighting over such things, like fighting over whether the proverbial cake is a lie, rarely accomplishes anything. Plus 4. what matters to us is the historical fact that people at the time believed that Jesus was the Messiah, the Anointed One, the Son of God. And they believed that he would return someday to redeem the world, which leads us to two questions about Christianity. First, why did this small group of people believe this? And second, why and how did that belief become so widespread? So why would people believe that Jesus was the Messiah?"}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "And they believed that he would return someday to redeem the world, which leads us to two questions about Christianity. First, why did this small group of people believe this? And second, why and how did that belief become so widespread? So why would people believe that Jesus was the Messiah? First, the Jews had a long tradition of believing that a savior would come to them in a time of trouble. And Judea under the rule of Herod and the Romans? Definitely a time of trouble."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "So why would people believe that Jesus was the Messiah? First, the Jews had a long tradition of believing that a savior would come to them in a time of trouble. And Judea under the rule of Herod and the Romans? Definitely a time of trouble. And many of the prophecies about this savior point to someone whose life looks a lot like Jesus'. For instance, Isaiah 53 says the person will be misunderstood and mistreated, just like Jesus was. He was despised and rejected by men, a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Definitely a time of trouble. And many of the prophecies about this savior point to someone whose life looks a lot like Jesus'. For instance, Isaiah 53 says the person will be misunderstood and mistreated, just like Jesus was. He was despised and rejected by men, a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. And as one from whom men hide their face, he was despised, and we didn't respect him. And a lot of the prophecies, like Daniel 7.14 for instance, explain that when the Messiah comes there will be this awesome new everlasting kingdom. And that had to sound pretty good to people who'd had their autonomy taken away from them."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "He was despised and rejected by men, a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. And as one from whom men hide their face, he was despised, and we didn't respect him. And a lot of the prophecies, like Daniel 7.14 for instance, explain that when the Messiah comes there will be this awesome new everlasting kingdom. And that had to sound pretty good to people who'd had their autonomy taken away from them. So some religious Jews saw Jesus in those prophecies and came to believe, either during his life or shortly thereafter, that he was the Messiah. Most of them thought the new everlasting kingdom was right around the corner, which is probably why no one bothered to write down much about the life of Jesus for several decades, by which time it was clear that we might have to wait a bit for this brilliant new everlasting kingdom. I should note, by the way, that the idea of a Messiah was not unique to the Jews at the time."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "And that had to sound pretty good to people who'd had their autonomy taken away from them. So some religious Jews saw Jesus in those prophecies and came to believe, either during his life or shortly thereafter, that he was the Messiah. Most of them thought the new everlasting kingdom was right around the corner, which is probably why no one bothered to write down much about the life of Jesus for several decades, by which time it was clear that we might have to wait a bit for this brilliant new everlasting kingdom. I should note, by the way, that the idea of a Messiah was not unique to the Jews at the time. Even the Romans got in on the action. For instance, the Roman poet Virgil wrote of a boy who, \"...shall free the earth from never-ceasing fear, he shall receive the life of gods, and see heroes with gods commingling.\" Sound familiar?"}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "I should note, by the way, that the idea of a Messiah was not unique to the Jews at the time. Even the Romans got in on the action. For instance, the Roman poet Virgil wrote of a boy who, \"...shall free the earth from never-ceasing fear, he shall receive the life of gods, and see heroes with gods commingling.\" Sound familiar? But Virgil was writing about Emperor Augustus in that poem, not Jesus, which points again to the similarities between the two. Both called sons of God, both sent to free the earth from never-ceasing fear, but one ruled the largest empire in the world, and the other believed that empire and the world needed to change dramatically. So why did the less wealthy and famous son of God become by far the more influential?"}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Sound familiar? But Virgil was writing about Emperor Augustus in that poem, not Jesus, which points again to the similarities between the two. Both called sons of God, both sent to free the earth from never-ceasing fear, but one ruled the largest empire in the world, and the other believed that empire and the world needed to change dramatically. So why did the less wealthy and famous son of God become by far the more influential? Well here are three possible historical reasons. Reason one, the Romans continued to make things bad for the Jews. In fact, things got much worse for the Jews, especially after they launched a revolt between 66 and 73 CE, which did not go well."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "So why did the less wealthy and famous son of God become by far the more influential? Well here are three possible historical reasons. Reason one, the Romans continued to make things bad for the Jews. In fact, things got much worse for the Jews, especially after they launched a revolt between 66 and 73 CE, which did not go well. By the time the dust had settled, the Romans had destroyed the temple and expelled the Jews from Judea, beginning what we now know as the Jewish Diaspora. And without a temple or geographic unity, the Jews had to solidify what it meant to be a Jew and what the basic tenets of the religion were. This forced the followers of Jesus to make a decision."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, things got much worse for the Jews, especially after they launched a revolt between 66 and 73 CE, which did not go well. By the time the dust had settled, the Romans had destroyed the temple and expelled the Jews from Judea, beginning what we now know as the Jewish Diaspora. And without a temple or geographic unity, the Jews had to solidify what it meant to be a Jew and what the basic tenets of the religion were. This forced the followers of Jesus to make a decision. Were they going to continue to be Jews following stricter laws set forth by rabbis, or were they going to be something else? The decision to open up their religion to non-Jews, people who weren't part of the covenant, is the central reason that Christianity could become a world religion instead of just a sect of Judaism. And it probably didn't hurt that the main proponent of sticking with Judaism was James, Jesus' brother, who was killed by the Romans."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "This forced the followers of Jesus to make a decision. Were they going to continue to be Jews following stricter laws set forth by rabbis, or were they going to be something else? The decision to open up their religion to non-Jews, people who weren't part of the covenant, is the central reason that Christianity could become a world religion instead of just a sect of Judaism. And it probably didn't hurt that the main proponent of sticking with Judaism was James, Jesus' brother, who was killed by the Romans. Reason number two is related to reason number one, and it's all about a dude named Saul. No, not that Saul. Yes, Saul of Tarsus, thank you."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "And it probably didn't hurt that the main proponent of sticking with Judaism was James, Jesus' brother, who was killed by the Romans. Reason number two is related to reason number one, and it's all about a dude named Saul. No, not that Saul. Yes, Saul of Tarsus, thank you. Saul, having received a vision on the road to Damascus, became Paul and began visiting and sending letters to Jesus' followers throughout the Mediterranean. And it was Paul who emphatically declared that Jesus' followers did not have to be Jews, that they didn't have to be circumcised or keep to Jewish laws or any of that stuff. This opened the floodgates for thousands of people to convert to this new religion."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Yes, Saul of Tarsus, thank you. Saul, having received a vision on the road to Damascus, became Paul and began visiting and sending letters to Jesus' followers throughout the Mediterranean. And it was Paul who emphatically declared that Jesus' followers did not have to be Jews, that they didn't have to be circumcised or keep to Jewish laws or any of that stuff. This opened the floodgates for thousands of people to convert to this new religion. And the other thing to remember about Paul is that he was a Roman citizen, which meant he could travel freely throughout the Roman Empire. This allowed him to make his case to lots of different people and facilitated the geographic spread of Christianity. Oh, it's time for the open letter?"}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "This opened the floodgates for thousands of people to convert to this new religion. And the other thing to remember about Paul is that he was a Roman citizen, which meant he could travel freely throughout the Roman Empire. This allowed him to make his case to lots of different people and facilitated the geographic spread of Christianity. Oh, it's time for the open letter? All right. Let's do it. An open letter to the fish."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's time for the open letter? All right. Let's do it. An open letter to the fish. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, Stan, it's my favorite album, Jesus Christ Superstar, finally available in my favorite format, the cassette. Did I color coordinate my shirt to Jesus Christ Superstar?"}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to the fish. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, Stan, it's my favorite album, Jesus Christ Superstar, finally available in my favorite format, the cassette. Did I color coordinate my shirt to Jesus Christ Superstar? Yes. Dear Icthys, so check this out. In the first century, when it was still super underground and hipster to be a Christian, you were a secret symbol of Christianity, used to kind of hide from the Romans."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Did I color coordinate my shirt to Jesus Christ Superstar? Yes. Dear Icthys, so check this out. In the first century, when it was still super underground and hipster to be a Christian, you were a secret symbol of Christianity, used to kind of hide from the Romans. Icthys, the Greek word for fish, was an acronym, and it was a super clever way to talk about religion without anyone knowing that you were talking about it. But you'll never guess what happened. Even in places where it's completely fine to talk about Christianity now and to use, you know, regular Christian symbols like the cross, you have had a huge resurgence thanks to the plastic automobile decal industry."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "In the first century, when it was still super underground and hipster to be a Christian, you were a secret symbol of Christianity, used to kind of hide from the Romans. Icthys, the Greek word for fish, was an acronym, and it was a super clever way to talk about religion without anyone knowing that you were talking about it. But you'll never guess what happened. Even in places where it's completely fine to talk about Christianity now and to use, you know, regular Christian symbols like the cross, you have had a huge resurgence thanks to the plastic automobile decal industry. I mean, seriously, Icthys, I haven't seen a comeback like this since Jesus. Best wishes, John Green. And lastly, Christianity was born and flourished in an empire with a common language that allowed for its spread."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Even in places where it's completely fine to talk about Christianity now and to use, you know, regular Christian symbols like the cross, you have had a huge resurgence thanks to the plastic automobile decal industry. I mean, seriously, Icthys, I haven't seen a comeback like this since Jesus. Best wishes, John Green. And lastly, Christianity was born and flourished in an empire with a common language that allowed for its spread. And crucially, it was also an empire in decline. Like, even by the end of the first century CE, Rome was on its way down. And for the average person, and even for some elites, things weren't as good as they had been."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "And lastly, Christianity was born and flourished in an empire with a common language that allowed for its spread. And crucially, it was also an empire in decline. Like, even by the end of the first century CE, Rome was on its way down. And for the average person, and even for some elites, things weren't as good as they had been. In fact, they were getting worse so fast that you might have thought the end of the world was coming. And Roman religion offered no promise of an afterlife and a bunch of squabbling, whiny gods. Sorry if I offended adherents to Roman religion, but seriously, they squabble."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "And for the average person, and even for some elites, things weren't as good as they had been. In fact, they were getting worse so fast that you might have thought the end of the world was coming. And Roman religion offered no promise of an afterlife and a bunch of squabbling, whiny gods. Sorry if I offended adherents to Roman religion, but seriously, they squabble. So even though early Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire and sometimes fed to the lions and other animals, the religion continued to grow, albeit slowly. But then as the Roman decline continued, Emperor Constantine allowed the worship of Jesus and then eventually converted to Christianity himself. And then the religion really took off."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Sorry if I offended adherents to Roman religion, but seriously, they squabble. So even though early Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire and sometimes fed to the lions and other animals, the religion continued to grow, albeit slowly. But then as the Roman decline continued, Emperor Constantine allowed the worship of Jesus and then eventually converted to Christianity himself. And then the religion really took off. I mean, Rome wasn't what it used to be, but everybody still wanted to be like the emperor. And soon enough, there was a new son of God on coins. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "And then the religion really took off. I mean, Rome wasn't what it used to be, but everybody still wanted to be like the emperor. And soon enough, there was a new son of God on coins. Thanks for watching. See you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. See you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. As only 62 million of you guessed last week, the phrase of the week was Chipotle Burrito."}, {"video_title": "Christianity from Judaism to Constantine Crash Course World History #11.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. As only 62 million of you guessed last week, the phrase of the week was Chipotle Burrito. If you want to guess at this week's phrase of the week or suggest future ones, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered, hopefully, by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Ow!"}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Spain has a lot of territory in Central and South America. Even the small country of Portugal, because of its prowess during the age of exploration, a significant amount of territory in what would become Brazil, but they also have possessions and colonies along the coast of Africa, and even things in India, like Goa. You have the British having possessions in North America, things that would eventually evolve into the United States and Canada. At this point in time, France also has significant possessions, which will later be taken by Britain, and then an independent US, as it grows across continental North America. But the thing to notice in this map is despite these significant possessions, much of the world is not controlled by the Europeans. Yes, England also is starting to have a bit of a colonial possession, although at this point it's a corporate possession, in Eastern India, in Bengal, but much of Africa and Asia is not under European control. But then as we enter into the second half of the 18th century, and especially the 19th century, something important happens in the scope of human history, and that's the Industrial Revolution, or maybe you could say the Industrial Revolutions."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "At this point in time, France also has significant possessions, which will later be taken by Britain, and then an independent US, as it grows across continental North America. But the thing to notice in this map is despite these significant possessions, much of the world is not controlled by the Europeans. Yes, England also is starting to have a bit of a colonial possession, although at this point it's a corporate possession, in Eastern India, in Bengal, but much of Africa and Asia is not under European control. But then as we enter into the second half of the 18th century, and especially the 19th century, something important happens in the scope of human history, and that's the Industrial Revolution, or maybe you could say the Industrial Revolutions. Now, there's many technologies that are central to the Industrial Revolution, but probably most important is the steam engine, although you could contend maybe it's the steam engine, maybe it's electrification, maybe it is the telegraph. But the steam engine all of a sudden allows us to harness the power of really coal to create steam to turn engines, and then these engines could be used to power factories so that you could amplify what human labor could do before. This factory right over here, it looks like they're creating fabric from some kind of thread, or they might be sewing of some kind."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then as we enter into the second half of the 18th century, and especially the 19th century, something important happens in the scope of human history, and that's the Industrial Revolution, or maybe you could say the Industrial Revolutions. Now, there's many technologies that are central to the Industrial Revolution, but probably most important is the steam engine, although you could contend maybe it's the steam engine, maybe it's electrification, maybe it is the telegraph. But the steam engine all of a sudden allows us to harness the power of really coal to create steam to turn engines, and then these engines could be used to power factories so that you could amplify what human labor could do before. This factory right over here, it looks like they're creating fabric from some kind of thread, or they might be sewing of some kind. And a human equipped with a power loom or with a sewing machine could produce much, much more than they could have ever produced before by hand. So the steam engine and things like electricity also create a revolution in transportation, the transportation of goods and people, but also the movement of information. This right over here is a picture of a steamship which you could use for trade, but you could also use it to project military power."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This factory right over here, it looks like they're creating fabric from some kind of thread, or they might be sewing of some kind. And a human equipped with a power loom or with a sewing machine could produce much, much more than they could have ever produced before by hand. So the steam engine and things like electricity also create a revolution in transportation, the transportation of goods and people, but also the movement of information. This right over here is a picture of a steamship which you could use for trade, but you could also use it to project military power. This here is a railroad. Similarly, transport goods and people, but it also allows you to keep control over a larger swath of territory. And this is a telegraph."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This right over here is a picture of a steamship which you could use for trade, but you could also use it to project military power. This here is a railroad. Similarly, transport goods and people, but it also allows you to keep control over a larger swath of territory. And this is a telegraph. And then a telegraph, all of a sudden, for the first time in history, you can communicate across the globe in a mere instant. And what used to take months to figure out what was going on could now happen in seconds. So once again, this is valuable for trade, but it's also valuable for coordinating military power."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is a telegraph. And then a telegraph, all of a sudden, for the first time in history, you can communicate across the globe in a mere instant. And what used to take months to figure out what was going on could now happen in seconds. So once again, this is valuable for trade, but it's also valuable for coordinating military power. So in large part to these revolutions that we're seeing, and we will study more in other videos, the map of the world looks very different roughly 150 years later. This is what the world looks like around the year 1900. And you immediately notice some differences from that previous map."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So once again, this is valuable for trade, but it's also valuable for coordinating military power. So in large part to these revolutions that we're seeing, and we will study more in other videos, the map of the world looks very different roughly 150 years later. This is what the world looks like around the year 1900. And you immediately notice some differences from that previous map. Most of those colonial possessions in North and South America are now independent, but you notice something dramatic happening in Africa and in much of Asia. Africa has now been carved up by the colonial powers. In this salmon color, you see where the British have control in much of South Africa and then around Egypt and Sudan and parts of East Africa."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you immediately notice some differences from that previous map. Most of those colonial possessions in North and South America are now independent, but you notice something dramatic happening in Africa and in much of Asia. Africa has now been carved up by the colonial powers. In this salmon color, you see where the British have control in much of South Africa and then around Egypt and Sudan and parts of East Africa. You see the French have control of Algeria and much of Eastern Africa. What started off for the British as a corporate possession in Eastern India has now grown to become a possession of the crown. You have India, part of the British Empire."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In this salmon color, you see where the British have control in much of South Africa and then around Egypt and Sudan and parts of East Africa. You see the French have control of Algeria and much of Eastern Africa. What started off for the British as a corporate possession in Eastern India has now grown to become a possession of the crown. You have India, part of the British Empire. Even Japan, which is one of the first Asian countries to industrialize, is in on imperialism. It has control in Korea and in Taiwan. So why this kind of imperialism?"}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have India, part of the British Empire. Even Japan, which is one of the first Asian countries to industrialize, is in on imperialism. It has control in Korea and in Taiwan. So why this kind of imperialism? There's always the standard motivations for imperialism that we've seen throughout world history. If you have conquest, that leads to more land plus people, under your rule. And if you have more land, which is for the most part used for agriculture, well, you're going to have more taxes and wealth, so taxes."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So why this kind of imperialism? There's always the standard motivations for imperialism that we've seen throughout world history. If you have conquest, that leads to more land plus people, under your rule. And if you have more land, which is for the most part used for agriculture, well, you're going to have more taxes and wealth, so taxes. And if you have more people, they will have output, so you can tax that, but they can also be used, they could be taxed, so to speak, for war. They could produce more soldiers. And so the more revenue and soldiers you have, well, that could help you just accrue more and more power."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you have more land, which is for the most part used for agriculture, well, you're going to have more taxes and wealth, so taxes. And if you have more people, they will have output, so you can tax that, but they can also be used, they could be taxed, so to speak, for war. They could produce more soldiers. And so the more revenue and soldiers you have, well, that could help you just accrue more and more power. And so this is the classic loop that you see why most empires tried to expand, and sometimes when they stopped expanding, you see that they started to decline. But now in this video, from the early 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, we have new things at play. We have the technological innovation from the Industrial Revolution, things like electricity and steam power."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so the more revenue and soldiers you have, well, that could help you just accrue more and more power. And so this is the classic loop that you see why most empires tried to expand, and sometimes when they stopped expanding, you see that they started to decline. But now in this video, from the early 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, we have new things at play. We have the technological innovation from the Industrial Revolution, things like electricity and steam power. You see the notion of capitalism come into its prime, this focus on where do you maximize your returns for a given amount of capital that you have. And land is a form of capital, but as we will see, as we saw in some of those pictures, as technology becomes more and more valuable, things other than land become very important forms of capital, like factories, like railroads, like ships. And related to these two ideas, you have industrialization, which is the use of technology to become more productive, to increase output, and they all feed off of each other."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We have the technological innovation from the Industrial Revolution, things like electricity and steam power. You see the notion of capitalism come into its prime, this focus on where do you maximize your returns for a given amount of capital that you have. And land is a form of capital, but as we will see, as we saw in some of those pictures, as technology becomes more and more valuable, things other than land become very important forms of capital, like factories, like railroads, like ships. And related to these two ideas, you have industrialization, which is the use of technology to become more productive, to increase output, and they all feed off of each other. A capitalist says, how do I get a better return on my capital? Well, I should industrialize. I should make my factories more efficient."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And related to these two ideas, you have industrialization, which is the use of technology to become more productive, to increase output, and they all feed off of each other. A capitalist says, how do I get a better return on my capital? Well, I should industrialize. I should make my factories more efficient. Well, to make my factories more efficient, I have to also invest in technology to get that industrialization. The more I industrialize, the better my profits, and so the more I am going to be able to invest in this cycle. As I'm trying to industrialize, I have all sorts of problems that I'm trying to solve, so it's going to drive the need to improve my technology."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I should make my factories more efficient. Well, to make my factories more efficient, I have to also invest in technology to get that industrialization. The more I industrialize, the better my profits, and so the more I am going to be able to invest in this cycle. As I'm trying to industrialize, I have all sorts of problems that I'm trying to solve, so it's going to drive the need to improve my technology. And those who develop the technology, well, they're going to have more capital to invest. So once again, it's creating this cycle which is going to feed the fuel of imperialism. Think about it."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As I'm trying to industrialize, I have all sorts of problems that I'm trying to solve, so it's going to drive the need to improve my technology. And those who develop the technology, well, they're going to have more capital to invest. So once again, it's creating this cycle which is going to feed the fuel of imperialism. Think about it. In the Industrial Revolution, the owners of a capital started to have more and more power. If you think about a factory, so that's my factory right over there, it takes raw materials, raw materials. If you think about it, it's a clothing factory."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Think about it. In the Industrial Revolution, the owners of a capital started to have more and more power. If you think about a factory, so that's my factory right over there, it takes raw materials, raw materials. If you think about it, it's a clothing factory. It might take raw cotton or turn it into thread, or it might take that cotton thread and then turn it into some type of fabric, and then you have finished goods. Maybe this is clothing. So even before the Industrial Revolution, people would take raw materials, do something to it, and then you would have finished goods."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If you think about it, it's a clothing factory. It might take raw cotton or turn it into thread, or it might take that cotton thread and then turn it into some type of fabric, and then you have finished goods. Maybe this is clothing. So even before the Industrial Revolution, people would take raw materials, do something to it, and then you would have finished goods. But now this center portion is being supercharged by technology, by industrialization. It is really becoming the central focus, and it's becoming more productive. So as it becomes more productive, there's a hunger for more raw materials."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So even before the Industrial Revolution, people would take raw materials, do something to it, and then you would have finished goods. But now this center portion is being supercharged by technology, by industrialization. It is really becoming the central focus, and it's becoming more productive. So as it becomes more productive, there's a hunger for more raw materials. Where do you get those raw materials from? Well, if you're a small country like the United Kingdom or Japan, your raw materials are limited. But there's the rest of the world, and especially the rest of the world that is not at the same level of technological sophistication yet."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So as it becomes more productive, there's a hunger for more raw materials. Where do you get those raw materials from? Well, if you're a small country like the United Kingdom or Japan, your raw materials are limited. But there's the rest of the world, and especially the rest of the world that is not at the same level of technological sophistication yet. So you can perhaps use your military in order to force them to trade with you. Similarly, what do you do with all of those finished goods? You have limited markets on your islands, but what if you could sell to the hundreds of millions of people who aren't directly in your country?"}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But there's the rest of the world, and especially the rest of the world that is not at the same level of technological sophistication yet. So you can perhaps use your military in order to force them to trade with you. Similarly, what do you do with all of those finished goods? You have limited markets on your islands, but what if you could sell to the hundreds of millions of people who aren't directly in your country? This desire for more raw materials and cheaper raw materials, and this desire to sell your goods, the outputs of industrialization, this, to a significant degree, drove this imperialism, this colonization, and in general, a motivation for freer trade in general. When the free trade didn't happen freely, sometimes it was forced on the country that was being traded with. And as alluded to already, the technology which helped fuel this Industrial Revolution also made it easier to control a far-flung empire."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have limited markets on your islands, but what if you could sell to the hundreds of millions of people who aren't directly in your country? This desire for more raw materials and cheaper raw materials, and this desire to sell your goods, the outputs of industrialization, this, to a significant degree, drove this imperialism, this colonization, and in general, a motivation for freer trade in general. When the free trade didn't happen freely, sometimes it was forced on the country that was being traded with. And as alluded to already, the technology which helped fuel this Industrial Revolution also made it easier to control a far-flung empire. Before the Industrial Revolution, a country like the United Kingdom being able to control this far-flung empire, this would have been impossible for the Romans or the Persians to do using their technology. But now you have the steamship, you have railroads, you have the telegraph, which are parts of this Industrial Revolution, but they also allow you to project power and project power much quicker and much more efficiently than ever possible. So once again, technology, industrialization, and capitalism, these were the fuel of the Industrial Revolution."}, {"video_title": "Industrialization and imperialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as alluded to already, the technology which helped fuel this Industrial Revolution also made it easier to control a far-flung empire. Before the Industrial Revolution, a country like the United Kingdom being able to control this far-flung empire, this would have been impossible for the Romans or the Persians to do using their technology. But now you have the steamship, you have railroads, you have the telegraph, which are parts of this Industrial Revolution, but they also allow you to project power and project power much quicker and much more efficiently than ever possible. So once again, technology, industrialization, and capitalism, these were the fuel of the Industrial Revolution. They provided the motivation for colonization, for imperialism, and freer trade in general. But then that was able to be enforced because of that same technology. You could project your power through those steamships, railroads, and the telegraph."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So whether you're a kid that's in school or if you're a lifelong learner, maybe you're even cray cray on the internet, we're glad that you're watching. So let's go do a little bit of the giddying up for the learning right about now. Alright guys, before we jump into the actual history and we take a look at the rise of Mussolini and the rise of Hitler, we want to make sure that you understand on a very basic level what fascism is. At its root, fascism is loyalty to the state and obedience to the ruler. And sometimes people equate fascism with communism. And certainly there are some similarities when we look at the two. Both of them kind of equate to totalitarianism where you have one man rule."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "At its root, fascism is loyalty to the state and obedience to the ruler. And sometimes people equate fascism with communism. And certainly there are some similarities when we look at the two. Both of them kind of equate to totalitarianism where you have one man rule. You have an authoritarian regime. And in both instances, you're going to lose your rights, brother. You're not going to have all those freedoms that you love so, so much."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Both of them kind of equate to totalitarianism where you have one man rule. You have an authoritarian regime. And in both instances, you're going to lose your rights, brother. You're not going to have all those freedoms that you love so, so much. But there are some distinctions between a fascist and a communist. Number one, fascists believe in a class-based society. There are rich, there are poor."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You're not going to have all those freedoms that you love so, so much. But there are some distinctions between a fascist and a communist. Number one, fascists believe in a class-based society. There are rich, there are poor. There might be collaboration between these classes, but they exist. They exist for the state, but they exist. And it's also nationalistic."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There are rich, there are poor. There might be collaboration between these classes, but they exist. They exist for the state, but they exist. And it's also nationalistic. It's very much concentrated on the state, on the country, on the nation. Where a communist is really centered on the international, like the kind of spreading of communism. And there's also a classless society in theoretical communism."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's also nationalistic. It's very much concentrated on the state, on the country, on the nation. Where a communist is really centered on the international, like the kind of spreading of communism. And there's also a classless society in theoretical communism. They try to abolish classes so everybody is equal. Maybe we could say that communism is more idealistic and fascism is more realistic. Now in fascism, in a sense, you have a covenant, a covenant, a relationship between the people and the authoritarian regime and that this covenant, which asks for not only loyalty to the state, but to loyalty of the leader, you will be given something in return."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's also a classless society in theoretical communism. They try to abolish classes so everybody is equal. Maybe we could say that communism is more idealistic and fascism is more realistic. Now in fascism, in a sense, you have a covenant, a covenant, a relationship between the people and the authoritarian regime and that this covenant, which asks for not only loyalty to the state, but to loyalty of the leader, you will be given something in return. You will be given a stronger economy. You will be given lost lands. You will be given your nationalism."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in fascism, in a sense, you have a covenant, a covenant, a relationship between the people and the authoritarian regime and that this covenant, which asks for not only loyalty to the state, but to loyalty of the leader, you will be given something in return. You will be given a stronger economy. You will be given lost lands. You will be given your nationalism. There's this kind of emphasis on restoring national pride, something that once was. It might be the Reich system, right? It's the Third Reich because the First and the Second Reich were awesome."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You will be given your nationalism. There's this kind of emphasis on restoring national pride, something that once was. It might be the Reich system, right? It's the Third Reich because the First and the Second Reich were awesome. Or in Mussolini's case, he's constantly talking about ancient Rome and how awesome Italy is. So there's that in common as well. And there's generally something that is kind of blaming somebody."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the Third Reich because the First and the Second Reich were awesome. Or in Mussolini's case, he's constantly talking about ancient Rome and how awesome Italy is. So there's that in common as well. And there's generally something that is kind of blaming somebody. There's going to be an idea that we need to punish those responsible for that lost greatness, for the position that we're in now. But at the end of the day, it's authoritarianism, it is totalitarianism, it is obedience to the leader and obedience to the state. Now let's take a look at two examples in terms of the rise of fascism in Europe in 1920."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's generally something that is kind of blaming somebody. There's going to be an idea that we need to punish those responsible for that lost greatness, for the position that we're in now. But at the end of the day, it's authoritarianism, it is totalitarianism, it is obedience to the leader and obedience to the state. Now let's take a look at two examples in terms of the rise of fascism in Europe in 1920. Alright guys, why don't we start with Benito Mussolini. If you want to call him el duce, you can call him that as well, meaning the leader. And of course, he's going to be the leader of Italy as we go throughout the 1920s, 1930s into World War II."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now let's take a look at two examples in terms of the rise of fascism in Europe in 1920. Alright guys, why don't we start with Benito Mussolini. If you want to call him el duce, you can call him that as well, meaning the leader. And of course, he's going to be the leader of Italy as we go throughout the 1920s, 1930s into World War II. He took over in 1922. He was appointed by King Victor Emmanuel III after something called the March on Rome, where him and about 30,000 of his black shirt peeps marched on Rome. And the king was like, whoa, we're going to give that dude power."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course, he's going to be the leader of Italy as we go throughout the 1920s, 1930s into World War II. He took over in 1922. He was appointed by King Victor Emmanuel III after something called the March on Rome, where him and about 30,000 of his black shirt peeps marched on Rome. And the king was like, whoa, we're going to give that dude power. But of course, there's background, there's context, there's something in the water that allows this to happen. And we really can kind of narrow that down to, let's say, four things. Number one, bad economy."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the king was like, whoa, we're going to give that dude power. But of course, there's background, there's context, there's something in the water that allows this to happen. And we really can kind of narrow that down to, let's say, four things. Number one, bad economy. Whenever there's a bad economy, people are looking for a savior. And that's going to be Benito Mussolini, who's going to really be an industrialist. He's going to align himself with corporate interests, with the landowners, to control the economy when he takes over."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Number one, bad economy. Whenever there's a bad economy, people are looking for a savior. And that's going to be Benito Mussolini, who's going to really be an industrialist. He's going to align himself with corporate interests, with the landowners, to control the economy when he takes over. Number two, you need to fear somebody. And they feared the communists in Italy. There was a fear, especially amongst the middle class and the landowners and the business owners, that if the communists took over like they took over in Russia, yikes, that's bad news."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's going to align himself with corporate interests, with the landowners, to control the economy when he takes over. Number two, you need to fear somebody. And they feared the communists in Italy. There was a fear, especially amongst the middle class and the landowners and the business owners, that if the communists took over like they took over in Russia, yikes, that's bad news. So we need a strong man, someone to protect us from the communists. You also have a series of bad democracies. You have to remember that most of these European countries don't have a lot of experimentation with democracy."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There was a fear, especially amongst the middle class and the landowners and the business owners, that if the communists took over like they took over in Russia, yikes, that's bad news. So we need a strong man, someone to protect us from the communists. You also have a series of bad democracies. You have to remember that most of these European countries don't have a lot of experimentation with democracy. So democracies are going to be fledging. There's going to be a lot of changing governments. There's going to be a weak infrastructure in the government that's going to allow someone like Benito Mussolini to step into power."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You have to remember that most of these European countries don't have a lot of experimentation with democracy. So democracies are going to be fledging. There's going to be a lot of changing governments. There's going to be a weak infrastructure in the government that's going to allow someone like Benito Mussolini to step into power. Not to mention, these weak democracies can't solve many of these major problems like the economy, like the fear of communism, that Benito Mussolini is going to be able to do. And there's also, number four, going to be some kind of slight, some kind of loss of national pride. And that occurred in 1919 at the Paris Peace Treaty, where Italy was supposed to get gravy, and they got a rock."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There's going to be a weak infrastructure in the government that's going to allow someone like Benito Mussolini to step into power. Not to mention, these weak democracies can't solve many of these major problems like the economy, like the fear of communism, that Benito Mussolini is going to be able to do. And there's also, number four, going to be some kind of slight, some kind of loss of national pride. And that occurred in 1919 at the Paris Peace Treaty, where Italy was supposed to get gravy, and they got a rock. That's all they got. In fact, they lost some land in the Treaty of Paris when it was given to Yugoslavia. Who gives anything to Yugoslavia?"}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that occurred in 1919 at the Paris Peace Treaty, where Italy was supposed to get gravy, and they got a rock. That's all they got. In fact, they lost some land in the Treaty of Paris when it was given to Yugoslavia. Who gives anything to Yugoslavia? I'm sorry if you have roots in Yugoslavia. And you have to remember that Italy picked the right side. They picked the right side in World War I."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Who gives anything to Yugoslavia? I'm sorry if you have roots in Yugoslavia. And you have to remember that Italy picked the right side. They picked the right side in World War I. In 1915, they signed the Treaty of London, where they sided with England and France in World War I. They're normally aligned with the central powers, with Germany, Hungary, and Austria. So they picked the winner, but they didn't get the gravy."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They picked the right side in World War I. In 1915, they signed the Treaty of London, where they sided with England and France in World War I. They're normally aligned with the central powers, with Germany, Hungary, and Austria. So they picked the winner, but they didn't get the gravy. They got the rock, remember? So all of these attributes are going to allow someone like Benito Mussolini to rise to power. Now Benito Mussolini originally was a socialist."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So they picked the winner, but they didn't get the gravy. They got the rock, remember? So all of these attributes are going to allow someone like Benito Mussolini to rise to power. Now Benito Mussolini originally was a socialist. He served in World War I. He was an idealistic kind of guy in the sense of he believed in a classless society. But that kind of turned sour for him when he returned to Italy in 1917, believing that socialism didn't have the answers, that we needed a class-based society."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now Benito Mussolini originally was a socialist. He served in World War I. He was an idealistic kind of guy in the sense of he believed in a classless society. But that kind of turned sour for him when he returned to Italy in 1917, believing that socialism didn't have the answers, that we needed a class-based society. And he was especially more interested in the nation of Italy and empire building than he was of this international theoretical concept of communism around the globe. So that's going to make him into a fascist rather than a communist. He actually worked for the MI5, the British Intelligence Service, during World War I in 1917."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But that kind of turned sour for him when he returned to Italy in 1917, believing that socialism didn't have the answers, that we needed a class-based society. And he was especially more interested in the nation of Italy and empire building than he was of this international theoretical concept of communism around the globe. So that's going to make him into a fascist rather than a communist. He actually worked for the MI5, the British Intelligence Service, during World War I in 1917. He was given money in order to pump out pro-war propaganda and to turn in anti-war protesters as well. In 1919, he forms the Fascist Party, made up of black shirts. They called his supporters."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He actually worked for the MI5, the British Intelligence Service, during World War I in 1917. He was given money in order to pump out pro-war propaganda and to turn in anti-war protesters as well. In 1919, he forms the Fascist Party, made up of black shirts. They called his supporters. There were only about 200 of them. But as the economy gets worse and the fear of communism grows, that number is going to grow into 30,000 by 1922 when he institutes the March on Rome. And then King Victor Emmanuel III hands power over to him as prime minister."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They called his supporters. There were only about 200 of them. But as the economy gets worse and the fear of communism grows, that number is going to grow into 30,000 by 1922 when he institutes the March on Rome. And then King Victor Emmanuel III hands power over to him as prime minister. As prime minister, he's going to finagle new elections where his Fascist Party is going to win, sometimes because they're going to kill their opponents. But nevertheless, by the time we get to 1924, 1925, Aldoce is the leader of Italy in every sense of the word. So what does he do now that he has power?"}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then King Victor Emmanuel III hands power over to him as prime minister. As prime minister, he's going to finagle new elections where his Fascist Party is going to win, sometimes because they're going to kill their opponents. But nevertheless, by the time we get to 1924, 1925, Aldoce is the leader of Italy in every sense of the word. So what does he do now that he has power? What does a fascist do when you give him control? Well, they abolish democracy. They get secret police."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So what does he do now that he has power? What does a fascist do when you give him control? Well, they abolish democracy. They get secret police. It was called the OVRA in Italy. These secret police are going to be the enforcers of the government. They're going to arrest opposition."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They get secret police. It was called the OVRA in Italy. These secret police are going to be the enforcers of the government. They're going to arrest opposition. They're going to murder political opponents. They're going to jail anybody that's suspect. They're going to censor the radios and the newspapers."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to arrest opposition. They're going to murder political opponents. They're going to jail anybody that's suspect. They're going to censor the radios and the newspapers. In fact, they're going to control the radio and the newspapers and all forms of media to pump out pro-Benito Mussolini propaganda. They're going to outlaw unions and outlaw strikes. They're going to align themselves with industrialists in order to do these great, huge public work projects."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to censor the radios and the newspapers. In fact, they're going to control the radio and the newspapers and all forms of media to pump out pro-Benito Mussolini propaganda. They're going to outlaw unions and outlaw strikes. They're going to align themselves with industrialists in order to do these great, huge public work projects. You have to remember that fascism is rooted in national pride. So when Mussolini is talking, he's talking a lot about Julius Caesar and Plato and these great Romans and the empire of Rome and how we need to restore that. We need to make Italy great again."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to align themselves with industrialists in order to do these great, huge public work projects. You have to remember that fascism is rooted in national pride. So when Mussolini is talking, he's talking a lot about Julius Caesar and Plato and these great Romans and the empire of Rome and how we need to restore that. We need to make Italy great again. He's going to make teachers take oaths. He's going to institute an educational plan called Futurism, where we're really concentrating in the schools on loyalty oaths and patriotism and kind of warfare and teaching people that sort of thing to make Italy great again. And there's also this cult of personality in fascism around the leader."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We need to make Italy great again. He's going to make teachers take oaths. He's going to institute an educational plan called Futurism, where we're really concentrating in the schools on loyalty oaths and patriotism and kind of warfare and teaching people that sort of thing to make Italy great again. And there's also this cult of personality in fascism around the leader. Benito Mussolini was seen by the people that supported him as a godlike figure, that everything he listened to and everything that he said was golden. And he's also going to have the support of the Catholic Church, which is really important in Italy, mostly Catholic. He converts to be a Catholic."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's also this cult of personality in fascism around the leader. Benito Mussolini was seen by the people that supported him as a godlike figure, that everything he listened to and everything that he said was golden. And he's also going to have the support of the Catholic Church, which is really important in Italy, mostly Catholic. He converts to be a Catholic. He signs a treaty with the Vatican. And now he has complete power. It's a one-man show as we head into World War II."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He converts to be a Catholic. He signs a treaty with the Vatican. And now he has complete power. It's a one-man show as we head into World War II. And then we're going to talk about more groovy stuff about Benito Mussolini as we do those lectures in the future. There's another guy, kind of like Benito Mussolini, but he's still going to call himself a socialist. The guy's name is Adolf Hitler."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a one-man show as we head into World War II. And then we're going to talk about more groovy stuff about Benito Mussolini as we do those lectures in the future. There's another guy, kind of like Benito Mussolini, but he's still going to call himself a socialist. The guy's name is Adolf Hitler. And let's take a look at Adolf Hitler. Alright guys, let's turn our attention to Germany post-World War I and the rise of fascism and of course Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The guy's name is Adolf Hitler. And let's take a look at Adolf Hitler. Alright guys, let's turn our attention to Germany post-World War I and the rise of fascism and of course Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. He was a high school dropout. He was an artist. He tried that game for a little while."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. He was a high school dropout. He was an artist. He tried that game for a little while. Fortunately, that didn't work out. But he was a really good soldier. He fought in World War I."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He tried that game for a little while. Fortunately, that didn't work out. But he was a really good soldier. He fought in World War I. He was awarded the Iron Cross twice. And then after the war, he becomes, like many Germans, disillusioned over the Treaty of Versailles. He believes that this is beyond the pale."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He fought in World War I. He was awarded the Iron Cross twice. And then after the war, he becomes, like many Germans, disillusioned over the Treaty of Versailles. He believes that this is beyond the pale. That not only is it a slight at their economy, at their land and their territory, but at the very heart of German nationalism and German pride. So he ends up getting involved in right-wing politics. He moves to Munich where there is a political organization called the National Socialist German Workers Party, or they were called the Nazis."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He believes that this is beyond the pale. That not only is it a slight at their economy, at their land and their territory, but at the very heart of German nationalism and German pride. So he ends up getting involved in right-wing politics. He moves to Munich where there is a political organization called the National Socialist German Workers Party, or they were called the Nazis. And quite quickly he rises through their ranks. He was an awesome leader in terms of being a speaker, his oratory power, his organizational power, his ability to get people to believe in him. And you have to remember that fascism has this cult of personality kind of thing going on."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He moves to Munich where there is a political organization called the National Socialist German Workers Party, or they were called the Nazis. And quite quickly he rises through their ranks. He was an awesome leader in terms of being a speaker, his oratory power, his organizational power, his ability to get people to believe in him. And you have to remember that fascism has this cult of personality kind of thing going on. So if you were that personality, like a Benito Mussolini, like Adolf Hitler was, you can quite quickly rise through the ranks. And quite quickly, only a few years after joining the party in 1923, his new nickname is Der F\u00fchrer, the leader of the Nazis. So he sees what happens with the march on Rome with Benito Mussolini and how that was successful."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And you have to remember that fascism has this cult of personality kind of thing going on. So if you were that personality, like a Benito Mussolini, like Adolf Hitler was, you can quite quickly rise through the ranks. And quite quickly, only a few years after joining the party in 1923, his new nickname is Der F\u00fchrer, the leader of the Nazis. So he sees what happens with the march on Rome with Benito Mussolini and how that was successful. So he figures he's going to try the same type of deal in Munich. And this is called the Beer Hall Putsch. The Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred in 1923, is Hitler's attempt to have a coup d'etat."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So he sees what happens with the march on Rome with Benito Mussolini and how that was successful. So he figures he's going to try the same type of deal in Munich. And this is called the Beer Hall Putsch. The Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred in 1923, is Hitler's attempt to have a coup d'etat. That's an awesome word, an overthrow of government, the coup d'etat. I could even be saying it wrong, but I don't care. And he thinks this will be successful."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred in 1923, is Hitler's attempt to have a coup d'etat. That's an awesome word, an overthrow of government, the coup d'etat. I could even be saying it wrong, but I don't care. And he thinks this will be successful. This will launch him into being the leader of all Germany. No it won't. You get crushed."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he thinks this will be successful. This will launch him into being the leader of all Germany. No it won't. You get crushed. And really, this was an opportunity to shut down Adolf Hitler. They try him for treason. In some countries, when you're tried for treason, that's the last trial of your life because they're going to probably chop your head off or something like that."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You get crushed. And really, this was an opportunity to shut down Adolf Hitler. They try him for treason. In some countries, when you're tried for treason, that's the last trial of your life because they're going to probably chop your head off or something like that. But not Adolf Hitler. He had sympathetic judges, people that were kind of on his side, and he was sentenced to five years in jail. He only served nine months in jail."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In some countries, when you're tried for treason, that's the last trial of your life because they're going to probably chop your head off or something like that. But not Adolf Hitler. He had sympathetic judges, people that were kind of on his side, and he was sentenced to five years in jail. He only served nine months in jail. And at the end of the day, the Beer Hall Putsch is actually a positive for Adolf Hitler. This failed rebellion, the failed coup d'etat, is really going to give him what he wants. It's going to give him national attention at the trial."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He only served nine months in jail. And at the end of the day, the Beer Hall Putsch is actually a positive for Adolf Hitler. This failed rebellion, the failed coup d'etat, is really going to give him what he wants. It's going to give him national attention at the trial. It's going to give him the opportunity to have a platform to announce his intentions and his blueprints and what he wants. And it's also going to give him a little time. A lot of people in prison like to read books."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's going to give him national attention at the trial. It's going to give him the opportunity to have a platform to announce his intentions and his blueprints and what he wants. And it's also going to give him a little time. A lot of people in prison like to read books. Adolf Hitler likes to write books. So he writes Mein Kampf, which is really the blueprint for the Nazis for the Third Reich, which is what his future entails. And in Mein Kampf, that blueprint for the Third Reich, he's really outlining a few big ideas."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "A lot of people in prison like to read books. Adolf Hitler likes to write books. So he writes Mein Kampf, which is really the blueprint for the Nazis for the Third Reich, which is what his future entails. And in Mein Kampf, that blueprint for the Third Reich, he's really outlining a few big ideas. One is that there is a distinction in race, that there are some people that are better than other people. And he calls those people Aryans. So if you were blonde hair and blue eyed, you're the perfect German Aryan, and you are the master race, and you really, in a sense, it's like social Darwinism."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And in Mein Kampf, that blueprint for the Third Reich, he's really outlining a few big ideas. One is that there is a distinction in race, that there are some people that are better than other people. And he calls those people Aryans. So if you were blonde hair and blue eyed, you're the perfect German Aryan, and you are the master race, and you really, in a sense, it's like social Darwinism. You were given the great leadership skills and power and the best physique, you should be ruling the universe. And then there's non-Aryans. There's gypsies and blacks and the Jews and all of the other races, which are subhuman in a sense, and they're there for our benefit or if we want their destruction."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So if you were blonde hair and blue eyed, you're the perfect German Aryan, and you are the master race, and you really, in a sense, it's like social Darwinism. You were given the great leadership skills and power and the best physique, you should be ruling the universe. And then there's non-Aryans. There's gypsies and blacks and the Jews and all of the other races, which are subhuman in a sense, and they're there for our benefit or if we want their destruction. But that's one huge idea in Mein Kampf. And of course, it's going to be the Jews that take much of the blame for the woes of Germany in Mein Kampf, even though they're less than 1% of the population, they're blamed for the Treaty of Versailles, they're blamed for the economy, they're blamed for the military losses, they're blamed for everything. You also have this idea of that Treaty of Versailles in Mein Kampf."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There's gypsies and blacks and the Jews and all of the other races, which are subhuman in a sense, and they're there for our benefit or if we want their destruction. But that's one huge idea in Mein Kampf. And of course, it's going to be the Jews that take much of the blame for the woes of Germany in Mein Kampf, even though they're less than 1% of the population, they're blamed for the Treaty of Versailles, they're blamed for the economy, they're blamed for the military losses, they're blamed for everything. You also have this idea of that Treaty of Versailles in Mein Kampf. A lot of it talks about how the Treaty of Versailles is destroying Germany and how Germany needs to get rid of the Treaty of Versailles, to get out of the Treaty of Versailles. And of course, a lot of that is going to be centered around expansionism and militarism. And you also have this idea of expansionism or Lebensraum, and I mispronounced that word."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You also have this idea of that Treaty of Versailles in Mein Kampf. A lot of it talks about how the Treaty of Versailles is destroying Germany and how Germany needs to get rid of the Treaty of Versailles, to get out of the Treaty of Versailles. And of course, a lot of that is going to be centered around expansionism and militarism. And you also have this idea of expansionism or Lebensraum, and I mispronounced that word. It's called living space. But the idea was it was just too crowded, that Germans deserved more because they were better than everybody, so they really needed to be looking into Eastern Europe and into Russia to expand their empire. And the last thing that his time in prison taught him was that he didn't want to go to prison again, that really he needed to develop political power and that he needed to use propaganda to get the German people on his side so he could take power legally."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And you also have this idea of expansionism or Lebensraum, and I mispronounced that word. It's called living space. But the idea was it was just too crowded, that Germans deserved more because they were better than everybody, so they really needed to be looking into Eastern Europe and into Russia to expand their empire. And the last thing that his time in prison taught him was that he didn't want to go to prison again, that really he needed to develop political power and that he needed to use propaganda to get the German people on his side so he could take power legally. And remember, folks, Hitler takes power legally. In 1932, really, the economy is going to implode because of the stopping of American loans. We have our own economic depression, the Great Depression."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the last thing that his time in prison taught him was that he didn't want to go to prison again, that really he needed to develop political power and that he needed to use propaganda to get the German people on his side so he could take power legally. And remember, folks, Hitler takes power legally. In 1932, really, the economy is going to implode because of the stopping of American loans. We have our own economic depression, the Great Depression. We certainly can't be giving bank loans to Germany, and that really was holding the Weimar Republic together by a thread. They're the ones that led Germany from 1919 to 1933. But by 1932, now unemployment is 30 percent, the factories are closing, the banks are closing, the kids are eating mud pies."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We have our own economic depression, the Great Depression. We certainly can't be giving bank loans to Germany, and that really was holding the Weimar Republic together by a thread. They're the ones that led Germany from 1919 to 1933. But by 1932, now unemployment is 30 percent, the factories are closing, the banks are closing, the kids are eating mud pies. There's a demand for change. And there's a fear of communism. That's where communism grows when you have extreme recession, economic depression."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But by 1932, now unemployment is 30 percent, the factories are closing, the banks are closing, the kids are eating mud pies. There's a demand for change. And there's a fear of communism. That's where communism grows when you have extreme recession, economic depression. So the conservatives that were in power at that point thought that their only out was to use someone like Adolf Hitler. The conservatives thought they could control Adolf Hitler. So he is given the title of chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg in 1933 in January."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's where communism grows when you have extreme recession, economic depression. So the conservatives that were in power at that point thought that their only out was to use someone like Adolf Hitler. The conservatives thought they could control Adolf Hitler. So he is given the title of chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg in 1933 in January. And now as chancellor, he is the legal leader of Germany. He's going to use his power to call for new elections. Those new elections are going to be corrupt."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So he is given the title of chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg in 1933 in January. And now as chancellor, he is the legal leader of Germany. He's going to use his power to call for new elections. Those new elections are going to be corrupt. In fact, six days before those elections in 1934, the Reichstag burned down and the Nazis blamed the communists and they won a very, very slight majority, but enough of a slight majority to give Adolf Hitler total power. And he's going to use his new political power to pass through something called the Enabling Acts. And the Enabling Acts are going to give him complete power."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Those new elections are going to be corrupt. In fact, six days before those elections in 1934, the Reichstag burned down and the Nazis blamed the communists and they won a very, very slight majority, but enough of a slight majority to give Adolf Hitler total power. And he's going to use his new political power to pass through something called the Enabling Acts. And the Enabling Acts are going to give him complete power. The power to form the SS, his secret police. The power to put together the stormtroopers and the Gestapo. The power to censor media, to ban newspapers, to ban political opponents, to burn books, to dissolve unions, and yes, to create public work projects, which is going to satisfy most Germans."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Enabling Acts are going to give him complete power. The power to form the SS, his secret police. The power to put together the stormtroopers and the Gestapo. The power to censor media, to ban newspapers, to ban political opponents, to burn books, to dissolve unions, and yes, to create public work projects, which is going to satisfy most Germans. Unemployment drops from six million people out of work to about a million people out of work quite rapidly because the German people are being put to work. They're building cars, they're building highways, they're building new buildings. And that, in a sense, is going to be the buffer between losing your liberty, knowing that you have a job."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The power to censor media, to ban newspapers, to ban political opponents, to burn books, to dissolve unions, and yes, to create public work projects, which is going to satisfy most Germans. Unemployment drops from six million people out of work to about a million people out of work quite rapidly because the German people are being put to work. They're building cars, they're building highways, they're building new buildings. And that, in a sense, is going to be the buffer between losing your liberty, knowing that you have a job. And that's going to keep Adolf Hitler in power. Not to mention his control over the youth. He's going to start something called the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls, which are going to basically brainwash children to be little servants of Adolf Hitler."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that, in a sense, is going to be the buffer between losing your liberty, knowing that you have a job. And that's going to keep Adolf Hitler in power. Not to mention his control over the youth. He's going to start something called the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls, which are going to basically brainwash children to be little servants of Adolf Hitler. And of course, the anti-Semitism. Jews are the scapegoat for Adolf Hitler. He's laying all of the blame at their feet and is using his new power now to focus going on them."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's going to start something called the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls, which are going to basically brainwash children to be little servants of Adolf Hitler. And of course, the anti-Semitism. Jews are the scapegoat for Adolf Hitler. He's laying all of the blame at their feet and is using his new power now to focus going on them. In 1933, the Nazis are going to push something through called the Nuremberg Laws, which are going to strip Jews of their citizenship, of the right to go to public schools. They're going to be segregated. They're going to be not allowed to go to restaurants and movie theaters, much like apartheid in South Africa."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's laying all of the blame at their feet and is using his new power now to focus going on them. In 1933, the Nazis are going to push something through called the Nuremberg Laws, which are going to strip Jews of their citizenship, of the right to go to public schools. They're going to be segregated. They're going to be not allowed to go to restaurants and movie theaters, much like apartheid in South Africa. They're seen as a subclass. And you didn't get to pick whether you were a Jew or not. Your Jewish ancestry was based on your grandparents."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to be not allowed to go to restaurants and movie theaters, much like apartheid in South Africa. They're seen as a subclass. And you didn't get to pick whether you were a Jew or not. Your Jewish ancestry was based on your grandparents. So even if you were reformed or you were an atheist or you joined a different religion, it didn't matter. The Jews were going to be labeled with that yellow star of David, and they were going to be treated differently. So from 1933 to 1938, there's this erosion of Jewish rights as Hitler builds his power, as Hitler builds his approval ratings, as Hitler builds his propaganda engines."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Your Jewish ancestry was based on your grandparents. So even if you were reformed or you were an atheist or you joined a different religion, it didn't matter. The Jews were going to be labeled with that yellow star of David, and they were going to be treated differently. So from 1933 to 1938, there's this erosion of Jewish rights as Hitler builds his power, as Hitler builds his approval ratings, as Hitler builds his propaganda engines. And then in 1938, there really is a shift. It's November 9th. It's called Krishnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, where his stormtroopers, his Gestapo, are going to start using force, brute force and violence, to burn down Jewish businesses, to push Jews out of their home, to start sometimes executing them in the streets as we march closer and closer to the final solution."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So from 1933 to 1938, there's this erosion of Jewish rights as Hitler builds his power, as Hitler builds his approval ratings, as Hitler builds his propaganda engines. And then in 1938, there really is a shift. It's November 9th. It's called Krishnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, where his stormtroopers, his Gestapo, are going to start using force, brute force and violence, to burn down Jewish businesses, to push Jews out of their home, to start sometimes executing them in the streets as we march closer and closer to the final solution. So that brings us to about 1938, guys. We're almost ready for World War II. We're going to stop it here, as you understand, hopefully, something about fascism in Europe."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's called Krishnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, where his stormtroopers, his Gestapo, are going to start using force, brute force and violence, to burn down Jewish businesses, to push Jews out of their home, to start sometimes executing them in the streets as we march closer and closer to the final solution. So that brings us to about 1938, guys. We're almost ready for World War II. We're going to stop it here, as you understand, hopefully, something about fascism in Europe. And remember, guys, those are only the popular fascist regimes, the ones that made the most headlines. You have fascism spreading all over Europe. You have it in Hungary, and in Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to stop it here, as you understand, hopefully, something about fascism in Europe. And remember, guys, those are only the popular fascist regimes, the ones that made the most headlines. You have fascism spreading all over Europe. You have it in Hungary, and in Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. In fact, I think it's only Czechoslovakia, shout out to the Czechs, that are going to remain a democracy as we build up in Eastern Europe towards World War II. In fact, the only democracies are the Scandinavian countries and Britain and France, as of course we have totalitarian regimes in the Soviet Union, the former country known as Russia. So we hope that you understand something about fascism and the development of it in Italy with Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler in Germany."}, {"video_title": "Fascism Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You have it in Hungary, and in Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. In fact, I think it's only Czechoslovakia, shout out to the Czechs, that are going to remain a democracy as we build up in Eastern Europe towards World War II. In fact, the only democracies are the Scandinavian countries and Britain and France, as of course we have totalitarian regimes in the Soviet Union, the former country known as Russia. So we hope that you understand something about fascism and the development of it in Italy with Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler in Germany. Of course, in the long run, it's not going to work out for these two gentlemen. They're going to meet their maker in 1945, but we're going to have to save that for another lecture. So giddy up for the learning, guys."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But Mark Antony, who was in control of the east of the empire, he wasn't able to deal with it immediately because he goes to Brundisium in order to take his wife's side on a civil war between her and Octavian. Now his wife dies and he makes good with Octavian, in fact, so good with Octavian, he marries Octavian's sister, Octavia, and they decide, alright, let's continue to be friends here. And they divide the Roman Empire, the Roman Republic, whatever you want to call it, between them. Where Mark Antony keeps control of the east, you now have Octavian with control over the west, and they gave Lepidus, who's always a bit of the third wheel here, they gave him some of the southern provinces right over there. Now it seems like all is good, but as we've already talked about, the tension between Antony and Octavian is there, it was there from the beginning. And in this video we're going to see that it gets a lot, a lot worse. So Mark Antony goes back to the east where he starts planning his invasion of Parthia."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Where Mark Antony keeps control of the east, you now have Octavian with control over the west, and they gave Lepidus, who's always a bit of the third wheel here, they gave him some of the southern provinces right over there. Now it seems like all is good, but as we've already talked about, the tension between Antony and Octavian is there, it was there from the beginning. And in this video we're going to see that it gets a lot, a lot worse. So Mark Antony goes back to the east where he starts planning his invasion of Parthia. Not only does he want to take back the territory that they took in 40 BCE, but he actually wants to avenge them for Crassus' death in 53 BCE. Julius Caesar had been planning an invasion of Persia. And you have to remember, after Alexander the Great, all of these western rulers, especially the Romans, they all had their sights on Persia."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So Mark Antony goes back to the east where he starts planning his invasion of Parthia. Not only does he want to take back the territory that they took in 40 BCE, but he actually wants to avenge them for Crassus' death in 53 BCE. Julius Caesar had been planning an invasion of Persia. And you have to remember, after Alexander the Great, all of these western rulers, especially the Romans, they all had their sights on Persia. They said, hey, maybe I can be just like Alexander the Great and take over the Persians. So Mark Antony is planning his invasion of Persia, but he doesn't get the troops that he wants from Octavian. And so that starts to build the tensions even further, but he goes to his lover, Cleopatra, who is the richest woman in the world, the pharaoh of Egypt, and says, hey, can you give me some Egyptian troops?"}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you have to remember, after Alexander the Great, all of these western rulers, especially the Romans, they all had their sights on Persia. They said, hey, maybe I can be just like Alexander the Great and take over the Persians. So Mark Antony is planning his invasion of Persia, but he doesn't get the troops that he wants from Octavian. And so that starts to build the tensions even further, but he goes to his lover, Cleopatra, who is the richest woman in the world, the pharaoh of Egypt, and says, hey, can you give me some Egyptian troops? And so he plans an invasion of Parthian Persia with a combined Roman and Egyptian troops. Now, unfortunately, that is a failed invasion. As they try to make their way in, they get pretty far, but they weren't able to protect their supply lines carefully."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so that starts to build the tensions even further, but he goes to his lover, Cleopatra, who is the richest woman in the world, the pharaoh of Egypt, and says, hey, can you give me some Egyptian troops? And so he plans an invasion of Parthian Persia with a combined Roman and Egyptian troops. Now, unfortunately, that is a failed invasion. As they try to make their way in, they get pretty far, but they weren't able to protect their supply lines carefully. And so the Parthians are able to attack them, attack their supply lines, and while they do, the king of Armenia just kinda doesn't really do anything about it. And so Mark Antony is forced to retreat, and so you can imagine he's not too happy about this. The Parthians in 40 BCE were able to take all of this territory."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As they try to make their way in, they get pretty far, but they weren't able to protect their supply lines carefully. And so the Parthians are able to attack them, attack their supply lines, and while they do, the king of Armenia just kinda doesn't really do anything about it. And so Mark Antony is forced to retreat, and so you can imagine he's not too happy about this. The Parthians in 40 BCE were able to take all of this territory. In 36 BCE, so now we are right, now we are right over here. In 36 BCE, we have a failed, I guess, revenge invasion of the Parthians. He's betrayed by the Armenian king."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Parthians in 40 BCE were able to take all of this territory. In 36 BCE, so now we are right, now we are right over here. In 36 BCE, we have a failed, I guess, revenge invasion of the Parthians. He's betrayed by the Armenian king. Now, the other thing that's happening is that Lepidus is now out of the triumvirate. He tries to do a little bit of a land grab after him and Octavian go after another, I guess you could say, governor in Sicily. But when they're successful, when Lepidus tries to take control of Sicily, Octavian says, no, no, no, no, not only can you not do that, but you're now out of the triumvirate."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's betrayed by the Armenian king. Now, the other thing that's happening is that Lepidus is now out of the triumvirate. He tries to do a little bit of a land grab after him and Octavian go after another, I guess you could say, governor in Sicily. But when they're successful, when Lepidus tries to take control of Sicily, Octavian says, no, no, no, no, not only can you not do that, but you're now out of the triumvirate. So 36 BCE is a situation where Octavian continues to try to consolidate his power in the west. Lepidus is now out. And Mark Antony faces another, I guess you'd say, embarrassment against the Parthians."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But when they're successful, when Lepidus tries to take control of Sicily, Octavian says, no, no, no, no, not only can you not do that, but you're now out of the triumvirate. So 36 BCE is a situation where Octavian continues to try to consolidate his power in the west. Lepidus is now out. And Mark Antony faces another, I guess you'd say, embarrassment against the Parthians. So then we get to 33 BCE. So let's see, this is 33 BCE, right over here on this map. And finally, he's able to muster up enough of a force to take not revenge on the Parthians, but to take some of the territory, but in particular, to take revenge on the Armenian king."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Mark Antony faces another, I guess you'd say, embarrassment against the Parthians. So then we get to 33 BCE. So let's see, this is 33 BCE, right over here on this map. And finally, he's able to muster up enough of a force to take not revenge on the Parthians, but to take some of the territory, but in particular, to take revenge on the Armenian king. And so Mark Antony, it's his first win after a while, tries to make a lot of this. And so when he goes back to Alexandria, where of course his lover, Cleopatra, reigns, and there he has this big celebration to say, hey, look, I went and was able to take out the king of Armenia. Now this celebration, it rubs the Romans in a wrong way on a whole bunch of dimensions."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And finally, he's able to muster up enough of a force to take not revenge on the Parthians, but to take some of the territory, but in particular, to take revenge on the Armenian king. And so Mark Antony, it's his first win after a while, tries to make a lot of this. And so when he goes back to Alexandria, where of course his lover, Cleopatra, reigns, and there he has this big celebration to say, hey, look, I went and was able to take out the king of Armenia. Now this celebration, it rubs the Romans in a wrong way on a whole bunch of dimensions. One, they never really like Cleopatra. They view her as a foreign queen. They didn't like her when she was Julius Caesar's lover."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now this celebration, it rubs the Romans in a wrong way on a whole bunch of dimensions. One, they never really like Cleopatra. They view her as a foreign queen. They didn't like her when she was Julius Caesar's lover. They definitely don't like her when she's Mark Antony's lover. And they're kind of peeved that he decides to go to Alexandria and do this ceremonial victory party that typically only happened in Rome. It looks like this guy doesn't really even view himself as Roman anymore."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They didn't like her when she was Julius Caesar's lover. They definitely don't like her when she's Mark Antony's lover. And they're kind of peeved that he decides to go to Alexandria and do this ceremonial victory party that typically only happened in Rome. It looks like this guy doesn't really even view himself as Roman anymore. He likes to go back to Alexandria. And the real salt that he rubbed, especially in Octavian's wounds, was a speech he gave, which will later be known as the Donations of Alexandria. So what he starts doing is putting his children, especially the children that he has with Cleopatra, as the rulers of a lot of the eastern provinces."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It looks like this guy doesn't really even view himself as Roman anymore. He likes to go back to Alexandria. And the real salt that he rubbed, especially in Octavian's wounds, was a speech he gave, which will later be known as the Donations of Alexandria. So what he starts doing is putting his children, especially the children that he has with Cleopatra, as the rulers of a lot of the eastern provinces. But the worst thing that he does is in that speech, in the Donations of Alexandria, this is in 33 BCE, right over here, he declares that Cleopatra's son, that was apparently the son of Julius Caesar, Caesarean, that he is the rightful heir to Julius Caesar. Now Octavian does not like this. He says, hey, I'm the adopted son."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So what he starts doing is putting his children, especially the children that he has with Cleopatra, as the rulers of a lot of the eastern provinces. But the worst thing that he does is in that speech, in the Donations of Alexandria, this is in 33 BCE, right over here, he declares that Cleopatra's son, that was apparently the son of Julius Caesar, Caesarean, that he is the rightful heir to Julius Caesar. Now Octavian does not like this. He says, hey, I'm the adopted son. I'm the rightful heir. I don't like this Caesarean guy. And so for the next few years, in 33 and 32 BCE, so in this period on that timeline, or in this period on this timeline, tensions start to get a lot, lot, lot worse between Octavian and Mark Antony."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He says, hey, I'm the adopted son. I'm the rightful heir. I don't like this Caesarean guy. And so for the next few years, in 33 and 32 BCE, so in this period on that timeline, or in this period on this timeline, tensions start to get a lot, lot, lot worse between Octavian and Mark Antony. They are publicly accusing each other of not even being legitimate people with legitimate authority. They are really starting to question each other. They're really starting to go at each other."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so for the next few years, in 33 and 32 BCE, so in this period on that timeline, or in this period on this timeline, tensions start to get a lot, lot, lot worse between Octavian and Mark Antony. They are publicly accusing each other of not even being legitimate people with legitimate authority. They are really starting to question each other. They're really starting to go at each other. And it all culminates in 31 BCE, it all culminates in 31 BCE, so this is where we are right over here, with the naval battle at Actium. And for the most part, and Mark Antony and Cleopatra are both there, and they're on their heels. They're surrounded by the forces of Octavian."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They're really starting to go at each other. And it all culminates in 31 BCE, it all culminates in 31 BCE, so this is where we are right over here, with the naval battle at Actium. And for the most part, and Mark Antony and Cleopatra are both there, and they're on their heels. They're surrounded by the forces of Octavian. And the best that they can hope for is just an escape. And Antony and Cleopatra are able to escape, and it's very clear from that battle that they really only cared about saving their own hides and their own wealth. And they left the most of their navy."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They're surrounded by the forces of Octavian. And the best that they can hope for is just an escape. And Antony and Cleopatra are able to escape, and it's very clear from that battle that they really only cared about saving their own hides and their own wealth. And they left the most of their navy. They returned with only 60 boats to Alexandria, but they leave most of their navy to kind of have to deal with the forces of Octavian. So they were already on their heels. They have this escape in 31 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they left the most of their navy. They returned with only 60 boats to Alexandria, but they leave most of their navy to kind of have to deal with the forces of Octavian. So they were already on their heels. They have this escape in 31 BCE. Most, many historians will call the Battle of Actium, this is a depiction of the naval battle at Actium right over here, as the end. After this, there was no chance really for Cleopatra and Mark Antony in any way to rival Octavian, that Octavian was now the real sole power in what is evolving from a Roman republic to a Roman empire. But Antony and Cleopatra, maybe they didn't realize it as much, they go back to Alexandria and continue to plot, seeing how they can get back at Octavian."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They have this escape in 31 BCE. Most, many historians will call the Battle of Actium, this is a depiction of the naval battle at Actium right over here, as the end. After this, there was no chance really for Cleopatra and Mark Antony in any way to rival Octavian, that Octavian was now the real sole power in what is evolving from a Roman republic to a Roman empire. But Antony and Cleopatra, maybe they didn't realize it as much, they go back to Alexandria and continue to plot, seeing how they can get back at Octavian. So Octavian doesn't want much of this, so he decides to go attack them in Alexandria in 30 BCE. And Antony tries to make a last stand against Octavian, but his soldiers really aren't in the mood to fight. So he goes back to the palace."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But Antony and Cleopatra, maybe they didn't realize it as much, they go back to Alexandria and continue to plot, seeing how they can get back at Octavian. So Octavian doesn't want much of this, so he decides to go attack them in Alexandria in 30 BCE. And Antony tries to make a last stand against Octavian, but his soldiers really aren't in the mood to fight. So he goes back to the palace. He looks for Cleopatra. Cleopatra gets one of her servants to tell Mark Antony, because he has no mood to see him, because who knows, he's raving mad, he might wanna kill her, kill him, who knows what he might wanna do. Cleopatra had her servant tell Mark Antony that Cleopatra was dead."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he goes back to the palace. He looks for Cleopatra. Cleopatra gets one of her servants to tell Mark Antony, because he has no mood to see him, because who knows, he's raving mad, he might wanna kill her, kill him, who knows what he might wanna do. Cleopatra had her servant tell Mark Antony that Cleopatra was dead. And so Mark Antony, he's already down, his soldiers have deserted him, there's no way for him to take on Octavian, he's essentially lost. And now Cleopatra, his lover, is apparently dead. He stabs himself repeatedly in the stomach."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Cleopatra had her servant tell Mark Antony that Cleopatra was dead. And so Mark Antony, he's already down, his soldiers have deserted him, there's no way for him to take on Octavian, he's essentially lost. And now Cleopatra, his lover, is apparently dead. He stabs himself repeatedly in the stomach. Now Cleopatra finds out about this, and then she has Mark Antony brought to him. He doesn't die immediately. Stabbing yourself in the stomach is a way of having a very slow and painful death."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He stabs himself repeatedly in the stomach. Now Cleopatra finds out about this, and then she has Mark Antony brought to him. He doesn't die immediately. Stabbing yourself in the stomach is a way of having a very slow and painful death. And he dies essentially in her arms. And then Cleopatra is taken then by the forces of Octavian. But then she too decides that she wants to commit suicide, or at least that's what most accounts say."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Stabbing yourself in the stomach is a way of having a very slow and painful death. And he dies essentially in her arms. And then Cleopatra is taken then by the forces of Octavian. But then she too decides that she wants to commit suicide, or at least that's what most accounts say. And the most common account is that she gets a snake smuggled into her rooms, a poisonous snake, that she taunts and gets to bite her, which allows her to die. So both Cleopatra and Mark Antony die in 30 BCE. And Octavian now, really the main power, he kills Caesarion, who was Cleopatra's son with Julius Caesar, as the only possible rival."}, {"video_title": "Augustus becomes first Emperor of Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then she too decides that she wants to commit suicide, or at least that's what most accounts say. And the most common account is that she gets a snake smuggled into her rooms, a poisonous snake, that she taunts and gets to bite her, which allows her to die. So both Cleopatra and Mark Antony die in 30 BCE. And Octavian now, really the main power, he kills Caesarion, who was Cleopatra's son with Julius Caesar, as the only possible rival. And so here we are in 30 BCE. Octavian is victorious. And then he goes back to Rome and continues to consolidate his power until we get to 27 BCE, which is often marked as the beginning of the Roman Empire, when Octavian was given the name Augustus, which means illustrious one."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Especially Europe has been rediscovering the knowledge from the Greeks and from the Romans. And as they enter into the 16th century, they start to go beyond the knowledge of the Greeks and the Romans. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus publishes On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, famous for suggesting that Earth is not the center of the universe, but that the Earth revolves around the sun. What was powerful about this is it challenged centuries-old ideas about how the universe worked. And at a meta level, it was about using new methods and evidence in order to make conclusions no matter how revolutionary those conclusions might be. And this publication is often cited as the beginning of what will be known as the Scientific Revolution. Many people view the capstone of the Scientific Revolution to be Newton's publication of Principia in 1687."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What was powerful about this is it challenged centuries-old ideas about how the universe worked. And at a meta level, it was about using new methods and evidence in order to make conclusions no matter how revolutionary those conclusions might be. And this publication is often cited as the beginning of what will be known as the Scientific Revolution. Many people view the capstone of the Scientific Revolution to be Newton's publication of Principia in 1687. And this is an incredibly powerful publication. It describes the laws of the universe. It's a universe in which most things can be explained with simple principles, with mathematics."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Many people view the capstone of the Scientific Revolution to be Newton's publication of Principia in 1687. And this is an incredibly powerful publication. It describes the laws of the universe. It's a universe in which most things can be explained with simple principles, with mathematics. This is so powerful that it would not be challenged for over 200 years until Albert Einstein comes on the scene with his theories of relativity. But even today, Newton's laws, this is what is taught in a first-year physics class. This is what you will learn in an introductory engineering class."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a universe in which most things can be explained with simple principles, with mathematics. This is so powerful that it would not be challenged for over 200 years until Albert Einstein comes on the scene with his theories of relativity. But even today, Newton's laws, this is what is taught in a first-year physics class. This is what you will learn in an introductory engineering class. So there's many things to think about. Why did this happen at this period in time? How was it related to the Renaissance?"}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is what you will learn in an introductory engineering class. So there's many things to think about. Why did this happen at this period in time? How was it related to the Renaissance? How was it related to things that were happening in politics in Europe at the time? But needless to say, it gave humanity a new perspective on the universe. And it gave humanity new powers, and we began to challenge all assumptions."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "How was it related to the Renaissance? How was it related to things that were happening in politics in Europe at the time? But needless to say, it gave humanity a new perspective on the universe. And it gave humanity new powers, and we began to challenge all assumptions. And so as we get into the late 1600s and early 1700s, people start trying to use these same tools, the same deductive reasoning, on some of the oldest questions that humanity has ever asked itself. Questions like, what rights do we have as human beings? Who gets those rights?"}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it gave humanity new powers, and we began to challenge all assumptions. And so as we get into the late 1600s and early 1700s, people start trying to use these same tools, the same deductive reasoning, on some of the oldest questions that humanity has ever asked itself. Questions like, what rights do we have as human beings? Who gets those rights? What duty and obligation do we have towards each other? What is the role of government? Who has the right to rule?"}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Who gets those rights? What duty and obligation do we have towards each other? What is the role of government? Who has the right to rule? Now, some of these questions have been the fodder of philosophers and religion for thousands of years. But now there was the power and the tools and the challenging notions of the Scientific Revolution. And this philosophical movement that is really tied to the Scientific Revolution is known as the Enlightenment."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Who has the right to rule? Now, some of these questions have been the fodder of philosophers and religion for thousands of years. But now there was the power and the tools and the challenging notions of the Scientific Revolution. And this philosophical movement that is really tied to the Scientific Revolution is known as the Enlightenment. And just to have an example of the thinking during the Enlightenment, here is a passage from John Locke, who's considered one of the pillars of the Enlightenment. This is published in 1689. It's the second treatise concerning civil government."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this philosophical movement that is really tied to the Scientific Revolution is known as the Enlightenment. And just to have an example of the thinking during the Enlightenment, here is a passage from John Locke, who's considered one of the pillars of the Enlightenment. This is published in 1689. It's the second treatise concerning civil government. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone. And reason, which is that law, so reason is the law of nature to govern it, teaches all mankind who will but consult it that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. And when his own preservation comes not in competition, ought he as much as he can to preserve the rest of mankind and may not, unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away or impair the life or what tends to the preservation of the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the second treatise concerning civil government. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone. And reason, which is that law, so reason is the law of nature to govern it, teaches all mankind who will but consult it that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. And when his own preservation comes not in competition, ought he as much as he can to preserve the rest of mankind and may not, unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away or impair the life or what tends to the preservation of the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another. Now to parse what he's saying, he says that reason is this natural law that should govern human action. And he's saying no one ought to harm anyone else and that if we're not in competition, maybe there's only enough food for one of us and there's two of us there, in which case we'd be in competition, but if there isn't that competition, we should be trying to help each other and we should be trying to preserve the rest of mankind. And unless it's for the purpose of justice, you don't have the right to take away or impair the life or things that help preserve the life, the liberty, the health, limb, or goods of another."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And when his own preservation comes not in competition, ought he as much as he can to preserve the rest of mankind and may not, unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away or impair the life or what tends to the preservation of the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another. Now to parse what he's saying, he says that reason is this natural law that should govern human action. And he's saying no one ought to harm anyone else and that if we're not in competition, maybe there's only enough food for one of us and there's two of us there, in which case we'd be in competition, but if there isn't that competition, we should be trying to help each other and we should be trying to preserve the rest of mankind. And unless it's for the purpose of justice, you don't have the right to take away or impair the life or things that help preserve the life, the liberty, the health, limb, or goods of another. Now you might say, hey, isn't this common sense? And religions for all of time have touched on some of these issues. But you also have to appreciate that this is a time when kings and emperors ruled the world."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And unless it's for the purpose of justice, you don't have the right to take away or impair the life or things that help preserve the life, the liberty, the health, limb, or goods of another. Now you might say, hey, isn't this common sense? And religions for all of time have touched on some of these issues. But you also have to appreciate that this is a time when kings and emperors ruled the world. What gave them that right? Why are certain people slaves and other people not slaves? Why do certain people in that world have a right to own these other people?"}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But you also have to appreciate that this is a time when kings and emperors ruled the world. What gave them that right? Why are certain people slaves and other people not slaves? Why do certain people in that world have a right to own these other people? And so this was a very controversial idea, challenging some of these fundamental notions of who should rule, who has the right to rule, and to what degree should people exert control over one another. So given these challenging notions of the Enlightenment, and John Locke was only one of the actors who would figure prominently in this roughly hundred-year period, it's no surprise that as you get into the late 1700s and early 1800s, you have a whole string of revolutions, especially in the Americas, to a large degree inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment. Things like life, liberty, health."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Why do certain people in that world have a right to own these other people? And so this was a very controversial idea, challenging some of these fundamental notions of who should rule, who has the right to rule, and to what degree should people exert control over one another. So given these challenging notions of the Enlightenment, and John Locke was only one of the actors who would figure prominently in this roughly hundred-year period, it's no surprise that as you get into the late 1700s and early 1800s, you have a whole string of revolutions, especially in the Americas, to a large degree inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment. Things like life, liberty, health. In the United States Declaration of Independence, these things are cited. During the French Revolution, these things are cited. In the various revolutions in Latin America, these ideas are cited."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Things like life, liberty, health. In the United States Declaration of Independence, these things are cited. During the French Revolution, these things are cited. In the various revolutions in Latin America, these ideas are cited. Now one of the reasons why the Enlightenment came about when it did, not only did we have new tools of thinking and the opportunity to challenge notions, but it might have been that society now had the responsibility to think a little bit deeper about these ideas because it was getting more and more powers through the scientific revolution. And those powers were becoming even more significant when that science was applied during the Industrial Revolution. Now society could produce more than it could ever produce before."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In the various revolutions in Latin America, these ideas are cited. Now one of the reasons why the Enlightenment came about when it did, not only did we have new tools of thinking and the opportunity to challenge notions, but it might have been that society now had the responsibility to think a little bit deeper about these ideas because it was getting more and more powers through the scientific revolution. And those powers were becoming even more significant when that science was applied during the Industrial Revolution. Now society could produce more than it could ever produce before. But as we talk about in other videos, the Industrial Revolution had a certain hunger for raw materials and a certain hunger for markets in which to sell your finished product. It also allowed for more powerful weapons and ways to project power and to control a larger empire, methods of communication, methods of force. And many historians tie it directly to the age of imperialism, where especially Western European powers sought areas to get raw materials and markets in which they could push their finished products."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now society could produce more than it could ever produce before. But as we talk about in other videos, the Industrial Revolution had a certain hunger for raw materials and a certain hunger for markets in which to sell your finished product. It also allowed for more powerful weapons and ways to project power and to control a larger empire, methods of communication, methods of force. And many historians tie it directly to the age of imperialism, where especially Western European powers sought areas to get raw materials and markets in which they could push their finished products. And so as the industrialized world had more and more power, these ideas of the Enlightenment became maybe even more relevant, even though they might not have been implemented consistently during the age of imperialism. And as we've seen in other videos, even though the technology keeps accelerating during the Industrial Revolution, the philosophy and the moral framework does not accelerate along with it. And in the 20th century, we see one of the bloodiest centuries in all of human history."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And many historians tie it directly to the age of imperialism, where especially Western European powers sought areas to get raw materials and markets in which they could push their finished products. And so as the industrialized world had more and more power, these ideas of the Enlightenment became maybe even more relevant, even though they might not have been implemented consistently during the age of imperialism. And as we've seen in other videos, even though the technology keeps accelerating during the Industrial Revolution, the philosophy and the moral framework does not accelerate along with it. And in the 20th century, we see one of the bloodiest centuries in all of human history. So let me leave you with a final series of questions. As we go into the 1800s, we talked about the various independence movements, especially in the Americas. We also have the abolishing of slavery in most of the world around this time period."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in the 20th century, we see one of the bloodiest centuries in all of human history. So let me leave you with a final series of questions. As we go into the 1800s, we talked about the various independence movements, especially in the Americas. We also have the abolishing of slavery in most of the world around this time period. And so to some degree, it looks like the ideas of the Enlightenment are coming to be. But at the exact same time, you have the age of imperialism, where more and more control is exerted over people around the planet. This all comes to a head in World War I, which is one of the bloodiest conflicts in all of human history."}, {"video_title": "The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We also have the abolishing of slavery in most of the world around this time period. And so to some degree, it looks like the ideas of the Enlightenment are coming to be. But at the exact same time, you have the age of imperialism, where more and more control is exerted over people around the planet. This all comes to a head in World War I, which is one of the bloodiest conflicts in all of human history. So to what degree did the Enlightenment help the world? And to what degree did it not get fulfilled? Or maybe in some way, things like World War I and World War II were the birthing pangs, the transition state from the world before the Enlightenment and how close are we truly to those ideals today?"}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Where we left off in the last video, we saw Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul as pro-council. And near the end of his term as pro-council, the senators in Rome were afraid of him. He was this popular, populist, charismatic figure. He had just had these significant military victories in Gaul and they said, alright Caesar, why don't you just leave your position, leave your army, and return to Rome? Well Caesar is sitting over here saying, well that doesn't really make a lot of sense. If I were to just return to Rome, they already are threatened by me. Who knows what they're going to do to me?"}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He had just had these significant military victories in Gaul and they said, alright Caesar, why don't you just leave your position, leave your army, and return to Rome? Well Caesar is sitting over here saying, well that doesn't really make a lot of sense. If I were to just return to Rome, they already are threatened by me. Who knows what they're going to do to me? So he decides to cross the Rubicon and enter Rome. And so the Roman senators, they say, okay, let's get Pompey, the famous general, who used to be part of Caesar's triumvirate but had switched sides, to engage with Caesar. But Pompey says, you know what, I'm not so sure if Caesar is beatable right now."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Who knows what they're going to do to me? So he decides to cross the Rubicon and enter Rome. And so the Roman senators, they say, okay, let's get Pompey, the famous general, who used to be part of Caesar's triumvirate but had switched sides, to engage with Caesar. But Pompey says, you know what, I'm not so sure if Caesar is beatable right now. He wasn't aware that Caesar only had one legion. Maybe there was a trick up Julius Caesar's sleeves. So Pompey takes his forces and retreats across the Adriatic to regroup with the intent of coming back and retaking Rome."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But Pompey says, you know what, I'm not so sure if Caesar is beatable right now. He wasn't aware that Caesar only had one legion. Maybe there was a trick up Julius Caesar's sleeves. So Pompey takes his forces and retreats across the Adriatic to regroup with the intent of coming back and retaking Rome. And so you can imagine a lot of the senators, especially the powerful senators who are in opposition to Julius Caesar, go along with Pompey. So Julius Caesar, even though he's now in control of Rome, he knows that this isn't the end of it, that a civil war has become, that it's only a matter of time before Pompey's forces and these senators return and retake Rome. So he decides to take the fight to them."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So Pompey takes his forces and retreats across the Adriatic to regroup with the intent of coming back and retaking Rome. And so you can imagine a lot of the senators, especially the powerful senators who are in opposition to Julius Caesar, go along with Pompey. So Julius Caesar, even though he's now in control of Rome, he knows that this isn't the end of it, that a civil war has become, that it's only a matter of time before Pompey's forces and these senators return and retake Rome. So he decides to take the fight to them. He puts his second in command, Marcus Antonius, often known as Mark Antony, who was one of his generals in the Gallic Wars. He puts him in charge of, he puts him in charge in Italy, and then Julius Caesar leads several of his legions off across the Adriatic. And it's a pretty interesting story in its own right."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he decides to take the fight to them. He puts his second in command, Marcus Antonius, often known as Mark Antony, who was one of his generals in the Gallic Wars. He puts him in charge of, he puts him in charge in Italy, and then Julius Caesar leads several of his legions off across the Adriatic. And it's a pretty interesting story in its own right. They cross during the winter, which was a bit of a surprise attack because no one would have expected them to cross the winter in the Adriatic and to break the blockade of Pompey because Pompey controlled the navy. But he's able to engage Pompey several times, and then finally in 48 BCE, he's able to decisively beat Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus, which is right over here in central Greece. So his enemies, his opponents, Julius Caesar's enemies are now defeated, and Pompey is in retreat."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's a pretty interesting story in its own right. They cross during the winter, which was a bit of a surprise attack because no one would have expected them to cross the winter in the Adriatic and to break the blockade of Pompey because Pompey controlled the navy. But he's able to engage Pompey several times, and then finally in 48 BCE, he's able to decisively beat Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus, which is right over here in central Greece. So his enemies, his opponents, Julius Caesar's enemies are now defeated, and Pompey is in retreat. He tries to escape to Alexandria. And this is where the story gets even more interesting. So just as a little bit of background, in 51 BCE, so right about there on that timeline, and right about here on this timeline, Ptolemy XII, who was the pharaoh of Egypt, dies."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So his enemies, his opponents, Julius Caesar's enemies are now defeated, and Pompey is in retreat. He tries to escape to Alexandria. And this is where the story gets even more interesting. So just as a little bit of background, in 51 BCE, so right about there on that timeline, and right about here on this timeline, Ptolemy XII, who was the pharaoh of Egypt, dies. Ptolemy XII passes away. And just as a little bit of background, it was called Ptolemaic Egypt, and even this guy was called Ptolemy because you might remember that Alexander the Great, when he conquered Persia in the 330s BCE, he also conquered Egypt. And then once Alexander the Great passed, once he died, one of his generals, Ptolemy, Ptolemy I, established the Ptolemaic Empire over Egypt, established Ptolemaic Egypt."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So just as a little bit of background, in 51 BCE, so right about there on that timeline, and right about here on this timeline, Ptolemy XII, who was the pharaoh of Egypt, dies. Ptolemy XII passes away. And just as a little bit of background, it was called Ptolemaic Egypt, and even this guy was called Ptolemy because you might remember that Alexander the Great, when he conquered Persia in the 330s BCE, he also conquered Egypt. And then once Alexander the Great passed, once he died, one of his generals, Ptolemy, Ptolemy I, established the Ptolemaic Empire over Egypt, established Ptolemaic Egypt. And so this is Ptolemaic Egypt right over here, which was significantly less powerful than the Roman Empire, and historical accounts say that they essentially bribed their way to maintain their independence up to this point. But Ptolemy XII, when he dies in 51 BCE, dies in 51 BCE, in his will, he wants two of his children to co-rule Ptolemaic Egypt. And they were young."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then once Alexander the Great passed, once he died, one of his generals, Ptolemy, Ptolemy I, established the Ptolemaic Empire over Egypt, established Ptolemaic Egypt. And so this is Ptolemaic Egypt right over here, which was significantly less powerful than the Roman Empire, and historical accounts say that they essentially bribed their way to maintain their independence up to this point. But Ptolemy XII, when he dies in 51 BCE, dies in 51 BCE, in his will, he wants two of his children to co-rule Ptolemaic Egypt. And they were young. One of them, Ptolemy, creatively named Ptolemy XIII, was 10 years old, and his daughter, the other one that he wanted to co-rule, Cleopatra, was 18 years old, and this is a picture of Cleopatra. And this is now the Cleopatra. And in popular culture, the movie Cleopatra, when people talk about Cleopatra, this is the Cleopatra they're talking about."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they were young. One of them, Ptolemy, creatively named Ptolemy XIII, was 10 years old, and his daughter, the other one that he wanted to co-rule, Cleopatra, was 18 years old, and this is a picture of Cleopatra. And this is now the Cleopatra. And in popular culture, the movie Cleopatra, when people talk about Cleopatra, this is the Cleopatra they're talking about. But you can imagine this co-rule thing doesn't really work out that well, and civil war has broken out in Ptolemaic Egypt, with the supporters of Ptolemy XIII, you can imagine, this is only a 10-year-old young kid, it's really the adults that are probably running the show, but the supporters of Ptolemy XIII are the ones that seem to have the upper hand. At the time that Pompey is running away to Alexandria, which is the seat of power, a city established by Alexander the Great, and the seat of power in Ptolemaic Egypt. Now, the supporters of Ptolemy XIII, they say, okay, we don't wanna mess around with Julius Caesar, who seems to be quite powerful with his legions, so why don't we do him a favor?"}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in popular culture, the movie Cleopatra, when people talk about Cleopatra, this is the Cleopatra they're talking about. But you can imagine this co-rule thing doesn't really work out that well, and civil war has broken out in Ptolemaic Egypt, with the supporters of Ptolemy XIII, you can imagine, this is only a 10-year-old young kid, it's really the adults that are probably running the show, but the supporters of Ptolemy XIII are the ones that seem to have the upper hand. At the time that Pompey is running away to Alexandria, which is the seat of power, a city established by Alexander the Great, and the seat of power in Ptolemaic Egypt. Now, the supporters of Ptolemy XIII, they say, okay, we don't wanna mess around with Julius Caesar, who seems to be quite powerful with his legions, so why don't we do him a favor? When Pompey comes, why don't we kill him? And so, in 49, or 48 BCE, this is after, remember, Pharsalus was in August of 48 BCE, you have Pompey leaving, and in 48 BCE, he is killed. So, Pompey is now killed in 48 BCE by the supporters of Ptolemy XIII, thinking that this is gonna carry favor with them with Julius Caesar."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the supporters of Ptolemy XIII, they say, okay, we don't wanna mess around with Julius Caesar, who seems to be quite powerful with his legions, so why don't we do him a favor? When Pompey comes, why don't we kill him? And so, in 49, or 48 BCE, this is after, remember, Pharsalus was in August of 48 BCE, you have Pompey leaving, and in 48 BCE, he is killed. So, Pompey is now killed in 48 BCE by the supporters of Ptolemy XIII, thinking that this is gonna carry favor with them with Julius Caesar. Well, Julius Caesar really does not like this. He likes to establish his reputation as a magnanimous ruler, someone who likes to forgive his enemies, someone who wants to unify the people of Rome. And so, he's in pursuit of Pompey."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So, Pompey is now killed in 48 BCE by the supporters of Ptolemy XIII, thinking that this is gonna carry favor with them with Julius Caesar. Well, Julius Caesar really does not like this. He likes to establish his reputation as a magnanimous ruler, someone who likes to forgive his enemies, someone who wants to unify the people of Rome. And so, he's in pursuit of Pompey. When he gets to Alexandria and realizes that he was killed by Ptolemy XIII's supporters, he decides to take the other side and join forces with Cleopatra. And not only is he able to support her in a political, military sense, he helps her defeat her enemies and come onto the throne, become the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, he also has an affair with Cleopatra. And at the time, this is now 48 BCE, where you have, so let's see, this is 50, 49, 48 BCE, which is roughly late 48 and early 47 BCE were when Julius Caesar was actually in Alexandria."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so, he's in pursuit of Pompey. When he gets to Alexandria and realizes that he was killed by Ptolemy XIII's supporters, he decides to take the other side and join forces with Cleopatra. And not only is he able to support her in a political, military sense, he helps her defeat her enemies and come onto the throne, become the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, he also has an affair with Cleopatra. And at the time, this is now 48 BCE, where you have, so let's see, this is 50, 49, 48 BCE, which is roughly late 48 and early 47 BCE were when Julius Caesar was actually in Alexandria. They actually have an affair. This is a Julius Caesar who is in his early 50s, and this is a Cleopatra who is in her early 20s. And through that affair, they have, by most accounts, a child, Caesarean, later on."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And at the time, this is now 48 BCE, where you have, so let's see, this is 50, 49, 48 BCE, which is roughly late 48 and early 47 BCE were when Julius Caesar was actually in Alexandria. They actually have an affair. This is a Julius Caesar who is in his early 50s, and this is a Cleopatra who is in her early 20s. And through that affair, they have, by most accounts, a child, Caesarean, later on. But this affair puts, or I guess this support for Cleopatra puts Cleopatra on the throne. And even though Julius Caesar does not take control of Ptolemaic Egypt, it makes Ptolemaic Egypt something of a client state, something of a client state of the Roman Empire. And then Julius Caesar returns back to Rome."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And through that affair, they have, by most accounts, a child, Caesarean, later on. But this affair puts, or I guess this support for Cleopatra puts Cleopatra on the throne. And even though Julius Caesar does not take control of Ptolemaic Egypt, it makes Ptolemaic Egypt something of a client state, something of a client state of the Roman Empire. And then Julius Caesar returns back to Rome. He does several other things, engaging in the East here, but eventually he gets back to Rome. And over several periods, he gets himself declared dictator. And dictator today has a term of someone who kind of takes power, maybe unlawfully, someone who just runs the show."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then Julius Caesar returns back to Rome. He does several other things, engaging in the East here, but eventually he gets back to Rome. And over several periods, he gets himself declared dictator. And dictator today has a term of someone who kind of takes power, maybe unlawfully, someone who just runs the show. Under Roman law, under the Roman Republic, there was actually a position called dictator that could be appointed for these six-month terms, especially when there was in times of emergency, that they could do whatever they needed to do. But now he got appointed dictator multiple terms and for more than six months. And in 46, he gets elected dictator for 10 years."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And dictator today has a term of someone who kind of takes power, maybe unlawfully, someone who just runs the show. Under Roman law, under the Roman Republic, there was actually a position called dictator that could be appointed for these six-month terms, especially when there was in times of emergency, that they could do whatever they needed to do. But now he got appointed dictator multiple terms and for more than six months. And in 46, he gets elected dictator for 10 years. So now 46 BCE is, let's see, this is 45, 46 BCE, he gets elected dictator for a term of 10 years. And then in 44 BCE, he gets declared dictator for life. Now this whole time, even though he tried to be someone somewhat conciliatory against his enemies, his enemies were kind of brooding and saying, what can we do to get back at this?"}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in 46, he gets elected dictator for 10 years. So now 46 BCE is, let's see, this is 45, 46 BCE, he gets elected dictator for a term of 10 years. And then in 44 BCE, he gets declared dictator for life. Now this whole time, even though he tried to be someone somewhat conciliatory against his enemies, his enemies were kind of brooding and saying, what can we do to get back at this? And so on March 15th, 44 BCE, and this is one of the most famous dates in history, his opponents in the Senate, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, literally attack Julius Caesar in Rome. And this is an artist's depiction of that attack. And they kill him."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now this whole time, even though he tried to be someone somewhat conciliatory against his enemies, his enemies were kind of brooding and saying, what can we do to get back at this? And so on March 15th, 44 BCE, and this is one of the most famous dates in history, his opponents in the Senate, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, literally attack Julius Caesar in Rome. And this is an artist's depiction of that attack. And they kill him. You might have heard of the Ides of March. Ides of March, that is the date March 15th. And it's referring, when people say it today, they're referring to that event that happened on March 15th, 44 BCE, where the dictator of Rome, and he was really emperor, even though he wasn't declared emperor yet, he had absolute power over Rome, Julius Caesar was killed by his enemies, and that those enemies were led by Marcus Junius Brutus."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they kill him. You might have heard of the Ides of March. Ides of March, that is the date March 15th. And it's referring, when people say it today, they're referring to that event that happened on March 15th, 44 BCE, where the dictator of Rome, and he was really emperor, even though he wasn't declared emperor yet, he had absolute power over Rome, Julius Caesar was killed by his enemies, and that those enemies were led by Marcus Junius Brutus. And as you can imagine, this then puts Rome into another phase, I guess you could say, of the Civil War, or you could say, into another civil war. Now before we leave Julius Caesar, it is worth saying some of the things he did. He did try to do some of these populist reforms."}, {"video_title": "Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's referring, when people say it today, they're referring to that event that happened on March 15th, 44 BCE, where the dictator of Rome, and he was really emperor, even though he wasn't declared emperor yet, he had absolute power over Rome, Julius Caesar was killed by his enemies, and that those enemies were led by Marcus Junius Brutus. And as you can imagine, this then puts Rome into another phase, I guess you could say, of the Civil War, or you could say, into another civil war. Now before we leave Julius Caesar, it is worth saying some of the things he did. He did try to do some of these populist reforms. He's also well known for establishing the Julian calendar. The Roman calendar before the Julian calendar got pretty off on an annual basis, but the Julian calendar got a lot closer to our current Gregorian calendar that we use today, so the days didn't shift as much as Earth orbited around the sun. So I'll leave you there, and in the next few videos, we'll talk about what happened after Julius Caesar, the Civil War, I really could say the civil wars that broke out, and how they really culminated with Rome officially going from being a republic to an empire."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "Go grab a sweater because we're going to go back and do a little bit of the Cold War and see if we can't go throw ourselves a wall up in Berlin and have Mexico pay for it. We'll see about that. So, let's go see if we can't grow our brains ten times their sizes. And giddy up for the learning as we get the Berlin Wall done right now. So let's do a little backdropping and we're going to start right now by clearing this up. The Berlin Wall was not between West Germany and East Germany. Do you got that kids?"}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "And giddy up for the learning as we get the Berlin Wall done right now. So let's do a little backdropping and we're going to start right now by clearing this up. The Berlin Wall was not between West Germany and East Germany. Do you got that kids? Look at the stupid map. At Potsdam in 1945, it was agreed that Germany itself would be divided into different administrational spheres. So the Soviets who were invading from the East, they're going to get their paws on East Germany and then three of the other allied powers, Britain, France, and the United States, are going to control the sectors in West Germany."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "Do you got that kids? Look at the stupid map. At Potsdam in 1945, it was agreed that Germany itself would be divided into different administrational spheres. So the Soviets who were invading from the East, they're going to get their paws on East Germany and then three of the other allied powers, Britain, France, and the United States, are going to control the sectors in West Germany. However, Houston, we have a problem. And that would be, you Berliners, Berlin, the capital is also going to be divided because it's the administrational capital of Germany. So it sits 96 miles deep into the red, deep into East Germany, which is occupied by the Soviets."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "So the Soviets who were invading from the East, they're going to get their paws on East Germany and then three of the other allied powers, Britain, France, and the United States, are going to control the sectors in West Germany. However, Houston, we have a problem. And that would be, you Berliners, Berlin, the capital is also going to be divided because it's the administrational capital of Germany. So it sits 96 miles deep into the red, deep into East Germany, which is occupied by the Soviets. So in Berlin itself, you have basically East Berlin, which is controlled by the Soviets, and then those other three allied powers, Great Britain, France, and the United States are controlling West Berlin. So eventually that's where the wall is going to be dividing, not only East Berlin from West Berlin, but wrapping itself around with other East German states around West Berlin. So West Berlin is going to be encircled by this wall."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "So it sits 96 miles deep into the red, deep into East Germany, which is occupied by the Soviets. So in Berlin itself, you have basically East Berlin, which is controlled by the Soviets, and then those other three allied powers, Great Britain, France, and the United States are controlling West Berlin. So eventually that's where the wall is going to be dividing, not only East Berlin from West Berlin, but wrapping itself around with other East German states around West Berlin. So West Berlin is going to be encircled by this wall. I'm glad we cleared that up. So if we go back to 1945, the initial idea was Germany would be united again. We just having the allies controlling kind of these administrational districts as Germany, you know, puts itself back together."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "So West Berlin is going to be encircled by this wall. I'm glad we cleared that up. So if we go back to 1945, the initial idea was Germany would be united again. We just having the allies controlling kind of these administrational districts as Germany, you know, puts itself back together. But of course that's not going to occur. Now the United States and the allies are interested in dumping a lot of Marshall money into Germany, into all of Germany. Remember the Marshall plan invested billions of dollars into Europe in order to build it up and reconstruct it."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "We just having the allies controlling kind of these administrational districts as Germany, you know, puts itself back together. But of course that's not going to occur. Now the United States and the allies are interested in dumping a lot of Marshall money into Germany, into all of Germany. Remember the Marshall plan invested billions of dollars into Europe in order to build it up and reconstruct it. But it's also kind of a Cold War tactic to make sure that people aren't going to be attracted to communism. So Stalin wants no part of that money. He's going to reject that money."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "Remember the Marshall plan invested billions of dollars into Europe in order to build it up and reconstruct it. But it's also kind of a Cold War tactic to make sure that people aren't going to be attracted to communism. So Stalin wants no part of that money. He's going to reject that money. And here is basically where we have this problem. Now Stalin wants Germany to be communist. He wants it all to be communist."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "He's going to reject that money. And here is basically where we have this problem. Now Stalin wants Germany to be communist. He wants it all to be communist. But his eyes are first focused on getting Great Britain, the United States and France out of Berlin. And that's 1948 where you have the Berlin blockade. They basically cut off transportation along what is the Autobahn from West Germany into West Berlin, hoping that the allies would just give up on West Berlin and give it back to the Soviets who are forming the Warsaw Pact, the Eastern Bloc, their own kind of ally system."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "He wants it all to be communist. But his eyes are first focused on getting Great Britain, the United States and France out of Berlin. And that's 1948 where you have the Berlin blockade. They basically cut off transportation along what is the Autobahn from West Germany into West Berlin, hoping that the allies would just give up on West Berlin and give it back to the Soviets who are forming the Warsaw Pact, the Eastern Bloc, their own kind of ally system. But of course the Berlin Airlift is going to avoid that as we fly supplies and drop them into West Berlin. And we're kind of like a hair trigger away from a war here all over Berlin. So when that finally fails in 1949, the Berlin Airlift succeeds."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "They basically cut off transportation along what is the Autobahn from West Germany into West Berlin, hoping that the allies would just give up on West Berlin and give it back to the Soviets who are forming the Warsaw Pact, the Eastern Bloc, their own kind of ally system. But of course the Berlin Airlift is going to avoid that as we fly supplies and drop them into West Berlin. And we're kind of like a hair trigger away from a war here all over Berlin. So when that finally fails in 1949, the Berlin Airlift succeeds. And Stalin realizes that West Berlin is not going to be in his bucket list here. So in 1949, following the success of the Berlin Airlift, I think Stalin made a conscious decision, OK, we're not going to get West Berlin. We're going to have to create our own state and go it alone."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "So when that finally fails in 1949, the Berlin Airlift succeeds. And Stalin realizes that West Berlin is not going to be in his bucket list here. So in 1949, following the success of the Berlin Airlift, I think Stalin made a conscious decision, OK, we're not going to get West Berlin. We're going to have to create our own state and go it alone. And in 1949 we get the creation of the GDR, the German Democratic Republic, which is going to be East Germany. The next year we get the formation of West Germany. The allies are going to allow West Germany to flourish freely."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to have to create our own state and go it alone. And in 1949 we get the creation of the GDR, the German Democratic Republic, which is going to be East Germany. The next year we get the formation of West Germany. The allies are going to allow West Germany to flourish freely. And that's going to be the Federal Republic of Germany or West Germany. So by 1950 we have two different Berlins, a communist East Berlin and a capitalistic social democratic West Berlin. And West Berlin is going to grow economically pretty rapidly."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "The allies are going to allow West Germany to flourish freely. And that's going to be the Federal Republic of Germany or West Germany. So by 1950 we have two different Berlins, a communist East Berlin and a capitalistic social democratic West Berlin. And West Berlin is going to grow economically pretty rapidly. And in that 11-year span from 1950 to 1961, about three and a half million East Germans defected to the West, and they did that in Berlin. Now there was an inner German wall that was begun to be built in 1952, and this divided East Germany from West Germany. But that's not the Berlin Wall that is in kind of your imagination."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "And West Berlin is going to grow economically pretty rapidly. And in that 11-year span from 1950 to 1961, about three and a half million East Germans defected to the West, and they did that in Berlin. Now there was an inner German wall that was begun to be built in 1952, and this divided East Germany from West Germany. But that's not the Berlin Wall that is in kind of your imagination. That's going to be built starting on August 13, 1961 in Berlin itself. Now there were some pros and cons for kind of keeping Berlin open. It was open for a decade."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "But that's not the Berlin Wall that is in kind of your imagination. That's going to be built starting on August 13, 1961 in Berlin itself. Now there were some pros and cons for kind of keeping Berlin open. It was open for a decade. And number one is they were building what was called the Berlin Outer Ring. They needed train service to kind of diverge itself around West Berlin, so they couldn't just close the border during that time period. And during that time period there was also kind of the thought that maybe we should let some of these people go if they don't want to be communists."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "It was open for a decade. And number one is they were building what was called the Berlin Outer Ring. They needed train service to kind of diverge itself around West Berlin, so they couldn't just close the border during that time period. And during that time period there was also kind of the thought that maybe we should let some of these people go if they don't want to be communists. And at the same time we can sneak our communist smiles into the West. So there were some positives of keeping that wall open. But the biggest negative is there's a humongous brain drain."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "And during that time period there was also kind of the thought that maybe we should let some of these people go if they don't want to be communists. And at the same time we can sneak our communist smiles into the West. So there were some positives of keeping that wall open. But the biggest negative is there's a humongous brain drain. Over half of these defectors are what you would be considering the intelligentsia, kind of young people that have, you know, spectacular careers ahead of them. And they're looking at the life in West Berlin, and they're looking at their life in East Berlin, and they're saying, standard of living is pretty good over there. I want to go over there."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "But the biggest negative is there's a humongous brain drain. Over half of these defectors are what you would be considering the intelligentsia, kind of young people that have, you know, spectacular careers ahead of them. And they're looking at the life in West Berlin, and they're looking at their life in East Berlin, and they're saying, standard of living is pretty good over there. I want to go over there. So that just got too much for the ketchup bottle in 1961. And while Stalin never built that Berlin Wall, Khrushchev is going to agree to do it. And that kind of order comes down on August 13, 1961, when, you know, before that date you could get across from East Berlin to West Berlin."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "I want to go over there. So that just got too much for the ketchup bottle in 1961. And while Stalin never built that Berlin Wall, Khrushchev is going to agree to do it. And that kind of order comes down on August 13, 1961, when, you know, before that date you could get across from East Berlin to West Berlin. They had a system of passes and such, but it was pretty easy to cross the border. But that next morning they woke up to barbed wire fencing. They woke up to soldiers with shoot-to-kill orders."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "And that kind of order comes down on August 13, 1961, when, you know, before that date you could get across from East Berlin to West Berlin. They had a system of passes and such, but it was pretty easy to cross the border. But that next morning they woke up to barbed wire fencing. They woke up to soldiers with shoot-to-kill orders. So they're going to build it, baby, the anti-fascist wall. So on August 13, 1961, East Berliners wake up to barbed wire fencing that is keeping them out of West Berlin. And the communists called it the anti-fascist wall."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "They woke up to soldiers with shoot-to-kill orders. So they're going to build it, baby, the anti-fascist wall. So on August 13, 1961, East Berliners wake up to barbed wire fencing that is keeping them out of West Berlin. And the communists called it the anti-fascist wall. Their argument was that, you know, this was going to keep the American fascists and capitalists out of East Berlin. And that's just not true. Checkpoint Charlie, which was one of the border crossings in East Berlin and West Berlin, which was used by foreign diplomats and foreigners, you were allowed to go to East Berlin."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "And the communists called it the anti-fascist wall. Their argument was that, you know, this was going to keep the American fascists and capitalists out of East Berlin. And that's just not true. Checkpoint Charlie, which was one of the border crossings in East Berlin and West Berlin, which was used by foreign diplomats and foreigners, you were allowed to go to East Berlin. But if you were an East Berliner, you're pretty much not allowed to go to West Berlin. What he is trying to do is stop this brain drain, basically stop the smart people from leaving East Germany, their most natural resource. Is a smart person a natural resource?"}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "Checkpoint Charlie, which was one of the border crossings in East Berlin and West Berlin, which was used by foreign diplomats and foreigners, you were allowed to go to East Berlin. But if you were an East Berliner, you're pretty much not allowed to go to West Berlin. What he is trying to do is stop this brain drain, basically stop the smart people from leaving East Germany, their most natural resource. Is a smart person a natural resource? So the wall, how about that wall? The wall in its completion, it went through four different generations, is going to be over 97 miles long, 27 miles dividing the actual city itself between East Berlin and West Berlin. We're talking about 45,000 sections of reinforced concrete, 12 feet high, 4 feet wide, and all topped off with a kind of a smooth ring around the top so you couldn't grasp your little fingers up there and climb up the wall."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "Is a smart person a natural resource? So the wall, how about that wall? The wall in its completion, it went through four different generations, is going to be over 97 miles long, 27 miles dividing the actual city itself between East Berlin and West Berlin. We're talking about 45,000 sections of reinforced concrete, 12 feet high, 4 feet wide, and all topped off with a kind of a smooth ring around the top so you couldn't grasp your little fingers up there and climb up the wall. And that's just the beginning. That's the actual physical barrier. And the reason they didn't want to do it is it looks horrible."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "We're talking about 45,000 sections of reinforced concrete, 12 feet high, 4 feet wide, and all topped off with a kind of a smooth ring around the top so you couldn't grasp your little fingers up there and climb up the wall. And that's just the beginning. That's the actual physical barrier. And the reason they didn't want to do it is it looks horrible. It becomes a physical manifestation of the Iron Curtain. You've heard that before, right? An Iron Curtain is being drawn across the Earth."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "And the reason they didn't want to do it is it looks horrible. It becomes a physical manifestation of the Iron Curtain. You've heard that before, right? An Iron Curtain is being drawn across the Earth. That's my best Winston Churchill. But that's a physical manifestation of the Iron Curtain. And that's only the final fortress."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "An Iron Curtain is being drawn across the Earth. That's my best Winston Churchill. But that's a physical manifestation of the Iron Curtain. And that's only the final fortress. It went through different generations, but they're going to have 60 yards of a death strip. First, they had kind of a signal fence that would give off a signal somebody crossed it. And then they had different sand traps so they could check footprints in the morning if somebody got through."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "And that's only the final fortress. It went through different generations, but they're going to have 60 yards of a death strip. First, they had kind of a signal fence that would give off a signal somebody crossed it. And then they had different sand traps so they could check footprints in the morning if somebody got through. They had Stalin's carpet, which were nails pointing up. They had over 100 watchtowers. They had bunkers with thousands of Germans."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "And then they had different sand traps so they could check footprints in the morning if somebody got through. They had Stalin's carpet, which were nails pointing up. They had over 100 watchtowers. They had bunkers with thousands of Germans. They had tripwire machine guns. They didn't want people leaving. So that wall stood from 1961 to 1989, and people still tried to leave, even with the shoot to kill orders."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "They had bunkers with thousands of Germans. They had tripwire machine guns. They didn't want people leaving. So that wall stood from 1961 to 1989, and people still tried to leave, even with the shoot to kill orders. Now estimates are between 138 and over 200 East Berliners that were killed trying to cross that border. But over 5,000 were successful. Actually, a few days after the wall went up, we have Corporal Conrad Schumann in this famous photograph kind of hopscotching across the rolls of the barbed wire to get across."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "So that wall stood from 1961 to 1989, and people still tried to leave, even with the shoot to kill orders. Now estimates are between 138 and over 200 East Berliners that were killed trying to cross that border. But over 5,000 were successful. Actually, a few days after the wall went up, we have Corporal Conrad Schumann in this famous photograph kind of hopscotching across the rolls of the barbed wire to get across. In 1964, there were, I think, 57 East Berliners that dug a tunnel underneath the wall. And then from that point forward, there were thousands of people that did other kinds of antics like using mattresses, shooting cables with bow and arrow and scurrying across that way, light planes, hot air balloons. They did pretty much anything they could to get out."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "Actually, a few days after the wall went up, we have Corporal Conrad Schumann in this famous photograph kind of hopscotching across the rolls of the barbed wire to get across. In 1964, there were, I think, 57 East Berliners that dug a tunnel underneath the wall. And then from that point forward, there were thousands of people that did other kinds of antics like using mattresses, shooting cables with bow and arrow and scurrying across that way, light planes, hot air balloons. They did pretty much anything they could to get out. But eventually the pressure's going to be too much. Why don't we take a look right now at why the Berlin Wall goes back down. So why does the wall go down?"}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "They did pretty much anything they could to get out. But eventually the pressure's going to be too much. Why don't we take a look right now at why the Berlin Wall goes back down. So why does the wall go down? It goes down because communism goes down. That's the short answer. But certainly the American position was always to not have that wall."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "So why does the wall go down? It goes down because communism goes down. That's the short answer. But certainly the American position was always to not have that wall. Although when it first went up, we should say that JFK was probably kind of relieved. Because remember, the biggest fear was that Khrushchev was going to invade West Berlin or West Germany. So the idea that he gave up and he was going to build a wall to keep his people in seemed pretty groovy at the time."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "But certainly the American position was always to not have that wall. Although when it first went up, we should say that JFK was probably kind of relieved. Because remember, the biggest fear was that Khrushchev was going to invade West Berlin or West Germany. So the idea that he gave up and he was going to build a wall to keep his people in seemed pretty groovy at the time. But of course, as time goes on, America is going to be committed to West Berlin. We have JFK's famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech, which I don't think means I'm a jelly donut. As a free man, I take pride in the words, Ich bin ein Berliner."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "So the idea that he gave up and he was going to build a wall to keep his people in seemed pretty groovy at the time. But of course, as time goes on, America is going to be committed to West Berlin. We have JFK's famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech, which I don't think means I'm a jelly donut. As a free man, I take pride in the words, Ich bin ein Berliner. And of course, Ronald Reagan is going to be the culminating figure in 1987 with Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall. How about that? Now the Soviets themselves may in a limited way be coming to understand the importance of freedom."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "As a free man, I take pride in the words, Ich bin ein Berliner. And of course, Ronald Reagan is going to be the culminating figure in 1987 with Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall. How about that? Now the Soviets themselves may in a limited way be coming to understand the importance of freedom. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall. We have other pressures from the entertainment industry. David Bowie gave a huge concert in the same year, 1987."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "Now the Soviets themselves may in a limited way be coming to understand the importance of freedom. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall. We have other pressures from the entertainment industry. David Bowie gave a huge concert in the same year, 1987. And then we have Bruce Springsteen the next year actually give a concert on the other side in East Berlin. They thought they'd reach out to the young people. They just made them cray cray and want to leave even more."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "David Bowie gave a huge concert in the same year, 1987. And then we have Bruce Springsteen the next year actually give a concert on the other side in East Berlin. They thought they'd reach out to the young people. They just made them cray cray and want to leave even more. And then of course, the famous concert by, I'm going to say it, you ready? David Hasselhoff. For some reason, the Germans love David Hasselhoff."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "They just made them cray cray and want to leave even more. And then of course, the famous concert by, I'm going to say it, you ready? David Hasselhoff. For some reason, the Germans love David Hasselhoff. But what's really going to do it is going to be the fall of Czechoslovakia and Hungary. When those two Eastern Bloc Warsaw nations go down, that's going to open up those borders and East Berliners and East Germans are going to try to kind of go around the pony. Can I say that?"}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "For some reason, the Germans love David Hasselhoff. But what's really going to do it is going to be the fall of Czechoslovakia and Hungary. When those two Eastern Bloc Warsaw nations go down, that's going to open up those borders and East Berliners and East Germans are going to try to kind of go around the pony. Can I say that? Go around the pony. They're going to leave through those other ways. So eventually it was decided that they would just announce that they were going to change their position."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "Can I say that? Go around the pony. They're going to leave through those other ways. So eventually it was decided that they would just announce that they were going to change their position. And in 1989, it was actually at a press conference where a Soviet official or a East German official kind of accidentally said that there would be no more Czechs. And he had meant to say that new regulations would be coming out. And by the time that hit the news, there are tens of thousands of East Germans that are coming to the border."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "So eventually it was decided that they would just announce that they were going to change their position. And in 1989, it was actually at a press conference where a Soviet official or a East German official kind of accidentally said that there would be no more Czechs. And he had meant to say that new regulations would be coming out. And by the time that hit the news, there are tens of thousands of East Germans that are coming to the border. They want to cross. And it was one specific border guard who was actually in that position. What do I do?"}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "And by the time that hit the news, there are tens of thousands of East Germans that are coming to the border. They want to cross. And it was one specific border guard who was actually in that position. What do I do? Do I shoot these people? Do I just kind of put my guard down? You get it?"}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "What do I do? Do I shoot these people? Do I just kind of put my guard down? You get it? He's a guard. He put his guard down. He said, you can cross."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "You get it? He's a guard. He put his guard down. He said, you can cross. And then, of course, all the other border stations went down. And the next day they're climbing up the wall. They were called wall woodpeckers with their little chisels and such, taking that wall apart."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "He said, you can cross. And then, of course, all the other border stations went down. And the next day they're climbing up the wall. They were called wall woodpeckers with their little chisels and such, taking that wall apart. But officially it wouldn't be taken down till 1990. It took about two years to actually dismantle the wall. But as soon as the wall went down, it wasn't far, just a couple of months before East Germany and West Germany united and we have a new history on our hands."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "They were called wall woodpeckers with their little chisels and such, taking that wall apart. But officially it wouldn't be taken down till 1990. It took about two years to actually dismantle the wall. But as soon as the wall went down, it wasn't far, just a couple of months before East Germany and West Germany united and we have a new history on our hands. So there you go, guys. There's a sketchy history of the Berlin Wall. Please at least know that it was between West Berlin and East Berlin and not East Germany and West Germany."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "But as soon as the wall went down, it wasn't far, just a couple of months before East Germany and West Germany united and we have a new history on our hands. So there you go, guys. There's a sketchy history of the Berlin Wall. Please at least know that it was between West Berlin and East Berlin and not East Germany and West Germany. That would be great. If you knew that, I'd feel pretty successful. All right, guys, what are you doing?"}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "Please at least know that it was between West Berlin and East Berlin and not East Germany and West Germany. That would be great. If you knew that, I'd feel pretty successful. All right, guys, what are you doing? You should go subscribe to Hip Hughes History right now. We have videos coming out all the time. There's over 400 and something videos."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "All right, guys, what are you doing? You should go subscribe to Hip Hughes History right now. We have videos coming out all the time. There's over 400 and something videos. It's just nuts. You can grow your brain whenever you want. And I'm going to say it because I say it at the end of every lecture because I mean it with all my heart."}, {"video_title": "The Berlin Wall Explained (Ft. David Hasselhoff, David Bowie & Bruce Springsteen).m4a", "Sentence": "There's over 400 and something videos. It's just nuts. You can grow your brain whenever you want. And I'm going to say it because I say it at the end of every lecture because I mean it with all my heart. Where attention goes, energy flows. We'll see you guys next time. Make sure you press my buttons."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's going to win the award for number one follower of religion, it's Christianity. So let's take a look at the basic story, basic beliefs of Christians and see if we can't do some of the giddy up for the learning. How about that kids? Alright, let's go get her done right now. Alright guys, why don't we tell the basic backdroppings in terms of a little bit of historical context and of course this is a video on religion that's not supposed to be religious. So a lot of your comments down below are going to flesh this out in terms of historical accuracy and what different types of Christians believe and yada yada yada. But we are going to start in 63 BCE in the kingdom of Judea right there."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright, let's go get her done right now. Alright guys, why don't we tell the basic backdroppings in terms of a little bit of historical context and of course this is a video on religion that's not supposed to be religious. So a lot of your comments down below are going to flesh this out in terms of historical accuracy and what different types of Christians believe and yada yada yada. But we are going to start in 63 BCE in the kingdom of Judea right there. And of course Judea is occupied by people that are Jewish. And it is this time period that Judea is going to fall under Roman influence at first. It's still going to be an independent kingdom but it's pretty much being led by Romanized Jews like Herod."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But we are going to start in 63 BCE in the kingdom of Judea right there. And of course Judea is occupied by people that are Jewish. And it is this time period that Judea is going to fall under Roman influence at first. It's still going to be an independent kingdom but it's pretty much being led by Romanized Jews like Herod. It's upon Herod's death that there's going to be a rebellion and that's the time period when Jesus of Nazareth is born in Bethlehem. But eventually that rebellion is going to be squashed and the Romans are going to take over Judea. And they're basically going to give a lot of the control over religious matters to Jewish court that's called the Sanhedrin."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's still going to be an independent kingdom but it's pretty much being led by Romanized Jews like Herod. It's upon Herod's death that there's going to be a rebellion and that's the time period when Jesus of Nazareth is born in Bethlehem. But eventually that rebellion is going to be squashed and the Romans are going to take over Judea. And they're basically going to give a lot of the control over religious matters to Jewish court that's called the Sanhedrin. Most Jewish people during that time period were split into two camps. There were people that wanted to fight the Romans, rebels, that wanted to throw them out. And there were people that were seen more as zealots, people that were awaiting what the Old Testament said would be the Messiah."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're basically going to give a lot of the control over religious matters to Jewish court that's called the Sanhedrin. Most Jewish people during that time period were split into two camps. There were people that wanted to fight the Romans, rebels, that wanted to throw them out. And there were people that were seen more as zealots, people that were awaiting what the Old Testament said would be the Messiah. God would send a Messiah to allow the Jews to gain control of that land again and bring peace on earth. So that's kind of the context that we have the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. And Jesus of Nazareth was born in Bethlehem and not much is known about his early life and his teenage years."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And there were people that were seen more as zealots, people that were awaiting what the Old Testament said would be the Messiah. God would send a Messiah to allow the Jews to gain control of that land again and bring peace on earth. So that's kind of the context that we have the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. And Jesus of Nazareth was born in Bethlehem and not much is known about his early life and his teenage years. But it's said at the age of 30 that he starts a public ministry. And prior to that he had been baptized by John the Baptist. And that is a historically pretty agreed upon event."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And Jesus of Nazareth was born in Bethlehem and not much is known about his early life and his teenage years. But it's said at the age of 30 that he starts a public ministry. And prior to that he had been baptized by John the Baptist. And that is a historically pretty agreed upon event. And of course John the Baptist was a Jewish person and it is said that he foretold really the coming of Jesus by baptizing him. So that's a very important story in the Christian faith. But nevertheless at the age of 30 Jesus of Nazareth is going to start a public ministry."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that is a historically pretty agreed upon event. And of course John the Baptist was a Jewish person and it is said that he foretold really the coming of Jesus by baptizing him. So that's a very important story in the Christian faith. But nevertheless at the age of 30 Jesus of Nazareth is going to start a public ministry. And he's basically a Jewish priest at that time period. He's traveling around. He's talking about monotheism."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But nevertheless at the age of 30 Jesus of Nazareth is going to start a public ministry. And he's basically a Jewish priest at that time period. He's traveling around. He's talking about monotheism. He's talking about the Ten Commandments. But he's also doing this new type of spin about how people can really have a personal relationship with God. And that's one of the underpinnings, the foundations of Christians' belief."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He's talking about monotheism. He's talking about the Ten Commandments. But he's also doing this new type of spin about how people can really have a personal relationship with God. And that's one of the underpinnings, the foundations of Christians' belief. And there's also a lot of teaching of love and forgiveness and looking out for the poor and the weak and the meek. The meek shall inherit the earth. So that's a lot of Jesus' teachings."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's one of the underpinnings, the foundations of Christians' belief. And there's also a lot of teaching of love and forgiveness and looking out for the poor and the weak and the meek. The meek shall inherit the earth. So that's a lot of Jesus' teachings. And of course he's going to have miracles under his belt according to the Gospels. We'll talk about the miracles in the next section of the video. But it's important to understand that everything that I'm saying is coming from the first four books of the New Testament."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So that's a lot of Jesus' teachings. And of course he's going to have miracles under his belt according to the Gospels. We'll talk about the miracles in the next section of the video. But it's important to understand that everything that I'm saying is coming from the first four books of the New Testament. And if you're a Christian you believe in the Old Testament, all the good stuff about the Ten Commandments and Adam and Eve and all that stuff. But you also believe in the New Testament, which is made up by a lot of different sections and books. But the first four are called the Gospels."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's important to understand that everything that I'm saying is coming from the first four books of the New Testament. And if you're a Christian you believe in the Old Testament, all the good stuff about the Ten Commandments and Adam and Eve and all that stuff. But you also believe in the New Testament, which is made up by a lot of different sections and books. But the first four are called the Gospels. Mark, Matthew, John, and Luke, whose stories, whose narratives are going to make up the four Gospels. The Gospels were written probably around 60 or 70, you know, decades after the death of Jesus of Nazareth. But this is where this narrative is really coming from."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But the first four are called the Gospels. Mark, Matthew, John, and Luke, whose stories, whose narratives are going to make up the four Gospels. The Gospels were written probably around 60 or 70, you know, decades after the death of Jesus of Nazareth. But this is where this narrative is really coming from. So during this time period, about two to three years, Jesus of Nazareth is doing his public ministry. He's gaining a following along with his 12 apostles. There's also a woman who travels with him, Mary of Magdalene."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But this is where this narrative is really coming from. So during this time period, about two to three years, Jesus of Nazareth is doing his public ministry. He's gaining a following along with his 12 apostles. There's also a woman who travels with him, Mary of Magdalene. It's said that Jesus exorcised seven demons from her. She's a constant companion as well. She's mentioned 12 times in the Gospel, more than any other woman in the Gospels."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's also a woman who travels with him, Mary of Magdalene. It's said that Jesus exorcised seven demons from her. She's a constant companion as well. She's mentioned 12 times in the Gospel, more than any other woman in the Gospels. And Jesus of Nazareth is also promising something that is pretty hopeful for a lot of people. He is promising eternal life, that if people follow him, that if they wash themselves of their sins, that they can have eternal life with the Heavenly Father. Most Christians, and we'll talk about beliefs in a second, believe in the Holy Trinity, that it is the Father, the God, the Son, Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus, what they'll say, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "She's mentioned 12 times in the Gospel, more than any other woman in the Gospels. And Jesus of Nazareth is also promising something that is pretty hopeful for a lot of people. He is promising eternal life, that if people follow him, that if they wash themselves of their sins, that they can have eternal life with the Heavenly Father. Most Christians, and we'll talk about beliefs in a second, believe in the Holy Trinity, that it is the Father, the God, the Son, Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus, what they'll say, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. That's the sign of the cross. But after a couple years of ministry, Jesus of Nazareth came to Jerusalem in order to prophesize, in order to grow his faith. And then around the year 29, after a couple years of having this public ministry, Jesus of Nazareth goes to Jerusalem, where he is seen by many people of Jerusalem as being the Messiah."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Most Christians, and we'll talk about beliefs in a second, believe in the Holy Trinity, that it is the Father, the God, the Son, Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus, what they'll say, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. That's the sign of the cross. But after a couple years of ministry, Jesus of Nazareth came to Jerusalem in order to prophesize, in order to grow his faith. And then around the year 29, after a couple years of having this public ministry, Jesus of Nazareth goes to Jerusalem, where he is seen by many people of Jerusalem as being the Messiah. And this is a problem for the Romans. The governor at that time period was Pontius Pilate, and Pontius Pilate saw Jesus of Nazareth as a threat. The Romans see Jesus of Nazareth as a threat to stability, as somebody that is rocking the boat, and they want to say to him, don't rock the boat, baby."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And then around the year 29, after a couple years of having this public ministry, Jesus of Nazareth goes to Jerusalem, where he is seen by many people of Jerusalem as being the Messiah. And this is a problem for the Romans. The governor at that time period was Pontius Pilate, and Pontius Pilate saw Jesus of Nazareth as a threat. The Romans see Jesus of Nazareth as a threat to stability, as somebody that is rocking the boat, and they want to say to him, don't rock the boat, baby. And these are the conditions that create the context for what is going to be the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth. Now the story is that prior to him being arrested and tried, he had a last supper with his 12 apostles. At that time period, Judas, one of the apostles, is said to have betrayed Jesus by going to the Sanherrin and turning him in for 30 silver pieces."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The Romans see Jesus of Nazareth as a threat to stability, as somebody that is rocking the boat, and they want to say to him, don't rock the boat, baby. And these are the conditions that create the context for what is going to be the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth. Now the story is that prior to him being arrested and tried, he had a last supper with his 12 apostles. At that time period, Judas, one of the apostles, is said to have betrayed Jesus by going to the Sanherrin and turning him in for 30 silver pieces. And at that time period, he's arrested. He is then sentenced to be crucified. And Christians believe that he had a crown of thorns that were put on him, that he was given poison to drink mixed with wine, that he rejected that, that he was made to carry his own cross and eventually be crucified by having his ankles and his hands nailed to this cross between two thieves."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "At that time period, Judas, one of the apostles, is said to have betrayed Jesus by going to the Sanherrin and turning him in for 30 silver pieces. And at that time period, he's arrested. He is then sentenced to be crucified. And Christians believe that he had a crown of thorns that were put on him, that he was given poison to drink mixed with wine, that he rejected that, that he was made to carry his own cross and eventually be crucified by having his ankles and his hands nailed to this cross between two thieves. It is believed that he was on the cross for about six hours before he died, then Roman soldiers were said to put a spear through his side to make sure that he was dead. He was, that he was put into a tomb. It was said three days later, he was resurrected, that his body was gone."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And Christians believe that he had a crown of thorns that were put on him, that he was given poison to drink mixed with wine, that he rejected that, that he was made to carry his own cross and eventually be crucified by having his ankles and his hands nailed to this cross between two thieves. It is believed that he was on the cross for about six hours before he died, then Roman soldiers were said to put a spear through his side to make sure that he was dead. He was, that he was put into a tomb. It was said three days later, he was resurrected, that his body was gone. And during this time period, he visited the apostles. He basically told them to tell the world what happened. And then he ascended into heaven."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It was said three days later, he was resurrected, that his body was gone. And during this time period, he visited the apostles. He basically told them to tell the world what happened. And then he ascended into heaven. Now following the death of Jesus of Nazareth, Christianity is going to spread pretty slowly at first, but it's going to be allowed to be spread through Pax Romana, that there was this ability to travel throughout the Roman Empire, along with having a Roman road system, having a common language of Greek and Latin is going to allow this faith to spread. And it had a very wide attraction for the poor. Anybody could become a Christian."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And then he ascended into heaven. Now following the death of Jesus of Nazareth, Christianity is going to spread pretty slowly at first, but it's going to be allowed to be spread through Pax Romana, that there was this ability to travel throughout the Roman Empire, along with having a Roman road system, having a common language of Greek and Latin is going to allow this faith to spread. And it had a very wide attraction for the poor. Anybody could become a Christian. You didn't have to have wealth. And in a sense, it is promising to people that join it, eternal life and salvation if they wash themselves of sins. Now following the death of Jesus of Nazareth, you're also going to have further Jewish rebellions."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Anybody could become a Christian. You didn't have to have wealth. And in a sense, it is promising to people that join it, eternal life and salvation if they wash themselves of sins. Now following the death of Jesus of Nazareth, you're also going to have further Jewish rebellions. There's a Jewish rebellion in Judea in the year 70 and 130, where the Romans are going to crush the Jews. They're going to kill over a million of them and eventually exile all of the Jews out of that land of Judea. Now we also have the persecution of Christians."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now following the death of Jesus of Nazareth, you're also going to have further Jewish rebellions. There's a Jewish rebellion in Judea in the year 70 and 130, where the Romans are going to crush the Jews. They're going to kill over a million of them and eventually exile all of the Jews out of that land of Judea. Now we also have the persecution of Christians. Christianity is a challenge to the Romans. The Romans have their own pagan religion and they're seen as being rebels and people that need to be gotten rid of, especially under Emperor Nero, who had the apostles Peter and Paul executed. And of course, Christians are going to be fed to the lions."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now we also have the persecution of Christians. Christianity is a challenge to the Romans. The Romans have their own pagan religion and they're seen as being rebels and people that need to be gotten rid of, especially under Emperor Nero, who had the apostles Peter and Paul executed. And of course, Christians are going to be fed to the lions. They're going to be exiled. They're going to be harassed for many, many years. But nevertheless, Christianity continues to spread."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course, Christians are going to be fed to the lions. They're going to be exiled. They're going to be harassed for many, many years. But nevertheless, Christianity continues to spread. More and more Romans are becoming Christians. And it's going to take the Emperor Constantine in the year 312, where it said he had a vision of a cross in the sky. He put the cross on all of his soldiers' gear and he won a big battle."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But nevertheless, Christianity continues to spread. More and more Romans are becoming Christians. And it's going to take the Emperor Constantine in the year 312, where it said he had a vision of a cross in the sky. He put the cross on all of his soldiers' gear and he won a big battle. And then eventually he accepted Christianity. And in fact, in the year 380, Christianity is going to become the official religion of Rome. Now, of course, I've left out a million things, but that's the basic idea."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He put the cross on all of his soldiers' gear and he won a big battle. And then eventually he accepted Christianity. And in fact, in the year 380, Christianity is going to become the official religion of Rome. Now, of course, I've left out a million things, but that's the basic idea. Now let's talk about some of the basic beliefs of Christians. Jesus Christ was a man that traveled through the land, hard working man and brave. He said to the rich, give your goods to the poor, so they laid Jesus Christ in his grave."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, of course, I've left out a million things, but that's the basic idea. Now let's talk about some of the basic beliefs of Christians. Jesus Christ was a man that traveled through the land, hard working man and brave. He said to the rich, give your goods to the poor, so they laid Jesus Christ in his grave. All right, we're probably not going to go over every belief of every Christian and certainly want to make sure that we all understand there's many different types of Christians, many different sects of Christianity. But the basic belief of most or all Christians is that Jesus was sent by God. He is the son of God."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He said to the rich, give your goods to the poor, so they laid Jesus Christ in his grave. All right, we're probably not going to go over every belief of every Christian and certainly want to make sure that we all understand there's many different types of Christians, many different sects of Christianity. But the basic belief of most or all Christians is that Jesus was sent by God. He is the son of God. He was born of the Virgin Mary. And that he is the Messiah that is foretold in the Old Testament, that Jewish people believe the Old Testament tells of the forecoming of a Messiah. And people that are Christian believe that Jesus Christ is the Messiah."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He is the son of God. He was born of the Virgin Mary. And that he is the Messiah that is foretold in the Old Testament, that Jewish people believe the Old Testament tells of the forecoming of a Messiah. And people that are Christian believe that Jesus Christ is the Messiah. And people that are Jewish believe that Jesus Christ was not the Messiah. He was also said to be sent to cleanse the sin of man, that man is born with sin. And that because Jesus died on the cross and suffered in hell for three days before he was resurrected, that he did that to cleanse man of sin."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And people that are Christian believe that Jesus Christ is the Messiah. And people that are Jewish believe that Jesus Christ was not the Messiah. He was also said to be sent to cleanse the sin of man, that man is born with sin. And that because Jesus died on the cross and suffered in hell for three days before he was resurrected, that he did that to cleanse man of sin. But in order to be a Christian, you need to accept Jesus Christ as your Savior. And that might be the one differentiation with other religions. Other religions don't really believe that you have to accept their faith in order to be saved."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that because Jesus died on the cross and suffered in hell for three days before he was resurrected, that he did that to cleanse man of sin. But in order to be a Christian, you need to accept Jesus Christ as your Savior. And that might be the one differentiation with other religions. Other religions don't really believe that you have to accept their faith in order to be saved. If you're a Christian, you must accept Jesus, and that's the only way to get to the kingdom of heaven when you die. Most Christians believe that if you don't accept Jesus Christ, that when you die, you will not be able to enter the kingdom of heaven. That's a big difference between Christianity and many other religions that people practice."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Other religions don't really believe that you have to accept their faith in order to be saved. If you're a Christian, you must accept Jesus, and that's the only way to get to the kingdom of heaven when you die. Most Christians believe that if you don't accept Jesus Christ, that when you die, you will not be able to enter the kingdom of heaven. That's a big difference between Christianity and many other religions that people practice. People that are Christian also believe that Jesus will return one day, that that will be judgment day. We didn't talk about all the books of the Bible, but the last book is Revelations, which tells of basically a day where the world ends and that Jesus will be sent to save all of the people that believe in him. So there's a lot of faith in Christianity, that you must have faith in Jesus in order to be saved."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That's a big difference between Christianity and many other religions that people practice. People that are Christian also believe that Jesus will return one day, that that will be judgment day. We didn't talk about all the books of the Bible, but the last book is Revelations, which tells of basically a day where the world ends and that Jesus will be sent to save all of the people that believe in him. So there's a lot of faith in Christianity, that you must have faith in Jesus in order to be saved. Another big aspect of being a Christian, other than accepting Jesus for eternal life, is that you need to live that life while you're on earth like Jesus did. You need to love not only God, not only yourself, not only other Christians, but also your enemies as well. The turn your other cheek idea, kind of the idea of pacifism and peace and love and being humble and helping the poor, that's another huge idea in Christianity."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So there's a lot of faith in Christianity, that you must have faith in Jesus in order to be saved. Another big aspect of being a Christian, other than accepting Jesus for eternal life, is that you need to live that life while you're on earth like Jesus did. You need to love not only God, not only yourself, not only other Christians, but also your enemies as well. The turn your other cheek idea, kind of the idea of pacifism and peace and love and being humble and helping the poor, that's another huge idea in Christianity. And there's also a conversion aspect. Christians believe that it is their job to save other souls. If the only way to enter the kingdom is to accept Jesus Christ, then you need to make sure you spend your time on earth saving as many people as you can."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The turn your other cheek idea, kind of the idea of pacifism and peace and love and being humble and helping the poor, that's another huge idea in Christianity. And there's also a conversion aspect. Christians believe that it is their job to save other souls. If the only way to enter the kingdom is to accept Jesus Christ, then you need to make sure you spend your time on earth saving as many people as you can. Now, of course, Christians also believe that Jesus is not just a prophet. He's not like Muhammad in Islam or gurus in Hinduism. He is actually the son of God."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "If the only way to enter the kingdom is to accept Jesus Christ, then you need to make sure you spend your time on earth saving as many people as you can. Now, of course, Christians also believe that Jesus is not just a prophet. He's not like Muhammad in Islam or gurus in Hinduism. He is actually the son of God. Now, Jewish people reject that. They believe that he was, if anything, a prophet or a false prophet. The people that are of the Islamic faith believe that Jesus was a great prophet."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He is actually the son of God. Now, Jewish people reject that. They believe that he was, if anything, a prophet or a false prophet. The people that are of the Islamic faith believe that Jesus was a great prophet. And if you read the Koran, it foretells at the end of the world that it will be Jesus that comes back and rules over the world. Muslims believe that. They even have a space next to their prophet Muhammad that's awaiting the body for Jesus of Nazareth, if you can believe that."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The people that are of the Islamic faith believe that Jesus was a great prophet. And if you read the Koran, it foretells at the end of the world that it will be Jesus that comes back and rules over the world. Muslims believe that. They even have a space next to their prophet Muhammad that's awaiting the body for Jesus of Nazareth, if you can believe that. And of course, there's also a belief that Jesus performed miracles, that he cured the blind, that he cured lepers, that he raised the dead, that he turned water into wine, that he walked on water, that he fed thousands of people with only having a loaf of bread and a small amount of wine. So part of being Christian is faith, that you believe the Gospels, that you believe that Jesus was the Messiah, and that you have accepted Jesus as your personal Savior so you can have eternal life in the kingdom of heaven. So that's the basic story."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They even have a space next to their prophet Muhammad that's awaiting the body for Jesus of Nazareth, if you can believe that. And of course, there's also a belief that Jesus performed miracles, that he cured the blind, that he cured lepers, that he raised the dead, that he turned water into wine, that he walked on water, that he fed thousands of people with only having a loaf of bread and a small amount of wine. So part of being Christian is faith, that you believe the Gospels, that you believe that Jesus was the Messiah, and that you have accepted Jesus as your personal Savior so you can have eternal life in the kingdom of heaven. So that's the basic story. I know I left out everything. Did I leave out everything? I left out everything."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So that's the basic story. I know I left out everything. Did I leave out everything? I left out everything. So you can leave that down in the comments below. We hope your brain's a little bit bigger, and we certainly hope if you want to know more, you go find out more. And if you want to know about more religions, go down to the playlist below."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I left out everything. So you can leave that down in the comments below. We hope your brain's a little bit bigger, and we certainly hope if you want to know more, you go find out more. And if you want to know about more religions, go down to the playlist below. We've done six of them so far. How about that? All right, guys, that's all I got for you."}, {"video_title": "Christianity 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you want to know about more religions, go down to the playlist below. We've done six of them so far. How about that? All right, guys, that's all I got for you. I say it at the end of every lecture because I believe it with all of my heart. Where attention goes, energy flows. We'll see you guys next time."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Soviet Russia was expansively stabbing westward, knifing into nations left empty by war. On orders from the Kremlin, Russia had launched one of history's most drastic political, moral, and economic wars, a Cold War. Hey guys, welcome to Hipfuse History Global World Studies. We're going to try to do a 10-15 minute lecture. Ooh, it's cold in here. That's because we're going to do the Cold War. We're going to just take a look at the major themes of the Cold War, including economic ideology, how it developed, who was involved, a couple of events, and its conclusion."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to try to do a 10-15 minute lecture. Ooh, it's cold in here. That's because we're going to do the Cold War. We're going to just take a look at the major themes of the Cold War, including economic ideology, how it developed, who was involved, a couple of events, and its conclusion. Just so we can get you some basic information. This will probably be not enough to do a really great thematic essay, but it should be enough to stumble your way through the multiple choice and hopefully put a couple of wrinkles in your brain so you feel like it was worth it. And I always remind my students, where attention goes, energy flows."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to just take a look at the major themes of the Cold War, including economic ideology, how it developed, who was involved, a couple of events, and its conclusion. Just so we can get you some basic information. This will probably be not enough to do a really great thematic essay, but it should be enough to stumble your way through the multiple choice and hopefully put a couple of wrinkles in your brain so you feel like it was worth it. And I always remind my students, where attention goes, energy flows. So if you're going to watch, watch with all of your attention. 80% isn't probably going to do it. So here we go, let's look at the Cold War."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And I always remind my students, where attention goes, energy flows. So if you're going to watch, watch with all of your attention. 80% isn't probably going to do it. So here we go, let's look at the Cold War. The Cold War developed out of World War II. So if you know the World War II thing a little bit, you know that the United States, England, and the Soviet Union were allies. That FDR and Churchill, who were kind of alike, they're kind of Democrats, you know, they're, you know, were elected anyway, right?"}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So here we go, let's look at the Cold War. The Cold War developed out of World War II. So if you know the World War II thing a little bit, you know that the United States, England, and the Soviet Union were allies. That FDR and Churchill, who were kind of alike, they're kind of Democrats, you know, they're, you know, were elected anyway, right? Are in an alliance system with the devil, you know, the red devil, Joseph Stalin, mass murderer of his own people, totalitarian dictator, command economy, kill you with a gun kind of guy. For frenemy reasons. I mean, he had to be our friend, but he was our enemy because we were fighting Hitler."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That FDR and Churchill, who were kind of alike, they're kind of Democrats, you know, they're, you know, were elected anyway, right? Are in an alliance system with the devil, you know, the red devil, Joseph Stalin, mass murderer of his own people, totalitarian dictator, command economy, kill you with a gun kind of guy. For frenemy reasons. I mean, he had to be our friend, but he was our enemy because we were fighting Hitler. So as World War II was ending, the three leaders met at a conference at Yalta. It's called the Yalta Summit or the Yalta Meeting. And the Yalta Meeting was at the end of the war to kind of, you know, collaborate about what was going to happen to end the war and what would happen post-war."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, he had to be our friend, but he was our enemy because we were fighting Hitler. So as World War II was ending, the three leaders met at a conference at Yalta. It's called the Yalta Summit or the Yalta Meeting. And the Yalta Meeting was at the end of the war to kind of, you know, collaborate about what was going to happen to end the war and what would happen post-war. The fear was that as soon as World War II was over, we were going to be at it with the Soviet Union, and FDR didn't want that. And Churchill didn't want that. So we wanted to find a way to see if we could settle things at Yalta."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Yalta Meeting was at the end of the war to kind of, you know, collaborate about what was going to happen to end the war and what would happen post-war. The fear was that as soon as World War II was over, we were going to be at it with the Soviet Union, and FDR didn't want that. And Churchill didn't want that. So we wanted to find a way to see if we could settle things at Yalta. And basically what was done was that Stalin promised to have free elections if he could keep his army in Eastern Europe. Now, him having free elections is like a goat, you know, singing, you know, rockabye baby. It ain't gonna happen."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So we wanted to find a way to see if we could settle things at Yalta. And basically what was done was that Stalin promised to have free elections if he could keep his army in Eastern Europe. Now, him having free elections is like a goat, you know, singing, you know, rockabye baby. It ain't gonna happen. So, you know, that was nonsensical. So really, kind of the theory that I see it by is I kind of see it almost like if this was Europe, yours, mine. That's kind of what happened at Yalta."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It ain't gonna happen. So, you know, that was nonsensical. So really, kind of the theory that I see it by is I kind of see it almost like if this was Europe, yours, mine. That's kind of what happened at Yalta. We really created the Iron Curtain, the metaphorical separation of Europe and then now the world into two camps. And the camps that are going to be controlled by the communists and camps that are going to be more controlled by the United States and England. And that is the Cold War."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's kind of what happened at Yalta. We really created the Iron Curtain, the metaphorical separation of Europe and then now the world into two camps. And the camps that are going to be controlled by the communists and camps that are going to be more controlled by the United States and England. And that is the Cold War. Never in the Cold War does the United States attack the Soviet Union. It's always through these kind of other events. So ideological reasons."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that is the Cold War. Never in the Cold War does the United States attack the Soviet Union. It's always through these kind of other events. So ideological reasons. The United States and England are democracies. We elect leaders and we have capitalism as the root of our economic system. Meaning that freedom is the most important concept in our ideology."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So ideological reasons. The United States and England are democracies. We elect leaders and we have capitalism as the root of our economic system. Meaning that freedom is the most important concept in our ideology. Freedom before taxes, freedom before we arrest, you know, before speech, I mean, sorry, speech before law. I mean, what's more important? That you have freedom of speech or that we don't hurt the president's feelings?"}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Meaning that freedom is the most important concept in our ideology. Freedom before taxes, freedom before we arrest, you know, before speech, I mean, sorry, speech before law. I mean, what's more important? That you have freedom of speech or that we don't hurt the president's feelings? It's freedom of speech. Whereas in the Soviet Union, it's going to be order before freedom. It's more important to be safe, secure, and stable."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That you have freedom of speech or that we don't hurt the president's feelings? It's freedom of speech. Whereas in the Soviet Union, it's going to be order before freedom. It's more important to be safe, secure, and stable. So freedom of speech out the window, freedom of press out the window, and all that good stuff. China also communist by the 1950s. So a couple of Cold War events."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's more important to be safe, secure, and stable. So freedom of speech out the window, freedom of press out the window, and all that good stuff. China also communist by the 1950s. So a couple of Cold War events. There's more than a few. Right after the Cold War occurred, or when it started, Germany was split at Yalta. So you had the situation of Stalin controlling East Germany and West Germany being controlled by more of the Allied powers, or England and the United States."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So a couple of Cold War events. There's more than a few. Right after the Cold War occurred, or when it started, Germany was split at Yalta. So you had the situation of Stalin controlling East Germany and West Germany being controlled by more of the Allied powers, or England and the United States. The problem was that they also split Berlin. And if you look at the map right here, you can see where Berlin is. Berlin's on the other side."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So you had the situation of Stalin controlling East Germany and West Germany being controlled by more of the Allied powers, or England and the United States. The problem was that they also split Berlin. And if you look at the map right here, you can see where Berlin is. Berlin's on the other side. So this would be like if these were gangs, and let's just say for argument's sake that if this was the Bloods and the Crips, you know who the Bloods are. The commies, because they're red. And if we were the Crips, the blue boys, right?"}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Berlin's on the other side. So this would be like if these were gangs, and let's just say for argument's sake that if this was the Bloods and the Crips, you know who the Bloods are. The commies, because they're red. And if we were the Crips, the blue boys, right? Where is half of our main clubhouse? In the Sea of Red. So one of the Cold War events is called the Berlin Blockade."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And if we were the Crips, the blue boys, right? Where is half of our main clubhouse? In the Sea of Red. So one of the Cold War events is called the Berlin Blockade. What Stalin basically did was he blockaded West Berlin so nobody could get there and nobody could leave. So you couldn't trade, you couldn't get food, you couldn't get electricity. He basically was trying to choke the life out of them so he could control that land."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So one of the Cold War events is called the Berlin Blockade. What Stalin basically did was he blockaded West Berlin so nobody could get there and nobody could leave. So you couldn't trade, you couldn't get food, you couldn't get electricity. He basically was trying to choke the life out of them so he could control that land. Now, the United States and England basically adopted a policy called containment. Where we weren't going to fight World War III, but hell if we were going to let the Red expand into our area. So Truman, who was the President of the United States, instituted the Berlin Airlift."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He basically was trying to choke the life out of them so he could control that land. Now, the United States and England basically adopted a policy called containment. Where we weren't going to fight World War III, but hell if we were going to let the Red expand into our area. So Truman, who was the President of the United States, instituted the Berlin Airlift. And basically what he did was if I was a starving Berliner, all I had to do was look every day and... Chips, apples, electricity. They dropped tons of food and supplies in order to kind of challenge the Soviets, what are you going to do now? And eventually what they had to do was build the Berlin Wall, which separated West Berlin from East Berlin."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So Truman, who was the President of the United States, instituted the Berlin Airlift. And basically what he did was if I was a starving Berliner, all I had to do was look every day and... Chips, apples, electricity. They dropped tons of food and supplies in order to kind of challenge the Soviets, what are you going to do now? And eventually what they had to do was build the Berlin Wall, which separated West Berlin from East Berlin. And really become symbolic of what the Cold War is all about. Other events, I mean we have the Korean War, a lot of this is the United States, so I want to be light on it. Because this is a world history course."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And eventually what they had to do was build the Berlin Wall, which separated West Berlin from East Berlin. And really become symbolic of what the Cold War is all about. Other events, I mean we have the Korean War, a lot of this is the United States, so I want to be light on it. Because this is a world history course. But the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia to keep it in its camp. They formed a gang, their bloods became the Warsaw Pact. And the United States and England joined NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Because this is a world history course. But the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia to keep it in its camp. They formed a gang, their bloods became the Warsaw Pact. And the United States and England joined NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. And basically some of the concepts would be collective security. Why weren't there really big wars? Because everybody was in a gang."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the United States and England joined NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. And basically some of the concepts would be collective security. Why weren't there really big wars? Because everybody was in a gang. You also have the concept of mutual assured destruction or brinkmanship. Why wasn't there a war? Because everybody was packing."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Because everybody was in a gang. You also have the concept of mutual assured destruction or brinkmanship. Why wasn't there a war? Because everybody was packing. Everybody had nuclear weapons and nobody wanted to use them out of fear there would be retribution of weapons coming at them. And the Cold War went on from 1945 to like 1991. For those 50 or 60 years, everything in society is being defined by the Cold War."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Because everybody was packing. Everybody had nuclear weapons and nobody wanted to use them out of fear there would be retribution of weapons coming at them. And the Cold War went on from 1945 to like 1991. For those 50 or 60 years, everything in society is being defined by the Cold War. We have the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam Conflict. You have the Marshall Plan, millions of dollars, billions going to Western Europe to rebuild their economies to stop the spread of communism. And basically that's the Cold War in a nutshell."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "For those 50 or 60 years, everything in society is being defined by the Cold War. We have the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam Conflict. You have the Marshall Plan, millions of dollars, billions going to Western Europe to rebuild their economies to stop the spread of communism. And basically that's the Cold War in a nutshell. The end of the Cold War is going to occur under the last leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. So in the late 80s, Ronald Reagan was President of the United States. Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union, the kind of head of the Communist Party."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And basically that's the Cold War in a nutshell. The end of the Cold War is going to occur under the last leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. So in the late 80s, Ronald Reagan was President of the United States. Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union, the kind of head of the Communist Party. How many political parties in the Soviet Union? That's right, there's only one, there's only a communist, there's no democracy. So basically what occurred was Gorbachev was kind of cool."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union, the kind of head of the Communist Party. How many political parties in the Soviet Union? That's right, there's only one, there's only a communist, there's no democracy. So basically what occurred was Gorbachev was kind of cool. He was a little cooler, especially cooler than Stalin, but even the other leaders of Khrushchev and Brezhnev, he kind of had a little bit more of a democracy in his heart. So he thought that he could institute some freedoms and still be communist. That he still could command the economy, remember a command economy is when the government controls everything, unlike a laissez-faire government where the government doesn't do anything to control the economy."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So basically what occurred was Gorbachev was kind of cool. He was a little cooler, especially cooler than Stalin, but even the other leaders of Khrushchev and Brezhnev, he kind of had a little bit more of a democracy in his heart. So he thought that he could institute some freedoms and still be communist. That he still could command the economy, remember a command economy is when the government controls everything, unlike a laissez-faire government where the government doesn't do anything to control the economy. So Gorbachev developed two strategies. One was called glasnost, the opening up of freedom, and the other was perestrokiya, or economic freedoms, you know, opening that door a little bit. Now what occurred, and I think that this really will be the most theoretical way of answering the question of how the Cold War ended, is a lot of people say, we won, we won because we were tough, Ger."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That he still could command the economy, remember a command economy is when the government controls everything, unlike a laissez-faire government where the government doesn't do anything to control the economy. So Gorbachev developed two strategies. One was called glasnost, the opening up of freedom, and the other was perestrokiya, or economic freedoms, you know, opening that door a little bit. Now what occurred, and I think that this really will be the most theoretical way of answering the question of how the Cold War ended, is a lot of people say, we won, we won because we were tough, Ger. I don't think that's it. I'm more of the believer that it was the M&M concept. That what occurred was when Gorbachev instituted some slight freedoms, it's like giving a kid an M&M."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now what occurred, and I think that this really will be the most theoretical way of answering the question of how the Cold War ended, is a lot of people say, we won, we won because we were tough, Ger. I don't think that's it. I'm more of the believer that it was the M&M concept. That what occurred was when Gorbachev instituted some slight freedoms, it's like giving a kid an M&M. If you've never had freedom of the press, and I give you just a little bit, you're not going to be satisfied with one M&M. You're going to want the whole bag. Hell, you're going to want to own the factory that makes them."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That what occurred was when Gorbachev instituted some slight freedoms, it's like giving a kid an M&M. If you've never had freedom of the press, and I give you just a little bit, you're not going to be satisfied with one M&M. You're going to want the whole bag. Hell, you're going to want to own the factory that makes them. So opening up the Soviet Union really opened up the floodgates, and he couldn't control what happened. So basically Boris Yeltsin becomes the leader or the face of the reform movement. I almost see them charging at Gorbachev, give us our M&Ms."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hell, you're going to want to own the factory that makes them. So opening up the Soviet Union really opened up the floodgates, and he couldn't control what happened. So basically Boris Yeltsin becomes the leader or the face of the reform movement. I almost see them charging at Gorbachev, give us our M&Ms. And eventually the Soviet Union flips. It breaks up into many little countries, or big and little countries, instead of being that union. You know, it's almost like the United States of America, 50 little states make up the nation."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I almost see them charging at Gorbachev, give us our M&Ms. And eventually the Soviet Union flips. It breaks up into many little countries, or big and little countries, instead of being that union. You know, it's almost like the United States of America, 50 little states make up the nation. Well, states made up the Soviet Union, so now we have Lithuania, and we have Georgia, and we have Russia, and we have lots of countries. So the breakup of the Soviet Union is definitely the way to see that the Cold War is over. And right before that occurred, the Berlin Wall came a-tumbling down, and that would be very symbolic of the Cold War being over."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, it's almost like the United States of America, 50 little states make up the nation. Well, states made up the Soviet Union, so now we have Lithuania, and we have Georgia, and we have Russia, and we have lots of countries. So the breakup of the Soviet Union is definitely the way to see that the Cold War is over. And right before that occurred, the Berlin Wall came a-tumbling down, and that would be very symbolic of the Cold War being over. After the Cold War, the United States kind of becomes the superpower of the New World Order in the 1990s. Germany is unified, and Russia and Eastern Europe really have a lot of work to do to rebuild their economies, which were really devastated by years of a command economy and the lack of entrepreneurship and growth. So I don't know if that's going to do it."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And right before that occurred, the Berlin Wall came a-tumbling down, and that would be very symbolic of the Cold War being over. After the Cold War, the United States kind of becomes the superpower of the New World Order in the 1990s. Germany is unified, and Russia and Eastern Europe really have a lot of work to do to rebuild their economies, which were really devastated by years of a command economy and the lack of entrepreneurship and growth. So I don't know if that's going to do it. I mean, we really should mention Afghanistan, too. Afghanistan is the Soviet Union's Vietnam. They had invaded Afghanistan in order to make it communist, in a sense, and to have that land for development."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I don't know if that's going to do it. I mean, we really should mention Afghanistan, too. Afghanistan is the Soviet Union's Vietnam. They had invaded Afghanistan in order to make it communist, in a sense, and to have that land for development. As a response, the Afghans formed the Mujahideen. The Mujahideen was a collection of fighters from across the Arab world that were there to resist the atheist Soviet Union's invasion, including Osama bin Laden. The CIA gave, I think, $3 billion to the Mujahideen, including rocket launcher grenade things or whatever, to fight the Soviet Union."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They had invaded Afghanistan in order to make it communist, in a sense, and to have that land for development. As a response, the Afghans formed the Mujahideen. The Mujahideen was a collection of fighters from across the Arab world that were there to resist the atheist Soviet Union's invasion, including Osama bin Laden. The CIA gave, I think, $3 billion to the Mujahideen, including rocket launcher grenade things or whatever, to fight the Soviet Union. And they were successful. The Soviet Union finally pulled out, I think, in the late 80s out of Afghanistan, and now we have Osama bin Laden with rocket grenades and billions of dollars. But nevertheless, Afghanistan, Vietnam, I think we've talked enough."}, {"video_title": "Cold War Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The CIA gave, I think, $3 billion to the Mujahideen, including rocket launcher grenade things or whatever, to fight the Soviet Union. And they were successful. The Soviet Union finally pulled out, I think, in the late 80s out of Afghanistan, and now we have Osama bin Laden with rocket grenades and billions of dollars. But nevertheless, Afghanistan, Vietnam, I think we've talked enough. I hope you get the Cold War, the Soviet Union, communism versus England and the United States, democracy, capitalism, and that's all, folks. So keep studying a little bit at a time where attention goes, energy flows. Betty Bacher bought some butter, but she said that butter's bitter, so she bought some butter, butter, and put the butter, butter, and the bitter butter, and made the bitter butter."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "While others would argue that no, it is a completely independent religion, and any similarity is just coincidental. So let's tackle that central question. What elements of continuity does Sikhism represent? And in this video, we're gonna think about continuity in terms of religious continuity, and in particular, does it have elements from Islam or Hinduism in it? So we could first focus on some of the cultural trappings or some of the historical trappings of Sikhism, and think about the connections to both Hinduism and Islam. The first obvious connection is that Guru Nanak, the first guru, and many of the early gurus, grew up in Hindu families. But there are also cultural connections to Islam."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in this video, we're gonna think about continuity in terms of religious continuity, and in particular, does it have elements from Islam or Hinduism in it? So we could first focus on some of the cultural trappings or some of the historical trappings of Sikhism, and think about the connections to both Hinduism and Islam. The first obvious connection is that Guru Nanak, the first guru, and many of the early gurus, grew up in Hindu families. But there are also cultural connections to Islam. The Sikh religion emerges in Punjab, which is where or near the various Muslim rulers of the time held their capitals. Whether we're talking about the Dali Sultanate, which was in power for over 250 years when Sikhism started to emerge with Guru Nanak, but also the Mughal Empire, which really developed in its early stages at the same time that Sikhism develops. So many of the followers of Sikhism were both Hindu and Muslim."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But there are also cultural connections to Islam. The Sikh religion emerges in Punjab, which is where or near the various Muslim rulers of the time held their capitals. Whether we're talking about the Dali Sultanate, which was in power for over 250 years when Sikhism started to emerge with Guru Nanak, but also the Mughal Empire, which really developed in its early stages at the same time that Sikhism develops. So many of the followers of Sikhism were both Hindu and Muslim. A lot of the terminology of Sikhism borrows words and borrows ideas from both Islam and Hinduism. The word Allah is used to refer to God in parts of the Guru Granth Sahib, but so is the word Ram. One of the first and closest followers of Guru Nanak, who was with him most of his life, was Bhai Mardana."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So many of the followers of Sikhism were both Hindu and Muslim. A lot of the terminology of Sikhism borrows words and borrows ideas from both Islam and Hinduism. The word Allah is used to refer to God in parts of the Guru Granth Sahib, but so is the word Ram. One of the first and closest followers of Guru Nanak, who was with him most of his life, was Bhai Mardana. And even today, many pictures of Guru Nanak would have Bhai Mardana in them. Guru Nanak famously, as someone who was spiritually precocious and spiritually curious, traveled through India and Persia and the Middle East, so he visited many temples, but there's also many historic accounts of him going to Mecca and performing hajj. The Guru Granth Sahib, which is considered the spiritual book, the 11th and final Guru for the Sikhs, of the contributors to them, you have Kabir, who grew up in a Muslim family."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "One of the first and closest followers of Guru Nanak, who was with him most of his life, was Bhai Mardana. And even today, many pictures of Guru Nanak would have Bhai Mardana in them. Guru Nanak famously, as someone who was spiritually precocious and spiritually curious, traveled through India and Persia and the Middle East, so he visited many temples, but there's also many historic accounts of him going to Mecca and performing hajj. The Guru Granth Sahib, which is considered the spiritual book, the 11th and final Guru for the Sikhs, of the contributors to them, you have Kabir, who grew up in a Muslim family. He lived either around the time of Guru Nanak or in the century before Guru Nanak and would write about both Allah and Ram, although he was often critical of both Hinduism and Islam. And you also have Sheikh Farid, who was a Muslim Sufi writer and spiritual figure, and he has also contributed to the Guru Granth Sahib. There's also important rituals that come from Hinduism."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Guru Granth Sahib, which is considered the spiritual book, the 11th and final Guru for the Sikhs, of the contributors to them, you have Kabir, who grew up in a Muslim family. He lived either around the time of Guru Nanak or in the century before Guru Nanak and would write about both Allah and Ram, although he was often critical of both Hinduism and Islam. And you also have Sheikh Farid, who was a Muslim Sufi writer and spiritual figure, and he has also contributed to the Guru Granth Sahib. There's also important rituals that come from Hinduism. So, for example, when Sikhs pass away, like Hindus, they are cremated. So just looking at this list, you immediately see that there's definitely cultural elements, whether we're talking about words, whether we're talking about rituals, whether we're talking about even just the historical narrative of how and where Sikhism started that are closely tied to ideas of Hinduism and closely tied to ideas of Islam. But now let's look at the scripture itself and see if we can glean any more similarities or differences."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's also important rituals that come from Hinduism. So, for example, when Sikhs pass away, like Hindus, they are cremated. So just looking at this list, you immediately see that there's definitely cultural elements, whether we're talking about words, whether we're talking about rituals, whether we're talking about even just the historical narrative of how and where Sikhism started that are closely tied to ideas of Hinduism and closely tied to ideas of Islam. But now let's look at the scripture itself and see if we can glean any more similarities or differences. This is the Mool Mantar, which means main mantra, or the basic teaching of Sikhism. And it comes from Guru Nanak. And this is an English translation."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But now let's look at the scripture itself and see if we can glean any more similarities or differences. This is the Mool Mantar, which means main mantra, or the basic teaching of Sikhism. And it comes from Guru Nanak. And this is an English translation. You'll see variations of this, but it essentially says, one universal creator God. The name is truth, creative being personified, no fear, no hatred, image of the undying, beyond birth, self-existent by Guru's grace. Throughout the Guru Granth Sahib and much of the writings, especially Guru Nanak, focus on devotion to God, the one universal God."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is an English translation. You'll see variations of this, but it essentially says, one universal creator God. The name is truth, creative being personified, no fear, no hatred, image of the undying, beyond birth, self-existent by Guru's grace. Throughout the Guru Granth Sahib and much of the writings, especially Guru Nanak, focus on devotion to God, the one universal God. And so many of you might think, well, that seems to have connections to Islam. But then you could say, well, even in Hinduism, although there are many aspects of God, the various deities, but there's this notion of a fundamental reality of Brahman. So maybe it has elements of that, or maybe this is just independently developed."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Throughout the Guru Granth Sahib and much of the writings, especially Guru Nanak, focus on devotion to God, the one universal God. And so many of you might think, well, that seems to have connections to Islam. But then you could say, well, even in Hinduism, although there are many aspects of God, the various deities, but there's this notion of a fundamental reality of Brahman. So maybe it has elements of that, or maybe this is just independently developed. But there definitely are parts of the Guru Granth Sahib which seem to have elements that are close to Islam. This is a quote from Guru Nanak. He is Allah, the unknowable, the inaccessible, all-powerful and merciful creator."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So maybe it has elements of that, or maybe this is just independently developed. But there definitely are parts of the Guru Granth Sahib which seem to have elements that are close to Islam. This is a quote from Guru Nanak. He is Allah, the unknowable, the inaccessible, all-powerful and merciful creator. So one argument is he's using the Arabic word for God. He's using Allah. Now another argument, counterargument, would be, well, he's just using the language that his followers knew, and many of his followers were Muslim, and so would have used the word Allah for God."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is Allah, the unknowable, the inaccessible, all-powerful and merciful creator. So one argument is he's using the Arabic word for God. He's using Allah. Now another argument, counterargument, would be, well, he's just using the language that his followers knew, and many of his followers were Muslim, and so would have used the word Allah for God. But he is not saying that it necessarily has to be the exact concept of God as in Islam. Now this is from Kabir. Someone sets up a stone idol, and all the world worships it as the Lord."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now another argument, counterargument, would be, well, he's just using the language that his followers knew, and many of his followers were Muslim, and so would have used the word Allah for God. But he is not saying that it necessarily has to be the exact concept of God as in Islam. Now this is from Kabir. Someone sets up a stone idol, and all the world worships it as the Lord. Those who hold to this belief will be drowned in the river of darkness. And this is in the Guru Granth Sahib. This notion of being against idol worship comes out very clear in this quotation, and that is another idea that is often associated with Islam."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Someone sets up a stone idol, and all the world worships it as the Lord. Those who hold to this belief will be drowned in the river of darkness. And this is in the Guru Granth Sahib. This notion of being against idol worship comes out very clear in this quotation, and that is another idea that is often associated with Islam. But as I mentioned, there's also many parallels with Hinduism. In the first video on Sikhism, I give you this quote from Guru Nanak. The world is a drama staged in a dream, which alludes to the Hindu notion of maya."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This notion of being against idol worship comes out very clear in this quotation, and that is another idea that is often associated with Islam. But as I mentioned, there's also many parallels with Hinduism. In the first video on Sikhism, I give you this quote from Guru Nanak. The world is a drama staged in a dream, which alludes to the Hindu notion of maya. The physical reality is all an illusion. We want to pierce through that veil. What should the yogi have to fear?"}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The world is a drama staged in a dream, which alludes to the Hindu notion of maya. The physical reality is all an illusion. We want to pierce through that veil. What should the yogi have to fear? Trees, plants, and all that is inside and outside is he himself. So this is an idea that we get very clearly from the Upanishads. Any notion of duality, of me being different from you, or even one versus God, it's all an illusion."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What should the yogi have to fear? Trees, plants, and all that is inside and outside is he himself. So this is an idea that we get very clearly from the Upanishads. Any notion of duality, of me being different from you, or even one versus God, it's all an illusion. All is one. By the karma of past actions, the robe of this physical body is obtained. By his grace, the gate of liberation is found."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Any notion of duality, of me being different from you, or even one versus God, it's all an illusion. All is one. By the karma of past actions, the robe of this physical body is obtained. By his grace, the gate of liberation is found. So clear references to the Hindu notions of karma, that action drives consequences, that you enter one physical body after another. But that's not your true self, the robe of this physical body. There's a true self."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "By his grace, the gate of liberation is found. So clear references to the Hindu notions of karma, that action drives consequences, that you enter one physical body after another. But that's not your true self, the robe of this physical body. There's a true self. And eventually, through the grace of the ultimate reality, you might be able to have liberation, have moksha. So clear Hindu parallels as well. One angle is that Guru Nanak and Sikhism was attempting a reformation of both, taking elements that were compelling in either and then purifying them, making them more internal focused, less focused on ritual, less focused on the external, and more focused on meditation and the true self."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a true self. And eventually, through the grace of the ultimate reality, you might be able to have liberation, have moksha. So clear Hindu parallels as well. One angle is that Guru Nanak and Sikhism was attempting a reformation of both, taking elements that were compelling in either and then purifying them, making them more internal focused, less focused on ritual, less focused on the external, and more focused on meditation and the true self. There's a lot of quotations in reference to both religions that make it clear that it was something different and is critical of at least how both religions seemed to be practiced in India at that time. Guru Nanak famously said, there is no Hindu, there is no Musliman. Most people feel that he's saying this distinction that we make between human beings based on these belief systems, that these are superficial, that these are to some degree transient, that we are all part of the universal, part of the ultimate reality, part of God."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "One angle is that Guru Nanak and Sikhism was attempting a reformation of both, taking elements that were compelling in either and then purifying them, making them more internal focused, less focused on ritual, less focused on the external, and more focused on meditation and the true self. There's a lot of quotations in reference to both religions that make it clear that it was something different and is critical of at least how both religions seemed to be practiced in India at that time. Guru Nanak famously said, there is no Hindu, there is no Musliman. Most people feel that he's saying this distinction that we make between human beings based on these belief systems, that these are superficial, that these are to some degree transient, that we are all part of the universal, part of the ultimate reality, part of God. This is from Guru Arjan. The Muslim god Allah and the Hindu god Parbrahm are one and the same. So here, trying to unify these ideas, and listen, this is in a context where many of the followers are Muslim and many are Hindu, and putting it in words that they understand."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Most people feel that he's saying this distinction that we make between human beings based on these belief systems, that these are superficial, that these are to some degree transient, that we are all part of the universal, part of the ultimate reality, part of God. This is from Guru Arjan. The Muslim god Allah and the Hindu god Parbrahm are one and the same. So here, trying to unify these ideas, and listen, this is in a context where many of the followers are Muslim and many are Hindu, and putting it in words that they understand. My body and breath of life belong to Allah, to Ram, the god of both. So once again, it's this bhakti, this devotional aspect, surrendering to God and using the terminology that would be familiar to people in that time and in that space. So I encourage you, go out there, research."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So here, trying to unify these ideas, and listen, this is in a context where many of the followers are Muslim and many are Hindu, and putting it in words that they understand. My body and breath of life belong to Allah, to Ram, the god of both. So once again, it's this bhakti, this devotional aspect, surrendering to God and using the terminology that would be familiar to people in that time and in that space. So I encourage you, go out there, research. Think about it for yourself. Sikhism for sure has its own unique identity. And pretty much every religion is a product of the context in which it emerged and has elements from other religions."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So I encourage you, go out there, research. Think about it for yourself. Sikhism for sure has its own unique identity. And pretty much every religion is a product of the context in which it emerged and has elements from other religions. Whether or not that was done intentionally, whether or not it's chance, there does seem to be parallels. We can make a whole tree of religions if we like. If we put Sikhism right here, the question mark of this video is you have this narrative of Islam."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And pretty much every religion is a product of the context in which it emerged and has elements from other religions. Whether or not that was done intentionally, whether or not it's chance, there does seem to be parallels. We can make a whole tree of religions if we like. If we put Sikhism right here, the question mark of this video is you have this narrative of Islam. To what degree does it influence Sikhism? And many would say that especially the Sufi orders of Islam have much to do with Sikhism. Sufism is the school of Islam that is more inward-looking, that is about devotional love to God."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If we put Sikhism right here, the question mark of this video is you have this narrative of Islam. To what degree does it influence Sikhism? And many would say that especially the Sufi orders of Islam have much to do with Sikhism. Sufism is the school of Islam that is more inward-looking, that is about devotional love to God. And that's what a lot of Sikhism is focused on. But as mentioned, one could also think about Hinduism, which is much older than pretty much any other living religion today. And in other videos, we talk about the bhakti movement, which is about devotional love to God."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Sufism is the school of Islam that is more inward-looking, that is about devotional love to God. And that's what a lot of Sikhism is focused on. But as mentioned, one could also think about Hinduism, which is much older than pretty much any other living religion today. And in other videos, we talk about the bhakti movement, which is about devotional love to God. There's also a school of thought in Hinduism known as Vedanta, which is more focused on the core spiritual ideas of the Upanishads, the notion of the ultimate self, the ultimate reality, escaping from the cycle of births and deaths, from samsara, achieving liberation, moksha. All of these ideas are in Sikhism. And to make the point clear that all of our major religions are connected to each other, we can keep drawing this tree."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in other videos, we talk about the bhakti movement, which is about devotional love to God. There's also a school of thought in Hinduism known as Vedanta, which is more focused on the core spiritual ideas of the Upanishads, the notion of the ultimate self, the ultimate reality, escaping from the cycle of births and deaths, from samsara, achieving liberation, moksha. All of these ideas are in Sikhism. And to make the point clear that all of our major religions are connected to each other, we can keep drawing this tree. We talk about how Buddhism brings out of Hinduism, that Buddha was a Hindu, and it might have been in reaction to some of the ritual and the caste that Buddha saw in Hinduism, or at least in Hindu culture. In fact, some of those same motivations might have motivated Guru Nanak. Islam, we talk about in other videos, famously emerges from a Judeo-Christian tradition."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And to make the point clear that all of our major religions are connected to each other, we can keep drawing this tree. We talk about how Buddhism brings out of Hinduism, that Buddha was a Hindu, and it might have been in reaction to some of the ritual and the caste that Buddha saw in Hinduism, or at least in Hindu culture. In fact, some of those same motivations might have motivated Guru Nanak. Islam, we talk about in other videos, famously emerges from a Judeo-Christian tradition. The most important prophets in Islam after Muhammad are Jesus, Moses, and Abraham. And Christianity, of course, comes out of a Jewish tradition. Jesus was Jewish."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Islam, we talk about in other videos, famously emerges from a Judeo-Christian tradition. The most important prophets in Islam after Muhammad are Jesus, Moses, and Abraham. And Christianity, of course, comes out of a Jewish tradition. Jesus was Jewish. And one could say that there is even some direct connections between Judaism and Islam, notions of not eating pork, notions of halal and kosher, ideas of circumcision. And one could even argue that Judaism and Islam also have close ties to Zoroastrianism. A very ancient monotheistic religion, and Cyrus the Great of Persia was the one who really spread Zoroastrianism."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Jesus was Jewish. And one could say that there is even some direct connections between Judaism and Islam, notions of not eating pork, notions of halal and kosher, ideas of circumcision. And one could even argue that Judaism and Islam also have close ties to Zoroastrianism. A very ancient monotheistic religion, and Cyrus the Great of Persia was the one who really spread Zoroastrianism. And he's considered a messiah amongst the Jewish people because he liberated them from the Babylonian captivity, helped them resettle in Jerusalem, and helped rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. Zoroastrianism also has ties to Islam. Zoroastrians pray five times a day, just like Muslims."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "A very ancient monotheistic religion, and Cyrus the Great of Persia was the one who really spread Zoroastrianism. And he's considered a messiah amongst the Jewish people because he liberated them from the Babylonian captivity, helped them resettle in Jerusalem, and helped rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. Zoroastrianism also has ties to Islam. Zoroastrians pray five times a day, just like Muslims. They have the ritual bathing before the prayer, just like Muslims, at the same time of day. So once again, amongst all of these religions, they definitely came in contact with each other, and you definitely have ideas that are shared amongst the religions. So with that, I'll leave you with one last quote from Guru Nanak."}, {"video_title": "Continuity-Sikhism connections to Hinduism and Islam 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Zoroastrians pray five times a day, just like Muslims. They have the ritual bathing before the prayer, just like Muslims, at the same time of day. So once again, amongst all of these religions, they definitely came in contact with each other, and you definitely have ideas that are shared amongst the religions. So with that, I'll leave you with one last quote from Guru Nanak. And this one would arguably be addressed to his Muslim followers, but it gives you a sense of his trying to bring people back to the internal, trying to make people less focused on external ritual, external physical reality, and more on internal goodness, and your actions being more important than your words or your rituals. Make kindness your mosque, sincerity your prayer carpet, what is just and lawful your Quran, modesty your circumcision, civility your fasting, so shalt thou be a Musliman, or Muslim. Make right conduct your Kaaba, making reference to the pilgrimage site Muslims go to and pray towards."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History, World History Edition. This time guys we're going down the road and we're doing a little bit of the Buddhism. I don't care if you're a kid in school, a lifelong learner or cray cray on the internet, we're going to do the basics for you right now as we go ahead and do the giddy up for the learner. So let's go get it done right now. Alright guys, before we talk about Buddha himself, his name is going to be Siddhartha Gautama. We're going to talk a little bit about Buddhism in generalities and many people don't consider Buddhism a religion. Some do but some don't."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's go get it done right now. Alright guys, before we talk about Buddha himself, his name is going to be Siddhartha Gautama. We're going to talk a little bit about Buddhism in generalities and many people don't consider Buddhism a religion. Some do but some don't. And if you've watched the Hindu lecture, you should go watch that lecture, you learn that Hindus try to find the Dharma in their life, the way of living their life according to principle. Everyone has their own Dharma, their own path and some people consider Buddhism itself to be a Dharma, a way, a teaching and it's much less focused on the exterior. It's not really monotheistic or polytheistic."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Some do but some don't. And if you've watched the Hindu lecture, you should go watch that lecture, you learn that Hindus try to find the Dharma in their life, the way of living their life according to principle. Everyone has their own Dharma, their own path and some people consider Buddhism itself to be a Dharma, a way, a teaching and it's much less focused on the exterior. It's not really monotheistic or polytheistic. They're not talking about gods or goddesses. They're talking about you. They're talking about what you can do to free yourself, to find enlightenment, to what they call Nirvana and we'll talk about that in a moment."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not really monotheistic or polytheistic. They're not talking about gods or goddesses. They're talking about you. They're talking about what you can do to free yourself, to find enlightenment, to what they call Nirvana and we'll talk about that in a moment. But we have the year at about 563 BCE and you have to remember that a lot of these stories are passed down. They could be non-fiction. They might some be fiction but they are legends that are believed by people who follow this faith and Siddhartha Gautama and I could be mispronouncing it just a little bit, was born in Nepal."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They're talking about what you can do to free yourself, to find enlightenment, to what they call Nirvana and we'll talk about that in a moment. But we have the year at about 563 BCE and you have to remember that a lot of these stories are passed down. They could be non-fiction. They might some be fiction but they are legends that are believed by people who follow this faith and Siddhartha Gautama and I could be mispronouncing it just a little bit, was born in Nepal. Nepal is in North East India up there in the mountains, Himalayans and he is born to a noble Hindu family, a king and a queen and his mother has a dream that his birth is going to be the coming of a great one, of an enlightened human being, of somebody who's going to be either a great ruler if he stays home or a great spiritual leader if he leaves the home. So his daddy, king daddy, really wants him to stay home because he wants him to be the emperor, the king, the ruler. So for the first half of his life, Siddhartha is going to stay home."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They might some be fiction but they are legends that are believed by people who follow this faith and Siddhartha Gautama and I could be mispronouncing it just a little bit, was born in Nepal. Nepal is in North East India up there in the mountains, Himalayans and he is born to a noble Hindu family, a king and a queen and his mother has a dream that his birth is going to be the coming of a great one, of an enlightened human being, of somebody who's going to be either a great ruler if he stays home or a great spiritual leader if he leaves the home. So his daddy, king daddy, really wants him to stay home because he wants him to be the emperor, the king, the ruler. So for the first half of his life, Siddhartha is going to stay home. His dad is going to make him stay home. He's going to be insulated. Every whim, every desire, every pleasure is given to the guy."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So for the first half of his life, Siddhartha is going to stay home. His dad is going to make him stay home. He's going to be insulated. Every whim, every desire, every pleasure is given to the guy. He gets married, even has a son. But then he makes four trips at the age of 29 and the legend is that on each one of these trips he sees something that bugs him out a little bit because you have to remember he has never seen misery. The guy is living like a prince, literally."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Every whim, every desire, every pleasure is given to the guy. He gets married, even has a son. But then he makes four trips at the age of 29 and the legend is that on each one of these trips he sees something that bugs him out a little bit because you have to remember he has never seen misery. The guy is living like a prince, literally. So the first time he goes out he sees an old man and the second time he sees a sick man and the third time he sees a dead body, a corpse, and the fourth time he sees like a happy guy begging for change, somebody who looks really happy but really poor. And he puts together this story that, oh my goodness, everybody gets old, everybody gets sick, everybody dies, and that some people are still happy knowing all of these terrible things are going to happen. So that brings him to the point where he decides he can't stay home."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The guy is living like a prince, literally. So the first time he goes out he sees an old man and the second time he sees a sick man and the third time he sees a dead body, a corpse, and the fourth time he sees like a happy guy begging for change, somebody who looks really happy but really poor. And he puts together this story that, oh my goodness, everybody gets old, everybody gets sick, everybody dies, and that some people are still happy knowing all of these terrible things are going to happen. So that brings him to the point where he decides he can't stay home. He needs answers. He needs to figure out what's going on. How can we be happy when there's so much misery and suffering?"}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So that brings him to the point where he decides he can't stay home. He needs answers. He needs to figure out what's going on. How can we be happy when there's so much misery and suffering? And that is going to be at the heart of Buddha's teachings, the enlightened one. Now there's 84,000 teachings and I only wanted to do a 10 minute video so we're going to keep this quite simple, guys. Now let's take a look at the four noble truths of Buddhism."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "How can we be happy when there's so much misery and suffering? And that is going to be at the heart of Buddha's teachings, the enlightened one. Now there's 84,000 teachings and I only wanted to do a 10 minute video so we're going to keep this quite simple, guys. Now let's take a look at the four noble truths of Buddhism. You can handle four important things, right? Let's do it. Alright before we do the four noble truths, I don't want you to think that Buddha left the palace and he found a rock and it said four noble truths on it."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now let's take a look at the four noble truths of Buddhism. You can handle four important things, right? Let's do it. Alright before we do the four noble truths, I don't want you to think that Buddha left the palace and he found a rock and it said four noble truths on it. He had to figure it out for himself. That's at the heart of Buddhism. You've got to do it yourself."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright before we do the four noble truths, I don't want you to think that Buddha left the palace and he found a rock and it said four noble truths on it. He had to figure it out for himself. That's at the heart of Buddhism. You've got to do it yourself. No one's going to do it for you. It's your life, it's your enlightenment, it's your cycle of reincarnation. They believe in reincarnation."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You've got to do it yourself. No one's going to do it for you. It's your life, it's your enlightenment, it's your cycle of reincarnation. They believe in reincarnation. But they don't believe in a caste system. This attracted a lot of laborers and the poorer classes to Buddhism because you could reach nirvana no matter what your wealth was. Anybody could do it."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They believe in reincarnation. But they don't believe in a caste system. This attracted a lot of laborers and the poorer classes to Buddhism because you could reach nirvana no matter what your wealth was. Anybody could do it. But Buddha, when he left that palace, first had to figure out things for himself. And he tried going to gurus and talking it out and debating and wandering the hills. He tried fasting, not eating food and seeing if that would lead him to some kind of enlightenment."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Anybody could do it. But Buddha, when he left that palace, first had to figure out things for himself. And he tried going to gurus and talking it out and debating and wandering the hills. He tried fasting, not eating food and seeing if that would lead him to some kind of enlightenment. And eventually he found it in meditation in a fig tree at Gaya. And this famous fig tree is where supposedly Buddha meditated for 49 days and then a big light bulb went over his head and now he figured it out. He's enlightened and he's going to come up with four noble truths."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He tried fasting, not eating food and seeing if that would lead him to some kind of enlightenment. And eventually he found it in meditation in a fig tree at Gaya. And this famous fig tree is where supposedly Buddha meditated for 49 days and then a big light bulb went over his head and now he figured it out. He's enlightened and he's going to come up with four noble truths. And the four noble truths are key to Buddhism. And the first one is dukkha. And dukkha basically means that you understand that everything in life is basically craving and suffering."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "He's enlightened and he's going to come up with four noble truths. And the four noble truths are key to Buddhism. And the first one is dukkha. And dukkha basically means that you understand that everything in life is basically craving and suffering. That at the root of everything, we're all suffering because we want. Buddha said that the key to a happy life was wanting what you had and not wanting what you didn't have. So that's the first noble truth, is understanding dukkha."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And dukkha basically means that you understand that everything in life is basically craving and suffering. That at the root of everything, we're all suffering because we want. Buddha said that the key to a happy life was wanting what you had and not wanting what you didn't have. So that's the first noble truth, is understanding dukkha. And then the second one is understanding where that originates from. That's samudriya. And what that means is that you understand that suffering comes from you wanting stuff."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So that's the first noble truth, is understanding dukkha. And then the second one is understanding where that originates from. That's samudriya. And what that means is that you understand that suffering comes from you wanting stuff. That nothing is permanent. Everything is non-permanent. So as soon as you're like, I really want that gum, oh I need that gum, and you get the gum, then the gum's gone and you want something else."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And what that means is that you understand that suffering comes from you wanting stuff. That nothing is permanent. Everything is non-permanent. So as soon as you're like, I really want that gum, oh I need that gum, and you get the gum, then the gum's gone and you want something else. So what Buddha says is that in the second noble truth, you have to understand that your suffering originates in your mind, wanting stuff and desiring stuff. So then the third noble truth is nirodha, which means stopping the dukkha. If you can stop the dukkha, then you can create nirvana."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So as soon as you're like, I really want that gum, oh I need that gum, and you get the gum, then the gum's gone and you want something else. So what Buddha says is that in the second noble truth, you have to understand that your suffering originates in your mind, wanting stuff and desiring stuff. So then the third noble truth is nirodha, which means stopping the dukkha. If you can stop the dukkha, then you can create nirvana. And that means once you've reached nirvana, you don't have to keep coming back to this miserable place. Because the idea is when you want something, when you need something, that creates karma. And that karma is what keeps you trapped in this reincarnation cycle."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "If you can stop the dukkha, then you can create nirvana. And that means once you've reached nirvana, you don't have to keep coming back to this miserable place. Because the idea is when you want something, when you need something, that creates karma. And that karma is what keeps you trapped in this reincarnation cycle. So that's the third noble truth, is realizing that you have to stop all of this madness. And the fourth noble truth is magga. And magga means that there is a pathway to doing this."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that karma is what keeps you trapped in this reincarnation cycle. So that's the third noble truth, is realizing that you have to stop all of this madness. And the fourth noble truth is magga. And magga means that there is a pathway to doing this. And this eightfold pathway is the next thing we're going to look at, which is the fourth noble truth. And I'll give you a hint. It's not too hot."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And magga means that there is a pathway to doing this. And this eightfold pathway is the next thing we're going to look at, which is the fourth noble truth. And I'll give you a hint. It's not too hot. It's not too cold. It's just right. So this is called the middle way."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not too hot. It's not too cold. It's just right. So this is called the middle way. That's why I said it's not too hot, not too cold. It's called the eightfold path or the middle way, finding the right way through this life to reach nirvana, enlightenment. And like the Hindus, they believe it's possible to break this cycle."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is called the middle way. That's why I said it's not too hot, not too cold. It's called the eightfold path or the middle way, finding the right way through this life to reach nirvana, enlightenment. And like the Hindus, they believe it's possible to break this cycle. One of the differences besides them not believing in the caste system is Hindus believe you're always born back as a human. Buddhists believe that you can come back as a supernatural being, as an angel, as another Buddha. They believe you can come back on the downside as a beast or a demon as well."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And like the Hindus, they believe it's possible to break this cycle. One of the differences besides them not believing in the caste system is Hindus believe you're always born back as a human. Buddhists believe that you can come back as a supernatural being, as an angel, as another Buddha. They believe you can come back on the downside as a beast or a demon as well. But there is a lot of different beliefs in Buddhism, so we don't want to pigeonhole them right there. But let's go through the eightfold path, the middle path. It's not too hot."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They believe you can come back on the downside as a beast or a demon as well. But there is a lot of different beliefs in Buddhism, so we don't want to pigeonhole them right there. But let's go through the eightfold path, the middle path. It's not too hot. It's not too cold. It's the middle path, the middle way between your desire and your suffering. In order to break that, they all start with the word right."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not too hot. It's not too cold. It's the middle path, the middle way between your desire and your suffering. In order to break that, they all start with the word right. Number one is right understanding, and that means understanding the four noble truths. Right thought, that you have to be able to control your mind. Buddhists sometimes say that we have monkey brains and that we aren't the thoughts that flash in our minds, that in order to be a good Buddhist, we have to have determination and resolve in our faith and in our way."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "In order to break that, they all start with the word right. Number one is right understanding, and that means understanding the four noble truths. Right thought, that you have to be able to control your mind. Buddhists sometimes say that we have monkey brains and that we aren't the thoughts that flash in our minds, that in order to be a good Buddhist, we have to have determination and resolve in our faith and in our way. Right speech, you can't be degrading people. You can't be, you know, slandering and gossiping and lying. That will create bad karma, and that's not good."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Buddhists sometimes say that we have monkey brains and that we aren't the thoughts that flash in our minds, that in order to be a good Buddhist, we have to have determination and resolve in our faith and in our way. Right speech, you can't be degrading people. You can't be, you know, slandering and gossiping and lying. That will create bad karma, and that's not good. Number four is right conduct, which means you have to be nonviolent. You have to be a good person. The next one is a right means of making a living."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That will create bad karma, and that's not good. Number four is right conduct, which means you have to be nonviolent. You have to be a good person. The next one is a right means of making a living. They don't believe that we should be in any type of profession that brings pain and suffering or violence to other creatures. And then we have number six, right mental effort. And this means the ability not only to be aware of your mind, but to control it by eliminating negative thoughts."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The next one is a right means of making a living. They don't believe that we should be in any type of profession that brings pain and suffering or violence to other creatures. And then we have number six, right mental effort. And this means the ability not only to be aware of your mind, but to control it by eliminating negative thoughts. That's a big one in Buddhism. You can't be a monkey brain and just be thinking negative things all day because that's going to propel you into misery and suffering and want. And then we have number seven, right mindfulness, that we need to be aware of our state, our feelings, our physical body, our mental state, and be in touch with ourselves."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And this means the ability not only to be aware of your mind, but to control it by eliminating negative thoughts. That's a big one in Buddhism. You can't be a monkey brain and just be thinking negative things all day because that's going to propel you into misery and suffering and want. And then we have number seven, right mindfulness, that we need to be aware of our state, our feelings, our physical body, our mental state, and be in touch with ourselves. You have to know your feelings, guys. And then we have number eight, right concentration. Buddhism is really at the end of the day about meditation, about learning how to control your mind in order to clear it, go through your breathing and your visualization techniques in order to come to your own truths, your own understandings, once again, your own nirvana."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And then we have number seven, right mindfulness, that we need to be aware of our state, our feelings, our physical body, our mental state, and be in touch with ourselves. You have to know your feelings, guys. And then we have number eight, right concentration. Buddhism is really at the end of the day about meditation, about learning how to control your mind in order to clear it, go through your breathing and your visualization techniques in order to come to your own truths, your own understandings, once again, your own nirvana. Now all Buddhists, and you have to remember that Buddhists just aren't in India, Buddhism travels through the centuries. It's going to make its way to China, Japan, Korea. It's all over East Asia."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Buddhism is really at the end of the day about meditation, about learning how to control your mind in order to clear it, go through your breathing and your visualization techniques in order to come to your own truths, your own understandings, once again, your own nirvana. Now all Buddhists, and you have to remember that Buddhists just aren't in India, Buddhism travels through the centuries. It's going to make its way to China, Japan, Korea. It's all over East Asia. It's the most widely spread religion in East Asia. But at the end of the day, all Buddhists say a prayer to the three jewels, the three cornerstones of Buddhism. I take refuge in my Buddha."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's all over East Asia. It's the most widely spread religion in East Asia. But at the end of the day, all Buddhists say a prayer to the three jewels, the three cornerstones of Buddhism. I take refuge in my Buddha. I take refuge in my dharma. I take refuge in my religious community. So how about that, guys?"}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I take refuge in my Buddha. I take refuge in my dharma. I take refuge in my religious community. So how about that, guys? Maybe now you can follow your dharma to get rid of your karma so you can have a little bit of Kurt Cobain in your life. That was a nirvana joke. I hope I didn't offend everybody."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So how about that, guys? Maybe now you can follow your dharma to get rid of your karma so you can have a little bit of Kurt Cobain in your life. That was a nirvana joke. I hope I didn't offend everybody. All right, guys, that's it for me right now. That's it for Hip Hughes. We hope that your brain is a little bit bigger."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I hope I didn't offend everybody. All right, guys, that's it for me right now. That's it for Hip Hughes. We hope that your brain is a little bit bigger. And I'm going to say goodbye. And I'm going to say it because I always say it. Where attention goes, energy flows."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "And just as a review, they happen over roughly 200 years during the High Middle Ages. The first crusade at the very end of the 11th century, and actually the most successful of the Crusades, allowing the Western European powers to take control of Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land. And you can see that here on this diagram where Jerusalem at least goes from green to red, controlled by the Western European, the Latin Christians. And they're able to maintain control through these crusader kingdoms all the way until 1187 when Salah ad-Din is able to retake control of Jerusalem. Then a few decades later as we go into the Sixth Crusade and the Barons' Crusade, which isn't depicted here, the Western Europeans are able to take more control, but eventually the Muslims take control of Jerusalem, and as we enter into the 14th century, they have control of the entire Holy Land. Now while that is happening, Constantinople gets sacked at the end of the Fourth Crusade by the crusaders themselves, and even though it's retaken, this is really the beginning of the end for the Byzantine Empire. So let's think a little bit about how the Crusades changed Europe and the entire world."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're able to maintain control through these crusader kingdoms all the way until 1187 when Salah ad-Din is able to retake control of Jerusalem. Then a few decades later as we go into the Sixth Crusade and the Barons' Crusade, which isn't depicted here, the Western Europeans are able to take more control, but eventually the Muslims take control of Jerusalem, and as we enter into the 14th century, they have control of the entire Holy Land. Now while that is happening, Constantinople gets sacked at the end of the Fourth Crusade by the crusaders themselves, and even though it's retaken, this is really the beginning of the end for the Byzantine Empire. So let's think a little bit about how the Crusades changed Europe and the entire world. Well, one of the obvious impacts of the Crusades was just the amount of death it caused. It's estimated that the death toll from the Crusades is two to six million people just from Western Europe, and just to put that into perspective, the European population at the time was about 60 to 70 million folks. So we're talking about four to 10% of the population dying in the Crusades, and this isn't fully accounting for all of the death and destruction that happened on the way to the Crusades or that happened in the Middle East as well."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's think a little bit about how the Crusades changed Europe and the entire world. Well, one of the obvious impacts of the Crusades was just the amount of death it caused. It's estimated that the death toll from the Crusades is two to six million people just from Western Europe, and just to put that into perspective, the European population at the time was about 60 to 70 million folks. So we're talking about four to 10% of the population dying in the Crusades, and this isn't fully accounting for all of the death and destruction that happened on the way to the Crusades or that happened in the Middle East as well. If you look at this map of what the region looks like as we get into the 14th century right over here, you can see that although the Middle East is still in control of the Muslims, Muslims have, for the most part, been pushed out of the Iberian Peninsula, and they have a little bit of a foothold right here in Granada. And this Reconquista is going to continue all the way until 1492 when what will be the Spanish are able to push out all of the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula, and as they do that, they also expel the Jews. You also have territorial gains in the north of Europe that's a little bit harder to see on this map over here."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "So we're talking about four to 10% of the population dying in the Crusades, and this isn't fully accounting for all of the death and destruction that happened on the way to the Crusades or that happened in the Middle East as well. If you look at this map of what the region looks like as we get into the 14th century right over here, you can see that although the Middle East is still in control of the Muslims, Muslims have, for the most part, been pushed out of the Iberian Peninsula, and they have a little bit of a foothold right here in Granada. And this Reconquista is going to continue all the way until 1492 when what will be the Spanish are able to push out all of the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula, and as they do that, they also expel the Jews. You also have territorial gains in the north of Europe that's a little bit harder to see on this map over here. As I mentioned in previous video, part of this crusader mentality was not just about taking land back for the Byzantines or taking land from the Muslims, but also trying to take land or convert what were perceived as pagans in the north, German tribes that had not as yet converted to Christianity, and so that helped for territorial expansion in the north of Europe. Now, a big theme in the Crusades was the power of the Pope. Remember, the Crusades were started by a Pope working people up, saying, hey, let's go help the Byzantines."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "You also have territorial gains in the north of Europe that's a little bit harder to see on this map over here. As I mentioned in previous video, part of this crusader mentality was not just about taking land back for the Byzantines or taking land from the Muslims, but also trying to take land or convert what were perceived as pagans in the north, German tribes that had not as yet converted to Christianity, and so that helped for territorial expansion in the north of Europe. Now, a big theme in the Crusades was the power of the Pope. Remember, the Crusades were started by a Pope working people up, saying, hey, let's go help the Byzantines. Let's go take back land from the Muslims, Pope Urban II, and over the course of this 200 years, you have this religious fervor where the Pope is organizing these Crusades. People are feeling this religious spirit. Many people are, before going on their crusade, they're bequeathing their land to the church."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember, the Crusades were started by a Pope working people up, saying, hey, let's go help the Byzantines. Let's go take back land from the Muslims, Pope Urban II, and over the course of this 200 years, you have this religious fervor where the Pope is organizing these Crusades. People are feeling this religious spirit. Many people are, before going on their crusade, they're bequeathing their land to the church. If they die, and many of these lords do end up dying, they're giving their property to the church headed by the Pope. Kings also gained power during the Crusades. In other videos, we talk about the feudal system, and many times, the vassals to the kings, the dukes, the counts, the barons, often had more control over their territory than the kings might have had, and they were constantly squabbling with each other, but as people started to focus their energies on this external adventure known as the Crusades, first of all, many of these lords died."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "Many people are, before going on their crusade, they're bequeathing their land to the church. If they die, and many of these lords do end up dying, they're giving their property to the church headed by the Pope. Kings also gained power during the Crusades. In other videos, we talk about the feudal system, and many times, the vassals to the kings, the dukes, the counts, the barons, often had more control over their territory than the kings might have had, and they were constantly squabbling with each other, but as people started to focus their energies on this external adventure known as the Crusades, first of all, many of these lords died. Their property went back to the state, went back to the kings. You start having less internal dissension. In a way, this idea that Pope Urban II thought of at the end of the 11th century, hey, why don't I point people externally so they stop worrying about what's going on internally, it kind of worked."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "In other videos, we talk about the feudal system, and many times, the vassals to the kings, the dukes, the counts, the barons, often had more control over their territory than the kings might have had, and they were constantly squabbling with each other, but as people started to focus their energies on this external adventure known as the Crusades, first of all, many of these lords died. Their property went back to the state, went back to the kings. You start having less internal dissension. In a way, this idea that Pope Urban II thought of at the end of the 11th century, hey, why don't I point people externally so they stop worrying about what's going on internally, it kind of worked. Another trend is the importance of cities. In the feudal system, it's all about these manors and all about these estates, but in order to finance the Crusades, centers of trade and commerce became more important, and also, as there was more interaction between west and east and more people traveling, you can imagine that it fostered trade which centered at these cities, and that goes into the next point. Commerce and trade itself was fostered by the Crusades."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "In a way, this idea that Pope Urban II thought of at the end of the 11th century, hey, why don't I point people externally so they stop worrying about what's going on internally, it kind of worked. Another trend is the importance of cities. In the feudal system, it's all about these manors and all about these estates, but in order to finance the Crusades, centers of trade and commerce became more important, and also, as there was more interaction between west and east and more people traveling, you can imagine that it fostered trade which centered at these cities, and that goes into the next point. Commerce and trade itself was fostered by the Crusades. It wasn't all fighting. The Venetians and other trader city-states, they helped facilitate the movement of arms and people from west to east, but on the way back, they also brought goods to trade, and so they became much, much more powerful. In fact, by the end of the Crusades, as we get into the 14th century, Venice, which is right over here on our map, was considered the richest and most powerful city in Europe."}, {"video_title": "Impact of the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "Commerce and trade itself was fostered by the Crusades. It wasn't all fighting. The Venetians and other trader city-states, they helped facilitate the movement of arms and people from west to east, but on the way back, they also brought goods to trade, and so they became much, much more powerful. In fact, by the end of the Crusades, as we get into the 14th century, Venice, which is right over here on our map, was considered the richest and most powerful city in Europe. Venice has all of this trader wealth, and it's not just from trade. As you might remember from previous videos, when Constantinople was sacked, it was sacked in part by these Venetian traders, and after that, they built an empire. They broke up the Byzantine Empire and took some of it for themselves, and so it's not a coincidence that as we get into the 14th and 15th century, places like Venice and Florence, famously sponsored by the Medici family, a famous banking family, so once again, these are centers of trade, centers of commerce, became the places where the Renaissance would first flourish and last but not least, as in some ways bloody and dark a time as the Crusades were."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In other videos, we have talked about the various empires of India as we exit the Vedic period. We talk about the Maurya Empire, famous for the ruler Shoka, who converts and then spreads Buddhism. As we get into the Common Era, we've talked about the Gupta Empire, that once again unifies much of India, and is considered a golden age in India's history. But after the fall of the Gupta Empire, India fragments, and you could roughly consider this to be the Indian Medieval Period. This is what India looks like in the year 1000, where you have multiple Hindu kingdoms. Now, as we get into the second millennium of the Common Era, you start to have significant Muslim influence, at first in the Northwest, but as we get into the late 12th and early 13th century, you have the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. And once again, North India is now unified under Muslim rule, which will continue for some time under both the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire until the British show up, and then eventually in 1947, India becomes an independent country."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But after the fall of the Gupta Empire, India fragments, and you could roughly consider this to be the Indian Medieval Period. This is what India looks like in the year 1000, where you have multiple Hindu kingdoms. Now, as we get into the second millennium of the Common Era, you start to have significant Muslim influence, at first in the Northwest, but as we get into the late 12th and early 13th century, you have the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. And once again, North India is now unified under Muslim rule, which will continue for some time under both the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire until the British show up, and then eventually in 1947, India becomes an independent country. But as much transformation as there is depicted in this map in terms of various empires and rulers, you also see a transformation in the nature of Hinduism. In other videos, we have talked about the Vedas, composed over 3,000 years ago, and the subset that is focused on the metaphysical, on the spiritual, known as the Upanishads. And this is an excerpt from the Isha Upanishad, which is considered one of the most important, but emphasizes this notion of our inner self, capitalized with an S, Atma or Atman, and how it is of the same substance as this formless, nameless, ultimate reality sometimes referred to as Brahman."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And once again, North India is now unified under Muslim rule, which will continue for some time under both the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire until the British show up, and then eventually in 1947, India becomes an independent country. But as much transformation as there is depicted in this map in terms of various empires and rulers, you also see a transformation in the nature of Hinduism. In other videos, we have talked about the Vedas, composed over 3,000 years ago, and the subset that is focused on the metaphysical, on the spiritual, known as the Upanishads. And this is an excerpt from the Isha Upanishad, which is considered one of the most important, but emphasizes this notion of our inner self, capitalized with an S, Atma or Atman, and how it is of the same substance as this formless, nameless, ultimate reality sometimes referred to as Brahman. The wise man who realizes all beings is not distinct from his own self, Atman, and his own self as the self of all beings does not, by virtue of that perception, hate anyone. What delusion, what sorrow can there be for that wise man who realizes the unity of all existence by perceiving all beings as his own self? And so you have this very abstract idea."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is an excerpt from the Isha Upanishad, which is considered one of the most important, but emphasizes this notion of our inner self, capitalized with an S, Atma or Atman, and how it is of the same substance as this formless, nameless, ultimate reality sometimes referred to as Brahman. The wise man who realizes all beings is not distinct from his own self, Atman, and his own self as the self of all beings does not, by virtue of that perception, hate anyone. What delusion, what sorrow can there be for that wise man who realizes the unity of all existence by perceiving all beings as his own self? And so you have this very abstract idea. Some folks would call it monistic, all is one. Your true self is of the same substance as my true self, which is of the same substance and is the same thing as the ultimate reality. But the Vedas also focus on rituals, and there are also gods in the Vedas."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you have this very abstract idea. Some folks would call it monistic, all is one. Your true self is of the same substance as my true self, which is of the same substance and is the same thing as the ultimate reality. But the Vedas also focus on rituals, and there are also gods in the Vedas. In particular, some of the gods that are mentioned most frequently. You have Indra, who is the god of lightning and the god of storms, also referred to in the Vedas as the king of gods. You have Agni, the god of fire."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Vedas also focus on rituals, and there are also gods in the Vedas. In particular, some of the gods that are mentioned most frequently. You have Indra, who is the god of lightning and the god of storms, also referred to in the Vedas as the king of gods. You have Agni, the god of fire. It comes from the same root word as ignite. You have Varuna, the god of water. But a question, how do we bridge that to the gods and the practices of modern Hinduism?"}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have Agni, the god of fire. It comes from the same root word as ignite. You have Varuna, the god of water. But a question, how do we bridge that to the gods and the practices of modern Hinduism? As we've talked about in other videos on Hindu deities, most Hindus today view themselves as devotees of Shiva or devotees of Vishnu. And even though Vishnu is mentioned in the Vedas, he is by no means the focus. Modern Hindu practice is really focused on devotion to Shiva and or Vishnu or aspects of them or incarnations of them, for example, Rama or Krishna."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But a question, how do we bridge that to the gods and the practices of modern Hinduism? As we've talked about in other videos on Hindu deities, most Hindus today view themselves as devotees of Shiva or devotees of Vishnu. And even though Vishnu is mentioned in the Vedas, he is by no means the focus. Modern Hindu practice is really focused on devotion to Shiva and or Vishnu or aspects of them or incarnations of them, for example, Rama or Krishna. So how did Hinduism evolve in this way? And the answer is the bhakti movement. And the word bhakti can be translated as devotion or devotional love."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Modern Hindu practice is really focused on devotion to Shiva and or Vishnu or aspects of them or incarnations of them, for example, Rama or Krishna. So how did Hinduism evolve in this way? And the answer is the bhakti movement. And the word bhakti can be translated as devotion or devotional love. And it is believed to have come out of South India in the seventh century. Some people would call it a reform of Hinduism that up until that point focused on the somewhat arcane rituals of the Vedas. And the bhakti movement provided an alternate path, a path of devotion."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the word bhakti can be translated as devotion or devotional love. And it is believed to have come out of South India in the seventh century. Some people would call it a reform of Hinduism that up until that point focused on the somewhat arcane rituals of the Vedas. And the bhakti movement provided an alternate path, a path of devotion. Through devotion, through a deity, one can achieve that moksha. So some people would consider it a reform movement. Some people would say it was always there."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the bhakti movement provided an alternate path, a path of devotion. Through devotion, through a deity, one can achieve that moksha. So some people would consider it a reform movement. Some people would say it was always there. Some historians think that it might have even been in reaction to Muslim influence where there was this devotion or this surrender to a notion of God. Some historians think that it co-developed with Sufi Islam, which is all about devotional love for God. But needless to say, as we go through the Indian Middle Ages, the bhakti movement gains more and more momentum and is really the defining movement for Hinduism today."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some people would say it was always there. Some historians think that it might have even been in reaction to Muslim influence where there was this devotion or this surrender to a notion of God. Some historians think that it co-developed with Sufi Islam, which is all about devotional love for God. But needless to say, as we go through the Indian Middle Ages, the bhakti movement gains more and more momentum and is really the defining movement for Hinduism today. And just to get an appreciation for some bhakti text, here is an excerpt from the Bhagavad Gita, which is considered by many modern Hindus to be one of their most central scriptures. It was likely written over 2,000 years ago and really came into its final form during the Gupta Empire. But the Gita is considered one of the central bhakti texts."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But needless to say, as we go through the Indian Middle Ages, the bhakti movement gains more and more momentum and is really the defining movement for Hinduism today. And just to get an appreciation for some bhakti text, here is an excerpt from the Bhagavad Gita, which is considered by many modern Hindus to be one of their most central scriptures. It was likely written over 2,000 years ago and really came into its final form during the Gupta Empire. But the Gita is considered one of the central bhakti texts. And even though the Gita does focus a lot on notions of realizing the self and the ultimate reality and the importance of meditation, it also makes clear that there's a path to self-realization through love, through devotion. This is Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu, talking to the archer Arjun as he goes into battle. It's a bit of a repudiation of what at the time in medieval India was becoming a more and more rigid caste structure."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Gita is considered one of the central bhakti texts. And even though the Gita does focus a lot on notions of realizing the self and the ultimate reality and the importance of meditation, it also makes clear that there's a path to self-realization through love, through devotion. This is Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu, talking to the archer Arjun as he goes into battle. It's a bit of a repudiation of what at the time in medieval India was becoming a more and more rigid caste structure. I look upon all creatures equally. None are less dear to me and none more dear. And it is also very inclusive."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a bit of a repudiation of what at the time in medieval India was becoming a more and more rigid caste structure. I look upon all creatures equally. None are less dear to me and none more dear. And it is also very inclusive. It is not saying that one needs to only worship Vishnu or only worship Shiva. Those who worship other gods with faith and devotion also worship me. Not a fixation on being absolutely true to all of the rituals and the Vedas."}, {"video_title": "Bhakti movement World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it is also very inclusive. It is not saying that one needs to only worship Vishnu or only worship Shiva. Those who worship other gods with faith and devotion also worship me. Not a fixation on being absolutely true to all of the rituals and the Vedas. Whatever I am offered in devotion with a pure heart, even if it's a leaf, a flower, a fruit, or water, I accept with joy. With that, I'll leave you with a bhajan, a big part of the bhakti movement of this notion of devotional love to God is singing. SINGER SINGS IN HINDI"}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Aparthood, apartheid. Let's see if we can't wrap our heads around this racial discriminatory policy of South Africa that lasted for more than 50 years. So kids in school, lifelong learners, and Craig Creehan and the internet, get ready as we go giddy up for the learning. And go get her done. Right now. So guys, before we get to apartheid, and again, this is going to be a word that literally means separateness, this is a policy enacted by the National Party of the South African Nation in 1948. But there's history before that that's important because it's a different history than a lot of other British colonies and that's what South Africa was for a long time."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And go get her done. Right now. So guys, before we get to apartheid, and again, this is going to be a word that literally means separateness, this is a policy enacted by the National Party of the South African Nation in 1948. But there's history before that that's important because it's a different history than a lot of other British colonies and that's what South Africa was for a long time. But before the British came, there were Portuguese, we won't talk about the Portuguese, but the Dutch, the Dutch East India Company, which is going to discover Cape Town, again, geography, this awesome port on the southern tip of South Africa in the mid 1600s. They saw it as a refreshment colony, a place where their sailors, their merchants could stop on the way to making these awesome trade deals around the world. Now the Dutch are going to settle there, they're going to be called Boers, they speak Afrikaans, and that is a West Germanic language."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But there's history before that that's important because it's a different history than a lot of other British colonies and that's what South Africa was for a long time. But before the British came, there were Portuguese, we won't talk about the Portuguese, but the Dutch, the Dutch East India Company, which is going to discover Cape Town, again, geography, this awesome port on the southern tip of South Africa in the mid 1600s. They saw it as a refreshment colony, a place where their sailors, their merchants could stop on the way to making these awesome trade deals around the world. Now the Dutch are going to settle there, they're going to be called Boers, they speak Afrikaans, and that is a West Germanic language. So that's a different ethnic heritage history, the Dutch settlers, than the British when they come in the next century. Now the Dutch are certainly going to have their own problems other than the British, they're going to be the Cape Frontier Wars when they're fighting the indigenous people that live in the inland to this port that they have discovered and they're living around. But the British are going to roll in around 1800 and they're steadily going to take control of the colony."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the Dutch are going to settle there, they're going to be called Boers, they speak Afrikaans, and that is a West Germanic language. So that's a different ethnic heritage history, the Dutch settlers, than the British when they come in the next century. Now the Dutch are certainly going to have their own problems other than the British, they're going to be the Cape Frontier Wars when they're fighting the indigenous people that live in the inland to this port that they have discovered and they're living around. But the British are going to roll in around 1800 and they're steadily going to take control of the colony. And then eventually we're going to have the Boer Wars between the Anglos, the British, and the Dutch. But eventually, long story short, the British are going to create this as a colony, coexisting with the Boers, the Dutch colonists that came before them, and then really treating blacks, indigenous blacks, as the others, putting them on reserves, fighting them. There's going to be the Anglo-Zulu Wars, and there's also a long legislative colonial history of racial laws that are going to segregate, disenfranchise, and treat blacks different."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But the British are going to roll in around 1800 and they're steadily going to take control of the colony. And then eventually we're going to have the Boer Wars between the Anglos, the British, and the Dutch. But eventually, long story short, the British are going to create this as a colony, coexisting with the Boers, the Dutch colonists that came before them, and then really treating blacks, indigenous blacks, as the others, putting them on reserves, fighting them. There's going to be the Anglo-Zulu Wars, and there's also a long legislative colonial history of racial laws that are going to segregate, disenfranchise, and treat blacks different. Before we get to the Union of South Africa in 1910, we would characterize it by saying there's a strong master-slave kind of thing going on in South Africa. So as South Africa forms as a nation, racial segregation isn't going to be a new thing, it's going to be reinforcing an old thing. You have to remember the whites putting together the Anglos, the British, and the Dutch make up a small fraction of the general population of the people of that land."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There's going to be the Anglo-Zulu Wars, and there's also a long legislative colonial history of racial laws that are going to segregate, disenfranchise, and treat blacks different. Before we get to the Union of South Africa in 1910, we would characterize it by saying there's a strong master-slave kind of thing going on in South Africa. So as South Africa forms as a nation, racial segregation isn't going to be a new thing, it's going to be reinforcing an old thing. You have to remember the whites putting together the Anglos, the British, and the Dutch make up a small fraction of the general population of the people of that land. Maybe they're 15% to 85%, but they're going to control 85% of the land. So certainly there is racial history to be known. Now even though slavery was banned by the British Empire in 1833, they're going to have an indentured servant system."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You have to remember the whites putting together the Anglos, the British, and the Dutch make up a small fraction of the general population of the people of that land. Maybe they're 15% to 85%, but they're going to control 85% of the land. So certainly there is racial history to be known. Now even though slavery was banned by the British Empire in 1833, they're going to have an indentured servant system. There's a pass-law system where black people had to have passes if they were traveling anywhere into the colony. So they're definitely being treated as outsiders before we get to the Union of South Africa. And that's eventually what we get to."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now even though slavery was banned by the British Empire in 1833, they're going to have an indentured servant system. There's a pass-law system where black people had to have passes if they were traveling anywhere into the colony. So they're definitely being treated as outsiders before we get to the Union of South Africa. And that's eventually what we get to. In 1910, the Union of South Africa is formed, it's a dominion of the British Empire, and then slowly it's going to achieve its own independence. But it's a country by 1910. So let's take a quick look at kind of the legislative history of racial stuff before we even get to apartheid in 1948."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's eventually what we get to. In 1910, the Union of South Africa is formed, it's a dominion of the British Empire, and then slowly it's going to achieve its own independence. But it's a country by 1910. So let's take a quick look at kind of the legislative history of racial stuff before we even get to apartheid in 1948. So hip hip hooray, we're going to take the different colonies and in 1910 we're going to combine them into South Africa, the Union of South Africa. So this is pre-apartheid. In 1910 we get the South African Act, which is going to ban black representation in parliament."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's take a quick look at kind of the legislative history of racial stuff before we even get to apartheid in 1948. So hip hip hooray, we're going to take the different colonies and in 1910 we're going to combine them into South Africa, the Union of South Africa. So this is pre-apartheid. In 1910 we get the South African Act, which is going to ban black representation in parliament. It's going to fully enfranchise the white race. They're now in charge of the other races. And then a series of acts like the Native Land Act, the Natives in Urban Areas Act, the Urban Areas Act, is basically going to forcefully remove black people that are living with white people to be putting on what they call reserves, moving them out, strengthening pass laws, and basically doing everything they can to segregate blacks from whites."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1910 we get the South African Act, which is going to ban black representation in parliament. It's going to fully enfranchise the white race. They're now in charge of the other races. And then a series of acts like the Native Land Act, the Natives in Urban Areas Act, the Urban Areas Act, is basically going to forcefully remove black people that are living with white people to be putting on what they call reserves, moving them out, strengthening pass laws, and basically doing everything they can to segregate blacks from whites. And then there's also colors. There's mixed race people that during that time period depended where you lived. Coloreds could vote."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then a series of acts like the Native Land Act, the Natives in Urban Areas Act, the Urban Areas Act, is basically going to forcefully remove black people that are living with white people to be putting on what they call reserves, moving them out, strengthening pass laws, and basically doing everything they can to segregate blacks from whites. And then there's also colors. There's mixed race people that during that time period depended where you lived. Coloreds could vote. They didn't have direct representation, but they had white representation in parliament. But all of that's going to go away when we get to apartheid. Now it's important that you kind of see this through the lens of World War II because as World War II approaches in the 1930s, the people that are very nationalistic, the Boers, the Dutch, they're not very fond of the British."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Coloreds could vote. They didn't have direct representation, but they had white representation in parliament. But all of that's going to go away when we get to apartheid. Now it's important that you kind of see this through the lens of World War II because as World War II approaches in the 1930s, the people that are very nationalistic, the Boers, the Dutch, they're not very fond of the British. So they really don't want to go into World War II supporting the British. So an alliance occurs between the British population and the colored races to form what's called the United Party. And the United Party is going to jump into World War II, support the allies, but there's unattended consequences."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now it's important that you kind of see this through the lens of World War II because as World War II approaches in the 1930s, the people that are very nationalistic, the Boers, the Dutch, they're not very fond of the British. So they really don't want to go into World War II supporting the British. So an alliance occurs between the British population and the colored races to form what's called the United Party. And the United Party is going to jump into World War II, support the allies, but there's unattended consequences. And one of those is there's a huge explosion during that time period of blacks that are migrating to cities for jobs because of the absentee whites that are going to fight the war. This is going to create racial friction. There's going to be a backlash."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the United Party is going to jump into World War II, support the allies, but there's unattended consequences. And one of those is there's a huge explosion during that time period of blacks that are migrating to cities for jobs because of the absentee whites that are going to fight the war. This is going to create racial friction. There's going to be a backlash. And that backlash is going to be seen in 1948 with the election of the National Party. This is a party that is very Dutch, Boer, nationalistic orientated. And they're playing on the fears of this large black majority that's going to conquer and take over this white minority."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There's going to be a backlash. And that backlash is going to be seen in 1948 with the election of the National Party. This is a party that is very Dutch, Boer, nationalistic orientated. And they're playing on the fears of this large black majority that's going to conquer and take over this white minority. So they get elected and now we have apartheid. So in 1948, guys, we get the election of the National Party, the Afrikaners, who are going to institute what is going to be called apartheid, literally separateness, aparthood. It's kind of like Jim Crow."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're playing on the fears of this large black majority that's going to conquer and take over this white minority. So they get elected and now we have apartheid. So in 1948, guys, we get the election of the National Party, the Afrikaners, who are going to institute what is going to be called apartheid, literally separateness, aparthood. It's kind of like Jim Crow. If you know anything about Jim Crow, and we have a video if you don't it's in the description. But this is basically the social customs and political laws of the southern states in the United States in the first half of the 20th century. So this is much more centralized and much grander on idea of really creating separate societies."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's kind of like Jim Crow. If you know anything about Jim Crow, and we have a video if you don't it's in the description. But this is basically the social customs and political laws of the southern states in the United States in the first half of the 20th century. So this is much more centralized and much grander on idea of really creating separate societies. We're going to get the Population Registration Act. This is going to divide the population into four categories, white, black, colored, and Asians, and into 13 racial federations where you got an ID. They had a commissioner or a board determine what race category you fell in."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is much more centralized and much grander on idea of really creating separate societies. We're going to get the Population Registration Act. This is going to divide the population into four categories, white, black, colored, and Asians, and into 13 racial federations where you got an ID. They had a commissioner or a board determine what race category you fell in. And that, when we get the Group Areas Act, is going to literally determine where you live. The grand idea is to take these reservations, which are from the British colonial times, and turn them into homelands and eventually independent countries of self-rule. But of course there is real no self-rule."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They had a commissioner or a board determine what race category you fell in. And that, when we get the Group Areas Act, is going to literally determine where you live. The grand idea is to take these reservations, which are from the British colonial times, and turn them into homelands and eventually independent countries of self-rule. But of course there is real no self-rule. Everything is being ruled through the NP, the South African government. The Prevention of Illegal Squattings Act gave the government the right to knock down urban areas in white cities and then basically move them out. You got a pass if you could work in the city, but your family and everybody else would live in one of these homelands."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But of course there is real no self-rule. Everything is being ruled through the NP, the South African government. The Prevention of Illegal Squattings Act gave the government the right to knock down urban areas in white cities and then basically move them out. You got a pass if you could work in the city, but your family and everybody else would live in one of these homelands. There's going to be the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and the Immorality Act, which are going to ban any type of marriage or sexual relations between the different races. And then the Reservation and Separate Amenities Act, which is big time legal segregation. Segregation in public parks, in beaches, in restaurants, in hotels, in trains, anywhere there might be interaction, there's going to be separateness in this new policy."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You got a pass if you could work in the city, but your family and everybody else would live in one of these homelands. There's going to be the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and the Immorality Act, which are going to ban any type of marriage or sexual relations between the different races. And then the Reservation and Separate Amenities Act, which is big time legal segregation. Segregation in public parks, in beaches, in restaurants, in hotels, in trains, anywhere there might be interaction, there's going to be separateness in this new policy. We're going to get the Suppression of Communists Act and the government used this to basically ban opposition. It's at the height of the Cold War. So if you were complaining about apartheid, you're probably going to be labeled as a communist."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Segregation in public parks, in beaches, in restaurants, in hotels, in trains, anywhere there might be interaction, there's going to be separateness in this new policy. We're going to get the Suppression of Communists Act and the government used this to basically ban opposition. It's at the height of the Cold War. So if you were complaining about apartheid, you're probably going to be labeled as a communist. And we'll talk about the ANC in the next section of this video. And then we get the Bantu Education Act, which is creating a different educational service and law for blacks, coloreds, and Indians, which is much subpar to the white race. And then the Bantu Authorities Act and the Black Homeland Citizen Act is literally going to strip citizenship away from black people and force them into these homelands."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So if you were complaining about apartheid, you're probably going to be labeled as a communist. And we'll talk about the ANC in the next section of this video. And then we get the Bantu Education Act, which is creating a different educational service and law for blacks, coloreds, and Indians, which is much subpar to the white race. And then the Bantu Authorities Act and the Black Homeland Citizen Act is literally going to strip citizenship away from black people and force them into these homelands. And eventually the idea is to create these independent states. But of course they're really not going to be independent. They're just going to be away from the white races."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then the Bantu Authorities Act and the Black Homeland Citizen Act is literally going to strip citizenship away from black people and force them into these homelands. And eventually the idea is to create these independent states. But of course they're really not going to be independent. They're just going to be away from the white races. So apartheid is all-encompassing. Every part of society in terms of where you worked, where you could work, where you lived, what language you spoke, what school you went to, who you could interact with, falls under the umbrella of apartheid. But luckily, not everybody is cool with apartheid."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're just going to be away from the white races. So apartheid is all-encompassing. Every part of society in terms of where you worked, where you could work, where you lived, what language you spoke, what school you went to, who you could interact with, falls under the umbrella of apartheid. But luckily, not everybody is cool with apartheid. So now why don't we discuss some of the opposition as eventually we have to rid ourselves of this system of racial injustice. So the fiercest resistance to apartheid is going to come from the people that live within South Africa, internal resistance. Now it's formed in 1910, South Africa."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But luckily, not everybody is cool with apartheid. So now why don't we discuss some of the opposition as eventually we have to rid ourselves of this system of racial injustice. So the fiercest resistance to apartheid is going to come from the people that live within South Africa, internal resistance. Now it's formed in 1910, South Africa. By 1912, we have the African National Congress, which is basically a resistance group to this new South African government where they see themselves as not having any representation. So they're going to fight for themselves. And certainly with Gandhi in India, that's going to be a big message to lots of people in South Africa that there's a way to fight against this system."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now it's formed in 1910, South Africa. By 1912, we have the African National Congress, which is basically a resistance group to this new South African government where they see themselves as not having any representation. So they're going to fight for themselves. And certainly with Gandhi in India, that's going to be a big message to lots of people in South Africa that there's a way to fight against this system. Now when apartheid is enacted in 1948, immediately the ANC is going to try to replicate many of Gandhi's ways in something called the Defiance Campaign, where there's going to be boycotts and sit-ins and civil disobedience. But that's not going to be successful. And in fact, many in the ANC, they're going to create a youth league, which is going to be much more proactive."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And certainly with Gandhi in India, that's going to be a big message to lots of people in South Africa that there's a way to fight against this system. Now when apartheid is enacted in 1948, immediately the ANC is going to try to replicate many of Gandhi's ways in something called the Defiance Campaign, where there's going to be boycotts and sit-ins and civil disobedience. But that's not going to be successful. And in fact, many in the ANC, they're going to create a youth league, which is going to be much more proactive. And eventually that spins off into what's called the Pan-Africanist Congress, the PAC, which is going to take a much more militant and aggressive stance against apartheid. Now all of this is going to culminate in 1960 in a city called Sharpeville, where 69 unarmed black protesters are going to be shot by the white police. This is really going to create the conditions for an escalation in the violence."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And in fact, many in the ANC, they're going to create a youth league, which is going to be much more proactive. And eventually that spins off into what's called the Pan-Africanist Congress, the PAC, which is going to take a much more militant and aggressive stance against apartheid. Now all of this is going to culminate in 1960 in a city called Sharpeville, where 69 unarmed black protesters are going to be shot by the white police. This is really going to create the conditions for an escalation in the violence. Now following Sharpeville, the government's going to crack down big time. They're going to arrest 18,000 people. They're going to ban the ANC."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This is really going to create the conditions for an escalation in the violence. Now following Sharpeville, the government's going to crack down big time. They're going to arrest 18,000 people. They're going to ban the ANC. They're going to ban the PAC. And then those groups are going to go really violent. Even Nelson Mandela, who's going to be awarded eventually the Nobel Peace Prize, took part in terrorist acts against people and government officials that supported apartheid."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to ban the ANC. They're going to ban the PAC. And then those groups are going to go really violent. Even Nelson Mandela, who's going to be awarded eventually the Nobel Peace Prize, took part in terrorist acts against people and government officials that supported apartheid. It was a group called the MK. That's going to get him arrested, arrested for sabotage, and he was even tried for treason, and get him his sentence where he's going to spend 27 years in jail and really become the Gandhi of that movement, even though Gandhi was all peaceful and Nelson Mandela's not exactly going to be peaceful all the time. By the 1970s, the anti is going up."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Even Nelson Mandela, who's going to be awarded eventually the Nobel Peace Prize, took part in terrorist acts against people and government officials that supported apartheid. It was a group called the MK. That's going to get him arrested, arrested for sabotage, and he was even tried for treason, and get him his sentence where he's going to spend 27 years in jail and really become the Gandhi of that movement, even though Gandhi was all peaceful and Nelson Mandela's not exactly going to be peaceful all the time. By the 1970s, the anti is going up. There are more groups, the black consciousness movement. One of their leaders, Steve Biko, is going to be beaten to death in 1977. And in 1976, we have a massacre at Soweto where hundreds of students were massacred by the white government."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "By the 1970s, the anti is going up. There are more groups, the black consciousness movement. One of their leaders, Steve Biko, is going to be beaten to death in 1977. And in 1976, we have a massacre at Soweto where hundreds of students were massacred by the white government. And at the same time, the groups that are opposing apartheid are now using terroristic methods in order to try to win the day as well. So internally, the civil disobedience isn't working, the terrorism really isn't working, so we're going to need some outside influence as well. Let's look at the outside opposition influences against apartheid."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And in 1976, we have a massacre at Soweto where hundreds of students were massacred by the white government. And at the same time, the groups that are opposing apartheid are now using terroristic methods in order to try to win the day as well. So internally, the civil disobedience isn't working, the terrorism really isn't working, so we're going to need some outside influence as well. Let's look at the outside opposition influences against apartheid. Internationally, there's not a lot of opposition to apartheid until we get to the 1960s. Now in 1961, South Africa becomes a republic and it wants to be part of the Commonwealth of Great Britain in order to get good trade relations, but the other countries that are part of that don't want anything to do with South Africa because of apartheid, so they have to withdraw from the Commonwealth. We have the United Nations following Sharpeville that is going to condemn apartheid in 1962."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's look at the outside opposition influences against apartheid. Internationally, there's not a lot of opposition to apartheid until we get to the 1960s. Now in 1961, South Africa becomes a republic and it wants to be part of the Commonwealth of Great Britain in order to get good trade relations, but the other countries that are part of that don't want anything to do with South Africa because of apartheid, so they have to withdraw from the Commonwealth. We have the United Nations following Sharpeville that is going to condemn apartheid in 1962. And then by 1963, they're proposing a voluntary arms ban against South Africa as well. And eventually, there is going to be a call for countries to economically embargo South Africa. Now, the United Nations isn't able to do that because they have a security council where members have veto power."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We have the United Nations following Sharpeville that is going to condemn apartheid in 1962. And then by 1963, they're proposing a voluntary arms ban against South Africa as well. And eventually, there is going to be a call for countries to economically embargo South Africa. Now, the United Nations isn't able to do that because they have a security council where members have veto power. And Great Britain, under Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s, and the United States under Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, isn't going to allow that economic embargo to occur because they still see South Africa through the eyes of free trade. They called it constructive engagement, that the best way to get rid of apartheid was to engage with South Africa, not to embargo them, not to withdraw. And legislative groups within the United States, specifically Alex, they fought strongly to keep ties with South Africa."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the United Nations isn't able to do that because they have a security council where members have veto power. And Great Britain, under Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s, and the United States under Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, isn't going to allow that economic embargo to occur because they still see South Africa through the eyes of free trade. They called it constructive engagement, that the best way to get rid of apartheid was to engage with South Africa, not to embargo them, not to withdraw. And legislative groups within the United States, specifically Alex, they fought strongly to keep ties with South Africa. But as media increases and attention increases, there's a large calling that we need to stop doing business with South Africa. Not to mention other groups such as the Catholic Church. Pope John Paul spoke vehemently out against apartheid."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And legislative groups within the United States, specifically Alex, they fought strongly to keep ties with South Africa. But as media increases and attention increases, there's a large calling that we need to stop doing business with South Africa. Not to mention other groups such as the Catholic Church. Pope John Paul spoke vehemently out against apartheid. And international groups, sporting groups like the Olympics, the South Africans weren't able to participate in the Olympics since the 1960s because of their apartheid policies. I think the key internationally is to understand a lot of countries are seeing this through the Cold War. Certainly, Great Britain and Reagan with the United States is seeing this as a Cold War conflict."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Pope John Paul spoke vehemently out against apartheid. And international groups, sporting groups like the Olympics, the South Africans weren't able to participate in the Olympics since the 1960s because of their apartheid policies. I think the key internationally is to understand a lot of countries are seeing this through the Cold War. Certainly, Great Britain and Reagan with the United States is seeing this as a Cold War conflict. The ANC are communists. The South African government is our ally. But as the Cold War ends and more attention turns to the human suffering and the human cost of apartheid, there's more pressure put on South Africa to change."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Certainly, Great Britain and Reagan with the United States is seeing this as a Cold War conflict. The ANC are communists. The South African government is our ally. But as the Cold War ends and more attention turns to the human suffering and the human cost of apartheid, there's more pressure put on South Africa to change. Now, what did South Africa do as all this tension was rising? Did they retreat from apartheid in the 1970s and the 1980s? No, they doubled down."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But as the Cold War ends and more attention turns to the human suffering and the human cost of apartheid, there's more pressure put on South Africa to change. Now, what did South Africa do as all this tension was rising? Did they retreat from apartheid in the 1970s and the 1980s? No, they doubled down. They even worked with Israel to get nukes into South Africa. That's how nervous nelly they are. But again, by the late 1980s, the walls are coming down, the Cold War is ending, and there's a lot of pressure for South Africa to change."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "No, they doubled down. They even worked with Israel to get nukes into South Africa. That's how nervous nelly they are. But again, by the late 1980s, the walls are coming down, the Cold War is ending, and there's a lot of pressure for South Africa to change. And it's going to take an election to do it. So how did it end? It ended of their own accord."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But again, by the late 1980s, the walls are coming down, the Cold War is ending, and there's a lot of pressure for South Africa to change. And it's going to take an election to do it. So how did it end? It ended of their own accord. With the death of President Botha in 1989, the new president, F.W. de Klerk, is going to immediately take an aggressive stance that apartheid needs to end. He legalizes the ANC and the PAC."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It ended of their own accord. With the death of President Botha in 1989, the new president, F.W. de Klerk, is going to immediately take an aggressive stance that apartheid needs to end. He legalizes the ANC and the PAC. He immediately releases Nelson Mandela from prison. He starts negotiating with the ANC for an end to apartheid. They set up new elections."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He legalizes the ANC and the PAC. He immediately releases Nelson Mandela from prison. He starts negotiating with the ANC for an end to apartheid. They set up new elections. And by 1994, there is now universal suffrage, and there is a free election in South Africa where the former prisoner and ANC fugitive Nelson Mandela is going to be elected president. And then there's a whole bunch of other stories that I could tell about the problems that they're going to have to fix. Oh my goodness."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They set up new elections. And by 1994, there is now universal suffrage, and there is a free election in South Africa where the former prisoner and ANC fugitive Nelson Mandela is going to be elected president. And then there's a whole bunch of other stories that I could tell about the problems that they're going to have to fix. Oh my goodness. But we hope you understand the basic idea behind apartheid, who installed it, what it looked like, and eventually how it was opposed and how it fell down. So there you go. Your brain's a lot bigger."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh my goodness. But we hope you understand the basic idea behind apartheid, who installed it, what it looked like, and eventually how it was opposed and how it fell down. So there you go. Your brain's a lot bigger. How about that, kids? Good for you. We hope that you watch lots of other videos."}, {"video_title": "Apartheid Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Your brain's a lot bigger. How about that, kids? Good for you. We hope that you watch lots of other videos. If you're not subscribed, I don't even know what you're doing. You should go do that right away. And I say it at the end of every lecture because I mean it with all my heart."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In this video, we're going to talk about what is one of the darkest chapters in human history, the Holocaust, which involved the massacre of roughly six million Jews and as many as 11 million civilians in total. In order to understand the Holocaust, we're going to start at World War I. Even prior to World War I, there were massacres, especially of Jews, in places like the Russian Empire. The term pogrom is a Russian word meaning these violent riots or attacks on people for their ethnicity. And there were several through the 19th century, but they go back even before that word was coined as early as the First Crusades, famously in the Rhineland, many of the Jewish people were killed and attacked. And you had a solid thread of anti-Semitism throughout much of Europe, including Germany and Eastern Europe, as we get up to and through World War I. Now, as we've talked about in other videos, the Central Powers lose World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles places a lot of the blame on Germany."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The term pogrom is a Russian word meaning these violent riots or attacks on people for their ethnicity. And there were several through the 19th century, but they go back even before that word was coined as early as the First Crusades, famously in the Rhineland, many of the Jewish people were killed and attacked. And you had a solid thread of anti-Semitism throughout much of Europe, including Germany and Eastern Europe, as we get up to and through World War I. Now, as we've talked about in other videos, the Central Powers lose World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles places a lot of the blame on Germany. The national pride of Germany has been shattered. They have lost this war. They have lost territory."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, as we've talked about in other videos, the Central Powers lose World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles places a lot of the blame on Germany. The national pride of Germany has been shattered. They have lost this war. They have lost territory. Their economy is in shambles. They're paying reparations. And it is in that context that the National Socialist Party forms, officially in 1920, coming out of the German Workers' Party."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They have lost territory. Their economy is in shambles. They're paying reparations. And it is in that context that the National Socialist Party forms, officially in 1920, coming out of the German Workers' Party. They focused on ideas of national identity, and from the start were against ethnic groups, blaming their problems, including the loss of World War I, often on these ethnic groups. In 1921, Hitler, who had fought during World War I, and based on some of his writings, seemed to have found a lot of meaning during the war, he becomes the National Socialist Party leader. National Socialist, it gets abbreviated as Nazi, National Socialist Party, Nazi Party."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it is in that context that the National Socialist Party forms, officially in 1920, coming out of the German Workers' Party. They focused on ideas of national identity, and from the start were against ethnic groups, blaming their problems, including the loss of World War I, often on these ethnic groups. In 1921, Hitler, who had fought during World War I, and based on some of his writings, seemed to have found a lot of meaning during the war, he becomes the National Socialist Party leader. National Socialist, it gets abbreviated as Nazi, National Socialist Party, Nazi Party. In 1923, Hitler tries to begin an overthrow of the government, but his putsch, his coup is unsuccessful, and he is imprisoned. And it is while in prison that he writes down his belief system that eventually gets published upon his release in 1925 under the title Mein Kampf, which can be translated as My Struggle, or My Battle. This is just an excerpt from Mein Kampf."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "National Socialist, it gets abbreviated as Nazi, National Socialist Party, Nazi Party. In 1923, Hitler tries to begin an overthrow of the government, but his putsch, his coup is unsuccessful, and he is imprisoned. And it is while in prison that he writes down his belief system that eventually gets published upon his release in 1925 under the title Mein Kampf, which can be translated as My Struggle, or My Battle. This is just an excerpt from Mein Kampf. If we pass all the causes of the German collapse in review, the ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to recognize the racial problem, and especially the Jewish menace. The defeats on the battlefield in August 1918, so he's referring to the end of World War I, would have been child's play to bear. They stood in no proportion to the victories of our people."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is just an excerpt from Mein Kampf. If we pass all the causes of the German collapse in review, the ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to recognize the racial problem, and especially the Jewish menace. The defeats on the battlefield in August 1918, so he's referring to the end of World War I, would have been child's play to bear. They stood in no proportion to the victories of our people. It was not they that caused our downfall. No, it was brought about by that power which prepared these defeats by systematically over many decades robbing our people of the political and moral instincts and forces which alone make nations capable and hence worthy of existence. He's blaming Germany's defeat in World War I on a relatively small ethnic group."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They stood in no proportion to the victories of our people. It was not they that caused our downfall. No, it was brought about by that power which prepared these defeats by systematically over many decades robbing our people of the political and moral instincts and forces which alone make nations capable and hence worthy of existence. He's blaming Germany's defeat in World War I on a relatively small ethnic group. So as you can see, a very twisted mind, a very twisted thinking. The lost purity of the blood alone destroys inner happiness forever. So he's very caught up with these ideas of purity."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's blaming Germany's defeat in World War I on a relatively small ethnic group. So as you can see, a very twisted mind, a very twisted thinking. The lost purity of the blood alone destroys inner happiness forever. So he's very caught up with these ideas of purity. Plunges man into the abyss for all time, and the consequences can never more be eliminated from body and spirit. Over time, what starts off as this fringe leader of a fringe party, as we go into the 20s and as the German economy gets even worse and there's hyperinflation, more and more people start to throw their support behind these extremists. And as we go into the 30s, the National Socialist Party is actually able to get reasonable representation in the German parliament."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he's very caught up with these ideas of purity. Plunges man into the abyss for all time, and the consequences can never more be eliminated from body and spirit. Over time, what starts off as this fringe leader of a fringe party, as we go into the 20s and as the German economy gets even worse and there's hyperinflation, more and more people start to throw their support behind these extremists. And as we go into the 30s, the National Socialist Party is actually able to get reasonable representation in the German parliament. And in 1933, the president of Germany gives, appoints Hitler to be chancellor which is equivalent of being prime minister despite the Nazis not having a majority in parliament. This is the official beginning of what the Nazis will call the Third Reich. Reich translates as realm."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we go into the 30s, the National Socialist Party is actually able to get reasonable representation in the German parliament. And in 1933, the president of Germany gives, appoints Hitler to be chancellor which is equivalent of being prime minister despite the Nazis not having a majority in parliament. This is the official beginning of what the Nazis will call the Third Reich. Reich translates as realm. They considered the First Reich to be the Holy Roman Empire. They refer to the Second Reich as the German Empire after the Holy Roman Empire, up and through World War I. They don't consider the Weimar Republic, which they hate, the Third Reich."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Reich translates as realm. They considered the First Reich to be the Holy Roman Empire. They refer to the Second Reich as the German Empire after the Holy Roman Empire, up and through World War I. They don't consider the Weimar Republic, which they hate, the Third Reich. They consider that the interim Reich. And they consider themselves the Third Reich, the heir to the German Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. Once Hitler and the Nazis get power, they really get a stranglehold on it."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They don't consider the Weimar Republic, which they hate, the Third Reich. They consider that the interim Reich. And they consider themselves the Third Reich, the heir to the German Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. Once Hitler and the Nazis get power, they really get a stranglehold on it. They start persecuting their political opponents both outside the party and inside the party. And they also start to take action on these twisted ideas Hitler expressed in Mein Kampf. In 1935, they are able to pass the Nuremberg Laws which strips German Jews of their citizenship."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Once Hitler and the Nazis get power, they really get a stranglehold on it. They start persecuting their political opponents both outside the party and inside the party. And they also start to take action on these twisted ideas Hitler expressed in Mein Kampf. In 1935, they are able to pass the Nuremberg Laws which strips German Jews of their citizenship. It forbids intermarrying between non-Jewish Germans and Jews. This is only one of many steps that will continue to demean the rights of Jews inside of Germany. In 1938, you have what is known as Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1935, they are able to pass the Nuremberg Laws which strips German Jews of their citizenship. It forbids intermarrying between non-Jewish Germans and Jews. This is only one of many steps that will continue to demean the rights of Jews inside of Germany. In 1938, you have what is known as Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass. Hundreds of synagogues are burned, thousands of Jewish businesses are destroyed, and many Jews are killed in that night. Then as we get into 1939, Hitler's armies famously invade Poland, beginning what many historians consider to be the start of World War II. What would eventually be known as the Holocaust goes into full effect in 1941."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1938, you have what is known as Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass. Hundreds of synagogues are burned, thousands of Jewish businesses are destroyed, and many Jews are killed in that night. Then as we get into 1939, Hitler's armies famously invade Poland, beginning what many historians consider to be the start of World War II. What would eventually be known as the Holocaust goes into full effect in 1941. Jews are sometimes executed in the streets, in their homes. Many of them are captured and sent to concentration camps. To get a sense of the scale of this operation, we have this excerpt from Michael Barenbaum's book, The World Must Know."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What would eventually be known as the Holocaust goes into full effect in 1941. Jews are sometimes executed in the streets, in their homes. Many of them are captured and sent to concentration camps. To get a sense of the scale of this operation, we have this excerpt from Michael Barenbaum's book, The World Must Know. The policy of extermination involved every level of German society and marshaled the entire apparatus of the German bureaucracy. Paris churches and the interior ministry supplied the birth records that defined and isolated Jews. The post office delivered the notifications of definition, expropriation, denaturalization, and deportation."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "To get a sense of the scale of this operation, we have this excerpt from Michael Barenbaum's book, The World Must Know. The policy of extermination involved every level of German society and marshaled the entire apparatus of the German bureaucracy. Paris churches and the interior ministry supplied the birth records that defined and isolated Jews. The post office delivered the notifications of definition, expropriation, denaturalization, and deportation. The finance ministry confiscated Jewish wealth and property. German industrial and commercial firms fired Jewish workers, officers, and board members, even disenfranchising Jewish stockholders. The universities refused to admit Jewish students, denied degrees to those already enrolled, and dismissed Jewish faculty."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The post office delivered the notifications of definition, expropriation, denaturalization, and deportation. The finance ministry confiscated Jewish wealth and property. German industrial and commercial firms fired Jewish workers, officers, and board members, even disenfranchising Jewish stockholders. The universities refused to admit Jewish students, denied degrees to those already enrolled, and dismissed Jewish faculty. Government transportation bureaus handled the building arrangements with the railroads for the trains that carried Jews to their death. And so the point that's being made here is this could not be done just with Hitler and some of his close associates. To kill millions of people on this scale, you needed an entire apparatus."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The universities refused to admit Jewish students, denied degrees to those already enrolled, and dismissed Jewish faculty. Government transportation bureaus handled the building arrangements with the railroads for the trains that carried Jews to their death. And so the point that's being made here is this could not be done just with Hitler and some of his close associates. To kill millions of people on this scale, you needed an entire apparatus. And hundreds of thousands, if not millions of people, were involved in some way. And at least several hundreds of thousands of people within Germany must have been aware of what was happening. Needless to say, the death toll was considerable."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "To kill millions of people on this scale, you needed an entire apparatus. And hundreds of thousands, if not millions of people, were involved in some way. And at least several hundreds of thousands of people within Germany must have been aware of what was happening. Needless to say, the death toll was considerable. This here is a visual depiction of the percentage of the Jewish population that was killed in various regions. And as you can see, 80 to 90% of the Jewish population in Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, was killed during the Holocaust. In the territories occupied by Germany in Russia during World War II, almost as many have been killed."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Needless to say, the death toll was considerable. This here is a visual depiction of the percentage of the Jewish population that was killed in various regions. And as you can see, 80 to 90% of the Jewish population in Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, was killed during the Holocaust. In the territories occupied by Germany in Russia during World War II, almost as many have been killed. In France, Italy, a fifth to a quarter of the population was killed. To put things more in human terms, this is a picture of children who were in Auschwitz, one of the most infamous concentration camps. And you can see their names, their ages, and then when they were killed."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In the territories occupied by Germany in Russia during World War II, almost as many have been killed. In France, Italy, a fifth to a quarter of the population was killed. To put things more in human terms, this is a picture of children who were in Auschwitz, one of the most infamous concentration camps. And you can see their names, their ages, and then when they were killed. Historians believe five to six million Jews were killed during the Holocaust, including a million and a half children. This was two thirds of the Jewish population of Europe. But the Holocaust went further."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can see their names, their ages, and then when they were killed. Historians believe five to six million Jews were killed during the Holocaust, including a million and a half children. This was two thirds of the Jewish population of Europe. But the Holocaust went further. It's believed that over 10 million civilians were killed during the Holocaust. Over three million prisoners of war were killed. And other people, including several hundred thousand Romani often referred to as gypsies, several hundred thousand people with disabilities, many thousands of homosexuals were all put to death during the Holocaust."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Holocaust went further. It's believed that over 10 million civilians were killed during the Holocaust. Over three million prisoners of war were killed. And other people, including several hundred thousand Romani often referred to as gypsies, several hundred thousand people with disabilities, many thousands of homosexuals were all put to death during the Holocaust. Now we've covered a lot of world history, and a lot of it, unfortunately, has a lot of death, a lot of destruction, and sometimes targeting people for their ethnicity. But never in world history have we seen something at this scale. And because it seemed to be a relatively new concept, a term was coined, genocide."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And other people, including several hundred thousand Romani often referred to as gypsies, several hundred thousand people with disabilities, many thousands of homosexuals were all put to death during the Holocaust. Now we've covered a lot of world history, and a lot of it, unfortunately, has a lot of death, a lot of destruction, and sometimes targeting people for their ethnicity. But never in world history have we seen something at this scale. And because it seemed to be a relatively new concept, a term was coined, genocide. It was coined by Raphael Lemkin, who was a Holocaust survivor, had 49 members of his family killed during the Holocaust. And it means killing of a people, geno, coming from a people or a family, and side, killing. But maybe even more interesting than the word definition itself is thinking about why this actually happened, and maybe even more importantly, how society can avoid it."}, {"video_title": "The Holocaust World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And because it seemed to be a relatively new concept, a term was coined, genocide. It was coined by Raphael Lemkin, who was a Holocaust survivor, had 49 members of his family killed during the Holocaust. And it means killing of a people, geno, coming from a people or a family, and side, killing. But maybe even more interesting than the word definition itself is thinking about why this actually happened, and maybe even more importantly, how society can avoid it. I'll leave you with that question. What do you think was the reason why this happened? And do you think we have a risk of that happening in the future, and how can we prevent it?"}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So, if you're in a United States History course or a Global Studies course or you're just cray-cray on the internet, we've got some good learnings on the YouTubes for you coming up right now. And I get to sing. You know you've been waiting for me to sing. So giddy up, here we go. 14 points. The 14 points, my friends, points of peace. Woodrow Wilson wants war to cease."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So giddy up, here we go. 14 points. The 14 points, my friends, points of peace. Woodrow Wilson wants war to cease. So he came up with a vocabulary word. It's on the test, so I've heard. Oh, that was terrible."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Woodrow Wilson wants war to cease. So he came up with a vocabulary word. It's on the test, so I've heard. Oh, that was terrible. That's the Kumbaya song, guys. And I'm kind of pairing that with the 14 points because that's the concept. The concept is that these are Woodrow Wilson's post-war goals of peace for World War I."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, that was terrible. That's the Kumbaya song, guys. And I'm kind of pairing that with the 14 points because that's the concept. The concept is that these are Woodrow Wilson's post-war goals of peace for World War I. All right, guys, this speech is given by Woodrow Wilson on January 8th of 1918. That's 1-8-1-8 right there. And it is basically trying to sell the war to the American public."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The concept is that these are Woodrow Wilson's post-war goals of peace for World War I. All right, guys, this speech is given by Woodrow Wilson on January 8th of 1918. That's 1-8-1-8 right there. And it is basically trying to sell the war to the American public. That a lot of people didn't want to go to war. Woodrow Wilson didn't want to go to war, at least when he was running for his second term. And now, because of unrestricted submarine warfare and the Bolshevik Revolution and the Zimmerman Note, there's all of these reasons that the United States is going."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And it is basically trying to sell the war to the American public. That a lot of people didn't want to go to war. Woodrow Wilson didn't want to go to war, at least when he was running for his second term. And now, because of unrestricted submarine warfare and the Bolshevik Revolution and the Zimmerman Note, there's all of these reasons that the United States is going. So Woodrow Wilson wants to make sure that if we're going, that we're going for a good reason. We're going to go with a plan for peace at the end of the war, hence the 14 points. The 14 points is also, I think, a sale to the Germans, basically saying, look, if we're involved, if you give up and you quit, we're not going to have a peace plan of vengeance."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now, because of unrestricted submarine warfare and the Bolshevik Revolution and the Zimmerman Note, there's all of these reasons that the United States is going. So Woodrow Wilson wants to make sure that if we're going, that we're going for a good reason. We're going to go with a plan for peace at the end of the war, hence the 14 points. The 14 points is also, I think, a sale to the Germans, basically saying, look, if we're involved, if you give up and you quit, we're not going to have a peace plan of vengeance. We're going to have a peace plan that brings the world farther away from war in the future. So I think that if you understand the war aims and you understand why he gave it, now you can understand maybe the 14 points. So we're going to chop them up, we're going to summarize."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The 14 points is also, I think, a sale to the Germans, basically saying, look, if we're involved, if you give up and you quit, we're not going to have a peace plan of vengeance. We're going to have a peace plan that brings the world farther away from war in the future. So I think that if you understand the war aims and you understand why he gave it, now you can understand maybe the 14 points. So we're going to chop them up, we're going to summarize. There's a link down below, if you click that, you can go and see the actual language. But we only got a few minutes, so here we go, giddy up. I'll put some things on the wall there for you."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So we're going to chop them up, we're going to summarize. There's a link down below, if you click that, you can go and see the actual language. But we only got a few minutes, so here we go, giddy up. I'll put some things on the wall there for you. All right, number one is basically no more secret stuff. All right, we're going to have treaties and negotiations. They're going to be out in the public."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll put some things on the wall there for you. All right, number one is basically no more secret stuff. All right, we're going to have treaties and negotiations. They're going to be out in the public. Number two, stop sinking the boats in the water, man. Open seas, peace in the water. Number three, free trade, enough with these embargoes and punishing, you know, yeah, yeah, yeah."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to be out in the public. Number two, stop sinking the boats in the water, man. Open seas, peace in the water. Number three, free trade, enough with these embargoes and punishing, you know, yeah, yeah, yeah. Free trade would be cool. Number four, less weapons, man. Let's demilitize a little bit, let's not be going walking around all armed to the teeth."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Number three, free trade, enough with these embargoes and punishing, you know, yeah, yeah, yeah. Free trade would be cool. Number four, less weapons, man. Let's demilitize a little bit, let's not be going walking around all armed to the teeth. Number five, there's going to be colonial adjustments, let's make sure that they're fair and that everybody's voice is heard. And then there's a whole bunch of stuff about countries, and this is kind of the micromanaging part of the 14 points. Number six has to deal with the Russians, seven is Belgium, eight is France, number nine is Italy, number 10 Austria-Hungary, 11 is the Balkans, 12 is the Turks, 13 is Poland, and number 14, 14 is the League of Nations, that's a big one."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's demilitize a little bit, let's not be going walking around all armed to the teeth. Number five, there's going to be colonial adjustments, let's make sure that they're fair and that everybody's voice is heard. And then there's a whole bunch of stuff about countries, and this is kind of the micromanaging part of the 14 points. Number six has to deal with the Russians, seven is Belgium, eight is France, number nine is Italy, number 10 Austria-Hungary, 11 is the Balkans, 12 is the Turks, 13 is Poland, and number 14, 14 is the League of Nations, that's a big one. So that's the 14 points, that's the Kumbaya, that's what you need to basically understand, and now we're going to take a look at the effects of the 14 points. Other than winning a Nobel Peace Prize, Woodrow Wilson doesn't really get much out of the 14 points, and it could have been because of his illness, his sickness, he's going to have strokes, and when he goes to the Paris Peace Conference to kind of negotiate with the 14 points with the Allies, he's not feeling really well, and I think that the Allied powers really wrote the Treaty of Versailles. So I think that number one, you want to realize that most of the 14 points aren't in the Treaty of Versailles."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Number six has to deal with the Russians, seven is Belgium, eight is France, number nine is Italy, number 10 Austria-Hungary, 11 is the Balkans, 12 is the Turks, 13 is Poland, and number 14, 14 is the League of Nations, that's a big one. So that's the 14 points, that's the Kumbaya, that's what you need to basically understand, and now we're going to take a look at the effects of the 14 points. Other than winning a Nobel Peace Prize, Woodrow Wilson doesn't really get much out of the 14 points, and it could have been because of his illness, his sickness, he's going to have strokes, and when he goes to the Paris Peace Conference to kind of negotiate with the 14 points with the Allies, he's not feeling really well, and I think that the Allied powers really wrote the Treaty of Versailles. So I think that number one, you want to realize that most of the 14 points aren't in the Treaty of Versailles. The only one that makes it really is the League of Nations, the 14th point, and then the treaty is kind of filled with language that is very harsh. There's a guilt clause, Article 231, that was interpreted really to put all the blame on Germany. The reparations, even though Germany didn't have to pay fully back what the numbers said, were overwhelming, at least on paper, and I think that the Treaty of Versailles historically is seen as a failure because of these reasons."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I think that number one, you want to realize that most of the 14 points aren't in the Treaty of Versailles. The only one that makes it really is the League of Nations, the 14th point, and then the treaty is kind of filled with language that is very harsh. There's a guilt clause, Article 231, that was interpreted really to put all the blame on Germany. The reparations, even though Germany didn't have to pay fully back what the numbers said, were overwhelming, at least on paper, and I think that the Treaty of Versailles historically is seen as a failure because of these reasons. There's a large gap between the promise of the 14 points, which the Germans knew about, and now this resulting Treaty of Versailles, where the Germans weren't even allowed to be in the room. So basically the conclusion is going to be that the failure of the 14 points to make it into the Treaty of Versailles is really going to be one of the big reasons for the rise of Nazism, National Socialism in Germany, blaming not just the Jews, but the Treaty of Versailles on Germany's woes, and that's going to lead Hitler into the front of the pack eventually. Woodrow Wilson thought he had problems over there on that side of the ocean."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The reparations, even though Germany didn't have to pay fully back what the numbers said, were overwhelming, at least on paper, and I think that the Treaty of Versailles historically is seen as a failure because of these reasons. There's a large gap between the promise of the 14 points, which the Germans knew about, and now this resulting Treaty of Versailles, where the Germans weren't even allowed to be in the room. So basically the conclusion is going to be that the failure of the 14 points to make it into the Treaty of Versailles is really going to be one of the big reasons for the rise of Nazism, National Socialism in Germany, blaming not just the Jews, but the Treaty of Versailles on Germany's woes, and that's going to lead Hitler into the front of the pack eventually. Woodrow Wilson thought he had problems over there on that side of the ocean. When he comes back to the United States, he's got a whole hell of a lot more problems, and that's because of checks and balances in the Constitution. If the president signs a treaty, the Constitution commands that it then goes to the Senate, where it receives a super majority. That's like not 51%, that's in that instance 67%, two-thirds of the Senate."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Woodrow Wilson thought he had problems over there on that side of the ocean. When he comes back to the United States, he's got a whole hell of a lot more problems, and that's because of checks and balances in the Constitution. If the president signs a treaty, the Constitution commands that it then goes to the Senate, where it receives a super majority. That's like not 51%, that's in that instance 67%, two-thirds of the Senate. So that's a humongous number, and I think that this is Woodrow Wilson's downfall. I think his downfall is that he had a stroke when he was trying to sell this thing. I think his downfall is that he was incapacitated, and he really shouldn't have been president, we didn't have the 25th Amendment."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's like not 51%, that's in that instance 67%, two-thirds of the Senate. So that's a humongous number, and I think that this is Woodrow Wilson's downfall. I think his downfall is that he had a stroke when he was trying to sell this thing. I think his downfall is that he was incapacitated, and he really shouldn't have been president, we didn't have the 25th Amendment. But his downfall is his lack of negotiations. He's not going to compromise. Henry Cabot Lodge, the famous Republican in the Senate, he was willing to negotiate."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I think his downfall is that he was incapacitated, and he really shouldn't have been president, we didn't have the 25th Amendment. But his downfall is his lack of negotiations. He's not going to compromise. Henry Cabot Lodge, the famous Republican in the Senate, he was willing to negotiate. The big sticking point was the League of Nations, Article 10, contained a war declaration clause, which would have trumped Congress's ability to declare war. We would have been chaining ourselves to the League of Nations. So if the League of Nations, the dog of war, wanted to go to war, the United States would have to go with it, and in a sense we'd be giving up our national sovereignty."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Henry Cabot Lodge, the famous Republican in the Senate, he was willing to negotiate. The big sticking point was the League of Nations, Article 10, contained a war declaration clause, which would have trumped Congress's ability to declare war. We would have been chaining ourselves to the League of Nations. So if the League of Nations, the dog of war, wanted to go to war, the United States would have to go with it, and in a sense we'd be giving up our national sovereignty. P.U. That stinks. And Woodrow Wilson wouldn't negotiate."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So if the League of Nations, the dog of war, wanted to go to war, the United States would have to go with it, and in a sense we'd be giving up our national sovereignty. P.U. That stinks. And Woodrow Wilson wouldn't negotiate. So it's a failure of presidential leadership. It's a failure of foreign policy, because our retreat into isolationism is going to give basically the Germans enough room with appeasement over in Europe to grow into a force that's going to drag us back into World War II. But I've talked too much."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And Woodrow Wilson wouldn't negotiate. So it's a failure of presidential leadership. It's a failure of foreign policy, because our retreat into isolationism is going to give basically the Germans enough room with appeasement over in Europe to grow into a force that's going to drag us back into World War II. But I've talked too much. Come back up, baby. That's the 14 points. Woodrow Wilson, 1918."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But I've talked too much. Come back up, baby. That's the 14 points. Woodrow Wilson, 1918. Now you know a little bit about it. Well, you at least could get the question right on Joppa. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Woodrow Wilson, 1918. Now you know a little bit about it. Well, you at least could get the question right on Joppa. How about that? If you haven't checked out P.U. 's history, guys, all you've got to do is click my face. I'll freeze."}, {"video_title": "The 14 Points Explained US History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that? If you haven't checked out P.U. 's history, guys, all you've got to do is click my face. I'll freeze. That's like magic. How about that? There you go, guys."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History as we hit you up with a little bit of world history Egyptian style. Guys, we are going ancient Egypt on you. We're going to cover the old kingdom so this is perfect if you're a kid in school, a teacher flipping your classes or maybe you're just cray cray on the internet. Either way, we're going to giddy up for the learning and we're going to go get her done right now. Alright guys, let's start where we always start when we're talking about civilizations and that is geography. And of course, we're going to need some water because water is really important. And just like Mesopotamia where we have the Tigris and Euphrates, we're going to have a river system that's going to be the heartbeat of Egyptian civilization and of course that is the Nile."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "Either way, we're going to giddy up for the learning and we're going to go get her done right now. Alright guys, let's start where we always start when we're talking about civilizations and that is geography. And of course, we're going to need some water because water is really important. And just like Mesopotamia where we have the Tigris and Euphrates, we're going to have a river system that's going to be the heartbeat of Egyptian civilization and of course that is the Nile. Egypt is called the gift of the Nile for a reason. Now if we start with the very basics, the Nile runs about 4,100 miles and it actually flows from the south to the north. So it starts in what today would be Ethiopia, Tanzania, kind of the highlands of central eastern Africa and it runs its 4,000 mile journey into the Mediterranean Sea."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And just like Mesopotamia where we have the Tigris and Euphrates, we're going to have a river system that's going to be the heartbeat of Egyptian civilization and of course that is the Nile. Egypt is called the gift of the Nile for a reason. Now if we start with the very basics, the Nile runs about 4,100 miles and it actually flows from the south to the north. So it starts in what today would be Ethiopia, Tanzania, kind of the highlands of central eastern Africa and it runs its 4,000 mile journey into the Mediterranean Sea. But Egypt isn't going to be able to use all of that Nile because there are points in the Nile which are kind of impassable at that point. It's called the first cataract which is about 750 miles south of the Mediterranean Sea. And this cataract, which is basically jagged cliffs and boulders and rapids, is really going to form the starting point for Egyptian society."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "So it starts in what today would be Ethiopia, Tanzania, kind of the highlands of central eastern Africa and it runs its 4,000 mile journey into the Mediterranean Sea. But Egypt isn't going to be able to use all of that Nile because there are points in the Nile which are kind of impassable at that point. It's called the first cataract which is about 750 miles south of the Mediterranean Sea. And this cataract, which is basically jagged cliffs and boulders and rapids, is really going to form the starting point for Egyptian society. Now the Nile is generally divided along that 750 mile strip in Egyptian civilization into two sectors. You have what's called the upper Nile and the upper Nile which is highlighted right there is actually in the lower portion of Egypt. But that's going to be characterized really by a thin strip of fertile soil surrounding that river."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And this cataract, which is basically jagged cliffs and boulders and rapids, is really going to form the starting point for Egyptian society. Now the Nile is generally divided along that 750 mile strip in Egyptian civilization into two sectors. You have what's called the upper Nile and the upper Nile which is highlighted right there is actually in the lower portion of Egypt. But that's going to be characterized really by a thin strip of fertile soil surrounding that river. And as we get into the lower Nile, which is in the upper part, that's going to be characterized by a delta which is very lush and wider and larger because it's flowing into the Mediterranean Sea. So there are going to be different parts of the Nile. But starting around 5,000 BCE, we're going to see kind of farming villages pop up along the 750 strip of the Nile River."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "But that's going to be characterized really by a thin strip of fertile soil surrounding that river. And as we get into the lower Nile, which is in the upper part, that's going to be characterized by a delta which is very lush and wider and larger because it's flowing into the Mediterranean Sea. So there are going to be different parts of the Nile. But starting around 5,000 BCE, we're going to see kind of farming villages pop up along the 750 strip of the Nile River. Now in the upper portion, which is that thin strip, you're surrounded by desert. So that's going to isolate those farming villages, allowing them to grow. We're not going to have a lot of invasions and warfare because of that natural protection."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "But starting around 5,000 BCE, we're going to see kind of farming villages pop up along the 750 strip of the Nile River. Now in the upper portion, which is that thin strip, you're surrounded by desert. So that's going to isolate those farming villages, allowing them to grow. We're not going to have a lot of invasions and warfare because of that natural protection. But it's also going to make trade a little bit more difficult because you're not going to be able to cross those deserts 5, 6, 7,000 years ago. Now the Nile, unlike the Tigris and the Euphrates and other rivers in early civilizations, is predictable. Some of those other rivers would just flood whenever the time would be."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "We're not going to have a lot of invasions and warfare because of that natural protection. But it's also going to make trade a little bit more difficult because you're not going to be able to cross those deserts 5, 6, 7,000 years ago. Now the Nile, unlike the Tigris and the Euphrates and other rivers in early civilizations, is predictable. Some of those other rivers would just flood whenever the time would be. But every July when the snow would melt in the mountains of Central Eastern Africa and the rain would come, the Nile would flood basically from July to October. So this kind of repeating pattern of flood, plant, harvest, flood, plant, harvest became the heartbeat of Egyptian society. It was dependable."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "Some of those other rivers would just flood whenever the time would be. But every July when the snow would melt in the mountains of Central Eastern Africa and the rain would come, the Nile would flood basically from July to October. So this kind of repeating pattern of flood, plant, harvest, flood, plant, harvest became the heartbeat of Egyptian society. It was dependable. They were able to use the Nile River to sustain their lives. Now around 3200 BCE, this is about 2,000 years into the growth of these small villages, we begin to get some trade with Mesopotamia, which has already invented cuneiform and other awesome technologies, which is going to allow Egypt to grow a little bit quicker because of those trade routes. It's in around 2000 BCE, they're going to be able to figure out how to navigate that Nile River for transportational purposes."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "It was dependable. They were able to use the Nile River to sustain their lives. Now around 3200 BCE, this is about 2,000 years into the growth of these small villages, we begin to get some trade with Mesopotamia, which has already invented cuneiform and other awesome technologies, which is going to allow Egypt to grow a little bit quicker because of those trade routes. It's in around 2000 BCE, they're going to be able to figure out how to navigate that Nile River for transportational purposes. It's pretty easy going from the south to the north because the river goes that way. But once they figure out sails, which Mesopotamia is going to invent, they're going to be able to navigate the river using the trade winds, which flow from the north to the south. And then eventually they're going to be able to trade with internal Africa as they look for supplies to build their most awesome pyramids."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "It's in around 2000 BCE, they're going to be able to figure out how to navigate that Nile River for transportational purposes. It's pretty easy going from the south to the north because the river goes that way. But once they figure out sails, which Mesopotamia is going to invent, they're going to be able to navigate the river using the trade winds, which flow from the north to the south. And then eventually they're going to be able to trade with internal Africa as they look for supplies to build their most awesome pyramids. They're going to need limestone, they're going to need gold, they're going to need ivory, they're going to need things they don't have, which they're going to have to get. So geography is really important, make sure that you look at that map one more time and you get the big idea that the Nile is the heartbeat of Egypt as we now take a look at the old kingdom of ancient Egyptian society. Are you ready to unify?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And then eventually they're going to be able to trade with internal Africa as they look for supplies to build their most awesome pyramids. They're going to need limestone, they're going to need gold, they're going to need ivory, they're going to need things they don't have, which they're going to have to get. So geography is really important, make sure that you look at that map one more time and you get the big idea that the Nile is the heartbeat of Egypt as we now take a look at the old kingdom of ancient Egyptian society. Are you ready to unify? Good. But we need something to unify. And considering from about 5000 BCE to about 3200 BCE, which is like 2000 years, there isn't really a kingdom in Egypt."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "Are you ready to unify? Good. But we need something to unify. And considering from about 5000 BCE to about 3200 BCE, which is like 2000 years, there isn't really a kingdom in Egypt. It's a sparkling, I don't know if that's a word in this sense, a sparkling of villages along the Nile River that are kind of growing up all by themselves. They have their own chieftains, their own customs, their own gods, their own rituals. But there's not much known about that time period of course because there's no internets."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And considering from about 5000 BCE to about 3200 BCE, which is like 2000 years, there isn't really a kingdom in Egypt. It's a sparkling, I don't know if that's a word in this sense, a sparkling of villages along the Nile River that are kind of growing up all by themselves. They have their own chieftains, their own customs, their own gods, their own rituals. But there's not much known about that time period of course because there's no internets. But by around 3200 BCE, legend says, and it's only a legend, that Egypt in a sense was united into what was a lower and an upper kingdom. And the legend says that the king or the head of the lower kingdom had a red crown and the head of the upper kingdom wore a big white bowling crown. And we do know around 3100 BCE that the leader of the upper kingdom who was Menezes was able to unite the two kingdoms."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "But there's not much known about that time period of course because there's no internets. But by around 3200 BCE, legend says, and it's only a legend, that Egypt in a sense was united into what was a lower and an upper kingdom. And the legend says that the king or the head of the lower kingdom had a red crown and the head of the upper kingdom wore a big white bowling crown. And we do know around 3100 BCE that the leader of the upper kingdom who was Menezes was able to unite the two kingdoms. And he wore a white and red crown, how about that. And he made the capital of this new Egyptian kingdom at Memphis, which is at the point where the upper and the lower kingdom came together. So being a little political there, right?"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And we do know around 3100 BCE that the leader of the upper kingdom who was Menezes was able to unite the two kingdoms. And he wore a white and red crown, how about that. And he made the capital of this new Egyptian kingdom at Memphis, which is at the point where the upper and the lower kingdom came together. So being a little political there, right? Just like Washington DC between the north and the south. I got off track a little bit. But this is really going to be the first dynasty located in Memphis by Menezes."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "So being a little political there, right? Just like Washington DC between the north and the south. I got off track a little bit. But this is really going to be the first dynasty located in Memphis by Menezes. But other than that basic legend, not much is known until really the third dynasty. Now there'll be 31 dynasties in Egyptian history, which stretches across about 2600 years, which is ridiculously long. But we do know that the third dynasty is really the beginning of the old kingdom when we're going to be getting to get written records and really the markings of a true ancient civilization."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "But this is really going to be the first dynasty located in Memphis by Menezes. But other than that basic legend, not much is known until really the third dynasty. Now there'll be 31 dynasties in Egyptian history, which stretches across about 2600 years, which is ridiculously long. But we do know that the third dynasty is really the beginning of the old kingdom when we're going to be getting to get written records and really the markings of a true ancient civilization. So around 2660 BCE, which again is the beginning of the old kingdom. And now we can talk about the characteristics of the old kingdom in ancient Egypt, which I'm going to do with you right now. Alright, why don't we start with characteristic number one of the ancient Egyptian civilization, which is going to be where you take the alien when they ask you, take me to your leader."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "But we do know that the third dynasty is really the beginning of the old kingdom when we're going to be getting to get written records and really the markings of a true ancient civilization. So around 2660 BCE, which again is the beginning of the old kingdom. And now we can talk about the characteristics of the old kingdom in ancient Egypt, which I'm going to do with you right now. Alright, why don't we start with characteristic number one of the ancient Egyptian civilization, which is going to be where you take the alien when they ask you, take me to your leader. And that of course is going to be the pharaoh. You want to go eat up some good vocab, write that word down right there. The pharaoh is the leader of Egyptian civilization."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright, why don't we start with characteristic number one of the ancient Egyptian civilization, which is going to be where you take the alien when they ask you, take me to your leader. And that of course is going to be the pharaoh. You want to go eat up some good vocab, write that word down right there. The pharaoh is the leader of Egyptian civilization. Not only are they like a king, but they are not just like a god. They are god. And this is a differentiation from what we talked about when we did Mesopotamia, where the leader or the ruler is a representation of god, not god themselves."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "The pharaoh is the leader of Egyptian civilization. Not only are they like a king, but they are not just like a god. They are god. And this is a differentiation from what we talked about when we did Mesopotamia, where the leader or the ruler is a representation of god, not god themselves. So people are literally seeing the pharaoh as somebody that needs to be pleased because they run the universe. They are in control of the sun, of the floods, of the crops, of truth, of justice. They're in charge of it all."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is a differentiation from what we talked about when we did Mesopotamia, where the leader or the ruler is a representation of god, not god themselves. So people are literally seeing the pharaoh as somebody that needs to be pleased because they run the universe. They are in control of the sun, of the floods, of the crops, of truth, of justice. They're in charge of it all. And it was believed that when you passed on and when the pharaoh passed on that their soul was eternal. It was called the eternal spirit, Ka, K-A, the Ka. And this spirit would reign forever."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "They're in charge of it all. And it was believed that when you passed on and when the pharaoh passed on that their soul was eternal. It was called the eternal spirit, Ka, K-A, the Ka. And this spirit would reign forever. So that's why they needed a place to let the Ka live, hence the pyramids. So the old kingdom, and this is again, you know, 4,000 years ago, are going to be the people that built the pyramids. And you don't have to say much to be awestruck by looking at the pyramids, but knowing that they hadn't invented the wheel, that there's no light source other than the sun, that it took up to 2 million blocks of stone to build a pyramid like the pyramid at Giza."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And this spirit would reign forever. So that's why they needed a place to let the Ka live, hence the pyramids. So the old kingdom, and this is again, you know, 4,000 years ago, are going to be the people that built the pyramids. And you don't have to say much to be awestruck by looking at the pyramids, but knowing that they hadn't invented the wheel, that there's no light source other than the sun, that it took up to 2 million blocks of stone to build a pyramid like the pyramid at Giza. It's going to be about 481 feet tall and these 2 million blocks, each one of them weighs roughly 5,000 pounds. And those 5,000 pound blocks, which was limestone in this case, were up to 400 miles upriver. So in order to transport 2 million 5,000 pound stones, to have no internal light source, to have no wheel, and to be able to build these 480 feet structures to house the Ka, which is the eternal spirit of the pharaoh, is pretty incredible."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And you don't have to say much to be awestruck by looking at the pyramids, but knowing that they hadn't invented the wheel, that there's no light source other than the sun, that it took up to 2 million blocks of stone to build a pyramid like the pyramid at Giza. It's going to be about 481 feet tall and these 2 million blocks, each one of them weighs roughly 5,000 pounds. And those 5,000 pound blocks, which was limestone in this case, were up to 400 miles upriver. So in order to transport 2 million 5,000 pound stones, to have no internal light source, to have no wheel, and to be able to build these 480 feet structures to house the Ka, which is the eternal spirit of the pharaoh, is pretty incredible. Like to this day, scientists are still trying to figure out how did they build the pyramids. If my hair stuck up really high, I'd say it was the aliens themselves. But my hair's pretty flat today."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "So in order to transport 2 million 5,000 pound stones, to have no internal light source, to have no wheel, and to be able to build these 480 feet structures to house the Ka, which is the eternal spirit of the pharaoh, is pretty incredible. Like to this day, scientists are still trying to figure out how did they build the pyramids. If my hair stuck up really high, I'd say it was the aliens themselves. But my hair's pretty flat today. So we're going to go with that they were just an incredibly advanced early civilization that was able to figure out the mathematics, the algebra, the physics of actually creating these awesome structures. And of course this is where the pharaohs are going to be laid to rest in order to have their internal spirit, their Ka, reign forever and ever and ever. But the most important lesson is that in order to do all of that, you can just imagine the advanced governmental systems that had to be in place to run a job that big."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "But my hair's pretty flat today. So we're going to go with that they were just an incredibly advanced early civilization that was able to figure out the mathematics, the algebra, the physics of actually creating these awesome structures. And of course this is where the pharaohs are going to be laid to rest in order to have their internal spirit, their Ka, reign forever and ever and ever. But the most important lesson is that in order to do all of that, you can just imagine the advanced governmental systems that had to be in place to run a job that big. So make sure that you get the pharaohs and of course the big idea of the pyramids as we move on and we take a look at the religious life of an ancient Egyptian living in the Old Kingdom. I'm going to go get that right now. So like Mesopotamia, and perhaps because of Mesopotamia, you have to remember that the Egyptians are in contact with Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "But the most important lesson is that in order to do all of that, you can just imagine the advanced governmental systems that had to be in place to run a job that big. So make sure that you get the pharaohs and of course the big idea of the pyramids as we move on and we take a look at the religious life of an ancient Egyptian living in the Old Kingdom. I'm going to go get that right now. So like Mesopotamia, and perhaps because of Mesopotamia, you have to remember that the Egyptians are in contact with Mesopotamia. Mesopotamians invented sails and such, are also going to be polytheistic. They're going to believe in many gods. But the one differentiation is going to be that they believe in an afterlife."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "So like Mesopotamia, and perhaps because of Mesopotamia, you have to remember that the Egyptians are in contact with Mesopotamia. Mesopotamians invented sails and such, are also going to be polytheistic. They're going to believe in many gods. But the one differentiation is going to be that they believe in an afterlife. The Mesopotamians believe that it's just like all darkness. The Egyptians believe that the soul lives forever. So there's some important gods and goddesses in Egyptian polytheistic ancient civilization religions and that would be number one, Ra."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "But the one differentiation is going to be that they believe in an afterlife. The Mesopotamians believe that it's just like all darkness. The Egyptians believe that the soul lives forever. So there's some important gods and goddesses in Egyptian polytheistic ancient civilization religions and that would be number one, Ra. Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra is the god of the sun and of course you could figure out why that would be really important. Horus is the god of light, another highly regarded god in Egyptian civilization. Isis, yeah, Isis, I-S-I-S, was the goddess of motherhood, of woman, of feminine energy."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "So there's some important gods and goddesses in Egyptian polytheistic ancient civilization religions and that would be number one, Ra. Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra is the god of the sun and of course you could figure out why that would be really important. Horus is the god of light, another highly regarded god in Egyptian civilization. Isis, yeah, Isis, I-S-I-S, was the goddess of motherhood, of woman, of feminine energy. And one of the scarier ones is going to be Osiris, who is the god of death and we'll talk about him in a second. But all Egyptians, like the Pharaoh, believe that their souls, their bodies, need to be taken care of in the afterlife and this is why we get the concept of mummification. There was a belief that when you died that Osiris, the god of death, would weigh your heart and that if your heart was light as a feather you could live eternally in the other world."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "Isis, yeah, Isis, I-S-I-S, was the goddess of motherhood, of woman, of feminine energy. And one of the scarier ones is going to be Osiris, who is the god of death and we'll talk about him in a second. But all Egyptians, like the Pharaoh, believe that their souls, their bodies, need to be taken care of in the afterlife and this is why we get the concept of mummification. There was a belief that when you died that Osiris, the god of death, would weigh your heart and that if your heart was light as a feather you could live eternally in the other world. But if it was weighed down with sin that they would actually have the devourer of souls, Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra, eat your heart. So this meant that your deeds on the physical earth meant something and that they would be judged upon your death. And of course those concepts are going to flow into Judaism and other major world religions."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "There was a belief that when you died that Osiris, the god of death, would weigh your heart and that if your heart was light as a feather you could live eternally in the other world. But if it was weighed down with sin that they would actually have the devourer of souls, Ra, Ra, Ra, Ra, eat your heart. So this meant that your deeds on the physical earth meant something and that they would be judged upon your death. And of course those concepts are going to flow into Judaism and other major world religions. But mummification, like I mentioned before, is really important and actually the process by which they mummified people is really interesting. I'd like to read you a little passage right now about how they mummified people. First they draw out the brains through the nostrils with an iron hook."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course those concepts are going to flow into Judaism and other major world religions. But mummification, like I mentioned before, is really important and actually the process by which they mummified people is really interesting. I'd like to read you a little passage right now about how they mummified people. First they draw out the brains through the nostrils with an iron hook. Then with a sharp stone they make an incision in the side and take out the bowels. Then they fill the belly with pure kassa and other perfumes. They sew it up again and when they have done this they steep it in a mineral salt, leaving it under for 70 days."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "First they draw out the brains through the nostrils with an iron hook. Then with a sharp stone they make an incision in the side and take out the bowels. Then they fill the belly with pure kassa and other perfumes. They sew it up again and when they have done this they steep it in a mineral salt, leaving it under for 70 days. At the end of 70 days they watch the corpse and they wrap the whole body in bandages of wax and cloth. These guys are serious about their belief that the afterworld counts. They want to make sure that the body is preserved."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "They sew it up again and when they have done this they steep it in a mineral salt, leaving it under for 70 days. At the end of 70 days they watch the corpse and they wrap the whole body in bandages of wax and cloth. These guys are serious about their belief that the afterworld counts. They want to make sure that the body is preserved. And as it's preserved and as it's mummified it's then put into a coffin and into a tomb where it's surrounded by everyday things that you would need to live. So they would leave food and jewelry and clothing as well as hymns and prayers and magic spells. And actually the Book of the Dead is a collection of all of these prayers and these hymns and these magical spells that were left behind with these mummified coffins for hope that they would pass the big test of the weighing of the heart in the afterlife."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "They want to make sure that the body is preserved. And as it's preserved and as it's mummified it's then put into a coffin and into a tomb where it's surrounded by everyday things that you would need to live. So they would leave food and jewelry and clothing as well as hymns and prayers and magic spells. And actually the Book of the Dead is a collection of all of these prayers and these hymns and these magical spells that were left behind with these mummified coffins for hope that they would pass the big test of the weighing of the heart in the afterlife. So mummification, polytheism, the different gods and goddesses of Egyptian life, very very important. Now let's take a look at basically the social system of Old Kingdom Egypt. Let's do it."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And actually the Book of the Dead is a collection of all of these prayers and these hymns and these magical spells that were left behind with these mummified coffins for hope that they would pass the big test of the weighing of the heart in the afterlife. So mummification, polytheism, the different gods and goddesses of Egyptian life, very very important. Now let's take a look at basically the social system of Old Kingdom Egypt. Let's do it. Right now? Right now! So again, like Mesopotamia, notice how I keep saying that, like Mesopotamia, they're also going to have a social class system that is hierarchical, that is like a pyramid."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's do it. Right now? Right now! So again, like Mesopotamia, notice how I keep saying that, like Mesopotamia, they're also going to have a social class system that is hierarchical, that is like a pyramid. Of course on the bottom of that pyramid you're going to have slaves and then moving upwards we're going to basic laborers, to farmers, to artisans, and then to merchants, to the military, to priests, and all the way up on the tippy top of the triangle is the pharaoh of course. But unlike Mesopotamia and unlike some other social class systems, it's not a static system. You could learn how to get an education and if you did you could move up that system and you could marry into other systems."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "So again, like Mesopotamia, notice how I keep saying that, like Mesopotamia, they're also going to have a social class system that is hierarchical, that is like a pyramid. Of course on the bottom of that pyramid you're going to have slaves and then moving upwards we're going to basic laborers, to farmers, to artisans, and then to merchants, to the military, to priests, and all the way up on the tippy top of the triangle is the pharaoh of course. But unlike Mesopotamia and unlike some other social class systems, it's not a static system. You could learn how to get an education and if you did you could move up that system and you could marry into other systems. And interestingly enough, women were considered to be equal of men in Egyptian life. Not only could they own property and could they trade and be merchants, but they could also demand a divorce. And in the divorce they were entitled to part of the property that was shared with their spouse."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "You could learn how to get an education and if you did you could move up that system and you could marry into other systems. And interestingly enough, women were considered to be equal of men in Egyptian life. Not only could they own property and could they trade and be merchants, but they could also demand a divorce. And in the divorce they were entitled to part of the property that was shared with their spouse. So that's going to go away for a very long time, but it shows you that in ancient civilizations they didn't exactly see men and women as we're going to see them develop in Europe and in Western civilization until really we get until the 20th century. Now there's also of course other really important aspects of Egyptian life that we should mention. Of course they have been to Mesopotamia, they've been to the mountaintop, there's not really a mountaintop there, but they do come back with the idea of writing, of cuneiform."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And in the divorce they were entitled to part of the property that was shared with their spouse. So that's going to go away for a very long time, but it shows you that in ancient civilizations they didn't exactly see men and women as we're going to see them develop in Europe and in Western civilization until really we get until the 20th century. Now there's also of course other really important aspects of Egyptian life that we should mention. Of course they have been to Mesopotamia, they've been to the mountaintop, there's not really a mountaintop there, but they do come back with the idea of writing, of cuneiform. And their cuneiform is going to be called hieroglyphics. And like cuneiform it basically starts off with symbolism, you know, a little picture of a monkey is a monkey, and eventually those symbols become sounds, become a written language. But one step that they took in front of the Mesopotamians is they're not going to use clay tablets forever."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "Of course they have been to Mesopotamia, they've been to the mountaintop, there's not really a mountaintop there, but they do come back with the idea of writing, of cuneiform. And their cuneiform is going to be called hieroglyphics. And like cuneiform it basically starts off with symbolism, you know, a little picture of a monkey is a monkey, and eventually those symbols become sounds, become a written language. But one step that they took in front of the Mesopotamians is they're not going to use clay tablets forever. You can't even imagine how heavy it was to carry a book around back then. So they're going to be able to use some of their natural resources and specifically pyrus, which is going to be a plant material which is going to be made into a paper-like material. So you can record lots of things, you can put it right in your pocket, get on a boat and go down the river and teach something to somebody."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "But one step that they took in front of the Mesopotamians is they're not going to use clay tablets forever. You can't even imagine how heavy it was to carry a book around back then. So they're going to be able to use some of their natural resources and specifically pyrus, which is going to be a plant material which is going to be made into a paper-like material. So you can record lots of things, you can put it right in your pocket, get on a boat and go down the river and teach something to somebody. And of course there's other inventions as well. Some of them are taken from the Fertile Crescent, other ones are homegrown to Egypt, they're going to have a written numerical system, they're going to be using geometry and algebra and different math systems. They're going to be able to use the Cyrus Star to predict the calendar."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "So you can record lots of things, you can put it right in your pocket, get on a boat and go down the river and teach something to somebody. And of course there's other inventions as well. Some of them are taken from the Fertile Crescent, other ones are homegrown to Egypt, they're going to have a written numerical system, they're going to be using geometry and algebra and different math systems. They're going to be able to use the Cyrus Star to predict the calendar. And they actually had their calendar, which was 7 days and 365 days a full year, which was only 6 hours off of the actual, you know, calculated solar calendar. So good for Egypt, it was really close. And they were actually very advanced in medicine."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to be able to use the Cyrus Star to predict the calendar. And they actually had their calendar, which was 7 days and 365 days a full year, which was only 6 hours off of the actual, you know, calculated solar calendar. So good for Egypt, it was really close. And they were actually very advanced in medicine. And of course they used some of the evil spirit kind of stuff too, but they also learned how to use very scientifically based medical procedures, including some very rudimentary surgery. I don't know if I'd want to have a surgeon open me up back then, but they did it, which is pretty incredible. And of course the other fields such as architecture, you can just imagine building the pyramids, they use columns in many of their homes."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And they were actually very advanced in medicine. And of course they used some of the evil spirit kind of stuff too, but they also learned how to use very scientifically based medical procedures, including some very rudimentary surgery. I don't know if I'd want to have a surgeon open me up back then, but they did it, which is pretty incredible. And of course the other fields such as architecture, you can just imagine building the pyramids, they use columns in many of their homes. So they're pretty far advanced for an ancient civilization without a doubt. So, nothing lasts forever, and the Old Kingdom is going to come crashing on down. Why don't we take a look at the crashdown right now."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course the other fields such as architecture, you can just imagine building the pyramids, they use columns in many of their homes. So they're pretty far advanced for an ancient civilization without a doubt. So, nothing lasts forever, and the Old Kingdom is going to come crashing on down. Why don't we take a look at the crashdown right now. But don't worry, they'll be back, because if there's an Old Kingdom, there's going to be another lecture one day. You want to know what it's going to be called? That's right kids, the New Kingdom."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "Why don't we take a look at the crashdown right now. But don't worry, they'll be back, because if there's an Old Kingdom, there's going to be another lecture one day. You want to know what it's going to be called? That's right kids, the New Kingdom. But that's not today. So most historians agree that the Old Kingdom saw its downfall around 2180 BCE. This is known as the first intermediate period, about 100 years of ancient Egyptian history, which is marked by weakness and turmoil."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "That's right kids, the New Kingdom. But that's not today. So most historians agree that the Old Kingdom saw its downfall around 2180 BCE. This is known as the first intermediate period, about 100 years of ancient Egyptian history, which is marked by weakness and turmoil. Some people reckon that they couldn't control the floods, that there was starvation, that there was famine, but for whatever reasons, they're lost in the Nile for about 100 years. And then at the end of those 100 years, new leaders arise. This is called the Middle Kingdom."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "This is known as the first intermediate period, about 100 years of ancient Egyptian history, which is marked by weakness and turmoil. Some people reckon that they couldn't control the floods, that there was starvation, that there was famine, but for whatever reasons, they're lost in the Nile for about 100 years. And then at the end of those 100 years, new leaders arise. This is called the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom around 2080 BCE to about 1640 BCE, for about 500 years they regained control, and they do move on. They build a canal to the Red Sea, which is going to open up new trading routes. They figure out how to drain the swamps of the upper Nile in order to increase their farmland."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "This is called the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom around 2080 BCE to about 1640 BCE, for about 500 years they regained control, and they do move on. They build a canal to the Red Sea, which is going to open up new trading routes. They figure out how to drain the swamps of the upper Nile in order to increase their farmland. They begin building dikes to control the water in a more powerful way. They begin new public work projects. So the Middle Kingdom is important, we're just not going to talk about it a lot right now."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "They figure out how to drain the swamps of the upper Nile in order to increase their farmland. They begin building dikes to control the water in a more powerful way. They begin new public work projects. So the Middle Kingdom is important, we're just not going to talk about it a lot right now. What we do know is in that 1640 BCE, we have a group of Asian nomads that are called Hyksos, who are going to invade using horse-drawn carriages. They also invaded the Indus and the Fertile Crescent, so these nomads are just cray-cray for power, and they're going to take over Egypt. This is called the second intermediate period, about 1640 BCE to about 1570 BCE, and at that point we're going to get the rise of the New Kingdom and a much more powerful system of pharaohs and civilization in general."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Middle Kingdom is important, we're just not going to talk about it a lot right now. What we do know is in that 1640 BCE, we have a group of Asian nomads that are called Hyksos, who are going to invade using horse-drawn carriages. They also invaded the Indus and the Fertile Crescent, so these nomads are just cray-cray for power, and they're going to take over Egypt. This is called the second intermediate period, about 1640 BCE to about 1570 BCE, and at that point we're going to get the rise of the New Kingdom and a much more powerful system of pharaohs and civilization in general. So what do you know about that, kids? You learned something about ancient Egypt, but of course we're going to need a new lecture soon enough called the New Kingdom to learn about what happened to the New Kingdom now that we did the Old Kingdom. We certainly hope that your brain is a little bit bigger than when you press the button, and we certainly hope that you remember always that where your attention goes, your energy flows."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Explained The Old Kingdom.m4a", "Sentence": "This is called the second intermediate period, about 1640 BCE to about 1570 BCE, and at that point we're going to get the rise of the New Kingdom and a much more powerful system of pharaohs and civilization in general. So what do you know about that, kids? You learned something about ancient Egypt, but of course we're going to need a new lecture soon enough called the New Kingdom to learn about what happened to the New Kingdom now that we did the Old Kingdom. We certainly hope that your brain is a little bit bigger than when you press the button, and we certainly hope that you remember always that where your attention goes, your energy flows. All right, guys, I'm done. Stick a fork in me, and we'll see you next time. You press my buttons."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Rhodesia? South Vietnam? Sudan with no South Sudan? Yugoslavia? Okay, no more inaccuracies with the globes. Awww, the little globes! This one doesn't know about Slovakia."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Yugoslavia? Okay, no more inaccuracies with the globes. Awww, the little globes! This one doesn't know about Slovakia. This one has East Frank in Pakistan. And this one identifies Lithuania as part of Asia. Okay, no more globe inaccuracies."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "This one doesn't know about Slovakia. This one has East Frank in Pakistan. And this one identifies Lithuania as part of Asia. Okay, no more globe inaccuracies. Actually bring back my globes, I feel naked without them. So if you're into European history, you're probably somewhat familiar with nationalism and the names and countries associated with it. Bismarck in Germany, Mazzini and Garibaldi in Italy, and Mustafa Kemal, aka Ataturk, in Turkey."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, no more globe inaccuracies. Actually bring back my globes, I feel naked without them. So if you're into European history, you're probably somewhat familiar with nationalism and the names and countries associated with it. Bismarck in Germany, Mazzini and Garibaldi in Italy, and Mustafa Kemal, aka Ataturk, in Turkey. But nationalism was a global phenomenon, and it included a lot of people you may not associate with it, like Muhammad Ali in Egypt, and also this guy. Nationalism was seen in the British Dominions as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became federated states between 1860 and 1901. I would say independent states instead of federated states, but you guys still have a queen."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Bismarck in Germany, Mazzini and Garibaldi in Italy, and Mustafa Kemal, aka Ataturk, in Turkey. But nationalism was a global phenomenon, and it included a lot of people you may not associate with it, like Muhammad Ali in Egypt, and also this guy. Nationalism was seen in the British Dominions as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became federated states between 1860 and 1901. I would say independent states instead of federated states, but you guys still have a queen. It was also seen in the Balkans, where Greece gained its independence in 1832, and Christian principalities fought a war against the Ottomans in 1878. In India, where a political party, the Indian National Congress, was founded in 1885. And even in China, where nationalism ran up against a dynastic system that had lasted more than 2,000 years."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "I would say independent states instead of federated states, but you guys still have a queen. It was also seen in the Balkans, where Greece gained its independence in 1832, and Christian principalities fought a war against the Ottomans in 1878. In India, where a political party, the Indian National Congress, was founded in 1885. And even in China, where nationalism ran up against a dynastic system that had lasted more than 2,000 years. And then of course there are these guys, who in many ways represent the worst of nationalism, the nationalism that tries to deny or eliminate difference in the efforts to create a homogenous, mythologized, unitary polity. We'll get to them later, but it's helpful to bring them up now, just so we don't get too excited about nationalism. Okay, so before we launch into the history, let's define the modern nation-state."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "And even in China, where nationalism ran up against a dynastic system that had lasted more than 2,000 years. And then of course there are these guys, who in many ways represent the worst of nationalism, the nationalism that tries to deny or eliminate difference in the efforts to create a homogenous, mythologized, unitary polity. We'll get to them later, but it's helpful to bring them up now, just so we don't get too excited about nationalism. Okay, so before we launch into the history, let's define the modern nation-state. Definitions are slippery, but for our purposes, a nation-state involves a centralized government that can claim and exercise authority over a distinctive territory. That's the state part. It also involves a certain degree of linguistic and cultural homogeneity."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, so before we launch into the history, let's define the modern nation-state. Definitions are slippery, but for our purposes, a nation-state involves a centralized government that can claim and exercise authority over a distinctive territory. That's the state part. It also involves a certain degree of linguistic and cultural homogeneity. That's the nation part. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, by that definition, China was a nation-state by, like, probably the Han Dynasty. Dude, me from the past, you're getting smart."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "It also involves a certain degree of linguistic and cultural homogeneity. That's the nation part. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, by that definition, China was a nation-state by, like, probably the Han Dynasty. Dude, me from the past, you're getting smart. Yeah, it could be, and some historians argue that it was. Nationhood is really hard to define. Like in James Joyce's Ulysses, the character Bloom famously says that a nation is the same people living in the same place, but then he remembers the Irish and Jewish diasporas and adds, or also living in different places."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Dude, me from the past, you're getting smart. Yeah, it could be, and some historians argue that it was. Nationhood is really hard to define. Like in James Joyce's Ulysses, the character Bloom famously says that a nation is the same people living in the same place, but then he remembers the Irish and Jewish diasporas and adds, or also living in different places. But let's ignore diasporas for the moment and focus on territorially bounded groups with a common heritage. Same people, same place. So how do you become a nation?"}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Like in James Joyce's Ulysses, the character Bloom famously says that a nation is the same people living in the same place, but then he remembers the Irish and Jewish diasporas and adds, or also living in different places. But let's ignore diasporas for the moment and focus on territorially bounded groups with a common heritage. Same people, same place. So how do you become a nation? Well, some argue it's an organic process involving culturally similar people wanting to formalize their connections. Others argue that nationalism is constructed by governments, building a sense of patriotism through compulsory military service and statues of national heroes. Public education is often seen as part of this nationalizing project."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "So how do you become a nation? Well, some argue it's an organic process involving culturally similar people wanting to formalize their connections. Others argue that nationalism is constructed by governments, building a sense of patriotism through compulsory military service and statues of national heroes. Public education is often seen as part of this nationalizing project. Schools and textbooks allow countries to share their nationalizing narratives. Which is why the once and possibly future independent nation of Texas issues textbooks literally whitewashing early American history. Still, other historians argue that nationalism was an outgrowth of urbanization and industrialization since new urbanites were the most likely people to want to see themselves as part of a nation."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Public education is often seen as part of this nationalizing project. Schools and textbooks allow countries to share their nationalizing narratives. Which is why the once and possibly future independent nation of Texas issues textbooks literally whitewashing early American history. Still, other historians argue that nationalism was an outgrowth of urbanization and industrialization since new urbanites were the most likely people to want to see themselves as part of a nation. For instance, Prague's population rose from 157,000 to 514,000 between 1850 and 1900, at the same time that the Czechs were beginning to see themselves as separate from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Which is a cool idea, but it doesn't explain why other, less industrialized places like India also saw a lot of nationalism. The actual business of nationalization involves creating bureaucracies, new systems of education, building a large military, and often using that military to fight other nation states, since nations often construct themselves in opposition to an idea of otherness."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Still, other historians argue that nationalism was an outgrowth of urbanization and industrialization since new urbanites were the most likely people to want to see themselves as part of a nation. For instance, Prague's population rose from 157,000 to 514,000 between 1850 and 1900, at the same time that the Czechs were beginning to see themselves as separate from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Which is a cool idea, but it doesn't explain why other, less industrialized places like India also saw a lot of nationalism. The actual business of nationalization involves creating bureaucracies, new systems of education, building a large military, and often using that military to fight other nation states, since nations often construct themselves in opposition to an idea of otherness. A big part of being Irish, for instance, is not being English. So emerging nations had a lot of conflicts, including the Napoleonic Wars, which helped the French become the French, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which helped Indians to identify themselves as a homogenous people, the American Civil War. I mean, before the Civil War, many Americans thought of themselves not as Americans, but as Virginians or New Yorkers or Pennsylvanians."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "The actual business of nationalization involves creating bureaucracies, new systems of education, building a large military, and often using that military to fight other nation states, since nations often construct themselves in opposition to an idea of otherness. A big part of being Irish, for instance, is not being English. So emerging nations had a lot of conflicts, including the Napoleonic Wars, which helped the French become the French, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which helped Indians to identify themselves as a homogenous people, the American Civil War. I mean, before the Civil War, many Americans thought of themselves not as Americans, but as Virginians or New Yorkers or Pennsylvanians. I mean, our antebellum nation was usually called these United States, after it became the United States. So in the U.S., nationalism pulled a nation together, but often nationalism was a destabilizing force for multi-ethnic, land-based empires. This was especially the case in the Ottoman Empire, which started falling apart in the 19th century, as first the Greeks, then the Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians, all predominantly Christian people, began clamoring for, and in some cases winning, independence."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, before the Civil War, many Americans thought of themselves not as Americans, but as Virginians or New Yorkers or Pennsylvanians. I mean, our antebellum nation was usually called these United States, after it became the United States. So in the U.S., nationalism pulled a nation together, but often nationalism was a destabilizing force for multi-ethnic, land-based empires. This was especially the case in the Ottoman Empire, which started falling apart in the 19th century, as first the Greeks, then the Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians, all predominantly Christian people, began clamoring for, and in some cases winning, independence. Egypt is another good example of nationalism serving both to create a new state and to weaken an empire. Muhammad Ali, who was actually Albanian and spoke Turkish, not Egyptian Arabic, and his ruling family encouraged the Egyptian people to imagine themselves as a separate nationality. But okay, so nationalism was a global phenomenon in the 19th century, and we can't talk about it everywhere, so instead we're going to focus on one case study."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "This was especially the case in the Ottoman Empire, which started falling apart in the 19th century, as first the Greeks, then the Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians, all predominantly Christian people, began clamoring for, and in some cases winning, independence. Egypt is another good example of nationalism serving both to create a new state and to weaken an empire. Muhammad Ali, who was actually Albanian and spoke Turkish, not Egyptian Arabic, and his ruling family encouraged the Egyptian people to imagine themselves as a separate nationality. But okay, so nationalism was a global phenomenon in the 19th century, and we can't talk about it everywhere, so instead we're going to focus on one case study. Japan. You thought I was going to say Germany, didn't you? Nope."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "But okay, so nationalism was a global phenomenon in the 19th century, and we can't talk about it everywhere, so instead we're going to focus on one case study. Japan. You thought I was going to say Germany, didn't you? Nope. You can bite me, Bismarck. Japan had been fragmented and feudal until the late 16th century, when a series of warrior landowners managed to consolidate power. Eventually power came to the Tokugawa family, who created a military government, or bakufu."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Nope. You can bite me, Bismarck. Japan had been fragmented and feudal until the late 16th century, when a series of warrior landowners managed to consolidate power. Eventually power came to the Tokugawa family, who created a military government, or bakufu. The first Tokugawa to take power was Ieyasu, who took over after the death of one of the main unifiers of Japan, Teatomi Hideyoshi, sometimes known as the Monkey, although his wife called him, and this is true, the Bald Rat. In 1603, Ieyasu convinced the emperor, who was something of a figurehead, to grant him the title of shogun. And for the next 260 years or so, the Tokugawa bakufu was the main government of Japan."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Eventually power came to the Tokugawa family, who created a military government, or bakufu. The first Tokugawa to take power was Ieyasu, who took over after the death of one of the main unifiers of Japan, Teatomi Hideyoshi, sometimes known as the Monkey, although his wife called him, and this is true, the Bald Rat. In 1603, Ieyasu convinced the emperor, who was something of a figurehead, to grant him the title of shogun. And for the next 260 years or so, the Tokugawa bakufu was the main government of Japan. The primary virtue of this government was not necessarily its efficiency or its forward-thinking policies, but its stability. Stability, the most underrated of governmental virtues. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "And for the next 260 years or so, the Tokugawa bakufu was the main government of Japan. The primary virtue of this government was not necessarily its efficiency or its forward-thinking policies, but its stability. Stability, the most underrated of governmental virtues. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Tokugawa bakufu wasn't much for centralization, as power was mainly in the hands of local lords called daimyo. One odd feature of the Tokugawa era was the presence of a class of warriors who by the 19th century had become mostly bureaucrats. You may have heard of them, the samurai."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Tokugawa bakufu wasn't much for centralization, as power was mainly in the hands of local lords called daimyo. One odd feature of the Tokugawa era was the presence of a class of warriors who by the 19th century had become mostly bureaucrats. You may have heard of them, the samurai. One of the things that made this hereditary class so interesting was that each samurai was entitled to an annual salary from the daimyo called a stipend. This privilege basically paid them off and assured that they didn't become restless warriors plaguing the countryside, that is, bandits. We tend to think of samurai as noble and honorable, but urban samurai, according to Andrew Gordon's book A Modern History of Japan, were a rough-and-tumble lot."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "You may have heard of them, the samurai. One of the things that made this hereditary class so interesting was that each samurai was entitled to an annual salary from the daimyo called a stipend. This privilege basically paid them off and assured that they didn't become restless warriors plaguing the countryside, that is, bandits. We tend to think of samurai as noble and honorable, but urban samurai, according to Andrew Gordon's book A Modern History of Japan, were a rough-and-tumble lot. Samurai gang wars, a West Side Story, and the shadows of Edo Castle were frequent in the early 1600s. You still say that history books are boring. As with kings and lesser nobles anywhere, the central bakufu had trouble controlling the more powerful daimyo, who were able to build up their own strength because of their control over local resources."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "We tend to think of samurai as noble and honorable, but urban samurai, according to Andrew Gordon's book A Modern History of Japan, were a rough-and-tumble lot. Samurai gang wars, a West Side Story, and the shadows of Edo Castle were frequent in the early 1600s. You still say that history books are boring. As with kings and lesser nobles anywhere, the central bakufu had trouble controlling the more powerful daimyo, who were able to build up their own strength because of their control over local resources. This poor control also made it really difficult to collect taxes, so the Tokugawa were already a bit on the ropes when two foreign events rocked Japan. First was China's humiliating defeat in the Opium Wars, after which Western nations forced China to give Europeans special trade privileges. It was a wake-up call to see the dominant power in the region so humbled, but even worse for the Tokugawa was the arrival of Matthew Perry."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "As with kings and lesser nobles anywhere, the central bakufu had trouble controlling the more powerful daimyo, who were able to build up their own strength because of their control over local resources. This poor control also made it really difficult to collect taxes, so the Tokugawa were already a bit on the ropes when two foreign events rocked Japan. First was China's humiliating defeat in the Opium Wars, after which Western nations forced China to give Europeans special trade privileges. It was a wake-up call to see the dominant power in the region so humbled, but even worse for the Tokugawa was the arrival of Matthew Perry. No, Thought Bubble, Matthew Perry. Yes, that one. The Tokugawa are somewhat famous for their not-so-friendly policy toward foreigners, especially Western Christian ones, for whom the penalty for stepping foot on Japanese soil was death."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "It was a wake-up call to see the dominant power in the region so humbled, but even worse for the Tokugawa was the arrival of Matthew Perry. No, Thought Bubble, Matthew Perry. Yes, that one. The Tokugawa are somewhat famous for their not-so-friendly policy toward foreigners, especially Western Christian ones, for whom the penalty for stepping foot on Japanese soil was death. The Tokugawa saw Christianity in much the same way that the Romans had, as an unsettling threat to stability. And in the case of Matthew Perry, they had reason to be worried. Thanks, Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "The Tokugawa are somewhat famous for their not-so-friendly policy toward foreigners, especially Western Christian ones, for whom the penalty for stepping foot on Japanese soil was death. The Tokugawa saw Christianity in much the same way that the Romans had, as an unsettling threat to stability. And in the case of Matthew Perry, they had reason to be worried. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So the American naval commodore arrived in Japan in 1853 with a flotilla of ships and a determination to open Japan's markets. Just the threat of American steam-powered warships was enough to convince the Bokufu to sign some humiliating trade treaties that weren't unlike the ones that China had signed after losing the Opium Wars. And this only further motivated the daimyo and the samurai who were ready to give the Tokugawa the boot within a few years, they would."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. So the American naval commodore arrived in Japan in 1853 with a flotilla of ships and a determination to open Japan's markets. Just the threat of American steam-powered warships was enough to convince the Bokufu to sign some humiliating trade treaties that weren't unlike the ones that China had signed after losing the Opium Wars. And this only further motivated the daimyo and the samurai who were ready to give the Tokugawa the boot within a few years, they would. So what does this have to do with nationalism? Well, plenty. First off, even though the Americans and the Japanese didn't go to war, yet, the perceived threat provided an impetus for Japan to start thinking about itself differently."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "And this only further motivated the daimyo and the samurai who were ready to give the Tokugawa the boot within a few years, they would. So what does this have to do with nationalism? Well, plenty. First off, even though the Americans and the Japanese didn't go to war, yet, the perceived threat provided an impetus for Japan to start thinking about itself differently. It also resulted in the Japanese being convinced that if they wanted to maintain their independence, they would have to reconstitute their country as a modern nation-state. This looks a lot like what was happening in Egypt or even in Germany, with external pressures leading to calls for greater national consolidation. So the Tokugawa didn't give up without a fight, but the civil war between the stronger daimyo and the Bokufu eventually led to the end of the shogunate."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "First off, even though the Americans and the Japanese didn't go to war, yet, the perceived threat provided an impetus for Japan to start thinking about itself differently. It also resulted in the Japanese being convinced that if they wanted to maintain their independence, they would have to reconstitute their country as a modern nation-state. This looks a lot like what was happening in Egypt or even in Germany, with external pressures leading to calls for greater national consolidation. So the Tokugawa didn't give up without a fight, but the civil war between the stronger daimyo and the Bokufu eventually led to the end of the shogunate. And in 1868, the rebels got the newly enthroned Emperor Meiji to abolish the Bokufu and proclaim a restoration of the imperial throne. Now the emperor didn't have much real power, but he became a symbolic figure, a representative of a mythical past around whom modernizers could build a sense of national pride. And in place of Bokufu, Japan created one of the most modern nation-states in the world."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Tokugawa didn't give up without a fight, but the civil war between the stronger daimyo and the Bokufu eventually led to the end of the shogunate. And in 1868, the rebels got the newly enthroned Emperor Meiji to abolish the Bokufu and proclaim a restoration of the imperial throne. Now the emperor didn't have much real power, but he became a symbolic figure, a representative of a mythical past around whom modernizers could build a sense of national pride. And in place of Bokufu, Japan created one of the most modern nation-states in the world. After some trial and error, the Meiji leaders created a European-style cabinet system of government with a prime minister, and in 1889 promulgated a constitution that even contained a deliberative assembly, the Diet, although the cabinet ministers weren't responsible to it. The Japanese were incorporated into this system as bureaucrats, and their stipends were gradually taken away, and soon the Japanese government developed into, like, something of a meritocracy. Japan also created a new conscript army."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "And in place of Bokufu, Japan created one of the most modern nation-states in the world. After some trial and error, the Meiji leaders created a European-style cabinet system of government with a prime minister, and in 1889 promulgated a constitution that even contained a deliberative assembly, the Diet, although the cabinet ministers weren't responsible to it. The Japanese were incorporated into this system as bureaucrats, and their stipends were gradually taken away, and soon the Japanese government developed into, like, something of a meritocracy. Japan also created a new conscript army. Beginning in 1873, all Japanese men were required to spend three years in the military. The program was initially very unpopular. There were more than a dozen riots in 1873 and 1874, in which crowds attacked military registration centers."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Japan also created a new conscript army. Beginning in 1873, all Japanese men were required to spend three years in the military. The program was initially very unpopular. There were more than a dozen riots in 1873 and 1874, in which crowds attacked military registration centers. But eventually, serving in the army created a patriotic spirit and a loyalty to the Japanese emperor. The Meiji leaders also instituted compulsory education in 1872, requiring both boys and girls to attend four years of elementary school. Oh, it's time for the open letter?"}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "There were more than a dozen riots in 1873 and 1874, in which crowds attacked military registration centers. But eventually, serving in the army created a patriotic spirit and a loyalty to the Japanese emperor. The Meiji leaders also instituted compulsory education in 1872, requiring both boys and girls to attend four years of elementary school. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Public Education But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a graduation hat. Thanks Meredith the Intern for letting me borrow your graduation hat."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Public Education But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a graduation hat. Thanks Meredith the Intern for letting me borrow your graduation hat. Dear Public Education, when you were introduced in Japan, you were very unpopular because you were funded by a new property tax. In fact, you were so unpopular that at least 2,000 schools were destroyed by rioters, primarily through arson. Stan, it doesn't look good when you bring it in close like that."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks Meredith the Intern for letting me borrow your graduation hat. Dear Public Education, when you were introduced in Japan, you were very unpopular because you were funded by a new property tax. In fact, you were so unpopular that at least 2,000 schools were destroyed by rioters, primarily through arson. Stan, it doesn't look good when you bring it in close like that. I look like a 90-year-old swimmer. And even though public education has proved extremely successful, lots of people still complain about having to pay taxes for it. So let me explain something."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, it doesn't look good when you bring it in close like that. I look like a 90-year-old swimmer. And even though public education has proved extremely successful, lots of people still complain about having to pay taxes for it. So let me explain something. Public education does not exist for the benefit of students or for the benefit of their parents. It exists for the benefit of the social order. We have discovered as a species that it is useful to have an educated population."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "So let me explain something. Public education does not exist for the benefit of students or for the benefit of their parents. It exists for the benefit of the social order. We have discovered as a species that it is useful to have an educated population. You do not need to be a student or have a child who is a student to benefit from public education. Every second of every day of your life you benefit from public education. So let me explain why I like to pay taxes for schools, even though I don't personally have a kid in school."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "We have discovered as a species that it is useful to have an educated population. You do not need to be a student or have a child who is a student to benefit from public education. Every second of every day of your life you benefit from public education. So let me explain why I like to pay taxes for schools, even though I don't personally have a kid in school. It's because I don't like living in a country with a bunch of stupid people. Best wishes, John Green. In Japan, nationalism meant modernization, largely inspired by and in competition with the West."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "So let me explain why I like to pay taxes for schools, even though I don't personally have a kid in school. It's because I don't like living in a country with a bunch of stupid people. Best wishes, John Green. In Japan, nationalism meant modernization, largely inspired by and in competition with the West. So the Meiji government established a functioning tax system. They built public infrastructure like harbors and telegraph lines, invested heavily in railroads, and created a uniform national currency. But the dark side of nationalism began to appear early on."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "In Japan, nationalism meant modernization, largely inspired by and in competition with the West. So the Meiji government established a functioning tax system. They built public infrastructure like harbors and telegraph lines, invested heavily in railroads, and created a uniform national currency. But the dark side of nationalism began to appear early on. In 1869, the Meiji rulers expanded Japan's borders to include the island of Hokkaido. And in 1879, they acquired Okinawa after forcing its king to abdicate. In 1874, Japan even invaded Taiwan with an eye toward colonizing it, although they weren't successful."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "But the dark side of nationalism began to appear early on. In 1869, the Meiji rulers expanded Japan's borders to include the island of Hokkaido. And in 1879, they acquired Okinawa after forcing its king to abdicate. In 1874, Japan even invaded Taiwan with an eye toward colonizing it, although they weren't successful. And in these early actions, we already see that nationalism has a habit of thriving on conflict. So often, the project of creating a nation-state goes hand-in-hand with preventing others from doing the same. This failure to imagine the other complexly isn't new, but it's about to get a lot more problematic, as we'll see next week when we discuss European imperialism."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1874, Japan even invaded Taiwan with an eye toward colonizing it, although they weren't successful. And in these early actions, we already see that nationalism has a habit of thriving on conflict. So often, the project of creating a nation-state goes hand-in-hand with preventing others from doing the same. This failure to imagine the other complexly isn't new, but it's about to get a lot more problematic, as we'll see next week when we discuss European imperialism. Thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, we're ably interned by Meredith Danko, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Also, the show was written by my high school history student John Green and myself, Raoul Mein."}, {"video_title": "Samurai, Daimyo, Matthew Perry, and Nationalism Crash Course World History #34.m4a", "Sentence": "This failure to imagine the other complexly isn't new, but it's about to get a lot more problematic, as we'll see next week when we discuss European imperialism. Thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, we're ably interned by Meredith Danko, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Also, the show was written by my high school history student John Green and myself, Raoul Mein. Last week's Phrase of the Week was bearded Marxist. If you'd like to guess at this week's Phrase of the Week, or suggest future ones, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we'll see in this video, and we've talked about in other videos, it's a place where we have many significant cultures and civilizations and empires developing. Now what's interesting about it, it is not your classic river valley civilization like we have in Mesopotamia or in ancient Egypt or along the Yellow River in China or the Indus River in India and Pakistan. Instead, this area is really defined by the Humboldt Current. The Humboldt Current is a current that comes up from the south and off the coast of what is modern-day Peru for the most part. It brings all these nutrients from the bottom of the ocean. And what it does is it makes it a very powerful fishery. So there's a lot of fish in the ocean in this part of the world."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Humboldt Current is a current that comes up from the south and off the coast of what is modern-day Peru for the most part. It brings all these nutrients from the bottom of the ocean. And what it does is it makes it a very powerful fishery. So there's a lot of fish in the ocean in this part of the world. And it also has interesting effects on the climate on land. So in this region, you can see even on this map, there's this thin strip of desert. And then you get into the Andes Mountains."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So there's a lot of fish in the ocean in this part of the world. And it also has interesting effects on the climate on land. So in this region, you can see even on this map, there's this thin strip of desert. And then you get into the Andes Mountains. And on the other side of the Andes Mountains, you start to have the tropical rainforest. So if you go to Peru, especially on the western part of Peru, the ocean will look like this. This is actually a picture I took from a recent family trip to Peru."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you get into the Andes Mountains. And on the other side of the Andes Mountains, you start to have the tropical rainforest. So if you go to Peru, especially on the western part of Peru, the ocean will look like this. This is actually a picture I took from a recent family trip to Peru. Then as you get right onto the coast, it will be pretty arid desert. And then when you get up into the mountains, they're fairly high altitude, you'll have these mountain valleys that are, some of them are at 7,000, 8,000, 9,000 feet. This is actually another picture that I took from my recent family vacation in Peru a few months ago."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is actually a picture I took from a recent family trip to Peru. Then as you get right onto the coast, it will be pretty arid desert. And then when you get up into the mountains, they're fairly high altitude, you'll have these mountain valleys that are, some of them are at 7,000, 8,000, 9,000 feet. This is actually another picture that I took from my recent family vacation in Peru a few months ago. And what's interesting about the ancient civilizations there is some of them might have settled on the coast to take advantage of the fishing that was available. There were some rivers, or there continue to be some rivers that go from the mountains through the desert. So some early agriculture developed around that."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is actually another picture that I took from my recent family vacation in Peru a few months ago. And what's interesting about the ancient civilizations there is some of them might have settled on the coast to take advantage of the fishing that was available. There were some rivers, or there continue to be some rivers that go from the mountains through the desert. So some early agriculture developed around that. But there's also civilizations that developed around these high altitude valleys. And what's really interesting about these civilizations is because of the terrain, they weren't as unified as things that we might see in Mesoamerica. So one of the first civilizations in all of the Americas that we have archeological evidence of is the Corral or Norte Chico civilization."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So some early agriculture developed around that. But there's also civilizations that developed around these high altitude valleys. And what's really interesting about these civilizations is because of the terrain, they weren't as unified as things that we might see in Mesoamerica. So one of the first civilizations in all of the Americas that we have archeological evidence of is the Corral or Norte Chico civilization. And one thing to keep in mind, as I give the names of these civilizations, this is not what they called themselves. The civilizations tend to be named after the most significant archeological locations that people have found. Now as we get into the first millennium BCE, we have what's called the Chabin civilization."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So one of the first civilizations in all of the Americas that we have archeological evidence of is the Corral or Norte Chico civilization. And one thing to keep in mind, as I give the names of these civilizations, this is not what they called themselves. The civilizations tend to be named after the most significant archeological locations that people have found. Now as we get into the first millennium BCE, we have what's called the Chabin civilization. Once again, it wasn't there named. This was about 3,000 years ago. And to be clear, this is when we just start to see that civilization getting quite advanced."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now as we get into the first millennium BCE, we have what's called the Chabin civilization. Once again, it wasn't there named. This was about 3,000 years ago. And to be clear, this is when we just start to see that civilization getting quite advanced. And there's evidence that people had been settled in this area around modern day Peru and Bolivia and northern Chile and Ecuador for potentially thousands of years before that. But just to get a sense of the Chabin civilization, here are some archeological artifacts discovered. And they were discovered at Chabin de Huantar, just thus the name Chabin civilization, sometimes called Chabin culture."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And to be clear, this is when we just start to see that civilization getting quite advanced. And there's evidence that people had been settled in this area around modern day Peru and Bolivia and northern Chile and Ecuador for potentially thousands of years before that. But just to get a sense of the Chabin civilization, here are some archeological artifacts discovered. And they were discovered at Chabin de Huantar, just thus the name Chabin civilization, sometimes called Chabin culture. And what's interesting is we have these artifacts. It looks like it was a religious cultural center. Some people refer to it as a religious cult that really took off in this area."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they were discovered at Chabin de Huantar, just thus the name Chabin civilization, sometimes called Chabin culture. And what's interesting is we have these artifacts. It looks like it was a religious cultural center. Some people refer to it as a religious cult that really took off in this area. But we don't believe that it was a formal empire. We don't know for certain because we don't have written records. So we're just trying to figure out what we can from the archeological evidence."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some people refer to it as a religious cult that really took off in this area. But we don't believe that it was a formal empire. We don't know for certain because we don't have written records. So we're just trying to figure out what we can from the archeological evidence. Now near the time that the Chabin culture started to decline and what's interesting, we believe that a lot of these cultures declined either from warfare between themselves or some type of climate change, whether it was the El Nino or some type of drought or famine. And maybe that could actually cause a lot of the conflict within a society as well. But those are some of the leading theories as to why the Chabin culture ended around 200 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So we're just trying to figure out what we can from the archeological evidence. Now near the time that the Chabin culture started to decline and what's interesting, we believe that a lot of these cultures declined either from warfare between themselves or some type of climate change, whether it was the El Nino or some type of drought or famine. And maybe that could actually cause a lot of the conflict within a society as well. But those are some of the leading theories as to why the Chabin culture ended around 200 BCE. Now around that time, we start to see the emergence of several other cultures. You have the famous Nazca culture emerge right over here in southwest Peru. And they're most famous perhaps for the Nazca lines, these huge, I guess you could say drawings or patterns that are made in the land."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But those are some of the leading theories as to why the Chabin culture ended around 200 BCE. Now around that time, we start to see the emergence of several other cultures. You have the famous Nazca culture emerge right over here in southwest Peru. And they're most famous perhaps for the Nazca lines, these huge, I guess you could say drawings or patterns that are made in the land. Some of them are 300 meters or a third of a kilometer. And you really can't even appreciate what they represent unless you're looking at it from a significant altitude. Some people have theorized that this is some type of message they're trying to send to the sky gods."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're most famous perhaps for the Nazca lines, these huge, I guess you could say drawings or patterns that are made in the land. Some of them are 300 meters or a third of a kilometer. And you really can't even appreciate what they represent unless you're looking at it from a significant altitude. Some people have theorized that this is some type of message they're trying to send to the sky gods. Some people have even thought, hey, maybe this has something to do with trying to communicate with aliens. This is famously called the spaceman. Who knows?"}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some people have theorized that this is some type of message they're trying to send to the sky gods. Some people have even thought, hey, maybe this has something to do with trying to communicate with aliens. This is famously called the spaceman. Who knows? It's interesting to theorize about that Nazca civilization which started to emerge around 200 BCE. And once again, we don't have written records. So we can just look at their art, their architecture, these patterns that they created."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Who knows? It's interesting to theorize about that Nazca civilization which started to emerge around 200 BCE. And once again, we don't have written records. So we can just look at their art, their architecture, these patterns that they created. Now a little bit later, we start to see the emergence of the Moche civilization or the Moche culture in this area in light blue right over here, sometimes called Mochica. And this is one of the significant structures they build, Huaca del Sol, known as the Temple of the Sun. And it's been damaged a lot, oftentimes by people who are trying to loot it or excavate it in irresponsible ways."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So we can just look at their art, their architecture, these patterns that they created. Now a little bit later, we start to see the emergence of the Moche civilization or the Moche culture in this area in light blue right over here, sometimes called Mochica. And this is one of the significant structures they build, Huaca del Sol, known as the Temple of the Sun. And it's been damaged a lot, oftentimes by people who are trying to loot it or excavate it in irresponsible ways. But it was the largest structure we have found from pre-Columbian America. When we say pre-Columbian America, we're saying before Christopher Columbus got to America. The Moche are really interesting."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's been damaged a lot, oftentimes by people who are trying to loot it or excavate it in irresponsible ways. But it was the largest structure we have found from pre-Columbian America. When we say pre-Columbian America, we're saying before Christopher Columbus got to America. The Moche are really interesting. Even though they didn't have writing, we can learn a lot from their art. And this is some examples of it. And frankly, this is some of the less graphic examples of it."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Moche are really interesting. Even though they didn't have writing, we can learn a lot from their art. And this is some examples of it. And frankly, this is some of the less graphic examples of it. Now, as we get into the first millennium, especially the middle part of the first millennium, we start to see some other significant cultures and civilizations emerge. So for example, around 500 CE, so roughly 1500 years ago, you see the Wari civilization emerge, and that's here in red. And there's some debates."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And frankly, this is some of the less graphic examples of it. Now, as we get into the first millennium, especially the middle part of the first millennium, we start to see some other significant cultures and civilizations emerge. So for example, around 500 CE, so roughly 1500 years ago, you see the Wari civilization emerge, and that's here in red. And there's some debates. And you'll see these debates a lot as we study ancient history. Was it an empire or was it just a culture that had a lot of influence? Some of the arguments for empire, it seemed like there was wealth."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's some debates. And you'll see these debates a lot as we study ancient history. Was it an empire or was it just a culture that had a lot of influence? Some of the arguments for empire, it seemed like there was wealth. It seemed like they were able to build large infrastructure works. There was consistency across different settlements. Now, there's also the Tiwanaku."}, {"video_title": "Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari and Tiwanaku civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some of the arguments for empire, it seemed like there was wealth. It seemed like they were able to build large infrastructure works. There was consistency across different settlements. Now, there's also the Tiwanaku. And we believe it was truly an empire, but we could say the Tiwanaku civilization, right over here in yellow, really centered at off the coast of Lake Titicaca, which is right in that area right over here. But the big takeaway here is this is just a sample of some of the civilizations that you've had in this part of the world. Now, what's really interesting is, as I mentioned, a lot of them weren't able to form formal empires, people think, because of the valley, the mountains, the terrain, that were keeping people from maybe trading or being able to control each other a little bit more strongly."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Hello, learned and astonishingly attractive pupils. My name is John Green, and I want to welcome you to Crash Course World History. Over the next 40 weeks, together, we will learn how in a mere 15,000 years, humans went from hunting and gathering... Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Is this going to be on the test? Yeah, about the test. The test will measure whether you are an informed, engaged, and productive citizen of the world, and it will take place in schools and bars and hospitals and dorm rooms and in places of worship."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green! Is this going to be on the test? Yeah, about the test. The test will measure whether you are an informed, engaged, and productive citizen of the world, and it will take place in schools and bars and hospitals and dorm rooms and in places of worship. You will be tested on first dates in job interviews while watching football and while scrolling through your Twitter feed. The test will judge your ability to think about things other than celebrity marriages, whether you'll be easily persuaded by empty political rhetoric, and whether you'll be able to place your life and your community in a broader context. The test will last your entire life, and it will be comprised of the millions of decisions that, when taken together, make your life yours."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "The test will measure whether you are an informed, engaged, and productive citizen of the world, and it will take place in schools and bars and hospitals and dorm rooms and in places of worship. You will be tested on first dates in job interviews while watching football and while scrolling through your Twitter feed. The test will judge your ability to think about things other than celebrity marriages, whether you'll be easily persuaded by empty political rhetoric, and whether you'll be able to place your life and your community in a broader context. The test will last your entire life, and it will be comprised of the millions of decisions that, when taken together, make your life yours. And everything, everything, will be on it. I know, right? So pay attention."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "The test will last your entire life, and it will be comprised of the millions of decisions that, when taken together, make your life yours. And everything, everything, will be on it. I know, right? So pay attention. In a mere 15,000 years, humans went from hunting and gathering to creating such improbabilities as the airplane, the internet, and the 99-cent double cheeseburger. It's an extraordinary journey, one that I will now symbolize by embarking upon a journey of my own, over to Camera 2. Hi there, Camera 2, it's me, John Green."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "So pay attention. In a mere 15,000 years, humans went from hunting and gathering to creating such improbabilities as the airplane, the internet, and the 99-cent double cheeseburger. It's an extraordinary journey, one that I will now symbolize by embarking upon a journey of my own, over to Camera 2. Hi there, Camera 2, it's me, John Green. Let's start with that double cheeseburger. Ooh, food photography! So this hot hunk of meat contains 490 calories."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi there, Camera 2, it's me, John Green. Let's start with that double cheeseburger. Ooh, food photography! So this hot hunk of meat contains 490 calories. To get this cheeseburger, you have to feed, raise, and slaughter cows, then grind their meat, then freeze it and ship it to its destination. You also gotta grow some wheat and then process the living crap out of it until it's whiter than Queen Elizabeth I. Then you gotta milk some cows and turn their milk into cheese."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "So this hot hunk of meat contains 490 calories. To get this cheeseburger, you have to feed, raise, and slaughter cows, then grind their meat, then freeze it and ship it to its destination. You also gotta grow some wheat and then process the living crap out of it until it's whiter than Queen Elizabeth I. Then you gotta milk some cows and turn their milk into cheese. And that's not even to mention the growing and pickling of cucumbers or the sweetening of tomatoes or the grinding of mustard seeds, etc. How in the sweet name of everything holy did we ever come to live in a world in which such a thing can even be created? And how is it possible that those 490 calories can be served to me for an amount of money that if I make the minimum wage here in the US I can earn in 11 minutes?"}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Then you gotta milk some cows and turn their milk into cheese. And that's not even to mention the growing and pickling of cucumbers or the sweetening of tomatoes or the grinding of mustard seeds, etc. How in the sweet name of everything holy did we ever come to live in a world in which such a thing can even be created? And how is it possible that those 490 calories can be served to me for an amount of money that if I make the minimum wage here in the US I can earn in 11 minutes? And most importantly, should I be delighted or alarmed to live in this strange world of relative abundance? Well, to answer that question, we're not going to be able to look strictly at history because there isn't a written record about a lot of these things, but thanks to archaeology and paleobiology, we can look deep into the past. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "And how is it possible that those 490 calories can be served to me for an amount of money that if I make the minimum wage here in the US I can earn in 11 minutes? And most importantly, should I be delighted or alarmed to live in this strange world of relative abundance? Well, to answer that question, we're not going to be able to look strictly at history because there isn't a written record about a lot of these things, but thanks to archaeology and paleobiology, we can look deep into the past. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So 15,000 years ago, humans were foragers and hunters. Foraging meant gathering fruits, nuts, also wild grains and grasses. Hunting allowed for a more protein-rich diet, so long as you could find something with meat to kill."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So 15,000 years ago, humans were foragers and hunters. Foraging meant gathering fruits, nuts, also wild grains and grasses. Hunting allowed for a more protein-rich diet, so long as you could find something with meat to kill. By far the best hunting gig in the prehistoric world, incidentally, was fishing. Which is one of the reasons that if you look at the history of people populating the planet, we tended to run for the shore and then stay there. Marine life was A, abundant, and B, relatively unlikely to eat you."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Hunting allowed for a more protein-rich diet, so long as you could find something with meat to kill. By far the best hunting gig in the prehistoric world, incidentally, was fishing. Which is one of the reasons that if you look at the history of people populating the planet, we tended to run for the shore and then stay there. Marine life was A, abundant, and B, relatively unlikely to eat you. While we tend to think that the lives of foragers were nasty, brutish, and short, fossil evidence suggests that they actually had it pretty good. Their bones and teeth are healthier than those of agriculturalists, and anthropologists who've studied the remaining forager peoples have noted that they actually spend a lot fewer hours working than the rest of us, and they spend more time on art, music, and storytelling. Also, if you believe the classic of anthropology, Nyssa, they also have a lot more time for Scootalypooping."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Marine life was A, abundant, and B, relatively unlikely to eat you. While we tend to think that the lives of foragers were nasty, brutish, and short, fossil evidence suggests that they actually had it pretty good. Their bones and teeth are healthier than those of agriculturalists, and anthropologists who've studied the remaining forager peoples have noted that they actually spend a lot fewer hours working than the rest of us, and they spend more time on art, music, and storytelling. Also, if you believe the classic of anthropology, Nyssa, they also have a lot more time for Scootalypooping. What? I call it Scootalypooping. I'm not going to apologize."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, if you believe the classic of anthropology, Nyssa, they also have a lot more time for Scootalypooping. What? I call it Scootalypooping. I'm not going to apologize. It's worth noting that cultivation of crops seems to have arisen independently over the course of millennia in a number of places, from Africa to China to the Americas. Using crops that naturally grew nearby, rice in Southeast Asia, maize in Mexico, potatoes in the Andes, wheat in the Fertile Crescent, yams in West Africa, people around the world began to abandon their foraging for agriculture. And since so many communities made this choice independently, it must have been a good choice, right?"}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm not going to apologize. It's worth noting that cultivation of crops seems to have arisen independently over the course of millennia in a number of places, from Africa to China to the Americas. Using crops that naturally grew nearby, rice in Southeast Asia, maize in Mexico, potatoes in the Andes, wheat in the Fertile Crescent, yams in West Africa, people around the world began to abandon their foraging for agriculture. And since so many communities made this choice independently, it must have been a good choice, right? Even though it meant less music and Scootalypooping. Thanks, Thought Bubble. All right, to answer that question, let's take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of agriculture."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "And since so many communities made this choice independently, it must have been a good choice, right? Even though it meant less music and Scootalypooping. Thanks, Thought Bubble. All right, to answer that question, let's take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of agriculture. Advantage, controllable food supply. You might have droughts or floods, but if you're growing the crops and breeding them to be hardier, you have a better chance of not starving. Disadvantage, in order to keep feeding people as the population grows, you have to radically change the environment of the planet."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "All right, to answer that question, let's take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of agriculture. Advantage, controllable food supply. You might have droughts or floods, but if you're growing the crops and breeding them to be hardier, you have a better chance of not starving. Disadvantage, in order to keep feeding people as the population grows, you have to radically change the environment of the planet. Advantage, especially if you grow grain, you can create a food surplus, which makes cities, possible, and also the specialization of labor. Like, in the days before agriculture, everybody's job was foraging, and it took about a thousand calories of work to create a thousand calories of food. And it was impossible to create large population centers."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Disadvantage, in order to keep feeding people as the population grows, you have to radically change the environment of the planet. Advantage, especially if you grow grain, you can create a food surplus, which makes cities, possible, and also the specialization of labor. Like, in the days before agriculture, everybody's job was foraging, and it took about a thousand calories of work to create a thousand calories of food. And it was impossible to create large population centers. But if you have a surplus, agriculture can support people not directly involved in the production of food. Like, for instance, tradespeople, who can devote their lives to better farming equipment, which in turn makes it easier to produce more food more efficiently, which in time makes it possible for a corporation to turn a profit on this 99-cent double cheeseburger. This is delicious, by the way."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "And it was impossible to create large population centers. But if you have a surplus, agriculture can support people not directly involved in the production of food. Like, for instance, tradespeople, who can devote their lives to better farming equipment, which in turn makes it easier to produce more food more efficiently, which in time makes it possible for a corporation to turn a profit on this 99-cent double cheeseburger. This is delicious, by the way. It's actually terrible. And it's very cold. And I wish that I had not eaten it."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "This is delicious, by the way. It's actually terrible. And it's very cold. And I wish that I had not eaten it. I mean, can we just compare what I was promised to what I was delivered? Yeah. Thank you."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "And I wish that I had not eaten it. I mean, can we just compare what I was promised to what I was delivered? Yeah. Thank you. Yeah, this is not that. Some would say that large and complex agricultural communities that can support cities and eventually inexpensive meat sandwiches are not necessarily beneficial to the planet or even to its human inhabitants. Although that's a bit of a tough argument to make, coming to you as I am in a series of ones and zeros."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Thank you. Yeah, this is not that. Some would say that large and complex agricultural communities that can support cities and eventually inexpensive meat sandwiches are not necessarily beneficial to the planet or even to its human inhabitants. Although that's a bit of a tough argument to make, coming to you as I am in a series of ones and zeros. Advantage, agriculture can be practiced all over the world, although in some cases it takes extensive manipulation of the environment, like, you know, irrigation, controlled flooding, terracing, that kind of thing. Disadvantage, farming is hard. So hard, in fact, that one is tempted to claim ownership over other humans and then have them till the land on your behalf, which is the kind of non-ideal social order that tends to be associated with agricultural communities."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Although that's a bit of a tough argument to make, coming to you as I am in a series of ones and zeros. Advantage, agriculture can be practiced all over the world, although in some cases it takes extensive manipulation of the environment, like, you know, irrigation, controlled flooding, terracing, that kind of thing. Disadvantage, farming is hard. So hard, in fact, that one is tempted to claim ownership over other humans and then have them till the land on your behalf, which is the kind of non-ideal social order that tends to be associated with agricultural communities. So why did agriculture happen? Wait, I haven't talked about herders. Herders, man, always getting the short end of the stick."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "So hard, in fact, that one is tempted to claim ownership over other humans and then have them till the land on your behalf, which is the kind of non-ideal social order that tends to be associated with agricultural communities. So why did agriculture happen? Wait, I haven't talked about herders. Herders, man, always getting the short end of the stick. Herding is a really good and interesting alternative to foraging and agriculture. You domesticate some animals and then you take them on the road with you. The advantages of herding are obvious."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Herders, man, always getting the short end of the stick. Herding is a really good and interesting alternative to foraging and agriculture. You domesticate some animals and then you take them on the road with you. The advantages of herding are obvious. First, you get to be a cowboy. Also, animals provide meat and milk, but they also help out with shelter because they can provide wool and leather. The downside is that you have to move around a lot because your herd always needs new grass, which makes it hard to build cities, unless you are the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "The advantages of herding are obvious. First, you get to be a cowboy. Also, animals provide meat and milk, but they also help out with shelter because they can provide wool and leather. The downside is that you have to move around a lot because your herd always needs new grass, which makes it hard to build cities, unless you are the Mongols. By the way, over the next 40 weeks you will frequently hear generalizations followed by unless you are the Mongols. But anyway, one of the main reasons herding only caught on in certain parts of the world is that there aren't that many animals that lend themselves to domestication. Like, you have sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, horses, camels, donkeys, reindeer, water buffalo, yaks, all of which have something in common."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "The downside is that you have to move around a lot because your herd always needs new grass, which makes it hard to build cities, unless you are the Mongols. By the way, over the next 40 weeks you will frequently hear generalizations followed by unless you are the Mongols. But anyway, one of the main reasons herding only caught on in certain parts of the world is that there aren't that many animals that lend themselves to domestication. Like, you have sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, horses, camels, donkeys, reindeer, water buffalo, yaks, all of which have something in common. They aren't native to the Americas. The only halfway useful herding animal native to the Americas is the llama. No, not that llama."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, you have sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, horses, camels, donkeys, reindeer, water buffalo, yaks, all of which have something in common. They aren't native to the Americas. The only halfway useful herding animal native to the Americas is the llama. No, not that llama. Two L's. Yes, that llama. Most animals just don't work for domestication."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "No, not that llama. Two L's. Yes, that llama. Most animals just don't work for domestication. Like, hippos are large, which means they provide lots of meat, but unfortunately they like to eat people. Zebras are too ornery. Grizzlies have wild hearts that can't be broken."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Most animals just don't work for domestication. Like, hippos are large, which means they provide lots of meat, but unfortunately they like to eat people. Zebras are too ornery. Grizzlies have wild hearts that can't be broken. Elephants are awesome, but they take way too long to breed. Which reminds me, it's time for the open letter. Elegant."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Grizzlies have wild hearts that can't be broken. Elephants are awesome, but they take way too long to breed. Which reminds me, it's time for the open letter. Elegant. But first, let's see what the secret compartment has for me today. Oh, it's another double cheeseburger. Thanks, secret compartment."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Elegant. But first, let's see what the secret compartment has for me today. Oh, it's another double cheeseburger. Thanks, secret compartment. Just kidding. I don't thank you for this. An open letter to elephants."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, secret compartment. Just kidding. I don't thank you for this. An open letter to elephants. Hey elephants, you're so cute and smart and awesome. Why you gotta be pregnant for twenty-two months? That's crazy."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to elephants. Hey elephants, you're so cute and smart and awesome. Why you gotta be pregnant for twenty-two months? That's crazy. And then you only have one kid. If you were more like cows, you might have taken us over by now. Little did you know, but the greatest evolutionary advantage?"}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "That's crazy. And then you only have one kid. If you were more like cows, you might have taken us over by now. Little did you know, but the greatest evolutionary advantage? Being useful to humans. Like, here is a graph of cow population, and here is a graph of elephant population. Elephants, if you just inserted yourself into human life the way cows did, you could have used your power and intelligence to form secret elephant societies, conspiring against the humans."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Little did you know, but the greatest evolutionary advantage? Being useful to humans. Like, here is a graph of cow population, and here is a graph of elephant population. Elephants, if you just inserted yourself into human life the way cows did, you could have used your power and intelligence to form secret elephant societies, conspiring against the humans. And then you could have risen up and destroyed us and made an awesome elephant world with elephant cars and elephant planes. It would have been so great, but no. You gotta be pregnant for twenty-two months and then have just one kid."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Elephants, if you just inserted yourself into human life the way cows did, you could have used your power and intelligence to form secret elephant societies, conspiring against the humans. And then you could have risen up and destroyed us and made an awesome elephant world with elephant cars and elephant planes. It would have been so great, but no. You gotta be pregnant for twenty-two months and then have just one kid. It's so annoying. Best wishes, John Green. Right, but back to the agricultural revolution and why it occurred."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "You gotta be pregnant for twenty-two months and then have just one kid. It's so annoying. Best wishes, John Green. Right, but back to the agricultural revolution and why it occurred. Historians don't know for sure, of course, because there are no written records, but they love to make guesses. Maybe population pressure necessitated agriculture even though it was more work, or abundance gave people leisure to experiment with domestication, or planting originated as a fertility right, or, as some historians have argued, people needed to domesticate grains in order to produce more alcohol. Charles Darwin, like most 19th century scientists, believed agriculture was an accident, saying, \"...a wild and unusually good variety of native plant might attract the attention of some wise old savage.\""}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, but back to the agricultural revolution and why it occurred. Historians don't know for sure, of course, because there are no written records, but they love to make guesses. Maybe population pressure necessitated agriculture even though it was more work, or abundance gave people leisure to experiment with domestication, or planting originated as a fertility right, or, as some historians have argued, people needed to domesticate grains in order to produce more alcohol. Charles Darwin, like most 19th century scientists, believed agriculture was an accident, saying, \"...a wild and unusually good variety of native plant might attract the attention of some wise old savage.\" Off topic, but you will note in the coming weeks that the definition of savage tends to be, not me. Maybe the best theory is that there wasn't really an agricultural revolution at all, but that agriculture came out of an evolutionary desire to eat more. Like, early hunter-gatherers knew that seeds germinate when planted, and when you find something that makes food, you want to do more of it."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Charles Darwin, like most 19th century scientists, believed agriculture was an accident, saying, \"...a wild and unusually good variety of native plant might attract the attention of some wise old savage.\" Off topic, but you will note in the coming weeks that the definition of savage tends to be, not me. Maybe the best theory is that there wasn't really an agricultural revolution at all, but that agriculture came out of an evolutionary desire to eat more. Like, early hunter-gatherers knew that seeds germinate when planted, and when you find something that makes food, you want to do more of it. Unless it's this food. Then you want to do less of it. I kind of want to spit it out."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, early hunter-gatherers knew that seeds germinate when planted, and when you find something that makes food, you want to do more of it. Unless it's this food. Then you want to do less of it. I kind of want to spit it out. Oh, that's much better. So early farmers would find the most accessible forms of wheat and plant them and experiment with them, not because they were trying to start an agricultural revolution, because they were like, you know what would be awesome? More food!"}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "I kind of want to spit it out. Oh, that's much better. So early farmers would find the most accessible forms of wheat and plant them and experiment with them, not because they were trying to start an agricultural revolution, because they were like, you know what would be awesome? More food! Like on this topic, we have evidence that more than 13,000 years ago, humans in southern Greece were domesticating snails. In the Phronkthe Cave, there's a huge pile of snail shells. Most of them are larger than current snails, suggesting that the people who ate them were selectively breeding them to be bigger and more nutritious."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "More food! Like on this topic, we have evidence that more than 13,000 years ago, humans in southern Greece were domesticating snails. In the Phronkthe Cave, there's a huge pile of snail shells. Most of them are larger than current snails, suggesting that the people who ate them were selectively breeding them to be bigger and more nutritious. Snails make excellent domesticated food sources, by the way, because a. surprisingly caloric, b. they're easy to carry since they come with their own suitcases, and c. to imprison them, you just have to scratch a ditch around their living quarters. That's not really a revolution, that's just people trying to increase available calories. But one non-revolution leads to another, and pretty soon you have this, as far as the eye can see."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Most of them are larger than current snails, suggesting that the people who ate them were selectively breeding them to be bigger and more nutritious. Snails make excellent domesticated food sources, by the way, because a. surprisingly caloric, b. they're easy to carry since they come with their own suitcases, and c. to imprison them, you just have to scratch a ditch around their living quarters. That's not really a revolution, that's just people trying to increase available calories. But one non-revolution leads to another, and pretty soon you have this, as far as the eye can see. Many historians also argue that without agriculture, we wouldn't have all the bad things that come with complex civilizations like patriarchy, inequality, war, and unfortunately famine. And as far as the planet is concerned, agriculture has been a big loser. Without it, humans never would have changed the environment so much, building dams and clearing forests and more recently drilling for oil that we can turn into fertilizer."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "But one non-revolution leads to another, and pretty soon you have this, as far as the eye can see. Many historians also argue that without agriculture, we wouldn't have all the bad things that come with complex civilizations like patriarchy, inequality, war, and unfortunately famine. And as far as the planet is concerned, agriculture has been a big loser. Without it, humans never would have changed the environment so much, building dams and clearing forests and more recently drilling for oil that we can turn into fertilizer. Many people made the choice for agriculture independently, but does that mean it was the right choice? Maybe so, and maybe not, but regardless, we can't unmake that choice. And that's one of the reasons I think it's so important to study history."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Without it, humans never would have changed the environment so much, building dams and clearing forests and more recently drilling for oil that we can turn into fertilizer. Many people made the choice for agriculture independently, but does that mean it was the right choice? Maybe so, and maybe not, but regardless, we can't unmake that choice. And that's one of the reasons I think it's so important to study history. History reminds us that revolutions are not events so much as they're processes. That for tens of thousands of years, people have been making decisions that irrevocably shaped the world that we live in today. Just as today we're making subtle, irrevocable decisions that people of the future will remember as revolutions."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's one of the reasons I think it's so important to study history. History reminds us that revolutions are not events so much as they're processes. That for tens of thousands of years, people have been making decisions that irrevocably shaped the world that we live in today. Just as today we're making subtle, irrevocable decisions that people of the future will remember as revolutions. Next week we're going to journey to the Indus River Val- whoa. It's very fragile, our globe. Like the real globe."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Just as today we're making subtle, irrevocable decisions that people of the future will remember as revolutions. Next week we're going to journey to the Indus River Val- whoa. It's very fragile, our globe. Like the real globe. We're going to travel to the Indus River Valley. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Agricultural Revolution Crash Course World History #1.m4a", "Sentence": "Like the real globe. We're going to travel to the Indus River Valley. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. If you want to guess at the phrase of the week, you can do so in comments. You can also suggest future phrases of the week, and if you have a question about today's video, please leave it in comments where our team of semi-professional quasi-historians will aim to answer it. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They are often considered to be the three most important gods. In modern day Hinduism, Shiva and Vishnu have far more followership, I guess you could say, or more people view Shiva or Vishnu as the supreme being, and there's more temples dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu than there are to Brahma. Followers of Shiva, those who view him as the supreme being, they're called Shaivas, they're following Shaivism, or sometimes referred to as Shivaism. Shiva has multiple aspects, and as we'll see, many of these gods have multiple aspects and multiple connections, but is often referred to as the destroyer or the transformer. Vishnu, as I mentioned, also has a significant following. A significant chunk of Hindus are Vaishnavas, or followers of Vaishnavism or Vishnuism, and Vishnu is considered the preserver. Brahma, as I mentioned, does not have as much followership in modern day Hinduism, but he is considered to be the creator."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Shiva has multiple aspects, and as we'll see, many of these gods have multiple aspects and multiple connections, but is often referred to as the destroyer or the transformer. Vishnu, as I mentioned, also has a significant following. A significant chunk of Hindus are Vaishnavas, or followers of Vaishnavism or Vishnuism, and Vishnu is considered the preserver. Brahma, as I mentioned, does not have as much followership in modern day Hinduism, but he is considered to be the creator. Now, in some narratives, he is the creator, and in other narratives, he has been created by either Shiva or Vishnu. Now, Brahma should not be confused with Brahman that we talk about in previous videos. Brahman is considered the absolute reality, the true nature of things, and Brahma, you could view as an aspect of it."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Brahma, as I mentioned, does not have as much followership in modern day Hinduism, but he is considered to be the creator. Now, in some narratives, he is the creator, and in other narratives, he has been created by either Shiva or Vishnu. Now, Brahma should not be confused with Brahman that we talk about in previous videos. Brahman is considered the absolute reality, the true nature of things, and Brahma, you could view as an aspect of it. It is one god as part of this true nature of things. In fact, everything you see on this video, in fact, everything you see in reality, all of these gods, to a Hindu, could be considered as just aspects of the true god or the true reality of Brahman. Now, what's interesting in Hinduism is that gods are not viewed to have a strict gender."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Brahman is considered the absolute reality, the true nature of things, and Brahma, you could view as an aspect of it. It is one god as part of this true nature of things. In fact, everything you see on this video, in fact, everything you see in reality, all of these gods, to a Hindu, could be considered as just aspects of the true god or the true reality of Brahman. Now, what's interesting in Hinduism is that gods are not viewed to have a strict gender. For example, Vishnu has a female incarnation, and there's also groups of Hindus who view god as taking a fundamentally female form. One group are known as the followers of Shaktism. To Shaktism, god is female, the supreme goddess, and takes many forms."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, what's interesting in Hinduism is that gods are not viewed to have a strict gender. For example, Vishnu has a female incarnation, and there's also groups of Hindus who view god as taking a fundamentally female form. One group are known as the followers of Shaktism. To Shaktism, god is female, the supreme goddess, and takes many forms. Parvati, as you see listed here, is referred to as the divine mother. She's viewed as Shiva's consort or Shiva's wife, but she has other forms, like Durga, which is viewed as a stronger, more aggressive form of Parvati, sometimes referred to as Devi or Shakti. Shakti means strength or power and is a warrior goddess."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "To Shaktism, god is female, the supreme goddess, and takes many forms. Parvati, as you see listed here, is referred to as the divine mother. She's viewed as Shiva's consort or Shiva's wife, but she has other forms, like Durga, which is viewed as a stronger, more aggressive form of Parvati, sometimes referred to as Devi or Shakti. Shakti means strength or power and is a warrior goddess. You have Lakshmi, who is the wife of Vishnu, who represents or has aspects of wealth and prosperity. You have Saraswati, who has aspects of knowledge, music, and the arts, and is viewed as the consort or the wife of Brahma. Now, these are some of the principal deities that we have on this top row, but there's also many, many other significant deities."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Shakti means strength or power and is a warrior goddess. You have Lakshmi, who is the wife of Vishnu, who represents or has aspects of wealth and prosperity. You have Saraswati, who has aspects of knowledge, music, and the arts, and is viewed as the consort or the wife of Brahma. Now, these are some of the principal deities that we have on this top row, but there's also many, many other significant deities. And as we will see, depending on what part of India you're in and which group subsect of Hinduism you meet, they will place different levels of emphasis on different deities and have different traditions and different rituals. So Ganesh, who is very recognizable because he has an elephant head, he is often referred to as Ganpati. He is viewed as the son of Shiva and Parvati."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, these are some of the principal deities that we have on this top row, but there's also many, many other significant deities. And as we will see, depending on what part of India you're in and which group subsect of Hinduism you meet, they will place different levels of emphasis on different deities and have different traditions and different rituals. So Ganesh, who is very recognizable because he has an elephant head, he is often referred to as Ganpati. He is viewed as the son of Shiva and Parvati. And there's a great story about how he, why he has this elephant head. And he is viewed as the god of new beginnings and the remover of obstacles. And he has a lot of followership and he is revered in a lot of regions of Western India."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is viewed as the son of Shiva and Parvati. And there's a great story about how he, why he has this elephant head. And he is viewed as the god of new beginnings and the remover of obstacles. And he has a lot of followership and he is revered in a lot of regions of Western India. And that's not the only places, but he's known to be a principal god in some of these regions. Durga, similarly, that I referred to, in Eastern India, especially Bengal, the place where my family comes from, Durga Puja, the puja for Durga, the rituals for Durga, are considered to be a very important part of the Hindu religion. If you go into the south, for some Hindus, Kartikeya, or also known as Murugan, might be a significant deity."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he has a lot of followership and he is revered in a lot of regions of Western India. And that's not the only places, but he's known to be a principal god in some of these regions. Durga, similarly, that I referred to, in Eastern India, especially Bengal, the place where my family comes from, Durga Puja, the puja for Durga, the rituals for Durga, are considered to be a very important part of the Hindu religion. If you go into the south, for some Hindus, Kartikeya, or also known as Murugan, might be a significant deity. That is the god of war. Vishnu is known to have multiple incarnations that are very prominent. The most prominent of which are Rama, Vishnu's seventh incarnation."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If you go into the south, for some Hindus, Kartikeya, or also known as Murugan, might be a significant deity. That is the god of war. Vishnu is known to have multiple incarnations that are very prominent. The most prominent of which are Rama, Vishnu's seventh incarnation. He is the main protagonist in the Ramayana, the famous Hindu epic. You have Krishna, who is Vishnu's eighth incarnation. And he is a significant figure throughout Hinduism, including the Mahabharata and the subset of the Mahabharata, which is the Bhagavad Gita."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The most prominent of which are Rama, Vishnu's seventh incarnation. He is the main protagonist in the Ramayana, the famous Hindu epic. You have Krishna, who is Vishnu's eighth incarnation. And he is a significant figure throughout Hinduism, including the Mahabharata and the subset of the Mahabharata, which is the Bhagavad Gita. Now what's really interesting, and I already alluded to it, is you have all of this diversity in Hinduism. Someone who worships Shiva, you might see at a superficial level, seems more different in their rituals and their beliefs from someone who worships Vishnu than say a Protestant from a Catholic in Christianity, or a Sunni from a Shia in Islam. And what's fascinating about Hinduism is that you don't see these traditional schisms."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he is a significant figure throughout Hinduism, including the Mahabharata and the subset of the Mahabharata, which is the Bhagavad Gita. Now what's really interesting, and I already alluded to it, is you have all of this diversity in Hinduism. Someone who worships Shiva, you might see at a superficial level, seems more different in their rituals and their beliefs from someone who worships Vishnu than say a Protestant from a Catholic in Christianity, or a Sunni from a Shia in Islam. And what's fascinating about Hinduism is that you don't see these traditional schisms. You don't see a lot of conflict between the Shaivas or the Vaishnavas. Because to Hindus, even though you have this diversity of practice across India or across the Hindu tradition, they're all viewed as aspects of Brahman. They're all viewed as different ways to visualize or to connect with the fundamental reality or the fundamental God."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's fascinating about Hinduism is that you don't see these traditional schisms. You don't see a lot of conflict between the Shaivas or the Vaishnavas. Because to Hindus, even though you have this diversity of practice across India or across the Hindu tradition, they're all viewed as aspects of Brahman. They're all viewed as different ways to visualize or to connect with the fundamental reality or the fundamental God. And because Hinduism has been able to merge these very diverse practices, these very diverse rituals, and it's believed this emerged because as Hinduism emerged, it took traditions from the Indus Valley civilization. It took significant traditions from the Indo-Aryans. It took significant traditions from the Dravidians."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They're all viewed as different ways to visualize or to connect with the fundamental reality or the fundamental God. And because Hinduism has been able to merge these very diverse practices, these very diverse rituals, and it's believed this emerged because as Hinduism emerged, it took traditions from the Indus Valley civilization. It took significant traditions from the Indo-Aryans. It took significant traditions from the Dravidians. Instead of saying, hey, our different traditions are different religions, they merged over thousands of years into one religion. And the word for this merging, taking an amalgamation of multiple rituals, multiple ideas, multiple practices, and turning them into one is known as syncretism. And Hinduism is perhaps the best example of syncretism, where you have these incredibly diverse practices."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It took significant traditions from the Dravidians. Instead of saying, hey, our different traditions are different religions, they merged over thousands of years into one religion. And the word for this merging, taking an amalgamation of multiple rituals, multiple ideas, multiple practices, and turning them into one is known as syncretism. And Hinduism is perhaps the best example of syncretism, where you have these incredibly diverse practices. The gods that I show here are just a sample of them, but they've been connected through this overarching, very diverse religion called Hinduism. And to a Hindu, they're all ways of connecting with the fundamental Brahman. And to remind that, we could just zoom out, and we see the connection with Brahman, which is viewed as this fundamental reality, which raises an interesting question."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Hinduism is perhaps the best example of syncretism, where you have these incredibly diverse practices. The gods that I show here are just a sample of them, but they've been connected through this overarching, very diverse religion called Hinduism. And to a Hindu, they're all ways of connecting with the fundamental Brahman. And to remind that, we could just zoom out, and we see the connection with Brahman, which is viewed as this fundamental reality, which raises an interesting question. Hinduism is oftentimes cited as a polytheistic religion. Polytheism, you have multiple gods. And clearly, I've cited multiple gods even in this video, and this is a sample of all of the gods in Hinduism."}, {"video_title": "Hindu gods overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And to remind that, we could just zoom out, and we see the connection with Brahman, which is viewed as this fundamental reality, which raises an interesting question. Hinduism is oftentimes cited as a polytheistic religion. Polytheism, you have multiple gods. And clearly, I've cited multiple gods even in this video, and this is a sample of all of the gods in Hinduism. But at the same time, they're all perceived by many or most Hindus as to being aspects or ways to connect with the fundamental reality of Brahman, who many Hindus would call to be the true fundamental god. And so based on that, they would say, these are just aspects of the one god. And so they would argue that it is monotheistic."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to learn about the Roman Empire, which of course began when two totally non-fictional twins, Romulus and Remus, who'd been raised by wolves, founded a city on seven hills. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, what does SPQR stand for? It means Shut Pie Hole Quickly Rapscallion. No, it means Senatus Populusque Romanus, one of the mottos of the Roman Republic. So today we're going to do some old-school great man history and focus on Julius Caesar while trying to answer a question, when, if ever, is it okay to stab someone 23 times? INTRO Shakespeare answers that question by saying that Roman senators killed Caesar because he was going to destroy the Roman Republic, but even if that's true, we still have to answer whether A, the Roman Republic was worth preserving, and B, whether Caesar actually destroyed it. One of the things that made the Roman Republic endure, both in reality and in the imagination, was its balance."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "No, it means Senatus Populusque Romanus, one of the mottos of the Roman Republic. So today we're going to do some old-school great man history and focus on Julius Caesar while trying to answer a question, when, if ever, is it okay to stab someone 23 times? INTRO Shakespeare answers that question by saying that Roman senators killed Caesar because he was going to destroy the Roman Republic, but even if that's true, we still have to answer whether A, the Roman Republic was worth preserving, and B, whether Caesar actually destroyed it. One of the things that made the Roman Republic endure, both in reality and in the imagination, was its balance. According to the Greek historian Polybius, the three kinds of government, monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, were all found united in Rome. And it was no easy thing to determine with assurance whether the entire state was an aristocracy, a democracy, or a monarchy. At the heart of this blended system was the Senate, a body of legislators chosen from a group of elite families."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "One of the things that made the Roman Republic endure, both in reality and in the imagination, was its balance. According to the Greek historian Polybius, the three kinds of government, monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, were all found united in Rome. And it was no easy thing to determine with assurance whether the entire state was an aristocracy, a democracy, or a monarchy. At the heart of this blended system was the Senate, a body of legislators chosen from a group of elite families. Rome was divided into two broad classes, the patricians, a small group of aristocratic families, and the plebeians, basically everyone else. The Senate was sort of a mixture of legislature and giant advisory council. Their main job was to set policy for the consuls."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "At the heart of this blended system was the Senate, a body of legislators chosen from a group of elite families. Rome was divided into two broad classes, the patricians, a small group of aristocratic families, and the plebeians, basically everyone else. The Senate was sort of a mixture of legislature and giant advisory council. Their main job was to set policy for the consuls. Each year, the Senate would choose from among its ranks two co-consuls to serve as sort of the chief executives of Rome. There needed to be two so that they could check each other's ambition, and also so that one could, you know, take care of Rome domestically while the other was off fighting wars conquering new territory. There were two additional checks on power."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Their main job was to set policy for the consuls. Each year, the Senate would choose from among its ranks two co-consuls to serve as sort of the chief executives of Rome. There needed to be two so that they could check each other's ambition, and also so that one could, you know, take care of Rome domestically while the other was off fighting wars conquering new territory. There were two additional checks on power. First, the one-year term, I mean, how much trouble can you really do in a year, right? Unless you're the CEO of Netflix, I mean, he destroyed that company in like two weeks. And secondly, once a senator had served as consul, he was forbidden to serve as consul again for at least ten years, although that went a little bit like how you say you're only going to eat one chipotle burrito per week and then there are a few exceptions and then all of a sudden you're there every day and yes, I know guacamole is more, just give it to me."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "There were two additional checks on power. First, the one-year term, I mean, how much trouble can you really do in a year, right? Unless you're the CEO of Netflix, I mean, he destroyed that company in like two weeks. And secondly, once a senator had served as consul, he was forbidden to serve as consul again for at least ten years, although that went a little bit like how you say you're only going to eat one chipotle burrito per week and then there are a few exceptions and then all of a sudden you're there every day and yes, I know guacamole is more, just give it to me. But right, we were talking about the Romans. So the Romans also had a position of dictator, a person who would take over in the event that the republic was in imminent danger. The paradigm for this selfless Roman ruler was Cincinnatus, a general who came out of comfortable retirement at his plantation, took command of an army, defeated whatever enemy Rome was battling, and then laid down his command and returned to his farm safe in the knowledge that one day the second largest city in Ohio would be named for him."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "And secondly, once a senator had served as consul, he was forbidden to serve as consul again for at least ten years, although that went a little bit like how you say you're only going to eat one chipotle burrito per week and then there are a few exceptions and then all of a sudden you're there every day and yes, I know guacamole is more, just give it to me. But right, we were talking about the Romans. So the Romans also had a position of dictator, a person who would take over in the event that the republic was in imminent danger. The paradigm for this selfless Roman ruler was Cincinnatus, a general who came out of comfortable retirement at his plantation, took command of an army, defeated whatever enemy Rome was battling, and then laid down his command and returned to his farm safe in the knowledge that one day the second largest city in Ohio would be named for him. If that model of leadership sounds familiar to Americans, by the way, it's because George Washington was heavily influenced by Cincinnatus when he invented the idea of the two-term president. So along comes Caesar. Gaius Ju- Gaius?"}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "The paradigm for this selfless Roman ruler was Cincinnatus, a general who came out of comfortable retirement at his plantation, took command of an army, defeated whatever enemy Rome was battling, and then laid down his command and returned to his farm safe in the knowledge that one day the second largest city in Ohio would be named for him. If that model of leadership sounds familiar to Americans, by the way, it's because George Washington was heavily influenced by Cincinnatus when he invented the idea of the two-term president. So along comes Caesar. Gaius Ju- Gaius? No, it's Gaius. I know from Battlestar Galactica. Gaius Julius Caesar was born around 100 BCE to one of Rome's leading families."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Gaius Ju- Gaius? No, it's Gaius. I know from Battlestar Galactica. Gaius Julius Caesar was born around 100 BCE to one of Rome's leading families. His birth was somewhat miraculous, requiring a surgical procedure that we know today as a Caesar-ian section. Coming as he did from the senatorial class, it was natural that Caesar would serve in both the army and the senate, which he did. He rose through the ranks."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Gaius Julius Caesar was born around 100 BCE to one of Rome's leading families. His birth was somewhat miraculous, requiring a surgical procedure that we know today as a Caesar-ian section. Coming as he did from the senatorial class, it was natural that Caesar would serve in both the army and the senate, which he did. He rose through the ranks. And after some top-notch generaling and a gig as the governor of Spain, he decided to run for consul. In order to win, Caesar needed financial help, which he got from Crassus, one of Rome's richest men. Crassus ran a private fire company whose business model was essentially, hey, I noticed your house is on fire."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "He rose through the ranks. And after some top-notch generaling and a gig as the governor of Spain, he decided to run for consul. In order to win, Caesar needed financial help, which he got from Crassus, one of Rome's richest men. Crassus ran a private fire company whose business model was essentially, hey, I noticed your house is on fire. Give me some money and I'll help you out with that. Caesar succeeded in becoming consul in 59 BCE and thereafter sought to dominate Roman politics by allying himself with Crassus and also with Rome's other most powerful man, the general Pompey. You'll no doubt remember Pompey from his fascination with Alexander the Great."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Crassus ran a private fire company whose business model was essentially, hey, I noticed your house is on fire. Give me some money and I'll help you out with that. Caesar succeeded in becoming consul in 59 BCE and thereafter sought to dominate Roman politics by allying himself with Crassus and also with Rome's other most powerful man, the general Pompey. You'll no doubt remember Pompey from his fascination with Alexander the Great. Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar were the so-called first triumvirate, and the alliance worked out super well for Caesar. Not so well for the other two. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "You'll no doubt remember Pompey from his fascination with Alexander the Great. Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar were the so-called first triumvirate, and the alliance worked out super well for Caesar. Not so well for the other two. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. After a year as consul that included getting the senate to pass laws largely because of intimidation by Pompey's troops, Caesar landed the governorship of Gaul, at least the southern part of Gaul that Rome controlled. He quickly conquered the rest of Gaul and his four loyal armies, or legions as the Romans called them, became his source of power. Caesar continued his conquests, invading Britain and waging another successful war against the Gauls."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. After a year as consul that included getting the senate to pass laws largely because of intimidation by Pompey's troops, Caesar landed the governorship of Gaul, at least the southern part of Gaul that Rome controlled. He quickly conquered the rest of Gaul and his four loyal armies, or legions as the Romans called them, became his source of power. Caesar continued his conquests, invading Britain and waging another successful war against the Gauls. While he was away, Crassus died in battle with the Parthians, and Pompey, who had become Caesar's rival and enemy, was elected consul. Pompey and the senate decided to try to strip Caesar of his command and recall him to Rome. If he returned to Rome without an army, Caesar would have been prosecuted for corrupt consuling and also probably exceeding his authority as governor."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Caesar continued his conquests, invading Britain and waging another successful war against the Gauls. While he was away, Crassus died in battle with the Parthians, and Pompey, who had become Caesar's rival and enemy, was elected consul. Pompey and the senate decided to try to strip Caesar of his command and recall him to Rome. If he returned to Rome without an army, Caesar would have been prosecuted for corrupt consuling and also probably exceeding his authority as governor. So instead, he returned with the 13th Legion. He crossed the Rubicon River, famously saying, the die is cast, or possibly, let the die be cast. Sorry, Thought Bubble, sources disagree."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "If he returned to Rome without an army, Caesar would have been prosecuted for corrupt consuling and also probably exceeding his authority as governor. So instead, he returned with the 13th Legion. He crossed the Rubicon River, famously saying, the die is cast, or possibly, let the die be cast. Sorry, Thought Bubble, sources disagree. Basically, Caesar was invading his own hometown. Pompey was in charge of Rome's army, but like a boss, fled the city. And by 48 BCE, Caesar was in total command of all of Rome's holdings, having been named both dictator and consul."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Sorry, Thought Bubble, sources disagree. Basically, Caesar was invading his own hometown. Pompey was in charge of Rome's army, but like a boss, fled the city. And by 48 BCE, Caesar was in total command of all of Rome's holdings, having been named both dictator and consul. Caesar set out to Egypt to track down Pompey, only to learn that he'd already been assassinated by agents of the pharaoh Ptolemy. Egypt had its own civil war at the time, between the pharaoh and his sister-slash-wife Cleopatra. Ptolemy was trying to curry favor with Caesar by killing his enemy, but Caesar was mad in that the only person who gets to tease my little brother is me kind of way, except with murder instead of teasing."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "And by 48 BCE, Caesar was in total command of all of Rome's holdings, having been named both dictator and consul. Caesar set out to Egypt to track down Pompey, only to learn that he'd already been assassinated by agents of the pharaoh Ptolemy. Egypt had its own civil war at the time, between the pharaoh and his sister-slash-wife Cleopatra. Ptolemy was trying to curry favor with Caesar by killing his enemy, but Caesar was mad in that the only person who gets to tease my little brother is me kind of way, except with murder instead of teasing. So Caesar sided with, and scoodily-poofed with, Cleopatra. Thanks Thought Bubble. Cleopatra went on to become the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt and then bet on Mark, I am the wrong horse, Antony, instead of Emperor, there is a baby attached to my leg, Augustus."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Ptolemy was trying to curry favor with Caesar by killing his enemy, but Caesar was mad in that the only person who gets to tease my little brother is me kind of way, except with murder instead of teasing. So Caesar sided with, and scoodily-poofed with, Cleopatra. Thanks Thought Bubble. Cleopatra went on to become the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt and then bet on Mark, I am the wrong horse, Antony, instead of Emperor, there is a baby attached to my leg, Augustus. But before all that, Caesar made his way back from Egypt to Rome, stopping off to defeat a few kings in the east on his way, and was declared dictator again. That position was later extended for ten years, and then for life. He was elected consul in 46 BCE, and then again in 45 BCE, this last time without a co-consul."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Cleopatra went on to become the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt and then bet on Mark, I am the wrong horse, Antony, instead of Emperor, there is a baby attached to my leg, Augustus. But before all that, Caesar made his way back from Egypt to Rome, stopping off to defeat a few kings in the east on his way, and was declared dictator again. That position was later extended for ten years, and then for life. He was elected consul in 46 BCE, and then again in 45 BCE, this last time without a co-consul. By 45 BCE, Caesar was the undisputed master of Rome, and he pursued reforms that strengthened his own power. He provided land pensions for his soldiers, restructured the debts of a huge percentage of Rome's debtors, and also changed the calendar to make it look more like the one we use today. But by 44 BCE, many senators had decided that Caesar controlled too much of the power in Rome, and so they stabbed him 23 times on the floor of the Roman Senate."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "He was elected consul in 46 BCE, and then again in 45 BCE, this last time without a co-consul. By 45 BCE, Caesar was the undisputed master of Rome, and he pursued reforms that strengthened his own power. He provided land pensions for his soldiers, restructured the debts of a huge percentage of Rome's debtors, and also changed the calendar to make it look more like the one we use today. But by 44 BCE, many senators had decided that Caesar controlled too much of the power in Rome, and so they stabbed him 23 times on the floor of the Roman Senate. Caesar was duly surprised about this and everything, but he never said et tu, Brute, when he realized Brutus was one of the co-conspirators. That was an invention of Shakespeare. The conspirators thought the death of Caesar would bring about the restoration of the Roman Republic, and they were wrong."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "But by 44 BCE, many senators had decided that Caesar controlled too much of the power in Rome, and so they stabbed him 23 times on the floor of the Roman Senate. Caesar was duly surprised about this and everything, but he never said et tu, Brute, when he realized Brutus was one of the co-conspirators. That was an invention of Shakespeare. The conspirators thought the death of Caesar would bring about the restoration of the Roman Republic, and they were wrong. For one thing, Caesar's reforms were really popular with the Roman people, who were quick to hail his adopted son Octavian, as well as his second-in-command, Mark, I am the wrong horse Antony, and a dude named Lepidus, as a second triumvirate. This triumvirate was an awesome failure, degenerating into a second civil war. Octavian and Antony fought it out, Antony being the wrong horse lost."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "The conspirators thought the death of Caesar would bring about the restoration of the Roman Republic, and they were wrong. For one thing, Caesar's reforms were really popular with the Roman people, who were quick to hail his adopted son Octavian, as well as his second-in-command, Mark, I am the wrong horse Antony, and a dude named Lepidus, as a second triumvirate. This triumvirate was an awesome failure, degenerating into a second civil war. Octavian and Antony fought it out, Antony being the wrong horse lost. Octavian won, changed his name to Caesar Augustus, became sole ruler of Rome, attached a baby to his leg, adopted the title emperor, and started printing coins identifying himself as Divini Filius, the son of God. More on that next week. Although Augustus tried to pretend that the forms of the Roman Empire were still intact, the truth was he made the laws and the Senate had become nothing more than a rubber stamp."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Octavian and Antony fought it out, Antony being the wrong horse lost. Octavian won, changed his name to Caesar Augustus, became sole ruler of Rome, attached a baby to his leg, adopted the title emperor, and started printing coins identifying himself as Divini Filius, the son of God. More on that next week. Although Augustus tried to pretend that the forms of the Roman Empire were still intact, the truth was he made the laws and the Senate had become nothing more than a rubber stamp. Which reminds me, it's time for the Open Letter. Movie magic! An open letter to the Roman Senate."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Although Augustus tried to pretend that the forms of the Roman Empire were still intact, the truth was he made the laws and the Senate had become nothing more than a rubber stamp. Which reminds me, it's time for the Open Letter. Movie magic! An open letter to the Roman Senate. Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment. Oh, it's a harmonica. Stan, do you want me to play some old Roman folk songs?"}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to the Roman Senate. Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment. Oh, it's a harmonica. Stan, do you want me to play some old Roman folk songs? Very well. Stan, I just want to thank you for doing such a good job of overdubbing there. Dear Roman Senate, whether you were rubber stamping the laws of Emperor Augustus or stabbing Caesar on the floor of your sacred hall, you were always doing something."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, do you want me to play some old Roman folk songs? Very well. Stan, I just want to thank you for doing such a good job of overdubbing there. Dear Roman Senate, whether you were rubber stamping the laws of Emperor Augustus or stabbing Caesar on the floor of your sacred hall, you were always doing something. I don't want to sound nostalgic for a time when people lived to be 30, a tiny minority of adults could vote, and the best fashion choice was bedsheets. But oh my God, at least you did something! Your Senate was chosen from among the patrician class."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Dear Roman Senate, whether you were rubber stamping the laws of Emperor Augustus or stabbing Caesar on the floor of your sacred hall, you were always doing something. I don't want to sound nostalgic for a time when people lived to be 30, a tiny minority of adults could vote, and the best fashion choice was bedsheets. But oh my God, at least you did something! Your Senate was chosen from among the patrician class. Our Senate, here in the United States, is chosen from among the obstructionist class. But don't get me wrong, Roman Senate, you were terrible. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Your Senate was chosen from among the patrician class. Our Senate, here in the United States, is chosen from among the obstructionist class. But don't get me wrong, Roman Senate, you were terrible. Best wishes, John Green. So did Caesar destroy the Roman Republic? Well, he started a series of civil wars, he seized power for himself, he subverted the ideas of the Republic, he changed the Constitution. But he's only really to blame if he was the first one to do that."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. So did Caesar destroy the Roman Republic? Well, he started a series of civil wars, he seized power for himself, he subverted the ideas of the Republic, he changed the Constitution. But he's only really to blame if he was the first one to do that. And he wasn't. Look at General Marius, for instance, who rose to power on the strength of his generalship and on his willingness to open up the army to the poor, who were loyal to him personally and not to Rome, and whom he promised land in exchange for their good service in the army. This, of course, required the Romans to keep conquering new land so they could keep giving it to new legionnaires."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "But he's only really to blame if he was the first one to do that. And he wasn't. Look at General Marius, for instance, who rose to power on the strength of his generalship and on his willingness to open up the army to the poor, who were loyal to him personally and not to Rome, and whom he promised land in exchange for their good service in the army. This, of course, required the Romans to keep conquering new land so they could keep giving it to new legionnaires. Marius was also consul five times in a row, 60 years before Caesar. Or look at the Roman general Sulla, who, like Marius, ensured that his armies would be more loyal to him personally than to Rome, but who marched against Rome itself and then became its dictator, executing thousands of people in 81 BCE, 30 years before Caesar entered the scene. There's another way of looking at this question altogether if we dispense with great man history."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "This, of course, required the Romans to keep conquering new land so they could keep giving it to new legionnaires. Marius was also consul five times in a row, 60 years before Caesar. Or look at the Roman general Sulla, who, like Marius, ensured that his armies would be more loyal to him personally than to Rome, but who marched against Rome itself and then became its dictator, executing thousands of people in 81 BCE, 30 years before Caesar entered the scene. There's another way of looking at this question altogether if we dispense with great man history. Maybe Rome became an empire before it had an emperor. Like remember the Persian Empire? You'll recall that that empire had some characteristics that made it imperial, like a unified system of government, continual military expansion, and a diversity of subject peoples."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "There's another way of looking at this question altogether if we dispense with great man history. Maybe Rome became an empire before it had an emperor. Like remember the Persian Empire? You'll recall that that empire had some characteristics that made it imperial, like a unified system of government, continual military expansion, and a diversity of subject peoples. The Roman Empire had all three of those characteristics long before it became the Roman Empire. Like Rome started out as a city and then it became a city-state and then a kingdom and then a republic, but that entire time it was basically comprised of the area around Rome. By the 4th century BCE, Rome started to incorporate its neighbors, like the Latins and the Etruscans, and pretty soon they had all of Italy under their control."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "You'll recall that that empire had some characteristics that made it imperial, like a unified system of government, continual military expansion, and a diversity of subject peoples. The Roman Empire had all three of those characteristics long before it became the Roman Empire. Like Rome started out as a city and then it became a city-state and then a kingdom and then a republic, but that entire time it was basically comprised of the area around Rome. By the 4th century BCE, Rome started to incorporate its neighbors, like the Latins and the Etruscans, and pretty soon they had all of Italy under their control. But that's not really diversity of subject peoples. I mean, nothing personal, Italians, but you know, you have a lot of things in common, like the constant gesticulations. If you want to talk about real expansion and diversity, you've got to talk about the Punic Wars."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "By the 4th century BCE, Rome started to incorporate its neighbors, like the Latins and the Etruscans, and pretty soon they had all of Italy under their control. But that's not really diversity of subject peoples. I mean, nothing personal, Italians, but you know, you have a lot of things in common, like the constant gesticulations. If you want to talk about real expansion and diversity, you've got to talk about the Punic Wars. These were the wars that I remember primarily because they involved Hannibal crossing the Alps with freaking war elephants, which was probably the last time that the elephants could have risen up and formed their awesome secret elephant society with elephant planes and elephant cars. In the first Punic War, Rome wanted Sicily, which was controlled by the Carthaginians. Rome won, which made Carthage cranky, so they started the second Punic War."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "If you want to talk about real expansion and diversity, you've got to talk about the Punic Wars. These were the wars that I remember primarily because they involved Hannibal crossing the Alps with freaking war elephants, which was probably the last time that the elephants could have risen up and formed their awesome secret elephant society with elephant planes and elephant cars. In the first Punic War, Rome wanted Sicily, which was controlled by the Carthaginians. Rome won, which made Carthage cranky, so they started the second Punic War. In 219 BCE, Hannibal attacked a Roman town, then led an army across Spain, and then crossed the freaking Alps with elephants. Hannibal and his elephant army almost won, but alas, they didn't, and as a result, the Romans got Spain. People in Spain are definitely not Romans, despite Russell Crowe's character in Gladiator, which means that by 201 BCE, Rome was definitely an empire."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Rome won, which made Carthage cranky, so they started the second Punic War. In 219 BCE, Hannibal attacked a Roman town, then led an army across Spain, and then crossed the freaking Alps with elephants. Hannibal and his elephant army almost won, but alas, they didn't, and as a result, the Romans got Spain. People in Spain are definitely not Romans, despite Russell Crowe's character in Gladiator, which means that by 201 BCE, Rome was definitely an empire. The third Punic War was a formality. Rome found some excuse to attack Carthage and then destroyed it so completely that these days you can't even find it on a map. Eventually, this whole area and a lot more would be incorporated into a system of provinces and millions of people would be ruled by the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "People in Spain are definitely not Romans, despite Russell Crowe's character in Gladiator, which means that by 201 BCE, Rome was definitely an empire. The third Punic War was a formality. Rome found some excuse to attack Carthage and then destroyed it so completely that these days you can't even find it on a map. Eventually, this whole area and a lot more would be incorporated into a system of provinces and millions of people would be ruled by the Roman Empire. And it's ridiculous to say that Rome was a republic until Augustus became Rome's first official emperor, because by that time, Rome had been an empire for almost 200 years. There's a reason I'm arguing that the death of the republic came long before Caesar and probably around the time that Rome became an empire. If anything destroyed the idea of republican Rome, it was the concentration of power into the hands of one man."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Eventually, this whole area and a lot more would be incorporated into a system of provinces and millions of people would be ruled by the Roman Empire. And it's ridiculous to say that Rome was a republic until Augustus became Rome's first official emperor, because by that time, Rome had been an empire for almost 200 years. There's a reason I'm arguing that the death of the republic came long before Caesar and probably around the time that Rome became an empire. If anything destroyed the idea of republican Rome, it was the concentration of power into the hands of one man. And this man was always a general. I mean, you can't march on Rome without an army, after all. Why were there such powerful generals?"}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "If anything destroyed the idea of republican Rome, it was the concentration of power into the hands of one man. And this man was always a general. I mean, you can't march on Rome without an army, after all. Why were there such powerful generals? Because Rome had decided to become an empire and empires need to expand militarily. Particularly the Roman Empire needed to expand militarily because it always needed new land to give its retired legionnaires. That expansion created the all-powerful general and the incorporation of diverse peoples made it easier for them to be loyal to him rather than to some abstract idea of the republic."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Why were there such powerful generals? Because Rome had decided to become an empire and empires need to expand militarily. Particularly the Roman Empire needed to expand militarily because it always needed new land to give its retired legionnaires. That expansion created the all-powerful general and the incorporation of diverse peoples made it easier for them to be loyal to him rather than to some abstract idea of the republic. Julius Caesar didn't create emperors. Empire created them. Next week we'll be discussing Christianity, so that shouldn't be controversial."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "That expansion created the all-powerful general and the incorporation of diverse peoples made it easier for them to be loyal to him rather than to some abstract idea of the republic. Julius Caesar didn't create emperors. Empire created them. Next week we'll be discussing Christianity, so that shouldn't be controversial. Until then, thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Next week we'll be discussing Christianity, so that shouldn't be controversial. Until then, thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was pre-distressed designer jeans. If you want to guess this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest new ones, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video, which our team of historians will endeavor to answer."}, {"video_title": "The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It Crash Course World History #10.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was pre-distressed designer jeans. If you want to guess this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest new ones, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video, which our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Whoa! Jeez!"}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In this video, we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient Egypt, which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern-day state of Egypt in Northeast Africa. Now, the central feature in both ancient Egypt and in modern Egypt is the Nile River that you see in blue right over here. And the Nile River is one of the great rivers of the world. It rivals the Amazon River. It's the longest river. And its sources, the tributaries of the Nile River, start even south of this picture, and the water flows northward, and eventually its delta reaches the Mediterranean Sea. The delta, which is where a river opens into the sea, is called a delta because, as you can see, these rivers, you can even see it from the satellite pictures right over here, they start branching up a bunch, and you have this upside-down triangular region, which looks a little bit like an upside-down Greek letter delta."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It rivals the Amazon River. It's the longest river. And its sources, the tributaries of the Nile River, start even south of this picture, and the water flows northward, and eventually its delta reaches the Mediterranean Sea. The delta, which is where a river opens into the sea, is called a delta because, as you can see, these rivers, you can even see it from the satellite pictures right over here, they start branching up a bunch, and you have this upside-down triangular region, which looks a little bit like an upside-down Greek letter delta. So that's why a river delta is called that. And this one just happens to be upside-down. If it was flowing the other way, it would be a right-side-up delta."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The delta, which is where a river opens into the sea, is called a delta because, as you can see, these rivers, you can even see it from the satellite pictures right over here, they start branching up a bunch, and you have this upside-down triangular region, which looks a little bit like an upside-down Greek letter delta. So that's why a river delta is called that. And this one just happens to be upside-down. If it was flowing the other way, it would be a right-side-up delta. So the Nile River, it flows from, you could say, eastern Mid-Africa up into the Mediterranean Sea. And because it has this northward flow, the southern parts of the river are upriver, and they are actually called the Upper Nile. So the Upper Nile is actually south of the Lower Nile."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If it was flowing the other way, it would be a right-side-up delta. So the Nile River, it flows from, you could say, eastern Mid-Africa up into the Mediterranean Sea. And because it has this northward flow, the southern parts of the river are upriver, and they are actually called the Upper Nile. So the Upper Nile is actually south of the Lower Nile. Of the Lower Nile. And once again, that's because the Upper Nile is upriver. It's also flowing from higher elevations to lower elevations."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Upper Nile is actually south of the Lower Nile. Of the Lower Nile. And once again, that's because the Upper Nile is upriver. It's also flowing from higher elevations to lower elevations. So as you go south, you get to higher and higher elevations. Now, the reason why the river is so important, we've studied this multiple times, rivers are a source of fresh water. When they flood, they make the surrounding soil fertile."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's also flowing from higher elevations to lower elevations. So as you go south, you get to higher and higher elevations. Now, the reason why the river is so important, we've studied this multiple times, rivers are a source of fresh water. When they flood, they make the surrounding soil fertile. They're suitable for agriculture. And the Nile Valley is one of the first places that we see agriculture emerging during the Neolithic period. In fact, human settlement, we believe, was along this Nile River Valley as far as 6,000 BCE, or 8,000 years ago."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "When they flood, they make the surrounding soil fertile. They're suitable for agriculture. And the Nile Valley is one of the first places that we see agriculture emerging during the Neolithic period. In fact, human settlement, we believe, was along this Nile River Valley as far as 6,000 BCE, or 8,000 years ago. And it might have been there even further back in time. And because you had that agriculture, it allowed for higher population densities, which allowed for more specialization of labor and more complex societies. It's not a coincidence that some of the first, that one of the first great civilizations emerged here."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, human settlement, we believe, was along this Nile River Valley as far as 6,000 BCE, or 8,000 years ago. And it might have been there even further back in time. And because you had that agriculture, it allowed for higher population densities, which allowed for more specialization of labor and more complex societies. It's not a coincidence that some of the first, that one of the first great civilizations emerged here. Now, our story of the Nile River, or of Egypt, and actually, they are tied very closely, even though Egypt is considered a lot of this region, most of the human population, this is true even today, is right along, is right along the river, around that fertile soil where the agriculture actually occurs. In fact, this was so important to the ancient Egyptians that their whole calendar, their seasons, were based on what the Nile River was doing. They had a season called the inundation, or the flooding of the river, which makes the soil fertile."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not a coincidence that some of the first, that one of the first great civilizations emerged here. Now, our story of the Nile River, or of Egypt, and actually, they are tied very closely, even though Egypt is considered a lot of this region, most of the human population, this is true even today, is right along, is right along the river, around that fertile soil where the agriculture actually occurs. In fact, this was so important to the ancient Egyptians that their whole calendar, their seasons, were based on what the Nile River was doing. They had a season called the inundation, or the flooding of the river, which makes the soil fertile. They had a season of growth, which is now talking about the growth of the crops, and they have a season of harvest. And so you had people in this valley for thousands of years. But when we talk about ancient Egypt, we formally talk about it as a civilization around 3100, 3150 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They had a season called the inundation, or the flooding of the river, which makes the soil fertile. They had a season of growth, which is now talking about the growth of the crops, and they have a season of harvest. And so you had people in this valley for thousands of years. But when we talk about ancient Egypt, we formally talk about it as a civilization around 3100, 3150 BCE. And this is where we get to our timeline right over here. So we're talking about right around there on our timeline. And the reason why this is considered the beginning of the ancient Egyptian civilization is this is when we believe that Upper and Lower Egypt were first united under the king, and there's different names used, Narmer, sometimes, or Menes, Menes."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But when we talk about ancient Egypt, we formally talk about it as a civilization around 3100, 3150 BCE. And this is where we get to our timeline right over here. So we're talking about right around there on our timeline. And the reason why this is considered the beginning of the ancient Egyptian civilization is this is when we believe that Upper and Lower Egypt were first united under the king, and there's different names used, Narmer, sometimes, or Menes, Menes. I'm going to mispronounce things every now and then, and I'm probably doing it here as well. And so he was the king that unified Upper and Lower Egypt into an empire. And the empire, as we'll see, which lasts thousands of years, every one of these spaces is 100 years, so we're gonna go over a huge time span."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the reason why this is considered the beginning of the ancient Egyptian civilization is this is when we believe that Upper and Lower Egypt were first united under the king, and there's different names used, Narmer, sometimes, or Menes, Menes. I'm going to mispronounce things every now and then, and I'm probably doing it here as well. And so he was the king that unified Upper and Lower Egypt into an empire. And the empire, as we'll see, which lasts thousands of years, every one of these spaces is 100 years, so we're gonna go over a huge time span. But the ancient Egyptian civilization is roughly divided into three kingdoms. You have the Old Kingdom, which went from about 20, right from about the 27th century BCE up to about the 17th century BCE. You have the Middle Kingdom, and you have the New Kingdom."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the empire, as we'll see, which lasts thousands of years, every one of these spaces is 100 years, so we're gonna go over a huge time span. But the ancient Egyptian civilization is roughly divided into three kingdoms. You have the Old Kingdom, which went from about 20, right from about the 27th century BCE up to about the 17th century BCE. You have the Middle Kingdom, and you have the New Kingdom. And once again, this is spanning right over here over 1,000 years of history. And in between those, you have these intermediate periods where the kingdom or the empire was a little bit more fragmented. You have, in some of these intermediate periods, you have some foreign rule."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the Middle Kingdom, and you have the New Kingdom. And once again, this is spanning right over here over 1,000 years of history. And in between those, you have these intermediate periods where the kingdom or the empire was a little bit more fragmented. You have, in some of these intermediate periods, you have some foreign rule. But just to get a sense of some of what happened over the thousands of years, and I'm kind of laughing in my head because it's hard to cover over 2,000, 3,000 years in the course of just a few minutes, but this will give you a sense of what ancient Egyptian civilization was all about. Now, the kings are referred to as pharaohs, but as we'll see, that term pharaoh was not really used until we get to the New Kingdom. But I will refer to the kings as pharaohs throughout this video just to say, hey, these are the Egyptian kings."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have, in some of these intermediate periods, you have some foreign rule. But just to get a sense of some of what happened over the thousands of years, and I'm kind of laughing in my head because it's hard to cover over 2,000, 3,000 years in the course of just a few minutes, but this will give you a sense of what ancient Egyptian civilization was all about. Now, the kings are referred to as pharaohs, but as we'll see, that term pharaoh was not really used until we get to the New Kingdom. But I will refer to the kings as pharaohs throughout this video just to say, hey, these are the Egyptian kings. And the Old Kingdom is probably most known today in our popular culture for what we most associate with ancient Egypt, and that is the pyramids. And here, right over here, are the pyramids. This is the Great Pyramid of Giza, which is near modern-day Cairo today."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But I will refer to the kings as pharaohs throughout this video just to say, hey, these are the Egyptian kings. And the Old Kingdom is probably most known today in our popular culture for what we most associate with ancient Egypt, and that is the pyramids. And here, right over here, are the pyramids. This is the Great Pyramid of Giza, which is near modern-day Cairo today. This is the Sphinx. And they were built in that old period under the pharaohs Sneferu and Khufu, right over here in the 26th century, right over here in the 26th century BCE. And we are still trying to get a better understanding of how this was done."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is the Great Pyramid of Giza, which is near modern-day Cairo today. This is the Sphinx. And they were built in that old period under the pharaohs Sneferu and Khufu, right over here in the 26th century, right over here in the 26th century BCE. And we are still trying to get a better understanding of how this was done. We actually now don't believe that it was done by slave labor, but instead, it was done during, you could say, the off-season by the peasants as a form of taxation. Okay, you're done planting or harvesting your crops. Well, now that you have some time, and this shows actually the importance of agriculture for freeing people up, so to speak, why don't you help the pharaohs build these massive tombs, which I've seen various estimates that might have taken someplace between 10 and 100,000 people several decades to build each."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we are still trying to get a better understanding of how this was done. We actually now don't believe that it was done by slave labor, but instead, it was done during, you could say, the off-season by the peasants as a form of taxation. Okay, you're done planting or harvesting your crops. Well, now that you have some time, and this shows actually the importance of agriculture for freeing people up, so to speak, why don't you help the pharaohs build these massive tombs, which I've seen various estimates that might have taken someplace between 10 and 100,000 people several decades to build each. But these are, even today, these were built over 4,500 years ago, are some of the most iconic symbols that humanity has ever created. And the reason why we know so much about ancient Egypt, ancient Egyptian or ancient Egypt, is that we have been able to decipher their writing. It's a symbolic, they have these pictographs, these hieroglyphics, I'm sure you've heard of the word before."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, now that you have some time, and this shows actually the importance of agriculture for freeing people up, so to speak, why don't you help the pharaohs build these massive tombs, which I've seen various estimates that might have taken someplace between 10 and 100,000 people several decades to build each. But these are, even today, these were built over 4,500 years ago, are some of the most iconic symbols that humanity has ever created. And the reason why we know so much about ancient Egypt, ancient Egyptian or ancient Egypt, is that we have been able to decipher their writing. It's a symbolic, they have these pictographs, these hieroglyphics, I'm sure you've heard of the word before. And for a while, we had no idea what they said. We would see these inscriptions in these tombs, and we had a sense that, okay, these tombs, especially things like the pyramids, would be for these great kings. We could tell that it was a stratified society, that nobility had better tombs than others, but we didn't really have a good sense of what was going on until we discovered this, which is the Rosetta Stone, which was discovered in 1799."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a symbolic, they have these pictographs, these hieroglyphics, I'm sure you've heard of the word before. And for a while, we had no idea what they said. We would see these inscriptions in these tombs, and we had a sense that, okay, these tombs, especially things like the pyramids, would be for these great kings. We could tell that it was a stratified society, that nobility had better tombs than others, but we didn't really have a good sense of what was going on until we discovered this, which is the Rosetta Stone, which was discovered in 1799. And why, the reason why this is so valuable is it has the same text written in three different languages. It has it written in the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptians, and it has it written in a later script used in Egypt called Demotic Egyptian, and most importantly, it has it also written in Greek. And so historians were able to say, okay, we can now start to decipher what these symbols mean because we have a translation of them."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We could tell that it was a stratified society, that nobility had better tombs than others, but we didn't really have a good sense of what was going on until we discovered this, which is the Rosetta Stone, which was discovered in 1799. And why, the reason why this is so valuable is it has the same text written in three different languages. It has it written in the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptians, and it has it written in a later script used in Egypt called Demotic Egyptian, and most importantly, it has it also written in Greek. And so historians were able to say, okay, we can now start to decipher what these symbols mean because we have a translation of them. And that's why it's one of the first civilizations where we're able to put the picture together, and hieroglyphics are one of the first forms of writing. But let's now go on in our journey through thousands of years of ancient Egyptian civilization. You, between the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom, you have the First Intermediate Period, then you have the Middle Kingdom, and then you have the Hyksos, which are Semitic people, Semitic referring to their language being of the same family as Semitic languages like Arabic or Hebrew or Aramaic."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so historians were able to say, okay, we can now start to decipher what these symbols mean because we have a translation of them. And that's why it's one of the first civilizations where we're able to put the picture together, and hieroglyphics are one of the first forms of writing. But let's now go on in our journey through thousands of years of ancient Egyptian civilization. You, between the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom, you have the First Intermediate Period, then you have the Middle Kingdom, and then you have the Hyksos, which are Semitic people, Semitic referring to their language being of the same family as Semitic languages like Arabic or Hebrew or Aramaic. But then you have the New Kingdom, and the New Kingdom is considered to be the peak of ancient Egypt. It's really the height of their technology. It's the height of their military capability."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You, between the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom, you have the First Intermediate Period, then you have the Middle Kingdom, and then you have the Hyksos, which are Semitic people, Semitic referring to their language being of the same family as Semitic languages like Arabic or Hebrew or Aramaic. But then you have the New Kingdom, and the New Kingdom is considered to be the peak of ancient Egypt. It's really the height of their technology. It's the height of their military capability. And there are several pharaohs that are worthy of note in the New Kingdom. The first is, he was born Amenhotep, or he was originally known as Amenhotep IV, and then he eventually names himself Akhenaten, and Akhenaten means effective for Aten, Aten being a significant Egyptian god. And the reason why he changed his name is he decides that, okay, we have, that the Egyptians have this huge pantheon of gods."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the height of their military capability. And there are several pharaohs that are worthy of note in the New Kingdom. The first is, he was born Amenhotep, or he was originally known as Amenhotep IV, and then he eventually names himself Akhenaten, and Akhenaten means effective for Aten, Aten being a significant Egyptian god. And the reason why he changed his name is he decides that, okay, we have, that the Egyptians have this huge pantheon of gods. Here's just some of them right over here. This is the god Osiris, often associated with the afterlife or transition, regeneration, resurrection. You have the god Amun here, and his first name, Amenhotep, it means Amen is satisfied, what is considered kind of the equivalent of Zeus."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the reason why he changed his name is he decides that, okay, we have, that the Egyptians have this huge pantheon of gods. Here's just some of them right over here. This is the god Osiris, often associated with the afterlife or transition, regeneration, resurrection. You have the god Amun here, and his first name, Amenhotep, it means Amen is satisfied, what is considered kind of the equivalent of Zeus. You have the god here, Horus, once again, a very significant god at different times in Egypt. But what was interesting about Amenhotep IV, or Akhenaten, whichever name you wanna use, is he decided, no, no, no, I don't like this pantheon, this polytheistic religion that we have. I wanna worship one god, and the god that he decides to worship is really the, you could consider it the sun god or the sun disk, and its representation looks something like this, and it was referred to as Aten."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the god Amun here, and his first name, Amenhotep, it means Amen is satisfied, what is considered kind of the equivalent of Zeus. You have the god here, Horus, once again, a very significant god at different times in Egypt. But what was interesting about Amenhotep IV, or Akhenaten, whichever name you wanna use, is he decided, no, no, no, I don't like this pantheon, this polytheistic religion that we have. I wanna worship one god, and the god that he decides to worship is really the, you could consider it the sun god or the sun disk, and its representation looks something like this, and it was referred to as Aten. And so he changes his name to Akhenaten, and he actually starts to try to get rid of evidence of these other gods or to make them a lot less important. And so the reason why that's notable is this is viewed as one of, perhaps, one of the first attempts at monotheism, at least within this ancient Egyptian civilization. He's also noted for giving a lot of power to his wife, to the queen Nefertiti, who some people say was second in command or even co-ruled alongside him."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I wanna worship one god, and the god that he decides to worship is really the, you could consider it the sun god or the sun disk, and its representation looks something like this, and it was referred to as Aten. And so he changes his name to Akhenaten, and he actually starts to try to get rid of evidence of these other gods or to make them a lot less important. And so the reason why that's notable is this is viewed as one of, perhaps, one of the first attempts at monotheism, at least within this ancient Egyptian civilization. He's also noted for giving a lot of power to his wife, to the queen Nefertiti, who some people say was second in command or even co-ruled alongside him. Now, he was also famous because after his death, eventually, his son, King Tut, Tutankhamen, comes to power. And the reason why King Tut, as he's often known, although it's Tutankhamen, is known is because we were able to find his tombs in relatively good order, and so it's become a popular, he's become a popular part of the imagination. And he's known as a child pharaoh."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's also noted for giving a lot of power to his wife, to the queen Nefertiti, who some people say was second in command or even co-ruled alongside him. Now, he was also famous because after his death, eventually, his son, King Tut, Tutankhamen, comes to power. And the reason why King Tut, as he's often known, although it's Tutankhamen, is known is because we were able to find his tombs in relatively good order, and so it's become a popular, he's become a popular part of the imagination. And he's known as a child pharaoh. He comes to power when he's very young. He dies at 18, and so it's kind of an interesting story. Now, most prominent amongst all of the pharaohs across Egyptian history, and this is also in the New Kingdom and comes a little bit after Tutankhamen, is Ramses II, and Ramses II, who emerges here in the 13th century, and he rules for most of the 13th century BCE, he represents really the peak of Egypt, ancient Egypt, as a military power."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he's known as a child pharaoh. He comes to power when he's very young. He dies at 18, and so it's kind of an interesting story. Now, most prominent amongst all of the pharaohs across Egyptian history, and this is also in the New Kingdom and comes a little bit after Tutankhamen, is Ramses II, and Ramses II, who emerges here in the 13th century, and he rules for most of the 13th century BCE, he represents really the peak of Egypt, ancient Egypt, as a military power. He's famous for his, the Battle at Kadesh, which is the earliest battle where we actually know what the tactics and the formations were, and it was with the also significant Hittite Empire in 1274 BCE. This is an image drawn much, much later of the Battle of Kadesh. The battle, we now believe, might have been a bit of a stalemate."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, most prominent amongst all of the pharaohs across Egyptian history, and this is also in the New Kingdom and comes a little bit after Tutankhamen, is Ramses II, and Ramses II, who emerges here in the 13th century, and he rules for most of the 13th century BCE, he represents really the peak of Egypt, ancient Egypt, as a military power. He's famous for his, the Battle at Kadesh, which is the earliest battle where we actually know what the tactics and the formations were, and it was with the also significant Hittite Empire in 1274 BCE. This is an image drawn much, much later of the Battle of Kadesh. The battle, we now believe, might have been a bit of a stalemate. Ramses II wasn't able to capture Kadesh, but it's told us a lot about military tactics and strategy and formation of that time. Historians today think it might have been the largest chariot battle maybe ever, so this was a significant thing that happened. Now, eventually, the new kingdom does collapse as we get to the end of the second millennium, and then over the next several hundreds of years, we're talking about a very long period of time, it gets fragmented, you have several rulers, you have the Cushites rule from the upper Nile, the Cushites were in this area right over here."}, {"video_title": "Ancient Egypt Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The battle, we now believe, might have been a bit of a stalemate. Ramses II wasn't able to capture Kadesh, but it's told us a lot about military tactics and strategy and formation of that time. Historians today think it might have been the largest chariot battle maybe ever, so this was a significant thing that happened. Now, eventually, the new kingdom does collapse as we get to the end of the second millennium, and then over the next several hundreds of years, we're talking about a very long period of time, it gets fragmented, you have several rulers, you have the Cushites rule from the upper Nile, the Cushites were in this area right over here. They rule for a brief period. The Assyrians, that's a Mesopotamian civilization, they rule for a small period of time, and then eventually, and we talk about this in some detail in other videos, you have the Persians take over, you have Cambyses, Cyrus the Great's son, he's able to rule over, he's able to conquer Egypt, and Egypt becomes part of the Achaemenid Empire for a while until the conquering of Alexander the Great, and after Alexander the Great dies, one of his generals and his dynasty takes over, Ptolemaic Egypt, and now it's being ruled by, well, it's been ruled by foreigners for a while now, but now it's by the Greeks, and the famous Cleopatra, who's considered a pharaoh of Egypt, she's actually Greek by blood, she is actually the one that seduced, you could say, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, and after Cleopatra's death, more and more, eventually, it becomes part of Rome. So as you can see, we covered this enormous, large time period in history, one of the most significant civilizations in all of history, one of the most famous poems about civilizations and rulers, about Ramses II, the poem Ozymandias was named after him, you have some of the great cities of the ancient world, Thebes, which was the capital during parts of the New Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom, you have Memphis, which was one of the, some people say founded by Minis, and the capital of the Old Kingdom, these were all happening in ancient Egypt."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was established by Cyrus the Great and then his successors. We talked about it in previous videos, how they were able to conquer the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BCE and then go on to conquer much of the Middle East, able to conquer the long-lived Egyptian Empire. And they seem somewhat unstoppable at this point, in 490 BCE. At this point, we have Darius is ruler of the Persian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire, as it's often referred to. And they're able to keep expanding until they come across some unexpectedly resistant people, and that's the Greeks. And this is probably one of the most famous and legendary stories in history, the rivalry, the conflicts between the Persians and the Greeks. And you should maybe take it with a little bit of grain of salt, because what we know of it, the history that I'm about to give you, comes to us from Herodotus."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "At this point, we have Darius is ruler of the Persian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire, as it's often referred to. And they're able to keep expanding until they come across some unexpectedly resistant people, and that's the Greeks. And this is probably one of the most famous and legendary stories in history, the rivalry, the conflicts between the Persians and the Greeks. And you should maybe take it with a little bit of grain of salt, because what we know of it, the history that I'm about to give you, comes to us from Herodotus. And Herodotus, who's often known as the father of history, he was Greek, and he also lived after a lot of these conflicts happened, and he wrote about these conflicts. His adult life was well after these happened, so he had to talk to people who were around that time. And obviously, he is getting the Greek side of the story."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you should maybe take it with a little bit of grain of salt, because what we know of it, the history that I'm about to give you, comes to us from Herodotus. And Herodotus, who's often known as the father of history, he was Greek, and he also lived after a lot of these conflicts happened, and he wrote about these conflicts. His adult life was well after these happened, so he had to talk to people who were around that time. And obviously, he is getting the Greek side of the story. There are no surviving Persian accounts for it. So you might want to take it with a grain of salt, because the accounts of Herodotus do tend to make the Greeks look pretty good. But let's just talk about what happened, because taking it with a grain of salt, it is a fascinating series of stories."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And obviously, he is getting the Greek side of the story. There are no surviving Persian accounts for it. So you might want to take it with a grain of salt, because the accounts of Herodotus do tend to make the Greeks look pretty good. But let's just talk about what happened, because taking it with a grain of salt, it is a fascinating series of stories. So you have Darius is king. You can see the extent of the Persian Empire in 490 BC, or really at the turn of the century, if we were to go back 10 years, to 500 BCE. But they are in control of some folks who are a little bit more rebellious than most of the people that are within the Persian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But let's just talk about what happened, because taking it with a grain of salt, it is a fascinating series of stories. So you have Darius is king. You can see the extent of the Persian Empire in 490 BC, or really at the turn of the century, if we were to go back 10 years, to 500 BCE. But they are in control of some folks who are a little bit more rebellious than most of the people that are within the Persian Empire. And they are in this region right over here, known as Ionia, where you had Greek settlements that are now under Persian control. And from 500 BCE to about 494 BCE, so the first 10 years of the 5th century BCE, you have a series of revolts in Ionia. And let me zoom in on that a little bit so we can see that."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But they are in control of some folks who are a little bit more rebellious than most of the people that are within the Persian Empire. And they are in this region right over here, known as Ionia, where you had Greek settlements that are now under Persian control. And from 500 BCE to about 494 BCE, so the first 10 years of the 5th century BCE, you have a series of revolts in Ionia. And let me zoom in on that a little bit so we can see that. You can see our timeline right over here. So this area, we're now zoomed in. This area is referred to as Ionia."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And let me zoom in on that a little bit so we can see that. You can see our timeline right over here. So this area, we're now zoomed in. This area is referred to as Ionia. This would be the coast of modern-day Turkey. We are out here on the Anatolian Peninsula. And these rebellions, in 498 BCE, the rebels are able to take over and burn down Sardis, which is under Persian control."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This area is referred to as Ionia. This would be the coast of modern-day Turkey. We are out here on the Anatolian Peninsula. And these rebellions, in 498 BCE, the rebels are able to take over and burn down Sardis, which is under Persian control. The Persians under Darius are not happy about this. So they send a force to take back control, and also to get a little bit of revenge. Because when the rebels were able to take over Sardis, they had help from some of their Greek brethren."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And these rebellions, in 498 BCE, the rebels are able to take over and burn down Sardis, which is under Persian control. The Persians under Darius are not happy about this. So they send a force to take back control, and also to get a little bit of revenge. Because when the rebels were able to take over Sardis, they had help from some of their Greek brethren. And it's important to note that the Greeks weren't some type of a unified state. They weren't a unified empire like the Persians were. They were a fragmented group of city-states."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Because when the rebels were able to take over Sardis, they had help from some of their Greek brethren. And it's important to note that the Greeks weren't some type of a unified state. They weren't a unified empire like the Persians were. They were a fragmented group of city-states. You have the famous Athens, Corinth, Sparta, all of these city-states. They shared a common language. They shared similar religion, but they were not one unified empire."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were a fragmented group of city-states. You have the famous Athens, Corinth, Sparta, all of these city-states. They shared a common language. They shared similar religion, but they were not one unified empire. But when their brethren, the Greek rebels, these Ionic rebels, I guess you could say, rose up against their Persian rulers, they had assistance from Athenians and from folks in Eritrea. And so when Darius finds out about this, not only does he want to take back what the rebels had, he wants to suppress them, he wants to put down that rebellion, he also wants to have revenge on the Athenians and the Eritreans. And so the first thing he does is he sends out a fleet in 492 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They shared similar religion, but they were not one unified empire. But when their brethren, the Greek rebels, these Ionic rebels, I guess you could say, rose up against their Persian rulers, they had assistance from Athenians and from folks in Eritrea. And so when Darius finds out about this, not only does he want to take back what the rebels had, he wants to suppress them, he wants to put down that rebellion, he also wants to have revenge on the Athenians and the Eritreans. And so the first thing he does is he sends out a fleet in 492 BCE. So you see his fleet here in green, this fleet that I am tracing. He sends it out in order to, in order to seek revenge on the Athenians and the Eritreans, but he is unlucky. And once again, these are the accounts of Herodotus."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so the first thing he does is he sends out a fleet in 492 BCE. So you see his fleet here in green, this fleet that I am tracing. He sends it out in order to, in order to seek revenge on the Athenians and the Eritreans, but he is unlucky. And once again, these are the accounts of Herodotus. His fleet, his large fleet, runs into a storm and is mostly destroyed, and is mostly destroyed. And so in 492 BCE, the Persians are unsuccessful. But they are not satisfied."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And once again, these are the accounts of Herodotus. His fleet, his large fleet, runs into a storm and is mostly destroyed, and is mostly destroyed. And so in 492 BCE, the Persians are unsuccessful. But they are not satisfied. Darius is not happy with that idea that we are the largest empire known, we should be able to take on these fragmented Greeks with a much smaller population, much less wealth than the mighty Persians do. So in 490 BCE, he sends out another attempt to take over, to seek revenge, and to subjugate the Eritreans and the Athenians. And this time, he is a little bit more successful."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But they are not satisfied. Darius is not happy with that idea that we are the largest empire known, we should be able to take on these fragmented Greeks with a much smaller population, much less wealth than the mighty Persians do. So in 490 BCE, he sends out another attempt to take over, to seek revenge, and to subjugate the Eritreans and the Athenians. And this time, he is a little bit more successful. His fleet is not destroyed. So this is, this brown color, I'll try to color it in, this brown color right over here, you can see the path of the fleet this time. And he is eventually, he is able to subjugate and take over Eritrea."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this time, he is a little bit more successful. His fleet is not destroyed. So this is, this brown color, I'll try to color it in, this brown color right over here, you can see the path of the fleet this time. And he is eventually, he is able to subjugate and take over Eritrea. But as he's going to Athens, which you can see right here, they decide to stop at Marathon. They decide, that word might be familiar to you, and we'll talk about it in a second why it is. And that is where they're engaged by the Athenians."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he is eventually, he is able to subjugate and take over Eritrea. But as he's going to Athens, which you can see right here, they decide to stop at Marathon. They decide, that word might be familiar to you, and we'll talk about it in a second why it is. And that is where they're engaged by the Athenians. And the Athenians are able to put, are able to defeat the Persians. And this is a very big deal in history. And once again, this is Herodotus' account."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that is where they're engaged by the Athenians. And the Athenians are able to put, are able to defeat the Persians. And this is a very big deal in history. And once again, this is Herodotus' account. But up to that point, the Persians seemed invincible. But now the Athenians were able to actually destroy them in a battle. And the Persian fleet, they go back to their boats, they run back to their boats, according to Herodotus, and many of them are killed as they retreat."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And once again, this is Herodotus' account. But up to that point, the Persians seemed invincible. But now the Athenians were able to actually destroy them in a battle. And the Persian fleet, they go back to their boats, they run back to their boats, according to Herodotus, and many of them are killed as they retreat. And they're going to go back around the peninsula potentially to go attack Athens, but they decide not to, and they retreat. Now, the word, so this is a very big deal in history, first of all, is that this mighty empire is put back in this battle. It oftentimes, historians will mark it as the beginning of kind of Greek ascendancy, the ascendancy of Greek civilization."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Persian fleet, they go back to their boats, they run back to their boats, according to Herodotus, and many of them are killed as they retreat. And they're going to go back around the peninsula potentially to go attack Athens, but they decide not to, and they retreat. Now, the word, so this is a very big deal in history, first of all, is that this mighty empire is put back in this battle. It oftentimes, historians will mark it as the beginning of kind of Greek ascendancy, the ascendancy of Greek civilization. At the end of these Greco-Persian Wars, and we're really just in the beginning periods of right now, that's really the beginning of the Greek Golden Age. But as we'll see, these war, the Greco-Persian Wars are not over with the battle at Marathon. That was just the first, I guess, major interaction over the next few decades."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It oftentimes, historians will mark it as the beginning of kind of Greek ascendancy, the ascendancy of Greek civilization. At the end of these Greco-Persian Wars, and we're really just in the beginning periods of right now, that's really the beginning of the Greek Golden Age. But as we'll see, these war, the Greco-Persian Wars are not over with the battle at Marathon. That was just the first, I guess, major interaction over the next few decades. Now, one thing that you might be saying is, hey, that word Marathon, that seems familiar. Maybe some of you have run a marathon, or you want to run a marathon, going 26.2 miles. You might say, is there any relation to this battle, to this location in Greece called Marathon?"}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That was just the first, I guess, major interaction over the next few decades. Now, one thing that you might be saying is, hey, that word Marathon, that seems familiar. Maybe some of you have run a marathon, or you want to run a marathon, going 26.2 miles. You might say, is there any relation to this battle, to this location in Greece called Marathon? And the simple answer is yes. So there is an apocryphal story, and when people say apocryphal, they're like, well, we're not sure if it really happened, or maybe didn't happen. And this one, people are pretty sure it didn't happen."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might say, is there any relation to this battle, to this location in Greece called Marathon? And the simple answer is yes. So there is an apocryphal story, and when people say apocryphal, they're like, well, we're not sure if it really happened, or maybe didn't happen. And this one, people are pretty sure it didn't happen. The story goes something like, when they had the battle, a messenger was sent from Marathon to Athens, and the distance from Marathon to Athens is roughly the distance of a modern marathon, around 25 or 26 miles. And the apocryphal story goes, they went to deliver the message of the Persian attack, and the success of the Athenians, and then when the messenger gave that message, he just passed out and died. And so, in the modern Olympics that we've set up now, over the last 100 and something years, they said, hey, let's have an event that celebrates that run from Marathon to Athens, and that's where our modern marathon actually comes from."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this one, people are pretty sure it didn't happen. The story goes something like, when they had the battle, a messenger was sent from Marathon to Athens, and the distance from Marathon to Athens is roughly the distance of a modern marathon, around 25 or 26 miles. And the apocryphal story goes, they went to deliver the message of the Persian attack, and the success of the Athenians, and then when the messenger gave that message, he just passed out and died. And so, in the modern Olympics that we've set up now, over the last 100 and something years, they said, hey, let's have an event that celebrates that run from Marathon to Athens, and that's where our modern marathon actually comes from. Now, the actual story, as best as I can figure out, and I encourage you to look up primary documents to figure this out for yourself, is it's mixing up a few stories. After the victory at Marathon, the Athenian army did quickly mobilize and go back to Athens and cover that distance in order to defend Athens, because remember, it looks like the Persian fleet were coming around this peninsula right over here to get to Athens. The story of that runner is, there was a runner named Philippides who was sent from Athens to Sparta to convey a message, and that's actually a much further distance."}, {"video_title": "Beginning of the Greco Persian Wars World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so, in the modern Olympics that we've set up now, over the last 100 and something years, they said, hey, let's have an event that celebrates that run from Marathon to Athens, and that's where our modern marathon actually comes from. Now, the actual story, as best as I can figure out, and I encourage you to look up primary documents to figure this out for yourself, is it's mixing up a few stories. After the victory at Marathon, the Athenian army did quickly mobilize and go back to Athens and cover that distance in order to defend Athens, because remember, it looks like the Persian fleet were coming around this peninsula right over here to get to Athens. The story of that runner is, there was a runner named Philippides who was sent from Athens to Sparta to convey a message, and that's actually a much further distance. In a lot of ways, it's much more impressive, but those two stories were mixed up together into the story of Marathon, which is where we get our modern-day distance of the marathon. Hey, let's all run roughly the distance from Marathon to Athens. In the next video, we'll see that the Persians are not done."}, {"video_title": "Inca Empire overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In particular, we're gonna focus on the Inca Empire. And in other videos, we have talked about the Aztecs. But what's interesting is this period of time in the 15th and early 16th centuries when these empires form, but then shortly thereafter, about 100 years after they form, they are conquered by the Spanish conquistadors. So let's focus on the Inca Empire, but keep it in comparison to some of the other significant empires and civilizations we know about. So as we enter into the 15th century, we have the Kingdom of Cusco. What we now call the Inca Empire did not exist yet. The ninth ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco, a gentleman by the name of Pachacuti, he decides to go on a fairly aggressive effort of expansion and it is Pachacuti that takes the Incas from the Kingdom of Cusco and creates an empire."}, {"video_title": "Inca Empire overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's focus on the Inca Empire, but keep it in comparison to some of the other significant empires and civilizations we know about. So as we enter into the 15th century, we have the Kingdom of Cusco. What we now call the Inca Empire did not exist yet. The ninth ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco, a gentleman by the name of Pachacuti, he decides to go on a fairly aggressive effort of expansion and it is Pachacuti that takes the Incas from the Kingdom of Cusco and creates an empire. Now as I mentioned, they did not call themselves the Incas. Inca was actually their word for ruler, so this was Pachacuti Inca. Their name for the empire that gets started by Pachacuti was Tawantinsuyu, and what it's really referring to is the four regions, and you can see the four regions here that were conquered with Cusco at the center."}, {"video_title": "Inca Empire overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The ninth ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco, a gentleman by the name of Pachacuti, he decides to go on a fairly aggressive effort of expansion and it is Pachacuti that takes the Incas from the Kingdom of Cusco and creates an empire. Now as I mentioned, they did not call themselves the Incas. Inca was actually their word for ruler, so this was Pachacuti Inca. Their name for the empire that gets started by Pachacuti was Tawantinsuyu, and what it's really referring to is the four regions, and you can see the four regions here that were conquered with Cusco at the center. Now one of the interesting things is that right around the same time, we talk about it in another video, you have the Aztec Empire forming. The Aztec civilization exists well before that, as does the pre-Inca Empire civilizations, but in the 15th century is also when you have the Aztec Empire form. The Mayan civilization by this point is in its post-classical period."}, {"video_title": "Inca Empire overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Their name for the empire that gets started by Pachacuti was Tawantinsuyu, and what it's really referring to is the four regions, and you can see the four regions here that were conquered with Cusco at the center. Now one of the interesting things is that right around the same time, we talk about it in another video, you have the Aztec Empire forming. The Aztec civilization exists well before that, as does the pre-Inca Empire civilizations, but in the 15th century is also when you have the Aztec Empire form. The Mayan civilization by this point is in its post-classical period. Its classical period is in bold right over here, but there are still many independent Mayan city-states in the Yucatan Peninsula, but the two notable empires here are the Aztecs and the Incas, which form in the 15th century. What makes them an empire is that you have one group, in the case of the Incas, the Kingdom of Cusco, conquering other peoples and taking tribute from them. Now what was interesting about the Incas is that they were able to form this large empire, the largest empire in the Americas at the time of the European conquest."}, {"video_title": "Inca Empire overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Mayan civilization by this point is in its post-classical period. Its classical period is in bold right over here, but there are still many independent Mayan city-states in the Yucatan Peninsula, but the two notable empires here are the Aztecs and the Incas, which form in the 15th century. What makes them an empire is that you have one group, in the case of the Incas, the Kingdom of Cusco, conquering other peoples and taking tribute from them. Now what was interesting about the Incas is that they were able to form this large empire, the largest empire in the Americas at the time of the European conquest. This empire had 10 million people in it, and what's amazing is that you have this large, powerful empire with significant building projects. This is a picture of Machu Picchu. Historians believe that it was built as an estate for Pachacuti, so they were able to do the sophisticated construction despite not having a written system as we know it."}, {"video_title": "Inca Empire overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now what was interesting about the Incas is that they were able to form this large empire, the largest empire in the Americas at the time of the European conquest. This empire had 10 million people in it, and what's amazing is that you have this large, powerful empire with significant building projects. This is a picture of Machu Picchu. Historians believe that it was built as an estate for Pachacuti, so they were able to do the sophisticated construction despite not having a written system as we know it. They had a system of knots for some forms of record-keeping, but despite that, they were able to have a sophisticated society. Their way of taxing people was not through formal coinage. They didn't have a monetary system as we know it."}, {"video_title": "Inca Empire overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Historians believe that it was built as an estate for Pachacuti, so they were able to do the sophisticated construction despite not having a written system as we know it. They had a system of knots for some forms of record-keeping, but despite that, they were able to have a sophisticated society. Their way of taxing people was not through formal coinage. They didn't have a monetary system as we know it. Members of their society had to dedicate a proportion of their labor to the empire, to the emperor, and this might seem different than what we do, but if you think about it, if my income is taxed at 30% or 35% in, say, the US, essentially what I'm giving to the government is 35% of the work of my labor. I'm just doing it through a monetary system. They did it directly."}, {"video_title": "Inca Empire overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They didn't have a monetary system as we know it. Members of their society had to dedicate a proportion of their labor to the empire, to the emperor, and this might seem different than what we do, but if you think about it, if my income is taxed at 30% or 35% in, say, the US, essentially what I'm giving to the government is 35% of the work of my labor. I'm just doing it through a monetary system. They did it directly. A certain percentage of my labor would directly have to be for the empire, and that's how things like Machu Picchu actually got built. This was called the Mit'ah system. Well, like the case with the Aztec Empire, the Inca Empire lasts for about 100 years until the conquistadors come into the picture, and Francisco Pizarro in particular on his third expedition is able to conquer this powerful Inca Empire, and he does this with only several hundred men, but they were far better armed than the Incas, but many historians believe it was also complacency on the part of the Inca ruler at the time."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What we see in this blue area is what the first Mughal emperor, Babur, is able to put under his control, which includes the region of Punjab, which is where Sikhism begins and thrives to this day. We see later emperors like Akbar continuing to expand the domain of the Mughal emperor, with Aurangzeb, the least tolerant of the Mughals, expanding well into south India. It all starts in the 15th century with the birth of who will eventually be known as Guru Nanak. He's born into a merchant class Hindu family, and he's known to be precocious from a very young age, especially when it comes to matters of spirituality. He's constantly questioning. He goes and learns about various religions. Remember, north India is under the control of the Muslims, but it's a Hindu majority population, and you also have populations of Christians and Jains."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's born into a merchant class Hindu family, and he's known to be precocious from a very young age, especially when it comes to matters of spirituality. He's constantly questioning. He goes and learns about various religions. Remember, north India is under the control of the Muslims, but it's a Hindu majority population, and you also have populations of Christians and Jains. And this is also a time, as we've studied in other videos, where the bhakti movement is on the rise, this notion of devotional love to God within Hinduism. And it's in this context that Guru Nanak becomes a significant, some would say, bhakti guru. To get a sense of some of his teachings, there is but one God, his name is truth."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember, north India is under the control of the Muslims, but it's a Hindu majority population, and you also have populations of Christians and Jains. And this is also a time, as we've studied in other videos, where the bhakti movement is on the rise, this notion of devotional love to God within Hinduism. And it's in this context that Guru Nanak becomes a significant, some would say, bhakti guru. To get a sense of some of his teachings, there is but one God, his name is truth. He is without hate. He is beyond the cycle of births and deaths. He is self-illuminated."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "To get a sense of some of his teachings, there is but one God, his name is truth. He is without hate. He is beyond the cycle of births and deaths. He is self-illuminated. So just in this excerpt of some of his sayings, you see elements of the core of Hinduism and elements of Islam. There is but one God, a central tenet of Islam. But then these ideas that really come from a Vedic tradition, God is beyond the cycle of births and deaths, samsara."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is self-illuminated. So just in this excerpt of some of his sayings, you see elements of the core of Hinduism and elements of Islam. There is but one God, a central tenet of Islam. But then these ideas that really come from a Vedic tradition, God is beyond the cycle of births and deaths, samsara. He is self-illuminated. There is a lot of mention of your inner self, your true self is one with this God. Even kings and emperors with heaps of wealth and vast dominion cannot compare with an ant field with the love of God."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then these ideas that really come from a Vedic tradition, God is beyond the cycle of births and deaths, samsara. He is self-illuminated. There is a lot of mention of your inner self, your true self is one with this God. Even kings and emperors with heaps of wealth and vast dominion cannot compare with an ant field with the love of God. So here you see this bhakti influence, and you can see why he is considered a major bhakti guru or bhakti saint. He's emphasizing this devotional love of God. The world is a drama staged in a dream."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Even kings and emperors with heaps of wealth and vast dominion cannot compare with an ant field with the love of God. So here you see this bhakti influence, and you can see why he is considered a major bhakti guru or bhakti saint. He's emphasizing this devotional love of God. The world is a drama staged in a dream. So here you have the Hindu, the Vedic notions of maya. The world is an illusion. His followers will eventually be known as Sikhs, and the word Sikh comes from the Sanskrit word for to learn or learning, and it's related to the word for student."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The world is a drama staged in a dream. So here you have the Hindu, the Vedic notions of maya. The world is an illusion. His followers will eventually be known as Sikhs, and the word Sikh comes from the Sanskrit word for to learn or learning, and it's related to the word for student. And even in modern Sanskrit-derived languages like Hindi, you have words like Sikhna, which means to learn. Guru Nanak dies in the early 16th century, and you can see by this point, the Mughals have taken control of northern India. And before his death, he names Guru Angad, who is not his son, as his successor."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "His followers will eventually be known as Sikhs, and the word Sikh comes from the Sanskrit word for to learn or learning, and it's related to the word for student. And even in modern Sanskrit-derived languages like Hindi, you have words like Sikhna, which means to learn. Guru Nanak dies in the early 16th century, and you can see by this point, the Mughals have taken control of northern India. And before his death, he names Guru Angad, who is not his son, as his successor. After Guru Angad, you have Guru Amardas, and then you have Guru Ramdas, who establishes the city now sacred to Sikhs known as Amritsar, originally known as Ramdaspur. Guru Ramdas is succeeded on his death by Guru Arjan, and Guru Arjan is significant for many reasons. He creates the compilation known as the Adi Granth, which are the sayings and the hymns of the previous gurus, including his own."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And before his death, he names Guru Angad, who is not his son, as his successor. After Guru Angad, you have Guru Amardas, and then you have Guru Ramdas, who establishes the city now sacred to Sikhs known as Amritsar, originally known as Ramdaspur. Guru Ramdas is succeeded on his death by Guru Arjan, and Guru Arjan is significant for many reasons. He creates the compilation known as the Adi Granth, which are the sayings and the hymns of the previous gurus, including his own. The Adi Granth, as we will see, will eventually evolve into the Guru Granth Sahib, which is considered not only the Sikh holy book, but also the last and final of the gurus. In Ramdaspur, later to be known as Amritsar, Guru Arjan builds the Harmandir Sahib, which is intended to be a place of worship for people of all religions. They have a tradition of langar, where they feed anyone who comes from any faith."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He creates the compilation known as the Adi Granth, which are the sayings and the hymns of the previous gurus, including his own. The Adi Granth, as we will see, will eventually evolve into the Guru Granth Sahib, which is considered not only the Sikh holy book, but also the last and final of the gurus. In Ramdaspur, later to be known as Amritsar, Guru Arjan builds the Harmandir Sahib, which is intended to be a place of worship for people of all religions. They have a tradition of langar, where they feed anyone who comes from any faith. And today, the Harmandir Sahib would later be known as the Golden Temple, where later Raja would plate it with gold, is the largest free kitchen in the world. Guru Arjan is also known as the first martyr in the Sikh faith. As we've talked about, the early Mughals were relatively tolerant."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They have a tradition of langar, where they feed anyone who comes from any faith. And today, the Harmandir Sahib would later be known as the Golden Temple, where later Raja would plate it with gold, is the largest free kitchen in the world. Guru Arjan is also known as the first martyr in the Sikh faith. As we've talked about, the early Mughals were relatively tolerant. Akbar in particular was extremely tolerant. But upon his death, his son Jahangir takes power. And early in Jahangir's reign, he is insecure about his hold on power."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we've talked about, the early Mughals were relatively tolerant. Akbar in particular was extremely tolerant. But upon his death, his son Jahangir takes power. And early in Jahangir's reign, he is insecure about his hold on power. And remember, the Mughals are ruling from the same region where the Sikhs are having an increasingly growing following, not just from Hindus, but also from Muslims. Threatened by this growing following, Jahangir imprisons Guru Arjan and tortures Guru Arjan, trying to get him to renounce the faith, to convert to Islam. Guru Arjan refuses, despite many days of excruciating torture, being boiled alive."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And early in Jahangir's reign, he is insecure about his hold on power. And remember, the Mughals are ruling from the same region where the Sikhs are having an increasingly growing following, not just from Hindus, but also from Muslims. Threatened by this growing following, Jahangir imprisons Guru Arjan and tortures Guru Arjan, trying to get him to renounce the faith, to convert to Islam. Guru Arjan refuses, despite many days of excruciating torture, being boiled alive. Eventually, he dies, and there's slightly varying accounts of how it happens. After his death, his son, who will be known as Guru Hargobind, comes to power. And Guru Hargobind, as legend has it, on direction from his father before he would die, tells him that the Sikhs need to protect themselves."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Guru Arjan refuses, despite many days of excruciating torture, being boiled alive. Eventually, he dies, and there's slightly varying accounts of how it happens. After his death, his son, who will be known as Guru Hargobind, comes to power. And Guru Hargobind, as legend has it, on direction from his father before he would die, tells him that the Sikhs need to protect themselves. They need to adopt a military tradition to protect themselves from the oppression, especially the oppression from the Mughals. And so Guru Hargobind, he is famous for establishing the military tradition of Sikhism. He is the first guru to be what you could call a warrior saint."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Guru Hargobind, as legend has it, on direction from his father before he would die, tells him that the Sikhs need to protect themselves. They need to adopt a military tradition to protect themselves from the oppression, especially the oppression from the Mughals. And so Guru Hargobind, he is famous for establishing the military tradition of Sikhism. He is the first guru to be what you could call a warrior saint. He is famous for wearing two swords, one to represent his authority in the spiritual realm, and another to represent his authority in the temporal realm. He also has the longest tenure as guru. At Guru Hargobind's death, his grandson, Guru Har Rai, becomes guru."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is the first guru to be what you could call a warrior saint. He is famous for wearing two swords, one to represent his authority in the spiritual realm, and another to represent his authority in the temporal realm. He also has the longest tenure as guru. At Guru Hargobind's death, his grandson, Guru Har Rai, becomes guru. After his death, his very young son, Guru Har Krishan, becomes guru, but dies of smallpox. After which, Guru Hargobind's youngest son becomes guru. He is named eventually Guru Teg Bahadur, which means brave sword or brave wielder of the sword, because as his father, Guru Hargobind, fought the Mughals, he was known as being unusually brave and an unusually competent warrior."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "At Guru Hargobind's death, his grandson, Guru Har Rai, becomes guru. After his death, his very young son, Guru Har Krishan, becomes guru, but dies of smallpox. After which, Guru Hargobind's youngest son becomes guru. He is named eventually Guru Teg Bahadur, which means brave sword or brave wielder of the sword, because as his father, Guru Hargobind, fought the Mughals, he was known as being unusually brave and an unusually competent warrior. He continued this tradition of being a warrior saint, and especially under the rule of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, as the Mughals became more and more intolerant and started forced conversions. He viewed himself as a protector of the oppressed, not just of the Sikhs, but the oppressed of any faith, including Hindus, who were being forced to convert by Aurangzeb. Eventually, Aurangzeb tortures and kills him for refusing to convert to Islam, and he is considered the second guru who is martyred."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is named eventually Guru Teg Bahadur, which means brave sword or brave wielder of the sword, because as his father, Guru Hargobind, fought the Mughals, he was known as being unusually brave and an unusually competent warrior. He continued this tradition of being a warrior saint, and especially under the rule of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, as the Mughals became more and more intolerant and started forced conversions. He viewed himself as a protector of the oppressed, not just of the Sikhs, but the oppressed of any faith, including Hindus, who were being forced to convert by Aurangzeb. Eventually, Aurangzeb tortures and kills him for refusing to convert to Islam, and he is considered the second guru who is martyred. At his death, we have the 10th and last human guru of the Sikh tradition, Guru Gobind Singh, who continues, again, this tradition of a warrior saint, and actually formalizes it in this notion of Khalsa. There's a famous story of him gathering the Sikh community and asking for volunteers, and the first volunteer he takes into a tent, and then he emerges from that tent without the volunteer with a bloody sword, giving people the impression that he might have killed that individual. Then he asks for more volunteers, and more people come, and every time, he comes out of the tent without the volunteers, but with a bloody sword."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Eventually, Aurangzeb tortures and kills him for refusing to convert to Islam, and he is considered the second guru who is martyred. At his death, we have the 10th and last human guru of the Sikh tradition, Guru Gobind Singh, who continues, again, this tradition of a warrior saint, and actually formalizes it in this notion of Khalsa. There's a famous story of him gathering the Sikh community and asking for volunteers, and the first volunteer he takes into a tent, and then he emerges from that tent without the volunteer with a bloody sword, giving people the impression that he might have killed that individual. Then he asks for more volunteers, and more people come, and every time, he comes out of the tent without the volunteers, but with a bloody sword. But after five volunteers have come, they all emerge from the tent. He makes it clear that this was an exercise as a test of faith to see who was willing to risk their life to follow the cause. And he says, these are the Khalsa, these are the pure."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Then he asks for more volunteers, and more people come, and every time, he comes out of the tent without the volunteers, but with a bloody sword. But after five volunteers have come, they all emerge from the tent. He makes it clear that this was an exercise as a test of faith to see who was willing to risk their life to follow the cause. And he says, these are the Khalsa, these are the pure. Together, we are going to be a group to fight oppression wherever it might be. And he formalizes what it means to be one of these warrior saints, famously with the five Ks of Khalsa, that anyone who goes into the Khalsa indoctrination, who becomes a Khalsa Sikh, they should not cut their hair. This is known as kesh."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he says, these are the Khalsa, these are the pure. Together, we are going to be a group to fight oppression wherever it might be. And he formalizes what it means to be one of these warrior saints, famously with the five Ks of Khalsa, that anyone who goes into the Khalsa indoctrination, who becomes a Khalsa Sikh, they should not cut their hair. This is known as kesh. They should wear a metal bracelet known as kara. They should have a wooden comb known as kanga. And they should carry a short dagger or sword known as kirpan."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is known as kesh. They should wear a metal bracelet known as kara. They should have a wooden comb known as kanga. And they should carry a short dagger or sword known as kirpan. And there's kachara, which is often an undergarment worn, and it has symbolic meaning. A man who goes through the Khalsa ceremony, the Khalsa baptism, adopts the title of Singh, which means lion, and a woman who does adopts the title Kaur, or princess. And it's essentially, they are promising to fight oppression wherever it might be."}, {"video_title": "Sikhism introduction World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they should carry a short dagger or sword known as kirpan. And there's kachara, which is often an undergarment worn, and it has symbolic meaning. A man who goes through the Khalsa ceremony, the Khalsa baptism, adopts the title of Singh, which means lion, and a woman who does adopts the title Kaur, or princess. And it's essentially, they are promising to fight oppression wherever it might be. Guru Gobind Singh is also famous for the final compilation of what would be known as the Guru Granth Sahib, taking the Adi Granth, which was compiled by Guru Arjan, and adding the 115 hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur, who was martyred, and making this collection of hymns, not just from the gurus, but from saints and gurus of the Hindu and Muslim tradition as well, and declaring that this is the 11th and final guru. And Sikhs today view the Guru Granth Sahib as their guru. If you were to visit a gurdwara, which is their temple, it means door to the gurus, dwara, same root in Sanskrit as door."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we're going to do it relative to the core spiritual ideas of Hinduism as described in the Upanishads. One, because there are significant parallels. And also because Buddha and Buddhism grew out of a Hindu tradition. So in both belief systems, there's this notion that the reality that we are in is a quasi-illusion. In the Upanishads, it's described as maya. That there is a true self, that there is this atman, which is of the same substance as the true nature of reality, of Brahman. That all things are actually connected."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in both belief systems, there's this notion that the reality that we are in is a quasi-illusion. In the Upanishads, it's described as maya. That there is a true self, that there is this atman, which is of the same substance as the true nature of reality, of Brahman. That all things are actually connected. This notion of the individual is just an illusion. It's illusion given to us by this maya. And the maya isn't just our sensory perception, it's even our notions of ego and possibly even time's base and causality."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That all things are actually connected. This notion of the individual is just an illusion. It's illusion given to us by this maya. And the maya isn't just our sensory perception, it's even our notions of ego and possibly even time's base and causality. In Buddhism, there's a parallel notion. That all of what we consider to be reality is just happening in our mind. There isn't anything more real than that."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the maya isn't just our sensory perception, it's even our notions of ego and possibly even time's base and causality. In Buddhism, there's a parallel notion. That all of what we consider to be reality is just happening in our mind. There isn't anything more real than that. And we are subject to this reality because of our constant craving for that which is impermanent. This craving is called trishna, which is the Sanskrit word, or thana, which is the Pali word, the language of Buddha. Now because of this craving, it leads to this constant suffering, this dukkha, which is really this reality that we are subjecting ourselves to."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There isn't anything more real than that. And we are subject to this reality because of our constant craving for that which is impermanent. This craving is called trishna, which is the Sanskrit word, or thana, which is the Pali word, the language of Buddha. Now because of this craving, it leads to this constant suffering, this dukkha, which is really this reality that we are subjecting ourselves to. Now in either case, we take action, and that action leads to consequences. And so in both traditions, we have this notion of karma. And that the karma, the actions with consequences, lead to further actions and consequences, not just in this life, but in future realities, in whatever next maya or reality or life that we take on."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now because of this craving, it leads to this constant suffering, this dukkha, which is really this reality that we are subjecting ourselves to. Now in either case, we take action, and that action leads to consequences. And so in both traditions, we have this notion of karma. And that the karma, the actions with consequences, lead to further actions and consequences, not just in this life, but in future realities, in whatever next maya or reality or life that we take on. And this constant cycle of birth and rebirth is referred to as samsara in both of the traditions. So you see this commonality. Now in Hinduism, there's this idea of trying to escape from samsara through meditation by being able to see through the maya and merge your atman with Brahman, seeing that all are one."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that the karma, the actions with consequences, lead to further actions and consequences, not just in this life, but in future realities, in whatever next maya or reality or life that we take on. And this constant cycle of birth and rebirth is referred to as samsara in both of the traditions. So you see this commonality. Now in Hinduism, there's this idea of trying to escape from samsara through meditation by being able to see through the maya and merge your atman with Brahman, seeing that all are one. In Buddhism, there's a similar idea. Through meditation, through following the Eightfold Path, by recognizing the Four Noble Truths, you should escape from this craving of impermanent things. And in either tradition, as you do that, you escape from the samsara."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in Hinduism, there's this idea of trying to escape from samsara through meditation by being able to see through the maya and merge your atman with Brahman, seeing that all are one. In Buddhism, there's a similar idea. Through meditation, through following the Eightfold Path, by recognizing the Four Noble Truths, you should escape from this craving of impermanent things. And in either tradition, as you do that, you escape from the samsara. And when you escape from the samsara and this cycle of karma leading to more and more, and the maya and the dukkha disappear, in Hinduism, the term is moksha. You have freed yourself from this cycle. In Buddhism, the Sanskrit word is actually nirvana, which literally means blown out."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in either tradition, as you do that, you escape from the samsara. And when you escape from the samsara and this cycle of karma leading to more and more, and the maya and the dukkha disappear, in Hinduism, the term is moksha. You have freed yourself from this cycle. In Buddhism, the Sanskrit word is actually nirvana, which literally means blown out. It's merging with the emptiness. So even though officially, a Hindu might say through the moksha, your atman is merging with the ultimate reality of Brahman, while in Buddhism, when you achieve nirvana, you have recognized your non-self and it has merged with the emptiness, with the non-being. Now there is debate."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In Buddhism, the Sanskrit word is actually nirvana, which literally means blown out. It's merging with the emptiness. So even though officially, a Hindu might say through the moksha, your atman is merging with the ultimate reality of Brahman, while in Buddhism, when you achieve nirvana, you have recognized your non-self and it has merged with the emptiness, with the non-being. Now there is debate. Is Buddhism saying that you should try to achieve a state of non-existence? Many people would disagree. They would say nirvana is actually the ultimate bliss to recognize your non-self."}, {"video_title": "Core spiritual ideas of Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now there is debate. Is Buddhism saying that you should try to achieve a state of non-existence? Many people would disagree. They would say nirvana is actually the ultimate bliss to recognize your non-self. Some would say, hey, this is just a matter of what words you use. In either case, you are recognizing that there isn't the individual, that you are merging with the true reality, that you are merging with the universe, whether you consider the universe to be Brahman or whether you consider the universe to be emptiness. But in either tradition, this is viewed as a state of release, as a state of ultimate bliss and something that you should try to get to through practice."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Welcome to Hip Hughes. We're going to be hitting you up with a little bit of history dealing with one of the earliest civilizations that develops in a region of the world called Mesopotamia. And I'm not messing with you. This is perfect if you're in school, maybe you're doing an assignment, maybe you have a test tomorrow, or maybe you're just cray cray on the internet. Either way, we're going to giddy up for the learning and we're going to go get her done right now. So as we discussed in the previous lecture on the Neolithic Revolution, kind of the end of the caveman as people begin to sit down and settle and relax and build stuff, we really get different pockets around the world. And one of those earlier pockets is in the Crescent Valley in the Middle East in a land called Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "This is perfect if you're in school, maybe you're doing an assignment, maybe you have a test tomorrow, or maybe you're just cray cray on the internet. Either way, we're going to giddy up for the learning and we're going to go get her done right now. So as we discussed in the previous lecture on the Neolithic Revolution, kind of the end of the caveman as people begin to sit down and settle and relax and build stuff, we really get different pockets around the world. And one of those earlier pockets is in the Crescent Valley in the Middle East in a land called Mesopotamia. Now it's not like it's a country. It's not like people are like, hey, I'm from Mesopotamia, where are you from? Just kind of the area of the world that archaeologists and historians are going to be able to refer to so we know what we're talking about."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And one of those earlier pockets is in the Crescent Valley in the Middle East in a land called Mesopotamia. Now it's not like it's a country. It's not like people are like, hey, I'm from Mesopotamia, where are you from? Just kind of the area of the world that archaeologists and historians are going to be able to refer to so we know what we're talking about. But a lot of different civilizations and city states, which we're going to talk about, are going to develop in this area because of geography. Geography is muy, muy importante because really you're dealing in the Middle East with a lot of sand and it's a hot sun and you can get real thirsty. But luckily there are two rivers, count them, two rivers that flow through this Crescent Valley and as you can see from the map, it looks like a crescent."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Just kind of the area of the world that archaeologists and historians are going to be able to refer to so we know what we're talking about. But a lot of different civilizations and city states, which we're going to talk about, are going to develop in this area because of geography. Geography is muy, muy importante because really you're dealing in the Middle East with a lot of sand and it's a hot sun and you can get real thirsty. But luckily there are two rivers, count them, two rivers that flow through this Crescent Valley and as you can see from the map, it looks like a crescent. We're stretching from the Mediterranean Sea in the west across the Middle East in that crescent shape until you get to the Persian Gulf. And the two rivers that flow southeastward across that desert sand are the Tigris and the Euphrates. Maybe you should write that down."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But luckily there are two rivers, count them, two rivers that flow through this Crescent Valley and as you can see from the map, it looks like a crescent. We're stretching from the Mediterranean Sea in the west across the Middle East in that crescent shape until you get to the Persian Gulf. And the two rivers that flow southeastward across that desert sand are the Tigris and the Euphrates. Maybe you should write that down. And these two rivers, the land in between it is pretty groovy, man. Pretty good land that you're going to want to settle on because it is fertile. Once a year both of these rivers flood and when the water washes away it leaves what's called silt, which is very moist, awesome soil that you can grow lots of barley, lots of wheat, fill your granary, fill your belly and have a good civilization."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Maybe you should write that down. And these two rivers, the land in between it is pretty groovy, man. Pretty good land that you're going to want to settle on because it is fertile. Once a year both of these rivers flood and when the water washes away it leaves what's called silt, which is very moist, awesome soil that you can grow lots of barley, lots of wheat, fill your granary, fill your belly and have a good civilization. How about that, kids? So Mesopotamia is a rather large area and as we move forward we're really going to be focusing on the Sumerians, which is closer on the eastern side of Mesopotamia as they're going to build city-states and one of the earliest civilizations. Are you ready to start a civilization?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Once a year both of these rivers flood and when the water washes away it leaves what's called silt, which is very moist, awesome soil that you can grow lots of barley, lots of wheat, fill your granary, fill your belly and have a good civilization. How about that, kids? So Mesopotamia is a rather large area and as we move forward we're really going to be focusing on the Sumerians, which is closer on the eastern side of Mesopotamia as they're going to build city-states and one of the earliest civilizations. Are you ready to start a civilization? All right, make sure you understand. Mesopotamia, which literally means the land between two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates. All right, let's see if we can't build a civilization."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Are you ready to start a civilization? All right, make sure you understand. Mesopotamia, which literally means the land between two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates. All right, let's see if we can't build a civilization. I'm ready, are you ready? So we have a winner. We have the first earliest civilization that archaeologists and historians agree is Sumer."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "All right, let's see if we can't build a civilization. I'm ready, are you ready? So we have a winner. We have the first earliest civilization that archaeologists and historians agree is Sumer. And of course the people living in Sumer are Sumerians. Never met a Sumerian, but they did exist. And you have to remember that it took a long time to get to the point where we could have a civilization at the end of the Neolithic age."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "We have the first earliest civilization that archaeologists and historians agree is Sumer. And of course the people living in Sumer are Sumerians. Never met a Sumerian, but they did exist. And you have to remember that it took a long time to get to the point where we could have a civilization at the end of the Neolithic age. The Neolithic age is 10,000 BCE to around 3,500 BCE. So that's about 6,000 years or so kind of where people are building small communities and trying to figure things out. But by 3,500 BCE, Sumer is going to be able to check off all five boxes."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And you have to remember that it took a long time to get to the point where we could have a civilization at the end of the Neolithic age. The Neolithic age is 10,000 BCE to around 3,500 BCE. So that's about 6,000 years or so kind of where people are building small communities and trying to figure things out. But by 3,500 BCE, Sumer is going to be able to check off all five boxes. Now Sumer itself, we'll go through those five boxes in a second, I promise kids. The Sumer itself is about the size of Massachusetts. It was located on the eastern edge of what we call Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But by 3,500 BCE, Sumer is going to be able to check off all five boxes. Now Sumer itself, we'll go through those five boxes in a second, I promise kids. The Sumer itself is about the size of Massachusetts. It was located on the eastern edge of what we call Mesopotamia. Medicine day Iraq, the Persian Gulf area, right where the Tigris and Euphrates come together to pour into that Persian Gulf. But they were able to do five things that nobody else could do that gives them the title of their earliest civilization. Now number one, you need to have advanced cities."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "It was located on the eastern edge of what we call Mesopotamia. Medicine day Iraq, the Persian Gulf area, right where the Tigris and Euphrates come together to pour into that Persian Gulf. But they were able to do five things that nobody else could do that gives them the title of their earliest civilization. Now number one, you need to have advanced cities. And Sumer certainly had numerous cities that were called city-states. They had Ur and Uruk and Umah and Kish and Lagosh. Now these cities shared trade routes."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Now number one, you need to have advanced cities. And Sumer certainly had numerous cities that were called city-states. They had Ur and Uruk and Umah and Kish and Lagosh. Now these cities shared trade routes. They're going to share languages and technologies and religious customs. But in a sense, they're like separate little countries all by themselves. They're going to have their own kings in a sense and rulers and different personalities that are going to fight with each other."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Now these cities shared trade routes. They're going to share languages and technologies and religious customs. But in a sense, they're like separate little countries all by themselves. They're going to have their own kings in a sense and rulers and different personalities that are going to fight with each other. But they are under the umbrella of having these commonalities, things in common that make them all Sumerians. Now we also are going to need for a civilization specialized workers. And certainly having city-states and different jobs, you have to build walls and you have to irrigate and raise animals and there's going to be people that are going to write things down and invent new things."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to have their own kings in a sense and rulers and different personalities that are going to fight with each other. But they are under the umbrella of having these commonalities, things in common that make them all Sumerians. Now we also are going to need for a civilization specialized workers. And certainly having city-states and different jobs, you have to build walls and you have to irrigate and raise animals and there's going to be people that are going to write things down and invent new things. So that box is going to be checked off. Lots of specialized workers in Sumer. You also have complex institutions that develop."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And certainly having city-states and different jobs, you have to build walls and you have to irrigate and raise animals and there's going to be people that are going to write things down and invent new things. So that box is going to be checked off. Lots of specialized workers in Sumer. You also have complex institutions that develop. That's another requirement if you're ever building a civilization. You want to have complex institutions. So we're going to have governmental bureaucracies, military bureaucracies, religious bureaucracies, institutions that are going to lay out the rules and how things are done."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You also have complex institutions that develop. That's another requirement if you're ever building a civilization. You want to have complex institutions. So we're going to have governmental bureaucracies, military bureaucracies, religious bureaucracies, institutions that are going to lay out the rules and how things are done. We're going to have record keeping. Cuneiform is the earliest writing system that was ever developed. In the beginning it was more pictorial, like pictures of little cows and such."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So we're going to have governmental bureaucracies, military bureaucracies, religious bureaucracies, institutions that are going to lay out the rules and how things are done. We're going to have record keeping. Cuneiform is the earliest writing system that was ever developed. In the beginning it was more pictorial, like pictures of little cows and such. That develops into an actual written language with even sounds and phonetics and all that groovy stuff. So they're going to be able to actually have the first recorded history in the world. How about that, kids?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "In the beginning it was more pictorial, like pictures of little cows and such. That develops into an actual written language with even sounds and phonetics and all that groovy stuff. So they're going to be able to actually have the first recorded history in the world. How about that, kids? And the fifth box, and they're going to be able to check this off, is advanced technologies. Wait till you see all the wonderful things they invent. Sure, some of them are simple like the wheel."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that, kids? And the fifth box, and they're going to be able to check this off, is advanced technologies. Wait till you see all the wonderful things they invent. Sure, some of them are simple like the wheel. How could you not think of the wheel? I don't know. But they're also going to invent mathematical systems based on 60."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Sure, some of them are simple like the wheel. How could you not think of the wheel? I don't know. But they're also going to invent mathematical systems based on 60. Ever wonder why there's 60 seconds in a minute? Circle is 360 degrees. Thank you, Sumerians."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But they're also going to invent mathematical systems based on 60. Ever wonder why there's 60 seconds in a minute? Circle is 360 degrees. Thank you, Sumerians. So now that we've checked off all five boxes, let's take a little bit of a closer look at the people of Sumer, the Sumerians. So now that we know what a civilization is, the next question is why? Why are they going to build a civilization?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Thank you, Sumerians. So now that we've checked off all five boxes, let's take a little bit of a closer look at the people of Sumer, the Sumerians. So now that we know what a civilization is, the next question is why? Why are they going to build a civilization? I think that the answer really rests in the challenge that the geography presented to the Sumerians. The geography in a sense is wonderful. I mean, they're in Mesopotamia, the land between two rivers."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Why are they going to build a civilization? I think that the answer really rests in the challenge that the geography presented to the Sumerians. The geography in a sense is wonderful. I mean, they're in Mesopotamia, the land between two rivers. Like I could throw stuff down there and grow stuff. But the flooding created a problem. It would leave the silt behind, but then the sun would come and everything would dry up."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, they're in Mesopotamia, the land between two rivers. Like I could throw stuff down there and grow stuff. But the flooding created a problem. It would leave the silt behind, but then the sun would come and everything would dry up. So the Sumerians are presented with this challenge of how to deal with all of this dry land but having the flooding. So they're able to figure out that they're able to irrigate. They're able to take the water from the river and move it to where the crops are growing."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "It would leave the silt behind, but then the sun would come and everything would dry up. So the Sumerians are presented with this challenge of how to deal with all of this dry land but having the flooding. So they're able to figure out that they're able to irrigate. They're able to take the water from the river and move it to where the crops are growing. So they can grow lots and lots of wheat and barley. They love their cereal. But this gave them a surplus of food, which is going to help them deal with the second problem, which is they have a lack of natural resources."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They're able to take the water from the river and move it to where the crops are growing. So they can grow lots and lots of wheat and barley. They love their cereal. But this gave them a surplus of food, which is going to help them deal with the second problem, which is they have a lack of natural resources. I mean, there's not a lot of stuff other than what they're growing in that area. So with this surplus food, they can create trade routes. They can go and get metal to create weapons and tools and new technology."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But this gave them a surplus of food, which is going to help them deal with the second problem, which is they have a lack of natural resources. I mean, there's not a lot of stuff other than what they're growing in that area. So with this surplus food, they can create trade routes. They can go and get metal to create weapons and tools and new technology. They're able to take that next step. And the third kind of natural geographical thing that's kind of a bummer is that they don't have any natural defenses. And they're able to figure out with all of this mud silt, they can make little bricks and walls."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They can go and get metal to create weapons and tools and new technology. They're able to take that next step. And the third kind of natural geographical thing that's kind of a bummer is that they don't have any natural defenses. And they're able to figure out with all of this mud silt, they can make little bricks and walls. They built a wall. I kid you not. And this kept them safe."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're able to figure out with all of this mud silt, they can make little bricks and walls. They built a wall. I kid you not. And this kept them safe. But doing these three things requires organization. You need to control workers and give them jobs and have taxes and do all of the things that are required for a civilization to grow. And that's where you're going to get government and religion and politics and really the fundamental building blocks of civilization."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And this kept them safe. But doing these three things requires organization. You need to control workers and give them jobs and have taxes and do all of the things that are required for a civilization to grow. And that's where you're going to get government and religion and politics and really the fundamental building blocks of civilization. So let's talk about the city-state just for a few minutes here, kids, because it's really, really important. Now, the city-states, in a sense, are like little nations unto themselves that do share some commonalities. But some of those commonalities are really important."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's where you're going to get government and religion and politics and really the fundamental building blocks of civilization. So let's talk about the city-state just for a few minutes here, kids, because it's really, really important. Now, the city-states, in a sense, are like little nations unto themselves that do share some commonalities. But some of those commonalities are really important. Now because of cultural diffusion, they had trade routes. They bring back this kind of religious idea from outside of Sumer of being polytheistic, of worshiping many gods. And I'm not talking about three or four gods."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But some of those commonalities are really important. Now because of cultural diffusion, they had trade routes. They bring back this kind of religious idea from outside of Sumer of being polytheistic, of worshiping many gods. And I'm not talking about three or four gods. I'm talking about like 3,000 gods. But because of the importance of religion and the crops and the weather and this focus on religion, the priest becomes the leader in the beginning of Sumerian life, of the civilization itself. And at the center of every Sumerian city-state is what's called a ziggurat."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And I'm not talking about three or four gods. I'm talking about like 3,000 gods. But because of the importance of religion and the crops and the weather and this focus on religion, the priest becomes the leader in the beginning of Sumerian life, of the civilization itself. And at the center of every Sumerian city-state is what's called a ziggurat. You want vocab? There's the dumb vocab, a ziggurat. Write it down like 10 times."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And at the center of every Sumerian city-state is what's called a ziggurat. You want vocab? There's the dumb vocab, a ziggurat. Write it down like 10 times. And you can see that this kind of rectangular pyramid kind of structure, which has a temple in the middle, is really going to be, in a sense, like the religious city hall of Sumer life. But as time goes on and warfare increases, not only between city-states and outside nomadic tribes, barbarians that are fighting them, but between themselves, city-states fighting city-states, these city-states begin to have standing armies. So it's going to be the strong man that takes the front seat with the priest taking the back seat."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Write it down like 10 times. And you can see that this kind of rectangular pyramid kind of structure, which has a temple in the middle, is really going to be, in a sense, like the religious city hall of Sumer life. But as time goes on and warfare increases, not only between city-states and outside nomadic tribes, barbarians that are fighting them, but between themselves, city-states fighting city-states, these city-states begin to have standing armies. So it's going to be the strong man that takes the front seat with the priest taking the back seat. And, of course, this is where we get the king idea as the strong man passes their power on to their son. So that's the very, very basics of kind of what a city-state was, ziggurat being the most important vocabulary word. And now let's take a look a little bit at their cultural life in Sumer, where the Sumerians live."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So it's going to be the strong man that takes the front seat with the priest taking the back seat. And, of course, this is where we get the king idea as the strong man passes their power on to their son. So that's the very, very basics of kind of what a city-state was, ziggurat being the most important vocabulary word. And now let's take a look a little bit at their cultural life in Sumer, where the Sumerians live. So we go back to religion really as being culturally the most significant thing in the life of a Sumerian who lived in Sumer. And again, they were polytheistic. They had about 3,000 gods."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And now let's take a look a little bit at their cultural life in Sumer, where the Sumerians live. So we go back to religion really as being culturally the most significant thing in the life of a Sumerian who lived in Sumer. And again, they were polytheistic. They had about 3,000 gods. The number one god was Enlil. And Enlil was the god of the air and the clouds. And you probably could figure out why."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They had about 3,000 gods. The number one god was Enlil. And Enlil was the god of the air and the clouds. And you probably could figure out why. Because their crops are life. And if it doesn't rain or the flood doesn't come or the ground dries up, you die. So Enlil was at the top of the food chain in terms of the gods."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And you probably could figure out why. Because their crops are life. And if it doesn't rain or the flood doesn't come or the ground dries up, you die. So Enlil was at the top of the food chain in terms of the gods. And the wicked adugs were the demons or the lowest form of gods that were responsible for bad things that occurred to you. If you got sick or your house burned down or your kid died, it was the wicked adugs. So people were constantly praying and giving sacrifices and giving gifts to the priests in order to get the gods on their side."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So Enlil was at the top of the food chain in terms of the gods. And the wicked adugs were the demons or the lowest form of gods that were responsible for bad things that occurred to you. If you got sick or your house burned down or your kid died, it was the wicked adugs. So people were constantly praying and giving sacrifices and giving gifts to the priests in order to get the gods on their side. They lived for the day. They didn't live for death. This isn't a religion where you die and you go to heaven."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So people were constantly praying and giving sacrifices and giving gifts to the priests in order to get the gods on their side. They lived for the day. They didn't live for death. This isn't a religion where you die and you go to heaven. You die and you go to like the underworld beneath the earth where it's all dark and nasty. And in fact, they used cuneiform to write their ideas down. That's how we know this."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "This isn't a religion where you die and you go to heaven. You die and you go to like the underworld beneath the earth where it's all dark and nasty. And in fact, they used cuneiform to write their ideas down. That's how we know this. And one of the first pieces of literature in human history was the Epic of Gilgamesh, who was one of the early kings of a city-state in Sumer where the Sumerians lived. And you can hear from this passage how they viewed life itself. Gilgamesh, whither are you wandering?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "That's how we know this. And one of the first pieces of literature in human history was the Epic of Gilgamesh, who was one of the early kings of a city-state in Sumer where the Sumerians lived. And you can hear from this passage how they viewed life itself. Gilgamesh, whither are you wandering? Life which you look for you will never find. For when the gods created man, they let death be his share and withheld life in their own hands. Immortality, you're not going to find it, Gilgamesh."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Gilgamesh, whither are you wandering? Life which you look for you will never find. For when the gods created man, they let death be his share and withheld life in their own hands. Immortality, you're not going to find it, Gilgamesh. But we also have a social class that has emerged. It's important who you are when you're born. So of course at the top of that pyramid are going to be the leaders, the rulers, the kings, the strong men of society."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Immortality, you're not going to find it, Gilgamesh. But we also have a social class that has emerged. It's important who you are when you're born. So of course at the top of that pyramid are going to be the leaders, the rulers, the kings, the strong men of society. And then underneath them, a nice cozy life. You could be a priest. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So of course at the top of that pyramid are going to be the leaders, the rulers, the kings, the strong men of society. And then underneath them, a nice cozy life. You could be a priest. How about that? Be a priest. And then we have merchants, the people that sold and traded and were able to accumulate, you know, in a sense, some wealth. And then below them we have the workers themselves, the people that are digging the ditches, building the walls, you know, carrying the rocks."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that? Be a priest. And then we have merchants, the people that sold and traded and were able to accumulate, you know, in a sense, some wealth. And then below them we have the workers themselves, the people that are digging the ditches, building the walls, you know, carrying the rocks. And then even below them we have slavery in the land of Sumer. Slaves were normally captured from outside of the kingdom, but they were also sometimes sold by their parents into slavery. But you could free yourselves, I guess, if you worked hard enough, but I certainly wouldn't want to be a slave in any circumstance."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And then below them we have the workers themselves, the people that are digging the ditches, building the walls, you know, carrying the rocks. And then even below them we have slavery in the land of Sumer. Slaves were normally captured from outside of the kingdom, but they were also sometimes sold by their parents into slavery. But you could free yourselves, I guess, if you worked hard enough, but I certainly wouldn't want to be a slave in any circumstance. Now there is a slight difference in the way that men and women were viewed in Sumer than they're going to be viewed afterwards. It certainly is a patriarchal society. In a sense, it's run by men."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But you could free yourselves, I guess, if you worked hard enough, but I certainly wouldn't want to be a slave in any circumstance. Now there is a slight difference in the way that men and women were viewed in Sumer than they're going to be viewed afterwards. It certainly is a patriarchal society. In a sense, it's run by men. That's what patriarchy means. It's run by men. But unlike civilizations that occur afterwards, women could basically have any job."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "In a sense, it's run by men. That's what patriarchy means. It's run by men. But unlike civilizations that occur afterwards, women could basically have any job. They could be priests. They could be merchants. They could be artisans."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But unlike civilizations that occur afterwards, women could basically have any job. They could be priests. They could be merchants. They could be artisans. They couldn't learn to write. That was one negative of being a woman. But they could own property, which is unheard of after that."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They could be artisans. They couldn't learn to write. That was one negative of being a woman. But they could own property, which is unheard of after that. Maybe the Sumers were a little more advanced than the civilizations that are going to occur after them. And finally, I'd like to talk about science and technology. So they invented lots and lots of things."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But they could own property, which is unheard of after that. Maybe the Sumers were a little more advanced than the civilizations that are going to occur after them. And finally, I'd like to talk about science and technology. So they invented lots and lots of things. Not only do they invent some pretty simple stuff like the wheel. Invented the wheel. But they're going to be the first ones really to invent sails for navigational purposes."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So they invented lots and lots of things. Not only do they invent some pretty simple stuff like the wheel. Invented the wheel. But they're going to be the first ones really to invent sails for navigational purposes. They're the first ones that recorded maps. They invent plows. They're the first ones to use bronze."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But they're going to be the first ones really to invent sails for navigational purposes. They're the first ones that recorded maps. They invent plows. They're the first ones to use bronze. Of course, they had writing systems. Again, that's the word cuneiform. Write down that ten times."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They're the first ones to use bronze. Of course, they had writing systems. Again, that's the word cuneiform. Write down that ten times. They're the first ones to investigate astronomy and medicine and chemistry. And because of the ziggurats, architecture becomes really important. You need ramps and you need arches and you need columns, which means you need\u2014brace yourself, kids\u2014you need math."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Write down that ten times. They're the first ones to investigate astronomy and medicine and chemistry. And because of the ziggurats, architecture becomes really important. You need ramps and you need arches and you need columns, which means you need\u2014brace yourself, kids\u2014you need math. So they come up with a mathematical system that was based on 60. That's why we have 60 seconds. That's why there's 360 degrees in a circle."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You need ramps and you need arches and you need columns, which means you need\u2014brace yourself, kids\u2014you need math. So they come up with a mathematical system that was based on 60. That's why we have 60 seconds. That's why there's 360 degrees in a circle. So I'm going to give a shout out to the Sumerians. Thank you for having the first civilization. But like all great peoples, you're going to be invaded and conquered by somebody a little bit stronger."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "That's why there's 360 degrees in a circle. So I'm going to give a shout out to the Sumerians. Thank you for having the first civilization. But like all great peoples, you're going to be invaded and conquered by somebody a little bit stronger. So let's look at some of the other civilizations that are going to pop up in kind of that area of Sumer and in Mesopotamia in general. And then we'll close up shop and your brain will be a lot bigger. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But like all great peoples, you're going to be invaded and conquered by somebody a little bit stronger. So let's look at some of the other civilizations that are going to pop up in kind of that area of Sumer and in Mesopotamia in general. And then we'll close up shop and your brain will be a lot bigger. How about that? Bigger brains. Nothing lasts forever. Now the Sumerians themselves had a really good run at it."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that? Bigger brains. Nothing lasts forever. Now the Sumerians themselves had a really good run at it. Remember, they start around 3500 BCE and about a thousand years later, a little more than a thousand years, although they were on the fighting downfall for a while, they're finally going to be overtaken by the Akkadians. Akkad was a city-state that was north of where Sumer was and their leader was the Sargon of Akkad. And Sargon of Akkad is going to have the distinct pleasure of being the first leader of an empire."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the Sumerians themselves had a really good run at it. Remember, they start around 3500 BCE and about a thousand years later, a little more than a thousand years, although they were on the fighting downfall for a while, they're finally going to be overtaken by the Akkadians. Akkad was a city-state that was north of where Sumer was and their leader was the Sargon of Akkad. And Sargon of Akkad is going to have the distinct pleasure of being the first leader of an empire. An empire. Not just a city-state, not just a civilization, but an empire. A real empire."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And Sargon of Akkad is going to have the distinct pleasure of being the first leader of an empire. An empire. Not just a city-state, not just a civilization, but an empire. A real empire. So around 2350 BCE, they're going to invade, they're going to adopt to the Sumerians a lot of their customs and their beliefs, but they're going to be the top dogs running the show. And their empire, that means that it's not just going to be Sumer, but it's going to be expanding northward and westward as well. And eventually that's going to stretch from the Mediterranean, you can see from the map right there, all the way through Iran."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "A real empire. So around 2350 BCE, they're going to invade, they're going to adopt to the Sumerians a lot of their customs and their beliefs, but they're going to be the top dogs running the show. And their empire, that means that it's not just going to be Sumer, but it's going to be expanding northward and westward as well. And eventually that's going to stretch from the Mediterranean, you can see from the map right there, all the way through Iran. So that's a pretty big empire that they had. It lasted for about 200 years. Again, these were the Akkadians under the Sargon of Akkad who invaded Sumer and the Sumerians and created the first empire good for him."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And eventually that's going to stretch from the Mediterranean, you can see from the map right there, all the way through Iran. So that's a pretty big empire that they had. It lasted for about 200 years. Again, these were the Akkadians under the Sargon of Akkad who invaded Sumer and the Sumerians and created the first empire good for him. But eventually those folks are going to be replaced around 2000 BCE by the Amorites. And the Amorites are going to overrun the Sumerians. They were a numeric kind of barbaric tribe that came in and are going to run the show now and they're going to make their capital at Babylon."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Again, these were the Akkadians under the Sargon of Akkad who invaded Sumer and the Sumerians and created the first empire good for him. But eventually those folks are going to be replaced around 2000 BCE by the Amorites. And the Amorites are going to overrun the Sumerians. They were a numeric kind of barbaric tribe that came in and are going to run the show now and they're going to make their capital at Babylon. And that's why they're known as Babylonians. And the Babylonians are going to last for about 500 years to about 1500 BCE. But their crowning achievement, their golden age around 1750 BCE is going to be when they had the leader Hammurabi."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They were a numeric kind of barbaric tribe that came in and are going to run the show now and they're going to make their capital at Babylon. And that's why they're known as Babylonians. And the Babylonians are going to last for about 500 years to about 1500 BCE. But their crowning achievement, their golden age around 1750 BCE is going to be when they had the leader Hammurabi. And Hammurabi is best known for not only being a very powerful and in a sense peaceful leader, he really tried to look after his people, but he believes in law and order. So here's some more vocabulary. It's called Hammurabi's Code."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But their crowning achievement, their golden age around 1750 BCE is going to be when they had the leader Hammurabi. And Hammurabi is best known for not only being a very powerful and in a sense peaceful leader, he really tried to look after his people, but he believes in law and order. So here's some more vocabulary. It's called Hammurabi's Code. And we have a video that you can go check out we've already made if you want to learn more about Hammurabi's Code. It's linked down in the description below. But it's going to be a set of 282 laws that were etched in stone and put across all of the empire so everybody had a standardized book of rules to follow."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "It's called Hammurabi's Code. And we have a video that you can go check out we've already made if you want to learn more about Hammurabi's Code. It's linked down in the description below. But it's going to be a set of 282 laws that were etched in stone and put across all of the empire so everybody had a standardized book of rules to follow. And in a sense it's an eye for an eye. It's very gangster in a sense. You can hear a couple of them really quickly right now."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's going to be a set of 282 laws that were etched in stone and put across all of the empire so everybody had a standardized book of rules to follow. And in a sense it's an eye for an eye. It's very gangster in a sense. You can hear a couple of them really quickly right now. If a man has stolen an ox, a sheep, a pig, or a boat that belongs to a temple or palace, he shall repay 30 times its cost. If it is a private citizen, he shall repay 10 times. If the thief cannot pay, he shall be put to death."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You can hear a couple of them really quickly right now. If a man has stolen an ox, a sheep, a pig, or a boat that belongs to a temple or palace, he shall repay 30 times its cost. If it is a private citizen, he shall repay 10 times. If the thief cannot pay, he shall be put to death. If a woman hates her husband and says to him, you cannot be with me, the authorities in her district will investigate the case. If she has been chastened without fault, even though her husband has neglected or belittled her, she will be held innocent and may return to her father's house. If the woman is at fault, she shall be thrown in the river."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "If the thief cannot pay, he shall be put to death. If a woman hates her husband and says to him, you cannot be with me, the authorities in her district will investigate the case. If she has been chastened without fault, even though her husband has neglected or belittled her, she will be held innocent and may return to her father's house. If the woman is at fault, she shall be thrown in the river. I told you it's pretty gangster and that's Hammurabi's code. But eventually everything comes to an end. Even the Babylonians couldn't stay in power with all their nifty rules and such."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "If the woman is at fault, she shall be thrown in the river. I told you it's pretty gangster and that's Hammurabi's code. But eventually everything comes to an end. Even the Babylonians couldn't stay in power with all their nifty rules and such. And around 1500 BCE, they're going to be kicked out of town as well. Alright guys, we hope that you understand the very basics of Mesopotamia. Remember, this is an intro lecture."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Even the Babylonians couldn't stay in power with all their nifty rules and such. And around 1500 BCE, they're going to be kicked out of town as well. Alright guys, we hope that you understand the very basics of Mesopotamia. Remember, this is an intro lecture. You're probably going to have to learn a little bit more by maybe, I don't know, reading a book or something. But we certainly hope that you have enough to make yourself comfortable in class, pass that test, and maybe your brain's a little bit bigger as well. So giddy up the learning one more time, guys."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember, this is an intro lecture. You're probably going to have to learn a little bit more by maybe, I don't know, reading a book or something. But we certainly hope that you have enough to make yourself comfortable in class, pass that test, and maybe your brain's a little bit bigger as well. So giddy up the learning one more time, guys. I say it at the end of every lecture because I mean it with all my heart. Where attention goes, energy flows. Make sure you check out the growing world playlist down in the description below."}, {"video_title": "Mesopotamia Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So giddy up the learning one more time, guys. I say it at the end of every lecture because I mean it with all my heart. Where attention goes, energy flows. Make sure you check out the growing world playlist down in the description below. And if you haven't checked out the homepage, we have over 400 videos across the social studies. We certainly hope that you check that out. I'm not even from Canada and I say out."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Where we left off in the last video, we were in the year 656, and the third caliph, Uthman or Usman, is assassinated, and Ali is chosen to be caliph. And remember, Shias believe that Ali should have been caliph immediately after the death of Muhammad, and they cite the events of Ghadr Qum as evidence that that is what Muhammad intended. But Ali becomes caliph in 656, but this sparks what is called the first fitna, or the first Muslim civil war. Because Uthman has a fellow member of the Umayyad clan, the Umayyad clan, they're also Quraysh, just like Muhammad's clan, the Hashem, are also Quraysh, and Uthman's family member, Muawiyah, has been governor of Damascus since the time of the caliph, Umar. And when Uthman is assassinated, Muawiyah is not happy. And when Ali comes to power, he thinks that Ali is not making a solid effort to put the assassins to justice, and he refuses to pledge his allegiance to Ali as the caliph. Now the other context here is that Muawiyah has already built a significant military force, and that force is becoming stronger and stronger and stronger."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Because Uthman has a fellow member of the Umayyad clan, the Umayyad clan, they're also Quraysh, just like Muhammad's clan, the Hashem, are also Quraysh, and Uthman's family member, Muawiyah, has been governor of Damascus since the time of the caliph, Umar. And when Uthman is assassinated, Muawiyah is not happy. And when Ali comes to power, he thinks that Ali is not making a solid effort to put the assassins to justice, and he refuses to pledge his allegiance to Ali as the caliph. Now the other context here is that Muawiyah has already built a significant military force, and that force is becoming stronger and stronger and stronger. And so this leads to a lot of tension. Muawiyah wants Ali to bring the assassins of Uthman to justice, and Ali wants Muawiyah to pledge allegiance to him, who is now caliph. Now just for a little bit extra context, Ali also decides to move the capital of the caliphate to Kufa, which is in modern-day Iraq."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the other context here is that Muawiyah has already built a significant military force, and that force is becoming stronger and stronger and stronger. And so this leads to a lot of tension. Muawiyah wants Ali to bring the assassins of Uthman to justice, and Ali wants Muawiyah to pledge allegiance to him, who is now caliph. Now just for a little bit extra context, Ali also decides to move the capital of the caliphate to Kufa, which is in modern-day Iraq. Now things are getting increasingly tense, and this is where we have Aisha entering into the picture. And we talk about Aisha in the previous video. She is one of Muhammad's wives, married at a very young age, and she is considered a very strong figure in early Islam."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now just for a little bit extra context, Ali also decides to move the capital of the caliphate to Kufa, which is in modern-day Iraq. Now things are getting increasingly tense, and this is where we have Aisha entering into the picture. And we talk about Aisha in the previous video. She is one of Muhammad's wives, married at a very young age, and she is considered a very strong figure in early Islam. So she leads a delegation, really an army, in order to convince Ali to bring the assassins of Uthman to justice. They meet in Basra, once again, in modern-day Iraq. And while they are talking about, or negotiating what Ali needs to do, some of Ali's followers, as the narrative goes, were a little bit more extreme and really didn't want a peace brokered between Mawawiya and Ali."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "She is one of Muhammad's wives, married at a very young age, and she is considered a very strong figure in early Islam. So she leads a delegation, really an army, in order to convince Ali to bring the assassins of Uthman to justice. They meet in Basra, once again, in modern-day Iraq. And while they are talking about, or negotiating what Ali needs to do, some of Ali's followers, as the narrative goes, were a little bit more extreme and really didn't want a peace brokered between Mawawiya and Ali. And so they attack, and that's what leads to what is known as the Battle of the Camel, which is depicted here, named after Aisha's camel. And it becomes a very bloody battle. Aisha is really one of the leaders in this battle."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And while they are talking about, or negotiating what Ali needs to do, some of Ali's followers, as the narrative goes, were a little bit more extreme and really didn't want a peace brokered between Mawawiya and Ali. And so they attack, and that's what leads to what is known as the Battle of the Camel, which is depicted here, named after Aisha's camel. And it becomes a very bloody battle. Aisha is really one of the leaders in this battle. Once again, you can imagine a very, very strong figure in early Islam. But Ali's forces are victorious, and they send Aisha back home, and then she goes into something of a political retirement, and it is somewhat inconclusive. But then that leads, later on, to what is known as the Battle of Siffin."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Aisha is really one of the leaders in this battle. Once again, you can imagine a very, very strong figure in early Islam. But Ali's forces are victorious, and they send Aisha back home, and then she goes into something of a political retirement, and it is somewhat inconclusive. But then that leads, later on, to what is known as the Battle of Siffin. The Battle of the Camel was in 656. The Battle of Siffin is in 657. And in this situation, you once again have a delegation, or really an army, on the side of Ali meeting an army directly now with Mawawiya at Siffin."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then that leads, later on, to what is known as the Battle of Siffin. The Battle of the Camel was in 656. The Battle of Siffin is in 657. And in this situation, you once again have a delegation, or really an army, on the side of Ali meeting an army directly now with Mawawiya at Siffin. And once again, they are not fighting for roughly 100 days. They want to negotiate something. But some of the more ardent followers of Ali don't want any form of peace with Mawawiya, so they attack Mawawiya's army."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in this situation, you once again have a delegation, or really an army, on the side of Ali meeting an army directly now with Mawawiya at Siffin. And once again, they are not fighting for roughly 100 days. They want to negotiate something. But some of the more ardent followers of Ali don't want any form of peace with Mawawiya, so they attack Mawawiya's army. And you have a very bloody battle that ensues. Now, both sides don't want all of this bloodshed in this burgeoning Muslim community, so they decide to let it be decided by arbitration. Now, the arbitration, according to the accounts that I have looked at, say that they decide that neither Ali or Mawawiya should be caliph, and that it should be an election from the Muslim community."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But some of the more ardent followers of Ali don't want any form of peace with Mawawiya, so they attack Mawawiya's army. And you have a very bloody battle that ensues. Now, both sides don't want all of this bloodshed in this burgeoning Muslim community, so they decide to let it be decided by arbitration. Now, the arbitration, according to the accounts that I have looked at, say that they decide that neither Ali or Mawawiya should be caliph, and that it should be an election from the Muslim community. Now, Ali refuses this. And what's interesting about this is the accounts I've seen is that those same zealous folks who, you could say, instigated the Battle of Siffin and the Battle of the Camel during this Muslim civil war, they're no longer trusting Ali that he can protect them, that he is the strong leader they need. And so they are the ones that then decide to assassinate and are successful in assassinating Ali."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the arbitration, according to the accounts that I have looked at, say that they decide that neither Ali or Mawawiya should be caliph, and that it should be an election from the Muslim community. Now, Ali refuses this. And what's interesting about this is the accounts I've seen is that those same zealous folks who, you could say, instigated the Battle of Siffin and the Battle of the Camel during this Muslim civil war, they're no longer trusting Ali that he can protect them, that he is the strong leader they need. And so they are the ones that then decide to assassinate and are successful in assassinating Ali. So after the assassination of Ali, his son, Hassan, comes to power officially as the caliph, based in Kufa. But remember, you have this very powerful leader in Mawawiya with a very significant military, leading or in control of the Levant and the governor of Syria. And so they enter into a treaty."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so they are the ones that then decide to assassinate and are successful in assassinating Ali. So after the assassination of Ali, his son, Hassan, comes to power officially as the caliph, based in Kufa. But remember, you have this very powerful leader in Mawawiya with a very significant military, leading or in control of the Levant and the governor of Syria. And so they enter into a treaty. Clearly, Hassan sees the writing on the wall. He can't really fight Mawawiya by force. He really doesn't have strong control really much further than this region around Kufa."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so they enter into a treaty. Clearly, Hassan sees the writing on the wall. He can't really fight Mawawiya by force. He really doesn't have strong control really much further than this region around Kufa. So he gets into a treaty with Mawawiya, where he gives control of the caliphate to Mawawiya. And according to that treaty, as long as Mawawiya allows the next caliph, after his death, to be based on some form of an election, let the Islamic world choose the successor afterwards. But then later, Hassan, he goes into something of retirement."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He really doesn't have strong control really much further than this region around Kufa. So he gets into a treaty with Mawawiya, where he gives control of the caliphate to Mawawiya. And according to that treaty, as long as Mawawiya allows the next caliph, after his death, to be based on some form of an election, let the Islamic world choose the successor afterwards. But then later, Hassan, he goes into something of retirement. He dies in his mid-40s. And some accounts say that he was assassinated, poisoned by his wife, maybe due to the Umayyads, who didn't want him around. And then in 680, Mawawiya dies."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then later, Hassan, he goes into something of retirement. He dies in his mid-40s. And some accounts say that he was assassinated, poisoned by his wife, maybe due to the Umayyads, who didn't want him around. And then in 680, Mawawiya dies. Now, according to the treaty between Mawawiya and Hassan, it should have been some form of an election there. But Mawawiya says, or before his death, he makes Yazid the successor. And so Hussein, who is another son of Ali, Hassan's younger brother, and by this point, Hassan is dead, he says, hey, this is a breach of the treaty, and does not pledge his allegiance to Yazid."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then in 680, Mawawiya dies. Now, according to the treaty between Mawawiya and Hassan, it should have been some form of an election there. But Mawawiya says, or before his death, he makes Yazid the successor. And so Hussein, who is another son of Ali, Hassan's younger brother, and by this point, Hassan is dead, he says, hey, this is a breach of the treaty, and does not pledge his allegiance to Yazid. But there's a group in Kufa who say, hey, we will support you. And so Hussein goes to Kufa, but on the way there, and he's with his family, when Yazid catches wind of this, he sends an army to stop them. And Yazid's interest is essentially to eliminate Hussein and his family so that you don't have any other legitimate claimants to the caliphate."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so Hussein, who is another son of Ali, Hassan's younger brother, and by this point, Hassan is dead, he says, hey, this is a breach of the treaty, and does not pledge his allegiance to Yazid. But there's a group in Kufa who say, hey, we will support you. And so Hussein goes to Kufa, but on the way there, and he's with his family, when Yazid catches wind of this, he sends an army to stop them. And Yazid's interest is essentially to eliminate Hussein and his family so that you don't have any other legitimate claimants to the caliphate. Especially because, remember, Hussein is a living descendant of Muhammad. And so you then have this event where Yazid's forces intercept Hussein's caravan in Karbala. And this is known in the Shia tradition as the tragedy of Karbala."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Yazid's interest is essentially to eliminate Hussein and his family so that you don't have any other legitimate claimants to the caliphate. Especially because, remember, Hussein is a living descendant of Muhammad. And so you then have this event where Yazid's forces intercept Hussein's caravan in Karbala. And this is known in the Shia tradition as the tragedy of Karbala. Because at Karbala, you have Hussein's family gets massacred. There's an account that his six-month-old son is beheaded and killed along with Hussein. And so this becomes the defining event of the Shia tradition, the tragedy of Karbala."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is known in the Shia tradition as the tragedy of Karbala. Because at Karbala, you have Hussein's family gets massacred. There's an account that his six-month-old son is beheaded and killed along with Hussein. And so this becomes the defining event of the Shia tradition, the tragedy of Karbala. We've already talked their belief that Ali should have been the caliph from the beginning. But now you have Yazid, purported caliph, who murders, who kills off, according to Shia tradition, a significant member of Muhammad's family and does this in bloody, bloody fashion. And so even to this day, a significant part of the Shia tradition is mourning what happens at the Battle of Karbala."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so this becomes the defining event of the Shia tradition, the tragedy of Karbala. We've already talked their belief that Ali should have been the caliph from the beginning. But now you have Yazid, purported caliph, who murders, who kills off, according to Shia tradition, a significant member of Muhammad's family and does this in bloody, bloody fashion. And so even to this day, a significant part of the Shia tradition is mourning what happens at the Battle of Karbala. And this is not a part of the Sunni tradition. The Sunni tradition views this as a tragedy, as an unfortunate event, but they do not view this as a significant part of their theology. And also as part of Shia tradition and theology, Battle of Karbala is the determining event, the thing that Shias mourn in their religious faith."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as you can see, it was for the most part divided as colonies by a bunch of European powers. Most prominent is Spain. You can see in this peach brownish color. It had control all the way as south as modern day Chile and Argentina, and all the way as far north as modern day Texas and California. You also see significant control by the Portuguese in what will eventually be Brazil. The French have at this point some territory, especially in North America and in several islands in the Caribbean. And the British, of course, have control along the east coast of North America."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It had control all the way as south as modern day Chile and Argentina, and all the way as far north as modern day Texas and California. You also see significant control by the Portuguese in what will eventually be Brazil. The French have at this point some territory, especially in North America and in several islands in the Caribbean. And the British, of course, have control along the east coast of North America. And they also have several islands in the Caribbean and the Atlantic. As we fast forward 100 years, we're going to see a dramatic change. Notice, roughly 100 years later, most of what used to be these European colonies have now achieved independence."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the British, of course, have control along the east coast of North America. And they also have several islands in the Caribbean and the Atlantic. As we fast forward 100 years, we're going to see a dramatic change. Notice, roughly 100 years later, most of what used to be these European colonies have now achieved independence. In other videos, we go in some depth from 1776 to 1783. You have the American War for Independence. You see on this map now, the United States is an independent country."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Notice, roughly 100 years later, most of what used to be these European colonies have now achieved independence. In other videos, we go in some depth from 1776 to 1783. You have the American War for Independence. You see on this map now, the United States is an independent country. From 1791 to 1804, you have Toussaint Louverture lead the revolt against French control, eventually gaining independence and establishing Haiti. From 1807 to 1830, you have a series of revolutions in Latin America, many of which were led by Simon Bolivar, who was a criollo, or Creole, Venezuelan. The term creole has many meanings in modern day language, but in this context, it refers to someone of mostly Spanish descent who was born in the New World."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You see on this map now, the United States is an independent country. From 1791 to 1804, you have Toussaint Louverture lead the revolt against French control, eventually gaining independence and establishing Haiti. From 1807 to 1830, you have a series of revolutions in Latin America, many of which were led by Simon Bolivar, who was a criollo, or Creole, Venezuelan. The term creole has many meanings in modern day language, but in this context, it refers to someone of mostly Spanish descent who was born in the New World. And Simon Bolivar plays an active role in achieving independence from Spain for Venezuela, what will eventually be Colombia and Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and the country that will eventually be named for him Bolivia. So there is an interesting question here. What led to all of these revolutions?"}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The term creole has many meanings in modern day language, but in this context, it refers to someone of mostly Spanish descent who was born in the New World. And Simon Bolivar plays an active role in achieving independence from Spain for Venezuela, what will eventually be Colombia and Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and the country that will eventually be named for him Bolivia. So there is an interesting question here. What led to all of these revolutions? The map that I showed you before, that colonial map of the Americas, these colonies had been in place for several hundred years before these revolutions. Why did all of these revolutions happen roughly at the same time? Well, one overarching idea is that as we enter into the 1700s, you have the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What led to all of these revolutions? The map that I showed you before, that colonial map of the Americas, these colonies had been in place for several hundred years before these revolutions. Why did all of these revolutions happen roughly at the same time? Well, one overarching idea is that as we enter into the 1700s, you have the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment. There were many authors and many publications involved in the Enlightenment, but perhaps most famous is the Encyclop\u00e9die, in French, or Encyclopedia, which had the intent of collecting much of the scientific and political science knowledge of the time. And it's considered one of the central texts of the Enlightenment, and it was a series of articles published from the 1750s all the way until the 1770s. And to get a sense of it, here is an excerpt of an article by one of the authors, Denis Diderot, considered one of the primary actors in the Enlightenment."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, one overarching idea is that as we enter into the 1700s, you have the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment. There were many authors and many publications involved in the Enlightenment, but perhaps most famous is the Encyclop\u00e9die, in French, or Encyclopedia, which had the intent of collecting much of the scientific and political science knowledge of the time. And it's considered one of the central texts of the Enlightenment, and it was a series of articles published from the 1750s all the way until the 1770s. And to get a sense of it, here is an excerpt of an article by one of the authors, Denis Diderot, considered one of the primary actors in the Enlightenment. No man has received from nature the right to command others. Liberty is a gift from heaven, and each individual of the same species has the right to enjoy it as soon as he enjoys the use of reason. And so when we get into the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson, he borrows heavily from these ideas of the Enlightenment."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And to get a sense of it, here is an excerpt of an article by one of the authors, Denis Diderot, considered one of the primary actors in the Enlightenment. No man has received from nature the right to command others. Liberty is a gift from heaven, and each individual of the same species has the right to enjoy it as soon as he enjoys the use of reason. And so when we get into the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson, he borrows heavily from these ideas of the Enlightenment. Now, the Haitian Revolution was partially inspired by these ideas of the Enlightenment, but they were also helped by the fact that France was undergoing its own revolution at the time, and it was not in the position to exert strong control over a far-flung colony. The French Revolution lasts from 1789 to 1799, at which point Napoleon Bonaparte takes control of France and starts the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon tries to keep control, what would eventually be Haiti, was an incredibly valuable resource."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so when we get into the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson, he borrows heavily from these ideas of the Enlightenment. Now, the Haitian Revolution was partially inspired by these ideas of the Enlightenment, but they were also helped by the fact that France was undergoing its own revolution at the time, and it was not in the position to exert strong control over a far-flung colony. The French Revolution lasts from 1789 to 1799, at which point Napoleon Bonaparte takes control of France and starts the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon tries to keep control, what would eventually be Haiti, was an incredibly valuable resource. It produced a good chunk of coffee and sugar in the world. It was incredibly profitable for the plantation owners and for France as a nation. But between the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the slaves of Haiti, led initially by Toussaint Louverture, were able to overthrow and set up their own nation, which is the first time that this has happened from a successful slave revolt."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Napoleon tries to keep control, what would eventually be Haiti, was an incredibly valuable resource. It produced a good chunk of coffee and sugar in the world. It was incredibly profitable for the plantation owners and for France as a nation. But between the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the slaves of Haiti, led initially by Toussaint Louverture, were able to overthrow and set up their own nation, which is the first time that this has happened from a successful slave revolt. This is a map of the empire that Napoleon establishes at its peak. And as you can see, you see France, but he's able to take over much of modern-day Germany, Italy. He goes to war with Portugal and then eventually Spain as well, both significant colonial powers in South America."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Independence movements 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But between the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the slaves of Haiti, led initially by Toussaint Louverture, were able to overthrow and set up their own nation, which is the first time that this has happened from a successful slave revolt. This is a map of the empire that Napoleon establishes at its peak. And as you can see, you see France, but he's able to take over much of modern-day Germany, Italy. He goes to war with Portugal and then eventually Spain as well, both significant colonial powers in South America. So it's in this context, you have the Enlightenment as we get into the 1700s. You already have the example of the American War for Independence, 13 colonies being able to declare independence from one of the largest powers at the time. Then a successful slave revolt to establish their own country against another significant power."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi there, my name is John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about the Dark Ages, possibly the most egregious Eurocentrism in all of history, which is really saying something. We're Europe! The Prime Meridian runs through us, we're in the middle of every map, and we get to be a continent, even though we're not a continent. But let's begin today with a pop quiz. What was the best year of your life, and what was the worst year? Mr. Green! Mr. Green!"}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "But let's begin today with a pop quiz. What was the best year of your life, and what was the worst year? Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Best, 1994. Worst, 1990. Oh, me from the past."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green! Best, 1994. Worst, 1990. Oh, me from the past. It gets so much better, and also so much worse. For worst year, I'm going to go with 2001. Best year, 2006."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, me from the past. It gets so much better, and also so much worse. For worst year, I'm going to go with 2001. Best year, 2006. All right, now it's your turn, dear pupil. Share your best and worst years in comments during the intro. Right, so what you'll quickly find is that your worst year was someone else's best year."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Best year, 2006. All right, now it's your turn, dear pupil. Share your best and worst years in comments during the intro. Right, so what you'll quickly find is that your worst year was someone else's best year. So too with history. The period between 600 and 1450 CE is often called the Middle Ages in Europe because it came between the Roman Empire, assuming you forget about the Byzantines, and the beginning of the modern age. And it's sometimes called the Dark Ages because it was so purportedly unenlightened."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, so what you'll quickly find is that your worst year was someone else's best year. So too with history. The period between 600 and 1450 CE is often called the Middle Ages in Europe because it came between the Roman Empire, assuming you forget about the Byzantines, and the beginning of the modern age. And it's sometimes called the Dark Ages because it was so purportedly unenlightened. But was the age really so dark? It depends on what you find depressing. If you like cities and great poetry, then the Dark Ages were indeed pretty dark in Europe."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's sometimes called the Dark Ages because it was so purportedly unenlightened. But was the age really so dark? It depends on what you find depressing. If you like cities and great poetry, then the Dark Ages were indeed pretty dark in Europe. But if, like me, your two favorite things are not dying from wars and not dying from anything else, then the Dark Ages actually weren't that bad, at least until the plague came in the 14th century. And meanwhile, outside of Europe, the Dark Ages were truly an age of enlightenment. But we'll get boring Europe out of the way first."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "If you like cities and great poetry, then the Dark Ages were indeed pretty dark in Europe. But if, like me, your two favorite things are not dying from wars and not dying from anything else, then the Dark Ages actually weren't that bad, at least until the plague came in the 14th century. And meanwhile, outside of Europe, the Dark Ages were truly an age of enlightenment. But we'll get boring Europe out of the way first. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Medieval Europe had less trade, fewer cities, and less cultural output than the original Roman Empire. London and Paris were fetid fire traps with none of the planning or sewage management of places 5,000 years older, like Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley civilization, let alone Rome."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "But we'll get boring Europe out of the way first. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Medieval Europe had less trade, fewer cities, and less cultural output than the original Roman Empire. London and Paris were fetid fire traps with none of the planning or sewage management of places 5,000 years older, like Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley civilization, let alone Rome. In these more powerful governments, wars were at least smaller, which is one reason why Europeans living in medieval times\u2026 Ugh, Thought Bubble, I knew you were gonna do that! Anyway, people in medieval times lived slightly longer, life expectancy was 30, than Europeans during the Roman Empire, when life expectancy was 28. Instead of centralized governments, Europe in the Middle Ages had feudalism, a political system based on reciprocal relationships between lords, who owned lots of land, and vassals, who protected the land and got to dress up as knights in exchange for pledging loyalty to the lords."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "London and Paris were fetid fire traps with none of the planning or sewage management of places 5,000 years older, like Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley civilization, let alone Rome. In these more powerful governments, wars were at least smaller, which is one reason why Europeans living in medieval times\u2026 Ugh, Thought Bubble, I knew you were gonna do that! Anyway, people in medieval times lived slightly longer, life expectancy was 30, than Europeans during the Roman Empire, when life expectancy was 28. Instead of centralized governments, Europe in the Middle Ages had feudalism, a political system based on reciprocal relationships between lords, who owned lots of land, and vassals, who protected the land and got to dress up as knights in exchange for pledging loyalty to the lords. The lords were also vassals to more important lords, with the most important of all being the king. Below the knights were peasants, who did the actual work on the land in exchange for protection from bandits and other threats. Feudalism was also an economic system, with the peasants working the land and keeping some of their production to feed themselves, while giving the rest to the landowner whose land they worked."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Instead of centralized governments, Europe in the Middle Ages had feudalism, a political system based on reciprocal relationships between lords, who owned lots of land, and vassals, who protected the land and got to dress up as knights in exchange for pledging loyalty to the lords. The lords were also vassals to more important lords, with the most important of all being the king. Below the knights were peasants, who did the actual work on the land in exchange for protection from bandits and other threats. Feudalism was also an economic system, with the peasants working the land and keeping some of their production to feed themselves, while giving the rest to the landowner whose land they worked. The small-scale local nature of the feudal system was perfect for a time and place where the threats to people's safety were also small-scale and local. But of course, this system reinforces the status quo. There's little freedom and absolutely no social mobility."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Feudalism was also an economic system, with the peasants working the land and keeping some of their production to feed themselves, while giving the rest to the landowner whose land they worked. The small-scale local nature of the feudal system was perfect for a time and place where the threats to people's safety were also small-scale and local. But of course, this system reinforces the status quo. There's little freedom and absolutely no social mobility. Peasants could never work their way up to lords, and they almost never left their villages. Thanks, Thought Bubble. One more point that's really interesting from a world history perspective."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "There's little freedom and absolutely no social mobility. Peasants could never work their way up to lords, and they almost never left their villages. Thanks, Thought Bubble. One more point that's really interesting from a world history perspective. This devolution from empire to localism has happened in lots of places at lots of different times. And in times of extreme political stress, like after the fall of the Han Dynasty in China, power tends to flow into the hands of local lords who can protect the peasants better than the state can. We hear a lot about this in Chinese history and also in contemporary Afghanistan, but instead of being called feudal lords, these landlords are called warlords."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "One more point that's really interesting from a world history perspective. This devolution from empire to localism has happened in lots of places at lots of different times. And in times of extreme political stress, like after the fall of the Han Dynasty in China, power tends to flow into the hands of local lords who can protect the peasants better than the state can. We hear a lot about this in Chinese history and also in contemporary Afghanistan, but instead of being called feudal lords, these landlords are called warlords. Eurocentrism striking again. The other reason the Dark Ages are called dark is because Europe was dominated by superstition and by boring religious debates about, like, how many angels can fit on the head of a pin. And while there's something to that, the Middle Ages also saw theologians like Thomas Aquinas, who was quite an important philosopher, and women like Hildegard of Bingen, who wrote all this important liturgical music and also basically invented the genre of the morality play."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "We hear a lot about this in Chinese history and also in contemporary Afghanistan, but instead of being called feudal lords, these landlords are called warlords. Eurocentrism striking again. The other reason the Dark Ages are called dark is because Europe was dominated by superstition and by boring religious debates about, like, how many angels can fit on the head of a pin. And while there's something to that, the Middle Ages also saw theologians like Thomas Aquinas, who was quite an important philosopher, and women like Hildegard of Bingen, who wrote all this important liturgical music and also basically invented the genre of the morality play. All that noted, things were certainly brighter in the Islamic world, or dar al-Islam. So when we last left the Muslims, they had expanded out of their homeland in Arabia and conquered the rich Egyptian provinces of the Byzantines and the entire Sasanian Empire, all in the space of about a hundred years. The Umayyad Dynasty then expanded the empire west to Spain and moved the capital to Damascus because it was closer to the action empire-wise, but still technically in Arabia."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "And while there's something to that, the Middle Ages also saw theologians like Thomas Aquinas, who was quite an important philosopher, and women like Hildegard of Bingen, who wrote all this important liturgical music and also basically invented the genre of the morality play. All that noted, things were certainly brighter in the Islamic world, or dar al-Islam. So when we last left the Muslims, they had expanded out of their homeland in Arabia and conquered the rich Egyptian provinces of the Byzantines and the entire Sasanian Empire, all in the space of about a hundred years. The Umayyad Dynasty then expanded the empire west to Spain and moved the capital to Damascus because it was closer to the action empire-wise, but still technically in Arabia. That was really important to the Umayyads because they'd established this hierarchy with the Arabs like them at the top, and in fact they tried to keep Arabs from fraternizing with non-Arab Muslims throughout the empire. This, of course, annoyed the non-Arab Muslims, who were like, I don't know if you're reading the same Quran we are, but this one says that we're all supposed to be equal. And pretty quickly a majority of Muslims weren't Arabs, which made it pretty easy for them to overthrow the Umayyads, which they did in 750 CE."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "The Umayyad Dynasty then expanded the empire west to Spain and moved the capital to Damascus because it was closer to the action empire-wise, but still technically in Arabia. That was really important to the Umayyads because they'd established this hierarchy with the Arabs like them at the top, and in fact they tried to keep Arabs from fraternizing with non-Arab Muslims throughout the empire. This, of course, annoyed the non-Arab Muslims, who were like, I don't know if you're reading the same Quran we are, but this one says that we're all supposed to be equal. And pretty quickly a majority of Muslims weren't Arabs, which made it pretty easy for them to overthrow the Umayyads, which they did in 750 CE. Another replacement is the Abbasids. Abbasids? Hold on."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "And pretty quickly a majority of Muslims weren't Arabs, which made it pretty easy for them to overthrow the Umayyads, which they did in 750 CE. Another replacement is the Abbasids. Abbasids? Hold on. Abbasid or Abbasid. Ah, I'm right twice! Right, so the Abbasids were from the Abbasi, or Abbasi family, which hailed from one of the eastern and therefore more Persian provinces of the Islamic Empire."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Hold on. Abbasid or Abbasid. Ah, I'm right twice! Right, so the Abbasids were from the Abbasi, or Abbasi family, which hailed from one of the eastern and therefore more Persian provinces of the Islamic Empire. The Abbasids took over in 750 and no one could fully defeat them until 1258 when they were conquered by, wait for it, the Mongols. The Abbasids kept the idea of a hereditary monarchy, but they moved the capital of the empire to Baghdad and they were much more welcoming of non-Arab Muslims into positions of power. And under the Abbasids, the Dar al-Islam took on a distinctly Persian cast that it never really lost."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, so the Abbasids were from the Abbasi, or Abbasi family, which hailed from one of the eastern and therefore more Persian provinces of the Islamic Empire. The Abbasids took over in 750 and no one could fully defeat them until 1258 when they were conquered by, wait for it, the Mongols. The Abbasids kept the idea of a hereditary monarchy, but they moved the capital of the empire to Baghdad and they were much more welcoming of non-Arab Muslims into positions of power. And under the Abbasids, the Dar al-Islam took on a distinctly Persian cast that it never really lost. The caliph now styled himself as a king of kings, just like the Achaemenids had, and pretty soon the caliph's rule was a lot more indirect, just like the original Persians. This meant that his control was much weaker, and by about 1000 CE, the Islamic Caliphate, which looks so incredibly impressive on a map, had really descended into a series of smaller kingdoms, each paying lip service to the caliph in Baghdad. This was partly because the Islamic Empire relied more and more on soldiers from the frontier, in this case the Turks, and also slaves pressed into military service in order to be the backbone of their army, a strategy that has been tried over and over again and has worked exactly zero times, which you should remember if you ever become an emperor."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "And under the Abbasids, the Dar al-Islam took on a distinctly Persian cast that it never really lost. The caliph now styled himself as a king of kings, just like the Achaemenids had, and pretty soon the caliph's rule was a lot more indirect, just like the original Persians. This meant that his control was much weaker, and by about 1000 CE, the Islamic Caliphate, which looks so incredibly impressive on a map, had really descended into a series of smaller kingdoms, each paying lip service to the caliph in Baghdad. This was partly because the Islamic Empire relied more and more on soldiers from the frontier, in this case the Turks, and also slaves pressed into military service in order to be the backbone of their army, a strategy that has been tried over and over again and has worked exactly zero times, which you should remember if you ever become an emperor. Actually, our resident historian points out that that strategy has worked, if you are the Mongols. More important than the Persian-style monarchy that the Abbasids set up was their openness to foreigners and their ideas. That tolerance and curiosity ushered in a golden age of Islamic learning centered in Baghdad."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "This was partly because the Islamic Empire relied more and more on soldiers from the frontier, in this case the Turks, and also slaves pressed into military service in order to be the backbone of their army, a strategy that has been tried over and over again and has worked exactly zero times, which you should remember if you ever become an emperor. Actually, our resident historian points out that that strategy has worked, if you are the Mongols. More important than the Persian-style monarchy that the Abbasids set up was their openness to foreigners and their ideas. That tolerance and curiosity ushered in a golden age of Islamic learning centered in Baghdad. The Abbasids oversaw an effervescence of culture unlike anything that had been seen since Hellenistic times. Arabic replaced Greek not only as the language of commerce and religion, but also of culture. Philosophy, medicine, and poetry were all written in Arabic, although Persian remained an important literary language."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "That tolerance and curiosity ushered in a golden age of Islamic learning centered in Baghdad. The Abbasids oversaw an effervescence of culture unlike anything that had been seen since Hellenistic times. Arabic replaced Greek not only as the language of commerce and religion, but also of culture. Philosophy, medicine, and poetry were all written in Arabic, although Persian remained an important literary language. And Baghdad became the world's center of scholarship, with its house of wisdom and immense library. Muslim scholars translated the works of Greek philosophers, including Aristotle and Plato, as well as scientific works by Hippocrates, Archimedes, and especially the physician Galen. And they translated and preserved Buddhist and Hindu manuscripts that might otherwise have been lost."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Philosophy, medicine, and poetry were all written in Arabic, although Persian remained an important literary language. And Baghdad became the world's center of scholarship, with its house of wisdom and immense library. Muslim scholars translated the works of Greek philosophers, including Aristotle and Plato, as well as scientific works by Hippocrates, Archimedes, and especially the physician Galen. And they translated and preserved Buddhist and Hindu manuscripts that might otherwise have been lost. Muslims made huge strides in medicine as well. One Muslim scholar, Ibn Sina, wrote the Canon of Medicine, which became the standard medical textbook for centuries in both Europe and the Middle East. And the Islamic Empire adopted mathematical concepts from India, such as the zero, a number so fascinating and beautiful that we could write an entire episode about it, but instead, I'm just gonna write it a little love poem."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "And they translated and preserved Buddhist and Hindu manuscripts that might otherwise have been lost. Muslims made huge strides in medicine as well. One Muslim scholar, Ibn Sina, wrote the Canon of Medicine, which became the standard medical textbook for centuries in both Europe and the Middle East. And the Islamic Empire adopted mathematical concepts from India, such as the zero, a number so fascinating and beautiful that we could write an entire episode about it, but instead, I'm just gonna write it a little love poem. Oh zero, pretty little zero, they say you're nothing, but you mean everything to mathematical history and me. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Science and Religion."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Islamic Empire adopted mathematical concepts from India, such as the zero, a number so fascinating and beautiful that we could write an entire episode about it, but instead, I'm just gonna write it a little love poem. Oh zero, pretty little zero, they say you're nothing, but you mean everything to mathematical history and me. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Science and Religion. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, champagne poppers. What am I supposed to do with these?"}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "An Open Letter to Science and Religion. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, champagne poppers. What am I supposed to do with these? Dear Science and Religion, you're supposed to be so irreconcilable in everything, but not so much in the Abbasid Empire. I mean, Muslim mathematicians expanded math to such a degree that we now call the base ten number system and the symbols we use to denote it Arabic numerals. And religion was at least part of what pushed all that learning forward."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "What am I supposed to do with these? Dear Science and Religion, you're supposed to be so irreconcilable in everything, but not so much in the Abbasid Empire. I mean, Muslim mathematicians expanded math to such a degree that we now call the base ten number system and the symbols we use to denote it Arabic numerals. And religion was at least part of what pushed all that learning forward. Like the great philosopher Ibn Rushd argued that the only path to religious enlightenment was through Aristotelian reasoning. And Muslim mathematicians and astronomers developed algebra partly so they could simplify Islamic inheritance law. Plus they made important strides in trigonometry to help people understand where to turn when trying to turn toward Mecca."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "And religion was at least part of what pushed all that learning forward. Like the great philosopher Ibn Rushd argued that the only path to religious enlightenment was through Aristotelian reasoning. And Muslim mathematicians and astronomers developed algebra partly so they could simplify Islamic inheritance law. Plus they made important strides in trigonometry to help people understand where to turn when trying to turn toward Mecca. You were working so well together, Science and Religion, but then, like Al and Tip or Gore, just couldn't last forever. Nothing gold can stay in this world. Nothing gold can stay."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Plus they made important strides in trigonometry to help people understand where to turn when trying to turn toward Mecca. You were working so well together, Science and Religion, but then, like Al and Tip or Gore, just couldn't last forever. Nothing gold can stay in this world. Nothing gold can stay. Best wishes, John Green. Baghdad wasn't the only center of learning in the Islamic world. In Spain, Islamic Cordoba became a center for the arts, especially architecture."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Nothing gold can stay. Best wishes, John Green. Baghdad wasn't the only center of learning in the Islamic world. In Spain, Islamic Cordoba became a center for the arts, especially architecture. This is perhaps best exemplified by the Great Mosque at Cordoba, built by the Umayyad ruler Abd al-Rahman I in 785-786 CE. That's right, this building, still standing today and one of the most amazing mosques in the world, was built in a year, whereas medieval cathedrals took like a million years to finish. The Muslims of Spain were also engineers who rivaled the Romans."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "In Spain, Islamic Cordoba became a center for the arts, especially architecture. This is perhaps best exemplified by the Great Mosque at Cordoba, built by the Umayyad ruler Abd al-Rahman I in 785-786 CE. That's right, this building, still standing today and one of the most amazing mosques in the world, was built in a year, whereas medieval cathedrals took like a million years to finish. The Muslims of Spain were also engineers who rivaled the Romans. Aqueducts in Cordoba brought drinkable water into the city, and Muslim scholars took the lead in agricultural science, improving yields on all kinds of new crops, allowing Spanish lives to be longer and less hungry. Everybody wanted to live in Spain. Even the greatest Jewish philosopher Maimonides wanted to live in Spain, but sadly he was expelled and ended up in Alexandria, Egypt."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "The Muslims of Spain were also engineers who rivaled the Romans. Aqueducts in Cordoba brought drinkable water into the city, and Muslim scholars took the lead in agricultural science, improving yields on all kinds of new crops, allowing Spanish lives to be longer and less hungry. Everybody wanted to live in Spain. Even the greatest Jewish philosopher Maimonides wanted to live in Spain, but sadly he was expelled and ended up in Alexandria, Egypt. There he wrote his awesomely titled defensive rationality, A Guide for the Perplexed. I'm translating the title, of course, because the original text was written in Arabic. Meanwhile, China was having a golden age of its own."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Even the greatest Jewish philosopher Maimonides wanted to live in Spain, but sadly he was expelled and ended up in Alexandria, Egypt. There he wrote his awesomely titled defensive rationality, A Guide for the Perplexed. I'm translating the title, of course, because the original text was written in Arabic. Meanwhile, China was having a golden age of its own. The Tang Dynasty made China's government more of a meritocracy and ruled over 80 million people across 4 million square miles. And they might have conquered all of Central Asia had it not been for the Abbasids, whom they fought at the most important battle you've never heard of, the Battle of the Talas River. This was like the Ali-Fraser of the 8th century, and the Abbasids won, which ended up defining who had cultural influence where, with the Abbasids dominating to the west of the river and China dominating to the east."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Meanwhile, China was having a golden age of its own. The Tang Dynasty made China's government more of a meritocracy and ruled over 80 million people across 4 million square miles. And they might have conquered all of Central Asia had it not been for the Abbasids, whom they fought at the most important battle you've never heard of, the Battle of the Talas River. This was like the Ali-Fraser of the 8th century, and the Abbasids won, which ended up defining who had cultural influence where, with the Abbasids dominating to the west of the river and China dominating to the east. The Tang also produced incredible art that was traded all throughout Asia. And many of the more famous sculptures from the Tang Dynasty feature figures who are distinctly not Chinese, which again demonstrates the diversity of the empire. The Tang was also a golden age for Chinese poetry, with notables like Du Fu and Li Bao applying their craft, encouraged by the official government."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "This was like the Ali-Fraser of the 8th century, and the Abbasids won, which ended up defining who had cultural influence where, with the Abbasids dominating to the west of the river and China dominating to the east. The Tang also produced incredible art that was traded all throughout Asia. And many of the more famous sculptures from the Tang Dynasty feature figures who are distinctly not Chinese, which again demonstrates the diversity of the empire. The Tang was also a golden age for Chinese poetry, with notables like Du Fu and Li Bao applying their craft, encouraged by the official government. And the Sung Dynasty, which lasted from 960 to 1258, kicked even more ass, it's not cursing if you're talking about donkeys. By the 11th century, Chinese metalworkers were producing as much iron as Europe would be able to produce in the 18th century. Some of this iron was put to use in new plows, which enabled agriculture to boom, thereby supporting population growth."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "The Tang was also a golden age for Chinese poetry, with notables like Du Fu and Li Bao applying their craft, encouraged by the official government. And the Sung Dynasty, which lasted from 960 to 1258, kicked even more ass, it's not cursing if you're talking about donkeys. By the 11th century, Chinese metalworkers were producing as much iron as Europe would be able to produce in the 18th century. Some of this iron was put to use in new plows, which enabled agriculture to boom, thereby supporting population growth. Porcelain was of such high quality that it was shipped throughout the world, which is why we now call it China. And there was so much trade going on that the Chinese ran out of metal for coins, leading to another innovation, paper money. And by the 11th century, the Chinese were writing down their recipe for a mixture of salt, peter, sulfur, and charcoal that we now know as gunpowder."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Some of this iron was put to use in new plows, which enabled agriculture to boom, thereby supporting population growth. Porcelain was of such high quality that it was shipped throughout the world, which is why we now call it China. And there was so much trade going on that the Chinese ran out of metal for coins, leading to another innovation, paper money. And by the 11th century, the Chinese were writing down their recipe for a mixture of salt, peter, sulfur, and charcoal that we now know as gunpowder. That becomes kind of a big deal in history, paving the way, as it does for modern warfare and arena rock pyrotechnics and... Oh, that's why! Not so dark after all. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "And by the 11th century, the Chinese were writing down their recipe for a mixture of salt, peter, sulfur, and charcoal that we now know as gunpowder. That becomes kind of a big deal in history, paving the way, as it does for modern warfare and arena rock pyrotechnics and... Oh, that's why! Not so dark after all. Thanks for watching. We'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. We'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The graphics team is Thought Bubble, and the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Last week's Phrase of the Week was also good advice. Quit smoking!"}, {"video_title": "The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really Crash Course World History #14.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The graphics team is Thought Bubble, and the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Last week's Phrase of the Week was also good advice. Quit smoking! If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. If you liked today's video, please click the thumbs up button. You can also follow us on Twitter at The Crash Course, or on Facebook, there are links in the video info."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We spent a lot of time on the Roman Empire, and in the highlighted yellow, you see the Roman Empire at roughly its maximum extent, and on this timeline, you see the Roman Kingdom, and then the Roman Republic, and then the Roman Empire, which ends in the fifth century, although the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, continues on for roughly another 1,000 years. Now, we also have depicted here a significant Persian Empire. You have the Parthian Empire, and they were preceded by the Seleucid Empire, and they were succeeded by the Sasanian Empire, but I have the Parthians depicted here on the timeline and on the map. I also show Han China, both the Eastern and Western Han dynasties you can see on this timeline as well, and in India, I show the Maurya Dynasty on the timeline. I don't depict it here on the map, but on the map, I show the Kushan Empire, and I also show it on the timeline. Now, the reason why I wanted to pick these empires at this specific time in the world is to highlight the fact that they weren't operating in complete isolation. In fact, as we get to the second and first century BCE, especially as we get into the Common Era, we start seeing a significant amount of trade and interaction between these empires, not to say that there wasn't trade and interaction before that time, but it started to get accelerated, and to a large degree, it got accelerated because you had these contiguous empires that at least within their borders were able to provide some level of stability for someone to travel across roads or travel across borders, and so you start to see the emergence of these trading networks."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I also show Han China, both the Eastern and Western Han dynasties you can see on this timeline as well, and in India, I show the Maurya Dynasty on the timeline. I don't depict it here on the map, but on the map, I show the Kushan Empire, and I also show it on the timeline. Now, the reason why I wanted to pick these empires at this specific time in the world is to highlight the fact that they weren't operating in complete isolation. In fact, as we get to the second and first century BCE, especially as we get into the Common Era, we start seeing a significant amount of trade and interaction between these empires, not to say that there wasn't trade and interaction before that time, but it started to get accelerated, and to a large degree, it got accelerated because you had these contiguous empires that at least within their borders were able to provide some level of stability for someone to travel across roads or travel across borders, and so you start to see the emergence of these trading networks. In red, you see trading roads or paths in red, and in blue, you see those paths by sea, and this isn't even comprehensive, and even what I showed on the empires, there were many other smaller kingdoms that also existed in the world that I just don't have depicted here, but what this contiguous block of empires allowed is for the trade of goods and ideas, and sometimes collectively, the routes that were used for this trade is referred to as the Silk Road or the Silk Roads, or really, you could say the Silk Routes, and so it's a collective number of paths that people used to trade things. Now, why call it silk? Well, it all boils down to silk being a major commodity of trade at this time period, so if you wanna think about the different things that were traded around the world, this is just a sample of it."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, as we get to the second and first century BCE, especially as we get into the Common Era, we start seeing a significant amount of trade and interaction between these empires, not to say that there wasn't trade and interaction before that time, but it started to get accelerated, and to a large degree, it got accelerated because you had these contiguous empires that at least within their borders were able to provide some level of stability for someone to travel across roads or travel across borders, and so you start to see the emergence of these trading networks. In red, you see trading roads or paths in red, and in blue, you see those paths by sea, and this isn't even comprehensive, and even what I showed on the empires, there were many other smaller kingdoms that also existed in the world that I just don't have depicted here, but what this contiguous block of empires allowed is for the trade of goods and ideas, and sometimes collectively, the routes that were used for this trade is referred to as the Silk Road or the Silk Roads, or really, you could say the Silk Routes, and so it's a collective number of paths that people used to trade things. Now, why call it silk? Well, it all boils down to silk being a major commodity of trade at this time period, so if you wanna think about the different things that were traded around the world, this is just a sample of it. Silk, which comes from cocoons of these silkworms that eat mulberry leaves, was considered a sign of wealth. It was considered the finest cloth, and China had a monopoly on how to make silk for many hundreds of years, even after the period that we were talking about right here, so you can imagine, around the world, people were interested in getting access to that Chinese silk, but silk wasn't the only thing that was being traded. In fact, in order to trade, you need to give something in exchange for even that silk."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, it all boils down to silk being a major commodity of trade at this time period, so if you wanna think about the different things that were traded around the world, this is just a sample of it. Silk, which comes from cocoons of these silkworms that eat mulberry leaves, was considered a sign of wealth. It was considered the finest cloth, and China had a monopoly on how to make silk for many hundreds of years, even after the period that we were talking about right here, so you can imagine, around the world, people were interested in getting access to that Chinese silk, but silk wasn't the only thing that was being traded. In fact, in order to trade, you need to give something in exchange for even that silk. One of the Chinese motivations for trading with others is having access to horses. Horses were valuable not just for transporting goods, but also in war, especially fighting some of their northern enemies who had access to horses. They also were able to get gold from Europe, able to get cotton from India."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, in order to trade, you need to give something in exchange for even that silk. One of the Chinese motivations for trading with others is having access to horses. Horses were valuable not just for transporting goods, but also in war, especially fighting some of their northern enemies who had access to horses. They also were able to get gold from Europe, able to get cotton from India. In Europe, you also had other manufactured goods, so you had this fairly vast trading enterprise emerge between these different parts of the world. And to be clear, some of the things that were traded allowed or facilitated the trade itself. I mentioned horses were a source of transportation, but camels in particular were very powerful sources of transportation, especially across Central Asia and as you get into the Middle East and Africa, because you have these large swaths of desert."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They also were able to get gold from Europe, able to get cotton from India. In Europe, you also had other manufactured goods, so you had this fairly vast trading enterprise emerge between these different parts of the world. And to be clear, some of the things that were traded allowed or facilitated the trade itself. I mentioned horses were a source of transportation, but camels in particular were very powerful sources of transportation, especially across Central Asia and as you get into the Middle East and Africa, because you have these large swaths of desert. Camels could not only carry a lot, but they had a lot of stamina, and they did not have to stop for water as frequently. In a lot of world history, we focus on the large, non-nomadic empires, like the Roman Empire and Han China. But as trade became more important, especially as you go through Central Asia, you could imagine that many of the people who were very good at trading, who were good at moving things, were people who were good at moving themselves, in particular, the nomadic people in Central Asia."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I mentioned horses were a source of transportation, but camels in particular were very powerful sources of transportation, especially across Central Asia and as you get into the Middle East and Africa, because you have these large swaths of desert. Camels could not only carry a lot, but they had a lot of stamina, and they did not have to stop for water as frequently. In a lot of world history, we focus on the large, non-nomadic empires, like the Roman Empire and Han China. But as trade became more important, especially as you go through Central Asia, you could imagine that many of the people who were very good at trading, who were good at moving things, were people who were good at moving themselves, in particular, the nomadic people in Central Asia. Many of their cities along these trade routes became more and more wealthy and more and more powerful. Now, as I mentioned, goods were not the only thing that were transported along these routes. One of the not-so-good things was the spread of disease."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as trade became more important, especially as you go through Central Asia, you could imagine that many of the people who were very good at trading, who were good at moving things, were people who were good at moving themselves, in particular, the nomadic people in Central Asia. Many of their cities along these trade routes became more and more wealthy and more and more powerful. Now, as I mentioned, goods were not the only thing that were transported along these routes. One of the not-so-good things was the spread of disease. So in the historical record, we have two major plagues in Rome during the Roman Empire, and we believe these plagues were smallpox, although some people believe it might have been measles. And it is believed that it came from traders, it came from Asia, from the Middle East, and these were significant plagues. And the reason why we think that it was due to trade is that there's some evidence in Han China during this first plague of similar symptoms, of a similar plague."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "One of the not-so-good things was the spread of disease. So in the historical record, we have two major plagues in Rome during the Roman Empire, and we believe these plagues were smallpox, although some people believe it might have been measles. And it is believed that it came from traders, it came from Asia, from the Middle East, and these were significant plagues. And the reason why we think that it was due to trade is that there's some evidence in Han China during this first plague of similar symptoms, of a similar plague. But it really affected Rome. In these plagues, it's estimated that as much as 10% of the population might have died. In certain cities, it might have been 25, 30% of the population."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the reason why we think that it was due to trade is that there's some evidence in Han China during this first plague of similar symptoms, of a similar plague. But it really affected Rome. In these plagues, it's estimated that as much as 10% of the population might have died. In certain cities, it might have been 25, 30% of the population. Some historians even point to these plagues as destabilizing the Roman Empire. And this is a theme that you'll see often in world history, where if you have a population that doesn't have exposure to something, say smallpox, and all of a sudden they encounter a population that does have exposure, well, that smallpox might wreak havoc. But it wasn't just disease."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In certain cities, it might have been 25, 30% of the population. Some historians even point to these plagues as destabilizing the Roman Empire. And this is a theme that you'll see often in world history, where if you have a population that doesn't have exposure to something, say smallpox, and all of a sudden they encounter a population that does have exposure, well, that smallpox might wreak havoc. But it wasn't just disease. You also have the spread of ideas and technology and religion. And the two religions that perhaps benefited the most from the early trade along the Silk Route, or the Silk Roads, were Christianity and Buddhism. And Buddhism in particular was very appealing to many of these Silk Road merchants."}, {"video_title": "Early Silk Road World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But it wasn't just disease. You also have the spread of ideas and technology and religion. And the two religions that perhaps benefited the most from the early trade along the Silk Route, or the Silk Roads, were Christianity and Buddhism. And Buddhism in particular was very appealing to many of these Silk Road merchants. The Kushan Empire in particular started to significantly spread Buddhism. In previous videos, we talk about Ashoka sending missionaries. But the Kushan Empire helped spread Buddhism into China and into the Far East."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about China, which these days is discussed almost constantly on television and in newspapers. Wait, are they still a thing? So we used to print information on thinly sliced trees, and then you would pay someone to take these thinly sliced trees and throw them onto your front lawn, and that's how we received information. No one thought this was weird, by the way. [\u266a INTRO MUSIC \u266a)] Right, but anyway, you hear a lot about how China's going to overtake the U.S. and bury us under a pile of inexpensive electronics, but I don't want to address those fears today. Instead, I want to talk about how the way you tell a story shapes the story. China was really the first modern state, by which I mean it had a centralized government and a core of bureaucrats who could execute the wishes of that government, and it lasted in pretty much the same form from 150 BCE until 1911 CE, which is technically known as a long-ass time."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "No one thought this was weird, by the way. [\u266a INTRO MUSIC \u266a)] Right, but anyway, you hear a lot about how China's going to overtake the U.S. and bury us under a pile of inexpensive electronics, but I don't want to address those fears today. Instead, I want to talk about how the way you tell a story shapes the story. China was really the first modern state, by which I mean it had a centralized government and a core of bureaucrats who could execute the wishes of that government, and it lasted in pretty much the same form from 150 BCE until 1911 CE, which is technically known as a long-ass time. The Chinese were also among the first people to write history. In fact, one of the Confucian classics is called the Shu Jing, or Classic of History. This is great for us because we can now see the things the Chinese recorded as they were happening, but it's also problematic because of the way the story is told."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "China was really the first modern state, by which I mean it had a centralized government and a core of bureaucrats who could execute the wishes of that government, and it lasted in pretty much the same form from 150 BCE until 1911 CE, which is technically known as a long-ass time. The Chinese were also among the first people to write history. In fact, one of the Confucian classics is called the Shu Jing, or Classic of History. This is great for us because we can now see the things the Chinese recorded as they were happening, but it's also problematic because of the way the story is told. So even me from the past with this five minutes of world history knows that Chinese history is conveniently divided into periods called dynasties. Mr. Green, I didn't even say anything. That doesn't seem very fair."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "This is great for us because we can now see the things the Chinese recorded as they were happening, but it's also problematic because of the way the story is told. So even me from the past with this five minutes of world history knows that Chinese history is conveniently divided into periods called dynasties. Mr. Green, I didn't even say anything. That doesn't seem very fair. Shh! What makes a dynasty a dynasty is that it's ruled by a king, or as the Chinese know him, an emperor, who comes from a continuous ruling family. As long as that family produces emperors, and they are always dudes... No, they aren't."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "That doesn't seem very fair. Shh! What makes a dynasty a dynasty is that it's ruled by a king, or as the Chinese know him, an emperor, who comes from a continuous ruling family. As long as that family produces emperors, and they are always dudes... No, they aren't. First off, there were several empress dowagers who wielded tremendous power throughout Chinese history, and there was one very important full-fledged empress, Empress Wu, who ruled China for more than 20 years and founded her own freaking dynasty. And those emperors keep ruling, the dynasty gets to be a dynasty. So the dynasty can end for two reasons."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "As long as that family produces emperors, and they are always dudes... No, they aren't. First off, there were several empress dowagers who wielded tremendous power throughout Chinese history, and there was one very important full-fledged empress, Empress Wu, who ruled China for more than 20 years and founded her own freaking dynasty. And those emperors keep ruling, the dynasty gets to be a dynasty. So the dynasty can end for two reasons. Either they run out of dudes, which never happened thanks to the hard work of many, many concubines, or the emperor is overthrown after a rebellion or a war. This is more or less what happened to all the dynasties, which makes it easy for me to go over to camera two and describe them in a single run-on sentence. Hi there, camera two."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "So the dynasty can end for two reasons. Either they run out of dudes, which never happened thanks to the hard work of many, many concubines, or the emperor is overthrown after a rebellion or a war. This is more or less what happened to all the dynasties, which makes it easy for me to go over to camera two and describe them in a single run-on sentence. Hi there, camera two. Leaving aside the Xia Dynasty, which was sadly fictional, the first Chinese dynasty was the Shang, who were overthrown by the Zhao, which disintegrated into political chaos, called the Warring States Period, in which states warred over periods. Oh no, wait, it was a period in which states warred. Which ended when the Qin Emperor was able to extend his power over most of the heretofore warring states, but the Qin were replaced by the Han, which was the dynasty that really set the pattern for most of China's history and lasted for almost 400 years, after which China fell again into political chaos, which only means there was no dynasty that ruled over all of China."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi there, camera two. Leaving aside the Xia Dynasty, which was sadly fictional, the first Chinese dynasty was the Shang, who were overthrown by the Zhao, which disintegrated into political chaos, called the Warring States Period, in which states warred over periods. Oh no, wait, it was a period in which states warred. Which ended when the Qin Emperor was able to extend his power over most of the heretofore warring states, but the Qin were replaced by the Han, which was the dynasty that really set the pattern for most of China's history and lasted for almost 400 years, after which China fell again into political chaos, which only means there was no dynasty that ruled over all of China. And out of this chaos rose the Sui, who were followed quickly by the Tang, who in turn were replaced after a short period of no dynasty by the Song, who saw a huge growth in China's commerce that was still not enough to prevent them from being conquered by the Yuan, who were both unpopular and unusual, because they were Mongols. Which sparked rebellions resulting in the rise of the Ming, which was the dynasty that built the Great Wall and made amazing vases, but didn't save them from falling to the Manchus, who founded a dynasty that was called the Qing, which was the last dynasty because in 1911 there was a rebellion like the ones in, say, America, France, or Russia, and the whole dynastic system, which at that point had lasted for a long-ass time, came to an end. And breathe."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Which ended when the Qin Emperor was able to extend his power over most of the heretofore warring states, but the Qin were replaced by the Han, which was the dynasty that really set the pattern for most of China's history and lasted for almost 400 years, after which China fell again into political chaos, which only means there was no dynasty that ruled over all of China. And out of this chaos rose the Sui, who were followed quickly by the Tang, who in turn were replaced after a short period of no dynasty by the Song, who saw a huge growth in China's commerce that was still not enough to prevent them from being conquered by the Yuan, who were both unpopular and unusual, because they were Mongols. Which sparked rebellions resulting in the rise of the Ming, which was the dynasty that built the Great Wall and made amazing vases, but didn't save them from falling to the Manchus, who founded a dynasty that was called the Qing, which was the last dynasty because in 1911 there was a rebellion like the ones in, say, America, France, or Russia, and the whole dynastic system, which at that point had lasted for a long-ass time, came to an end. And breathe. So that's what happened, but what's interesting as far as Capital H history is concerned is why it happened, and especially why the people who were writing history at the time said it happened, which leads us to the Mandate of Heaven. So the concept of the Mandate of Heaven dates from the Zhou Dynasty, and current historians think that they invented it to get rid of the Shang. Before the Zhou, China didn't even have a concept of heaven, or Tian, but they did have a high god called Shengdi."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "And breathe. So that's what happened, but what's interesting as far as Capital H history is concerned is why it happened, and especially why the people who were writing history at the time said it happened, which leads us to the Mandate of Heaven. So the concept of the Mandate of Heaven dates from the Zhou Dynasty, and current historians think that they invented it to get rid of the Shang. Before the Zhou, China didn't even have a concept of heaven, or Tian, but they did have a high god called Shengdi. But the Zhou believed in Tian, and they were eager to portray the idea of heaven as eternal, so they ascribed the concept of the Mandate of Heaven back to a time even before the Shang, explaining that the Shang were able to conquer the Xia only because the Xia kings had lost the Mandate of Heaven. This, of course, would have been impossible, partly because the Xia kings had no concept of heaven, and partly because, as previously noted, they didn't exist, but let's just leave that aside. The Shu Jing is pretty specific about what caused the Xia kings to lose the Mandate, by the way, explaining, the attack on Xia may be traced to the orgies in Ming Tao."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Before the Zhou, China didn't even have a concept of heaven, or Tian, but they did have a high god called Shengdi. But the Zhou believed in Tian, and they were eager to portray the idea of heaven as eternal, so they ascribed the concept of the Mandate of Heaven back to a time even before the Shang, explaining that the Shang were able to conquer the Xia only because the Xia kings had lost the Mandate of Heaven. This, of course, would have been impossible, partly because the Xia kings had no concept of heaven, and partly because, as previously noted, they didn't exist, but let's just leave that aside. The Shu Jing is pretty specific about what caused the Xia kings to lose the Mandate, by the way, explaining, the attack on Xia may be traced to the orgies in Ming Tao. Sadly, the Shu Jing is woefully short on details of these orgies, but orgies are the kind of behavior that is not expected of a ruler, and therefore, heaven saw fit to come in, remove the Mandate, and allow the Shang to take power. But then the Shang lost the Mandate. Why?"}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "The Shu Jing is pretty specific about what caused the Xia kings to lose the Mandate, by the way, explaining, the attack on Xia may be traced to the orgies in Ming Tao. Sadly, the Shu Jing is woefully short on details of these orgies, but orgies are the kind of behavior that is not expected of a ruler, and therefore, heaven saw fit to come in, remove the Mandate, and allow the Shang to take power. But then the Shang lost the Mandate. Why? Well, the last Shang emperor is reported to have roasted and eaten his opponents, which, you know, bit of a deal breaker, as far as the Mandate of Heaven is concerned. Of course, that might not actually have happened, but it would explain why heaven would allow the Zhou to come to power. So basically, the fact that one dynasty falls and is replaced by another in a cycle that lasts for 3,000 years is explained in the eyes of early Chinese historians by divine intervention based on whether the ruler behaves in a proper, upright manner."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Why? Well, the last Shang emperor is reported to have roasted and eaten his opponents, which, you know, bit of a deal breaker, as far as the Mandate of Heaven is concerned. Of course, that might not actually have happened, but it would explain why heaven would allow the Zhou to come to power. So basically, the fact that one dynasty falls and is replaced by another in a cycle that lasts for 3,000 years is explained in the eyes of early Chinese historians by divine intervention based on whether the ruler behaves in a proper, upright manner. It's after-the-fact analysis that has the virtue of being completely impossible to disprove, as well as offering a tidy explanation for some very messy political history. And even more importantly, it reinforces a vision of moral behavior that is a cornerstone of Confucianism, which I will get to momentarily. But first, let's see an example of the Mandate of Heaven in action."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "So basically, the fact that one dynasty falls and is replaced by another in a cycle that lasts for 3,000 years is explained in the eyes of early Chinese historians by divine intervention based on whether the ruler behaves in a proper, upright manner. It's after-the-fact analysis that has the virtue of being completely impossible to disprove, as well as offering a tidy explanation for some very messy political history. And even more importantly, it reinforces a vision of moral behavior that is a cornerstone of Confucianism, which I will get to momentarily. But first, let's see an example of the Mandate of Heaven in action. So the Qin dynasty only lasted 38 years, but it's one of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, so important, in fact, that it gave the place its name, Qin. Uh. Can I just tell you guys that we literally just spent 20 minutes on that shot?"}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see an example of the Mandate of Heaven in action. So the Qin dynasty only lasted 38 years, but it's one of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, so important, in fact, that it gave the place its name, Qin. Uh. Can I just tell you guys that we literally just spent 20 minutes on that shot? We shot it like 40 times. Stan, you are in love with puns. The accomplishment of the Qin was to reunify China under a single emperor for the first time in 500 years, ending the Warring States period."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Can I just tell you guys that we literally just spent 20 minutes on that shot? We shot it like 40 times. Stan, you are in love with puns. The accomplishment of the Qin was to reunify China under a single emperor for the first time in 500 years, ending the Warring States period. As you can imagine, the making of that particular omelet required the cracking of quite a few eggs, and the great Qin emperor Qin Shuangdi and his descendants developed a reputation for brutality that was justified. But it was also exaggerated for effect so that the successor dynasty, the Han, would look more legitimate in the eyes of heaven. So when recounting the fall of the Qin, historians focused on how a bunch of murderous eunuchs turned the Qin emperors into puppets, not literal puppets, although that would have been awesome."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "The accomplishment of the Qin was to reunify China under a single emperor for the first time in 500 years, ending the Warring States period. As you can imagine, the making of that particular omelet required the cracking of quite a few eggs, and the great Qin emperor Qin Shuangdi and his descendants developed a reputation for brutality that was justified. But it was also exaggerated for effect so that the successor dynasty, the Han, would look more legitimate in the eyes of heaven. So when recounting the fall of the Qin, historians focused on how a bunch of murderous eunuchs turned the Qin emperors into puppets, not literal puppets, although that would have been awesome. And these crazy eunuchs, like, tricked emperors into committing suicide when they started thinking for themselves, etc. So the Mandate of Heaven turned away from these suicidal puppet emperors, which set up a nice contrast with the early Han emperors, such as Wen, who came to power in 180 BCE and ruled benevolently, avoiding extravagance in personal behavior and ruling largely according to Confucian principles. Under Wen, there were no more harsh punishments for criticizing the government, executions declined, and most importantly, for the Confucian scholars who were writing the history, the government stopped burning books."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "So when recounting the fall of the Qin, historians focused on how a bunch of murderous eunuchs turned the Qin emperors into puppets, not literal puppets, although that would have been awesome. And these crazy eunuchs, like, tricked emperors into committing suicide when they started thinking for themselves, etc. So the Mandate of Heaven turned away from these suicidal puppet emperors, which set up a nice contrast with the early Han emperors, such as Wen, who came to power in 180 BCE and ruled benevolently, avoiding extravagance in personal behavior and ruling largely according to Confucian principles. Under Wen, there were no more harsh punishments for criticizing the government, executions declined, and most importantly, for the Confucian scholars who were writing the history, the government stopped burning books. Thus, according to the ancient Chinese version of history, Emperor Wen, by behaving as a wise Confucian, maintains the Mandate of Heaven. So who is this Confucius I won't shut up about? Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Under Wen, there were no more harsh punishments for criticizing the government, executions declined, and most importantly, for the Confucian scholars who were writing the history, the government stopped burning books. Thus, according to the ancient Chinese version of history, Emperor Wen, by behaving as a wise Confucian, maintains the Mandate of Heaven. So who is this Confucius I won't shut up about? Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Confucius was a minor official who lived during the warring states period and developed a philosophical and political system he hoped would lead to a more stable state and society. He spent a great deal of his time trying to convince one of the powerful kings to embrace his system, but while none ever did, Confucius got the last laugh because his recipe for creating a functioning society was ultimately adopted and became the basis for Chinese government, education, and, well, most things. So Confucius was conservative."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Confucius was a minor official who lived during the warring states period and developed a philosophical and political system he hoped would lead to a more stable state and society. He spent a great deal of his time trying to convince one of the powerful kings to embrace his system, but while none ever did, Confucius got the last laugh because his recipe for creating a functioning society was ultimately adopted and became the basis for Chinese government, education, and, well, most things. So Confucius was conservative. He argued that the key to bringing about a strong and peaceful state was to look to the past and the model of the sage emperors. By following their example of upright moral behavior, the Chinese emperor could bring order to China. Confucius's idea of morally upright behavior boils down to a person's knowing his or her place in a series of hierarchical relationships and acting accordingly."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "So Confucius was conservative. He argued that the key to bringing about a strong and peaceful state was to look to the past and the model of the sage emperors. By following their example of upright moral behavior, the Chinese emperor could bring order to China. Confucius's idea of morally upright behavior boils down to a person's knowing his or her place in a series of hierarchical relationships and acting accordingly. Everyone lives his life, or her life, but like most ancient philosophical traditions, women were marginalized, in relationship to other people and is either a superior or an inferior. There are five key relationships, but the most important is the one between father and son, and one of the keys to understanding Confucius is filial piety, a son treating his father with reverential respect. The father is supposed to earn this respect by caring for the son and educating him, but this doesn't mean that a son has the right to disrespect a neglectful father."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Confucius's idea of morally upright behavior boils down to a person's knowing his or her place in a series of hierarchical relationships and acting accordingly. Everyone lives his life, or her life, but like most ancient philosophical traditions, women were marginalized, in relationship to other people and is either a superior or an inferior. There are five key relationships, but the most important is the one between father and son, and one of the keys to understanding Confucius is filial piety, a son treating his father with reverential respect. The father is supposed to earn this respect by caring for the son and educating him, but this doesn't mean that a son has the right to disrespect a neglectful father. Ideally, though, both the father and the son will act accordingly. The son will respect the father, and the father will act respectably. Ultimately, the goal of both father and son is to be a superior man, chunzhi in Chinese."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "The father is supposed to earn this respect by caring for the son and educating him, but this doesn't mean that a son has the right to disrespect a neglectful father. Ideally, though, both the father and the son will act accordingly. The son will respect the father, and the father will act respectably. Ultimately, the goal of both father and son is to be a superior man, chunzhi in Chinese. If all men strive to be chunzhi, the society as a whole will run smoothly. This idea applies especially to the emperor, who is like the father to the whole country. It's time for the open letter?"}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Ultimately, the goal of both father and son is to be a superior man, chunzhi in Chinese. If all men strive to be chunzhi, the society as a whole will run smoothly. This idea applies especially to the emperor, who is like the father to the whole country. It's time for the open letter? All right. God, that's good. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "It's time for the open letter? All right. God, that's good. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, an iPhone. Stan, this doesn't factor into Chinese history until much later. An open letter to the Xia Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, an iPhone. Stan, this doesn't factor into Chinese history until much later. An open letter to the Xia Dynasty. Dear Xia Dynasty, why you gotta be so fictional? You contain all of the most awesome emperors, including my favorite emperor of all time, Yu the Engineer. There are so many the greats and the terribles among royalty, and so few the engineers."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to the Xia Dynasty. Dear Xia Dynasty, why you gotta be so fictional? You contain all of the most awesome emperors, including my favorite emperor of all time, Yu the Engineer. There are so many the greats and the terribles among royalty, and so few the engineers. We need more kings like Yu the Engineer, Peter the mortgage broker, Danica the script supervisor, Stan the video editing and producer guy. Those should be our kings. I freaking love you, Yu the Engineer, and the fact that you're not real, it breaks my heart in a way that could only be fixed by Yu the Engineer."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "There are so many the greats and the terribles among royalty, and so few the engineers. We need more kings like Yu the Engineer, Peter the mortgage broker, Danica the script supervisor, Stan the video editing and producer guy. Those should be our kings. I freaking love you, Yu the Engineer, and the fact that you're not real, it breaks my heart in a way that could only be fixed by Yu the Engineer. Circularity actually reminds me of the Mandate of Heaven. Best wishes, John Green. But back to the chunzhi."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "I freaking love you, Yu the Engineer, and the fact that you're not real, it breaks my heart in a way that could only be fixed by Yu the Engineer. Circularity actually reminds me of the Mandate of Heaven. Best wishes, John Green. But back to the chunzhi. So how do you know how to behave? Well, first you have to look to historical antecedents, particularly the sage emperors. The study of history, as well as poetry and paintings, in order to understand and appreciate beauty is indispensable for a chunzhi."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "But back to the chunzhi. So how do you know how to behave? Well, first you have to look to historical antecedents, particularly the sage emperors. The study of history, as well as poetry and paintings, in order to understand and appreciate beauty is indispensable for a chunzhi. The other important aspects of chunzhiness are contained in the Confucian ideas of ren and li. Ren and li are both incredibly complex concepts that are difficult to translate, but we're going to do our best. Ren is usually translated as propriety."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "The study of history, as well as poetry and paintings, in order to understand and appreciate beauty is indispensable for a chunzhi. The other important aspects of chunzhiness are contained in the Confucian ideas of ren and li. Ren and li are both incredibly complex concepts that are difficult to translate, but we're going to do our best. Ren is usually translated as propriety. It means understanding and practicing proper behavior in every possible situation, which of course depends on who you're interacting with, hence the importance of the five relationships. Li is usually translated as ritual and refers to rituals associated with Chinese religion, most of which involve the veneration of ancestors. Which brings us back, in a very roundabout way, to the fundamental problem of how early Chinese historians wrote their history."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Ren is usually translated as propriety. It means understanding and practicing proper behavior in every possible situation, which of course depends on who you're interacting with, hence the importance of the five relationships. Li is usually translated as ritual and refers to rituals associated with Chinese religion, most of which involve the veneration of ancestors. Which brings us back, in a very roundabout way, to the fundamental problem of how early Chinese historians wrote their history. Traditional Chinese historians were all trained in the Confucian classics, which emphasized the idea that good emperors behaved like good Confucians. Would-be historians had to know these classics by heart, and they'd imbibed their lessons, chief among which was the idea that in order to maintain the mandate of heaven, you had to behave properly and not engage in orgies, or eat your enemies, or eat your enemies while engaging in orgies. In this history, the political fortunes of a dynasty ultimately rest on one man and his actions, whether he behaves properly."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Which brings us back, in a very roundabout way, to the fundamental problem of how early Chinese historians wrote their history. Traditional Chinese historians were all trained in the Confucian classics, which emphasized the idea that good emperors behaved like good Confucians. Would-be historians had to know these classics by heart, and they'd imbibed their lessons, chief among which was the idea that in order to maintain the mandate of heaven, you had to behave properly and not engage in orgies, or eat your enemies, or eat your enemies while engaging in orgies. In this history, the political fortunes of a dynasty ultimately rest on one man and his actions, whether he behaves properly. The mandate of heaven is remarkably flexible as an explanation of historical causation. It explains why, as dynasties fell, there were often terrible storms and floods and peasant uprisings. If the emperor had been behaving properly, none of that stuff would have happened."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "In this history, the political fortunes of a dynasty ultimately rest on one man and his actions, whether he behaves properly. The mandate of heaven is remarkably flexible as an explanation of historical causation. It explains why, as dynasties fell, there were often terrible storms and floods and peasant uprisings. If the emperor had been behaving properly, none of that stuff would have happened. Now, a more modern historian might point out that the negative effects of terrible storms and floods, which include peasant uprisings, sometimes lead to changes in leadership. But that would take the moral aspect out of history, and it would also diminish the importance of Confucian scholars. Because the scholars can tell you that one of the best ways to learn how to be a good emperor, and thereby maintain the mandate of heaven, is to read the Confucian classics, which were written by scholars."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "If the emperor had been behaving properly, none of that stuff would have happened. Now, a more modern historian might point out that the negative effects of terrible storms and floods, which include peasant uprisings, sometimes lead to changes in leadership. But that would take the moral aspect out of history, and it would also diminish the importance of Confucian scholars. Because the scholars can tell you that one of the best ways to learn how to be a good emperor, and thereby maintain the mandate of heaven, is to read the Confucian classics, which were written by scholars. In short, the complicated circularity of Chinese history is mirrored by the complicated circularity of the relationship between those who write it and those who make it. Which is something to think about no matter what history you're learning, even if it's from Crash Course. Next week we'll be talking about Alexander the Grape."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Because the scholars can tell you that one of the best ways to learn how to be a good emperor, and thereby maintain the mandate of heaven, is to read the Confucian classics, which were written by scholars. In short, the complicated circularity of Chinese history is mirrored by the complicated circularity of the relationship between those who write it and those who make it. Which is something to think about no matter what history you're learning, even if it's from Crash Course. Next week we'll be talking about Alexander the Grape. Really, Stan? For an entire episode? That seems excessive to me."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "Next week we'll be talking about Alexander the Grape. Really, Stan? For an entire episode? That seems excessive to me. They're just like less sour, grape-ier lemonheads. Oh, Alexander the Great. That makes more sense."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "That seems excessive to me. They're just like less sour, grape-ier lemonheads. Oh, Alexander the Great. That makes more sense. Until then, thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "\u200e2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius World History #7.m4a", "Sentence": "That makes more sense. Until then, thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. And the show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. Last week's Phrase of the Week was right here in River City."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. In the next 10-15 minutes we're going to try to throw the basic concepts of causes and effects of World War II. World War II is kind of late 1930s, 1938, 1939 to 1945. Some people would argue even in the early 30s you could consider some of that World War II because of the Holocaust beginning around that era. So let's take a look at it and see what we can learn, alright? Causes and effects of World War II. There's a lot of causes, there really are."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Some people would argue even in the early 30s you could consider some of that World War II because of the Holocaust beginning around that era. So let's take a look at it and see what we can learn, alright? Causes and effects of World War II. There's a lot of causes, there really are. Imperialism and nationalism, economic reasons. But we're going to try to give you one term to kind of hang your hat on so if you have to write about World War II you don't have to think too hard because you know what the cause was. I would argue that the cause of World War II is World War I."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a lot of causes, there really are. Imperialism and nationalism, economic reasons. But we're going to try to give you one term to kind of hang your hat on so if you have to write about World War II you don't have to think too hard because you know what the cause was. I would argue that the cause of World War II is World War I. So at the end of World War I, let's see how you guys are with vocabulary here. There's a treaty that ends the war. It's called the Treaty of Versailles."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "I would argue that the cause of World War II is World War I. So at the end of World War I, let's see how you guys are with vocabulary here. There's a treaty that ends the war. It's called the Treaty of Versailles. And when I taught this, and I don't teach global guys, I'll be honest with you, but I taught it a long time ago, I used to put a chair on the ground and then I would kick the nonsense out of the chair like, arrr, arrr. And as I kicked it I would mention some of the attributes of the Treaty of Versailles, including taking land away from Germany, the Sudetenland, making them claim it was their fault for the war in the first place, really making them pay for the war debt, all kinds of things that totally ruined Germany, created economic depression, and really made life miserable for its citizens. Not to mention an arrow through the heart of their nationalism, they really felt like Germany was disgraced."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "It's called the Treaty of Versailles. And when I taught this, and I don't teach global guys, I'll be honest with you, but I taught it a long time ago, I used to put a chair on the ground and then I would kick the nonsense out of the chair like, arrr, arrr. And as I kicked it I would mention some of the attributes of the Treaty of Versailles, including taking land away from Germany, the Sudetenland, making them claim it was their fault for the war in the first place, really making them pay for the war debt, all kinds of things that totally ruined Germany, created economic depression, and really made life miserable for its citizens. Not to mention an arrow through the heart of their nationalism, they really felt like Germany was disgraced. So I see that chair as the Treaty of Versailles. So I see Hitler coming into the stage and what is he going to do? I wish I had a chair."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Not to mention an arrow through the heart of their nationalism, they really felt like Germany was disgraced. So I see that chair as the Treaty of Versailles. So I see Hitler coming into the stage and what is he going to do? I wish I had a chair. I'd stand on the chair because then I'd be up here. And that's how Hitler took power. Hitler first tried to have a coup where he had a revolution and he overthrew the government of Germany and he was arrested for that and put in jail."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "I wish I had a chair. I'd stand on the chair because then I'd be up here. And that's how Hitler took power. Hitler first tried to have a coup where he had a revolution and he overthrew the government of Germany and he was arrested for that and put in jail. He put his thoughts down in jail and that was the book Mein Kampf. And basically he's going to blame the Treaty of Versailles and the loss of Germany's pride and economic stability and all of its problems on the Jewish race. And one of the theses I teach in United States history is that during times of crisis someone's going to lose their rights and it's kind of that concept that we needed a scapegoat or Germany needed someone to blame their problems on."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Hitler first tried to have a coup where he had a revolution and he overthrew the government of Germany and he was arrested for that and put in jail. He put his thoughts down in jail and that was the book Mein Kampf. And basically he's going to blame the Treaty of Versailles and the loss of Germany's pride and economic stability and all of its problems on the Jewish race. And one of the theses I teach in United States history is that during times of crisis someone's going to lose their rights and it's kind of that concept that we needed a scapegoat or Germany needed someone to blame their problems on. And that Hitler used that vacuum, that vacuum of power really, to step into it and blame the Jews. And because of the economic problems people were having they were like, yeah, yeah! And that's really the reason why the Holocaust is going to be allowed to happen in Germany."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "And one of the theses I teach in United States history is that during times of crisis someone's going to lose their rights and it's kind of that concept that we needed a scapegoat or Germany needed someone to blame their problems on. And that Hitler used that vacuum, that vacuum of power really, to step into it and blame the Jews. And because of the economic problems people were having they were like, yeah, yeah! And that's really the reason why the Holocaust is going to be allowed to happen in Germany. You know, the systematic execution of six million human beings, Jewish human beings, not to mention gypsies and homosexuals and the handicapped and communists and capitalists and business people and pretty much everybody, blue-eyed, blond-haired Germans. Although Hitler had black hair and he was short and I think he had Jewish ancestry. But nevertheless."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's really the reason why the Holocaust is going to be allowed to happen in Germany. You know, the systematic execution of six million human beings, Jewish human beings, not to mention gypsies and homosexuals and the handicapped and communists and capitalists and business people and pretty much everybody, blue-eyed, blond-haired Germans. Although Hitler had black hair and he was short and I think he had Jewish ancestry. But nevertheless. So we have Germany and fascism with Hitler. We have the rise of fascism in Italy for some of the very same reasons in terms of economic reasons with Mussolini. And in Germany and Japan, more of an imperialistic rise of power with Tojo and, you know, seeking to control the Pacific Rim."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "But nevertheless. So we have Germany and fascism with Hitler. We have the rise of fascism in Italy for some of the very same reasons in terms of economic reasons with Mussolini. And in Germany and Japan, more of an imperialistic rise of power with Tojo and, you know, seeking to control the Pacific Rim. So those three countries, Italy, Germany, and Japan, they're going to form the Axis powers. The powers that we would consider the bad guys in World War II. And they're the ones that are most expansionary."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "And in Germany and Japan, more of an imperialistic rise of power with Tojo and, you know, seeking to control the Pacific Rim. So those three countries, Italy, Germany, and Japan, they're going to form the Axis powers. The powers that we would consider the bad guys in World War II. And they're the ones that are most expansionary. They're trying to spread themselves, which is bumping up against other countries and causing conflict. So early on in the 30s, at least when Hitler started making his moves, I think he took over in 33, he was elected president. It tells you something."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're the ones that are most expansionary. They're trying to spread themselves, which is bumping up against other countries and causing conflict. So early on in the 30s, at least when Hitler started making his moves, I think he took over in 33, he was elected president. It tells you something. They elected a fascist hater. So you know, he stepped onto that chair I was talking about. But the first thing he did was he tried to get Germany's sense of nationalism back by taking back the land that was taken from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles, like the Sudetenland, which is, I believe, in Eastern France."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "It tells you something. They elected a fascist hater. So you know, he stepped onto that chair I was talking about. But the first thing he did was he tried to get Germany's sense of nationalism back by taking back the land that was taken from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles, like the Sudetenland, which is, I believe, in Eastern France. He then moved into parts of Czechoslovakia and he kept kind of taking stuff, like a bully. You know, like he'd walk up to the world and be like, yo, you go and give me the quarter. I want my milk money."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "But the first thing he did was he tried to get Germany's sense of nationalism back by taking back the land that was taken from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles, like the Sudetenland, which is, I believe, in Eastern France. He then moved into parts of Czechoslovakia and he kept kind of taking stuff, like a bully. You know, like he'd walk up to the world and be like, yo, you go and give me the quarter. I want my milk money. And the world basically gave him the quarter. That's called appeasement, where they thought if he got the quarter, he would just get his milk and shut the heck up. But of course, you know what happens when the bully gets 25 cents."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "I want my milk money. And the world basically gave him the quarter. That's called appeasement, where they thought if he got the quarter, he would just get his milk and shut the heck up. But of course, you know what happens when the bully gets 25 cents. What does he want tomorrow? He wants 50 cents and he wants you to kiss his foot. And that's basically what Hitler learned through appeasement, was that just keep taking, keep taking."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "But of course, you know what happens when the bully gets 25 cents. What does he want tomorrow? He wants 50 cents and he wants you to kiss his foot. And that's basically what Hitler learned through appeasement, was that just keep taking, keep taking. In the late 30s, he signed a pact with Stalin and the Soviet Union that he wouldn't invade them, basically allowing him just to concentrate on Western Europe. So when his back was turned, remember, if I'm Germany, you know, the Soviet Union is there, huge country on the Eastern Front. I hope I'm pointing in the right direction."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's basically what Hitler learned through appeasement, was that just keep taking, keep taking. In the late 30s, he signed a pact with Stalin and the Soviet Union that he wouldn't invade them, basically allowing him just to concentrate on Western Europe. So when his back was turned, remember, if I'm Germany, you know, the Soviet Union is there, huge country on the Eastern Front. I hope I'm pointing in the right direction. And this would be the Western Front. Cali's west, isn't it? Yeah."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "I hope I'm pointing in the right direction. And this would be the Western Front. Cali's west, isn't it? Yeah. So he could invade Western Europe like England and France and wet my pants, all those countries. So what he wants to do, at least what he said he would do, is he could turn his back on the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union, if they're not attacking me, I can just put all my bam into Western Europe."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah. So he could invade Western Europe like England and France and wet my pants, all those countries. So what he wants to do, at least what he said he would do, is he could turn his back on the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union, if they're not attacking me, I can just put all my bam into Western Europe. What he did though, was he eventually invaded Poland in 1939 and marched himself into the Soviet Union, creating a two-front war eventually for himself. The Allied powers, and this is where, you know, interesting now that you know that, the Allied powers are England, Winston Churchill, FDR, and in 1941, December 7th, the United States enters the war. Even though the United States neutral was never really neutral."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "The Soviet Union, if they're not attacking me, I can just put all my bam into Western Europe. What he did though, was he eventually invaded Poland in 1939 and marched himself into the Soviet Union, creating a two-front war eventually for himself. The Allied powers, and this is where, you know, interesting now that you know that, the Allied powers are England, Winston Churchill, FDR, and in 1941, December 7th, the United States enters the war. Even though the United States neutral was never really neutral. We were lending weapons and guns to England as early as I think 1937 through the Lend and Lease Act. 38, maybe 39, maybe 40, who knows? But the United States and England are definitely the central Allied powers."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Even though the United States neutral was never really neutral. We were lending weapons and guns to England as early as I think 1937 through the Lend and Lease Act. 38, maybe 39, maybe 40, who knows? But the United States and England are definitely the central Allied powers. But the third noggin on that ice cream sandwich there would be, that made no sense, the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union is our ally because of, you know, the Nazis breaking that pact and invading the Soviet Union. I call the Soviet Union our frenemy during World War II because, you know, we don't dig Stalin."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "But the United States and England are definitely the central Allied powers. But the third noggin on that ice cream sandwich there would be, that made no sense, the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union is our ally because of, you know, the Nazis breaking that pact and invading the Soviet Union. I call the Soviet Union our frenemy during World War II because, you know, we don't dig Stalin. Stalin's a mass murderer. God knows how many people Stalin killed. He probably killed more people than Hitler."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "I call the Soviet Union our frenemy during World War II because, you know, we don't dig Stalin. Stalin's a mass murderer. God knows how many people Stalin killed. He probably killed more people than Hitler. Tens of millions of his own citizens. He's a totalitarian dictator. He's a communist fascist himself."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "He probably killed more people than Hitler. Tens of millions of his own citizens. He's a totalitarian dictator. He's a communist fascist himself. He's killing his own people. But he don't like Hitler. So we hook up with him during World War II and after D-Day in 1944, the invasion of Europe by the Allied powers in France, now Hitler got it."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "He's a communist fascist himself. He's killing his own people. But he don't like Hitler. So we hook up with him during World War II and after D-Day in 1944, the invasion of Europe by the Allied powers in France, now Hitler got it. Now Hitler fighting a two-front war. He's got, you know, you know why you don't invade the Soviet Union? Because if you kill a million Soviets, who's waiting for you?"}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "So we hook up with him during World War II and after D-Day in 1944, the invasion of Europe by the Allied powers in France, now Hitler got it. Now Hitler fighting a two-front war. He's got, you know, you know why you don't invade the Soviet Union? Because if you kill a million Soviets, who's waiting for you? Another million. And it's cold. Ooh, brr."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Because if you kill a million Soviets, who's waiting for you? Another million. And it's cold. Ooh, brr. So he's got the Soviets coming in from this direction after he starts losing the Eastern Front and now who's creeping on this side? England and America. Bam!"}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Ooh, brr. So he's got the Soviets coming in from this direction after he starts losing the Eastern Front and now who's creeping on this side? England and America. Bam! 1945, they reach Berlin and literally, bam, he blows his head off. Hitler kills himself and the Nazi regime falls apart and basically that's the end of Europe, so a European war, V-E Day. As a consequence, at the end of that war, there was a very, very important meeting at Yalta."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Bam! 1945, they reach Berlin and literally, bam, he blows his head off. Hitler kills himself and the Nazi regime falls apart and basically that's the end of Europe, so a European war, V-E Day. As a consequence, at the end of that war, there was a very, very important meeting at Yalta. And Yalta was the meeting of Churchill, FDR, and our frenemy, the devil, Stalin. I like the devil because he's so bad and I like him because the devil is red and he's so communist. So we have that meeting and basically what occurs is as this Allied system is going to break up soon, we divided the world and Europe into two parts so we wouldn't have a World War III."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "As a consequence, at the end of that war, there was a very, very important meeting at Yalta. And Yalta was the meeting of Churchill, FDR, and our frenemy, the devil, Stalin. I like the devil because he's so bad and I like him because the devil is red and he's so communist. So we have that meeting and basically what occurs is as this Allied system is going to break up soon, we divided the world and Europe into two parts so we wouldn't have a World War III. That's the beginning of, brr, the Cold War. Stalin got Eastern Europe, including East Germany. Germany itself was split in two and West Europe actually went to the Allied powers."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "So we have that meeting and basically what occurs is as this Allied system is going to break up soon, we divided the world and Europe into two parts so we wouldn't have a World War III. That's the beginning of, brr, the Cold War. Stalin got Eastern Europe, including East Germany. Germany itself was split in two and West Europe actually went to the Allied powers. In the Pacific Rim, we have Japan still going on, so eventually the United States, through the Manhattan Project, developed the atomic bomb and we dropped our only two in Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, exterminating the lives of hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children in order to push Japan and the Emperor into submission. The reason why we dropped them, I think there's many faceted reasons, including the Cold War that was developing, the money that was put into the project itself, and the idea that we wanted to be a superpower. But also the idea of an invasion being really, really catastrophic, human geography."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Germany itself was split in two and West Europe actually went to the Allied powers. In the Pacific Rim, we have Japan still going on, so eventually the United States, through the Manhattan Project, developed the atomic bomb and we dropped our only two in Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, exterminating the lives of hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children in order to push Japan and the Emperor into submission. The reason why we dropped them, I think there's many faceted reasons, including the Cold War that was developing, the money that was put into the project itself, and the idea that we wanted to be a superpower. But also the idea of an invasion being really, really catastrophic, human geography. Japan, rugged coastline, mountains and all that kind of thing going on, so it's not like we could invade like in France on the beach. We'd have to be climbing mountains and getting shot. So really what we have now is just the effects to deal with, and we've already mentioned a few of them."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "But also the idea of an invasion being really, really catastrophic, human geography. Japan, rugged coastline, mountains and all that kind of thing going on, so it's not like we could invade like in France on the beach. We'd have to be climbing mountains and getting shot. So really what we have now is just the effects to deal with, and we've already mentioned a few of them. Some of the effects of World War II would be the Cold War, right? It's cool how all the wars line up. It ain't cool."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "So really what we have now is just the effects to deal with, and we've already mentioned a few of them. Some of the effects of World War II would be the Cold War, right? It's cool how all the wars line up. It ain't cool. World War I, effects, cause of World War II, Treaty of... you said it, good for you, the Treaty of Versailles. And World War II, effect, causes, the Cold War, the meeting at Yalta. And the big thing is really going to be that we learned a lesson, at least the Allies, England and the United States, learned a lesson about the Treaty of Versailles, and that is never again humiliate your enemy."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "It ain't cool. World War I, effects, cause of World War II, Treaty of... you said it, good for you, the Treaty of Versailles. And World War II, effect, causes, the Cold War, the meeting at Yalta. And the big thing is really going to be that we learned a lesson, at least the Allies, England and the United States, learned a lesson about the Treaty of Versailles, and that is never again humiliate your enemy. That you make sure your enemy isn't going to fall into that situation where they're going to give rise to totalitarianism or fascism, which is going to create the conditions for another war. So we have the Marshall Plan in Europe, I call it the Momo Marshall Plan, Momo meaning Momo money, billions of dollars were given from the United States to Western Europe so they could rebuild their economies, so they could have strong democracies, and so we could contain that threat of communism which was right over, you know, the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe. Now in Japan, we also are going to have the nice guy attitude."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "And the big thing is really going to be that we learned a lesson, at least the Allies, England and the United States, learned a lesson about the Treaty of Versailles, and that is never again humiliate your enemy. That you make sure your enemy isn't going to fall into that situation where they're going to give rise to totalitarianism or fascism, which is going to create the conditions for another war. So we have the Marshall Plan in Europe, I call it the Momo Marshall Plan, Momo meaning Momo money, billions of dollars were given from the United States to Western Europe so they could rebuild their economies, so they could have strong democracies, and so we could contain that threat of communism which was right over, you know, the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe. Now in Japan, we also are going to have the nice guy attitude. Rather than further punishing them, like two atomic bombs wasn't enough, we're going to rebuild their economies, we're going to give them money, military protection, we're even going to help them write a nice constitution. Isn't that good for us? So at the end of the day, I hope you know a little bit about World War II that maybe you didn't before you started watching this, including the Allied powers and the Axis powers, the major cause of World War II, a little bit about Hitler, we didn't go into the Holocaust, but that would be another humongous aspect of this, the extermination of six million Jews, not to mention gypsies and homosexuals and the handicapped inside that Holocaust."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in Japan, we also are going to have the nice guy attitude. Rather than further punishing them, like two atomic bombs wasn't enough, we're going to rebuild their economies, we're going to give them money, military protection, we're even going to help them write a nice constitution. Isn't that good for us? So at the end of the day, I hope you know a little bit about World War II that maybe you didn't before you started watching this, including the Allied powers and the Axis powers, the major cause of World War II, a little bit about Hitler, we didn't go into the Holocaust, but that would be another humongous aspect of this, the extermination of six million Jews, not to mention gypsies and homosexuals and the handicapped inside that Holocaust. One of the effects of World War II would be now the Jews have no homeland, they have nowhere to go, and wandering Jews all over Europe, so we're going to get the creation of the State of Israel. We're going to get the United Nations, which is going to be like the League of Nations Part II, and now the United States is going to be not only a part of that, but really kind of the foundational head of the United Nations. We're going to get alliance systems like NATO, the Warsaw Pact, we're going to end up with OPEC, all kinds of things."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "So at the end of the day, I hope you know a little bit about World War II that maybe you didn't before you started watching this, including the Allied powers and the Axis powers, the major cause of World War II, a little bit about Hitler, we didn't go into the Holocaust, but that would be another humongous aspect of this, the extermination of six million Jews, not to mention gypsies and homosexuals and the handicapped inside that Holocaust. One of the effects of World War II would be now the Jews have no homeland, they have nowhere to go, and wandering Jews all over Europe, so we're going to get the creation of the State of Israel. We're going to get the United Nations, which is going to be like the League of Nations Part II, and now the United States is going to be not only a part of that, but really kind of the foundational head of the United Nations. We're going to get alliance systems like NATO, the Warsaw Pact, we're going to end up with OPEC, all kinds of things. I could just go on forever, but I better stop. So late 1930s to 1945, World War II, consequences are huge. If you don't know it, you're in big trouble."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to get alliance systems like NATO, the Warsaw Pact, we're going to end up with OPEC, all kinds of things. I could just go on forever, but I better stop. So late 1930s to 1945, World War II, consequences are huge. If you don't know it, you're in big trouble. Remember, where attention goes, energy flows, so do your best and just focus, and I always say it's better to be authentic and to watch it because you want to learn than because you're trying to study for a test. So I know that's hard as a kid to kind of think of, but do the best you can to relax as you watch these lectures and you study. Use other methods."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "If you don't know it, you're in big trouble. Remember, where attention goes, energy flows, so do your best and just focus, and I always say it's better to be authentic and to watch it because you want to learn than because you're trying to study for a test. So I know that's hard as a kid to kind of think of, but do the best you can to relax as you watch these lectures and you study. Use other methods. Go to regentsprep.org or my website, hiphues.blogspot.com, for links to other websites that are going to give you more traditional literacy so you can read and you can write and you can do your essays and all of that good stuff. We're just giving you the cheese here, guys. So good luck to all of you, all right?"}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Use other methods. Go to regentsprep.org or my website, hiphues.blogspot.com, for links to other websites that are going to give you more traditional literacy so you can read and you can write and you can do your essays and all of that good stuff. We're just giving you the cheese here, guys. So good luck to all of you, all right? We'll see you later, alligator. Peter, can't you see I'm busy? Yeah, what are you doing?"}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "So good luck to all of you, all right? We'll see you later, alligator. Peter, can't you see I'm busy? Yeah, what are you doing? Stuff. Yes. Nazi stuff?"}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, what are you doing? Stuff. Yes. Nazi stuff? Yes, Peter, Nazi stuff. Hitler not the only fascist, only the most famous. Mussolini in Italy, Franco Spanish, folks in the 30s, thanks to their people's pain and anguish."}, {"video_title": "World History Review WWII.m4a", "Sentence": "Nazi stuff? Yes, Peter, Nazi stuff. Hitler not the only fascist, only the most famous. Mussolini in Italy, Franco Spanish, folks in the 30s, thanks to their people's pain and anguish. Depression, error, inflation, raising prices and panic. Hitler makes Germans feel good by puffing them up like it's not you, it's the Jews that are messing us up. So good luck to all of you."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, a Muslim is someone who practices Islam, one who submits to the will of God. And the central text in Islam is the Quran, which Muslims believe is the revealed knowledge or the revealed words of God through the messenger Muhammad. Now, it's very important, sometimes, especially in older texts, older Western texts, you might see Islam referred to as Muhammadism, the same way that Christianity refers to Christ. Now, Muslims are very sensitive to this because they don't view Muhammad as a divine figure the way that Christians view Christ. They view Muhammad as a human, a human whose practices and whose life they view, they revere, but they don't view him as a divine figure. They view him as the messenger who revealed God's words through the Quran. And they take this so seriously."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Muslims are very sensitive to this because they don't view Muhammad as a divine figure the way that Christians view Christ. They view Muhammad as a human, a human whose practices and whose life they view, they revere, but they don't view him as a divine figure. They view him as the messenger who revealed God's words through the Quran. And they take this so seriously. In most Muslim traditions, they don't create images of Muhammad for fear that people would start to worship it as some type of an idol. Now, on this timeline, you see other significant Judeo-Christian figures. And that's because, according to Muslims, they are following in the same tradition of these figures."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they take this so seriously. In most Muslim traditions, they don't create images of Muhammad for fear that people would start to worship it as some type of an idol. Now, on this timeline, you see other significant Judeo-Christian figures. And that's because, according to Muslims, they are following in the same tradition of these figures. They view these other figures as people who have submitted to the will of God. And Moses and Jesus, in particular, are the most frequently mentioned prophets in the Quran. Now, Muslims also believe that the Quran isn't the first book that God had revealed to mankind."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's because, according to Muslims, they are following in the same tradition of these figures. They view these other figures as people who have submitted to the will of God. And Moses and Jesus, in particular, are the most frequently mentioned prophets in the Quran. Now, Muslims also believe that the Quran isn't the first book that God had revealed to mankind. They also believe that the Torah, which is the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, and also the first five books of the Christian Old Testament, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, they believe that to be a revealed text from God through the prophet Moses. They also believe that Psalms is a revealed text from God through King David, so through the prophet David, who lived around 1000 BCE. And they think that the Gospel is a revealed message through Jesus."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Muslims also believe that the Quran isn't the first book that God had revealed to mankind. They also believe that the Torah, which is the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, and also the first five books of the Christian Old Testament, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, they believe that to be a revealed text from God through the prophet Moses. They also believe that Psalms is a revealed text from God through King David, so through the prophet David, who lived around 1000 BCE. And they think that the Gospel is a revealed message through Jesus. Now, above and beyond these revealed texts, another significant part of the Muslim tradition or faith are the notions of Sunnah and Hadith. And Sunnah are the practices and life and sayings of Muhammad, and many of them are accounted for in the Hadith. Hadith are secondhand accounts of other people who lived at the time of Muhammad, although many of them were written decades or sometimes hundreds of years later."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they think that the Gospel is a revealed message through Jesus. Now, above and beyond these revealed texts, another significant part of the Muslim tradition or faith are the notions of Sunnah and Hadith. And Sunnah are the practices and life and sayings of Muhammad, and many of them are accounted for in the Hadith. Hadith are secondhand accounts of other people who lived at the time of Muhammad, although many of them were written decades or sometimes hundreds of years later. And so it is a debate in the Muslim community on which Hadiths are considered more trustworthy than others. The one commonality, regardless of sect, is the centrality of the Quran and viewing that as the actual word of God. To see this a little bit more concretely in terms of how much Muslims view themselves as the same tradition that we see from the Old and New Testament, here are some Quranic quotes."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Hadith are secondhand accounts of other people who lived at the time of Muhammad, although many of them were written decades or sometimes hundreds of years later. And so it is a debate in the Muslim community on which Hadiths are considered more trustworthy than others. The one commonality, regardless of sect, is the centrality of the Quran and viewing that as the actual word of God. To see this a little bit more concretely in terms of how much Muslims view themselves as the same tradition that we see from the Old and New Testament, here are some Quranic quotes. And the first one essentially speaks to this core idea of being in that same tradition. He has ordained for you of religion what he enjoined upon Noah and that which we have revealed to you, O Muhammad, and what we enjoined upon Abraham and Moses and Jesus, to establish the religion and not be divided therein. And this is speaking to the importance of Abraham."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "To see this a little bit more concretely in terms of how much Muslims view themselves as the same tradition that we see from the Old and New Testament, here are some Quranic quotes. And the first one essentially speaks to this core idea of being in that same tradition. He has ordained for you of religion what he enjoined upon Noah and that which we have revealed to you, O Muhammad, and what we enjoined upon Abraham and Moses and Jesus, to establish the religion and not be divided therein. And this is speaking to the importance of Abraham. And who is better in religion than one who submits himself to God while being a doer of good and follows the religion of Abraham, inclining toward truth? And God took Abraham as a friend. And Abraham in particular plays a very central role."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is speaking to the importance of Abraham. And who is better in religion than one who submits himself to God while being a doer of good and follows the religion of Abraham, inclining toward truth? And God took Abraham as a friend. And Abraham in particular plays a very central role. The Kaaba, which Muslims view as the house of God, based in Mecca, right over here, is viewed as being built by Abraham and Ishmael. And so Medina, which is where in future videos we'll talk more about where the early Muslims sought exile to escape persecution, that's often viewed as the city of Muhammad. But Mecca, which is the direction that all Muslims pray in during their ritual five times a day prayer, which we'll talk about in a little bit, that's often referred to as the city of Abraham."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Abraham in particular plays a very central role. The Kaaba, which Muslims view as the house of God, based in Mecca, right over here, is viewed as being built by Abraham and Ishmael. And so Medina, which is where in future videos we'll talk more about where the early Muslims sought exile to escape persecution, that's often viewed as the city of Muhammad. But Mecca, which is the direction that all Muslims pray in during their ritual five times a day prayer, which we'll talk about in a little bit, that's often referred to as the city of Abraham. And now here's reference to Moses. And before it was the scripture of Moses to lead and as a mercy. And this is a confirming book in an Arabic tongue."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But Mecca, which is the direction that all Muslims pray in during their ritual five times a day prayer, which we'll talk about in a little bit, that's often referred to as the city of Abraham. And now here's reference to Moses. And before it was the scripture of Moses to lead and as a mercy. And this is a confirming book in an Arabic tongue. So this being the Quran, this is a quote from the Quran. And this is a confirming book in an Arabic tongue to warn those who have wronged and as good tidings to the doers of good. So once again, a very clear message in at least the Islamic tradition that this is the same faith or tradition as that of Moses."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is a confirming book in an Arabic tongue. So this being the Quran, this is a quote from the Quran. And this is a confirming book in an Arabic tongue to warn those who have wronged and as good tidings to the doers of good. So once again, a very clear message in at least the Islamic tradition that this is the same faith or tradition as that of Moses. And now here's reference to Jesus. Then we caused our messengers to follow in their footsteps. And we caused Jesus, son of Mary, to follow and gave him the gospel and placed compassion and mercy in the hearts of those who followed him."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So once again, a very clear message in at least the Islamic tradition that this is the same faith or tradition as that of Moses. And now here's reference to Jesus. Then we caused our messengers to follow in their footsteps. And we caused Jesus, son of Mary, to follow and gave him the gospel and placed compassion and mercy in the hearts of those who followed him. The key difference between Muslims and Christians in terms of the life of Jesus is that Muslims do not believe in the crucifixion and the resurrection. And they do not believe that Jesus was God or the son of God. They believe him to be a very significant prophet, the prophet before Muhammad came to reveal the Quran."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we caused Jesus, son of Mary, to follow and gave him the gospel and placed compassion and mercy in the hearts of those who followed him. The key difference between Muslims and Christians in terms of the life of Jesus is that Muslims do not believe in the crucifixion and the resurrection. And they do not believe that Jesus was God or the son of God. They believe him to be a very significant prophet, the prophet before Muhammad came to reveal the Quran. Now for a practicing Muslim, there are often considered to be five pillars. And this is especially the case for the majority of Muslims, for Sunni Muslims. Shia Muslims have a slightly different combination of pillars, but there's a lot of commonality."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They believe him to be a very significant prophet, the prophet before Muhammad came to reveal the Quran. Now for a practicing Muslim, there are often considered to be five pillars. And this is especially the case for the majority of Muslims, for Sunni Muslims. Shia Muslims have a slightly different combination of pillars, but there's a lot of commonality. So the five pillars, the first is this notion of faith, which is referred to as shahada. Shahada can also be interpreted as testifying or testimony. And it's this notion that a Muslim needs to believe and say that there is no God but God."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Shia Muslims have a slightly different combination of pillars, but there's a lot of commonality. So the five pillars, the first is this notion of faith, which is referred to as shahada. Shahada can also be interpreted as testifying or testimony. And it's this notion that a Muslim needs to believe and say that there is no God but God. Muhammad is God's messenger. And in fact, to convert to Islam, you need to say this and you have to say it in the presence of at least two witnesses. And that's all that's necessary in order to convert."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's this notion that a Muslim needs to believe and say that there is no God but God. Muhammad is God's messenger. And in fact, to convert to Islam, you need to say this and you have to say it in the presence of at least two witnesses. And that's all that's necessary in order to convert. Now the other key element of Islam, the second, you could say, of the five pillars, is this notion of prayer. So Muslims pray five times a day at dawn, noon, in the afternoon, evening, and night, and they face in the direction of the Kaaba, which is based in Mecca, which once again, they believe that Abraham constructed with his son Ishmael, who they believe that the Arab people are descendant from. Now what's interesting about this, this has a lot of parallels with the five times a day prayer of the Zoroastrians, including the ritual washing of your body before each prayer."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's all that's necessary in order to convert. Now the other key element of Islam, the second, you could say, of the five pillars, is this notion of prayer. So Muslims pray five times a day at dawn, noon, in the afternoon, evening, and night, and they face in the direction of the Kaaba, which is based in Mecca, which once again, they believe that Abraham constructed with his son Ishmael, who they believe that the Arab people are descendant from. Now what's interesting about this, this has a lot of parallels with the five times a day prayer of the Zoroastrians, including the ritual washing of your body before each prayer. Now the third pillar is charity, and it's called zakat. And this is customarily 2.5% of wealth. Now 2.5% might not sound like a lot, but this isn't of income, this is of wealth."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now what's interesting about this, this has a lot of parallels with the five times a day prayer of the Zoroastrians, including the ritual washing of your body before each prayer. Now the third pillar is charity, and it's called zakat. And this is customarily 2.5% of wealth. Now 2.5% might not sound like a lot, but this isn't of income, this is of wealth. The fourth pillar is the notion of fasting dawn to dusk during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and that month is Ramadan. And it's fasting without food or water, once again, from dawn to dusk. And the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now 2.5% might not sound like a lot, but this isn't of income, this is of wealth. The fourth pillar is the notion of fasting dawn to dusk during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and that month is Ramadan. And it's fasting without food or water, once again, from dawn to dusk. And the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar. And the notion of a month, in fact, in English, it comes from the word moon, because it's referring to a full cycle of the moon. Now the end of this month ends with the Eid al-Fitr, which is the festival of breaking the fast, which is considered one of the two major holidays in Islam. Now the fifth pillar of Islam is the notion of pilgrimage to the Kaaba during the 12th month."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar. And the notion of a month, in fact, in English, it comes from the word moon, because it's referring to a full cycle of the moon. Now the end of this month ends with the Eid al-Fitr, which is the festival of breaking the fast, which is considered one of the two major holidays in Islam. Now the fifth pillar of Islam is the notion of pilgrimage to the Kaaba during the 12th month. And it's during a certain period in that 12th month. And then also in that 12th month, you have the second major holiday in Islam, and that's Eid al-Adha, the festival of the sacrifice. And that, once again, is making reference to Abraham and his willingness to sacrifice his son before God stops him."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to another Hip Hughes lecture, global style world history. In the next 10-15 minutes we're going to talk about some concepts related to human geography, how, you know, terms work in geography, and how geography has affected the development of world history. This is, you know, probably, I'm going to keep it short and sweet because I don't want to kind of get lost in details here, but I definitely think that I've seen this geography essay on the exam almost more than any other essay, so if you can't write about two geographical features that influence the development of a people or a society, you are dead. Don't show up, play sick. So geography is pretty important. So I thought a lot about this, how to do this. We could do it by region, we could do it by event."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Don't show up, play sick. So geography is pretty important. So I thought a lot about this, how to do this. We could do it by region, we could do it by event. I thought we'd do it by geography. So I'm going to go and get a piece of geography and then I'm going to bring it back for you and it'll probably be all around me and we're going to talk about what it is, some of the vocab associated with the terms of the geography, maybe it's longitude or latitude, maybe it's rainforest, maybe it's the steps, maybe it's, you know, a peninsula, whatever it's going to be, just so you get that multiple choice out of the way, but then most importantly we're going to talk about how it influenced the development of that region, either through migration or cultural diffusion or isolationism or whatever it might be. It's a huge thesis."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "We could do it by region, we could do it by event. I thought we'd do it by geography. So I'm going to go and get a piece of geography and then I'm going to bring it back for you and it'll probably be all around me and we're going to talk about what it is, some of the vocab associated with the terms of the geography, maybe it's longitude or latitude, maybe it's rainforest, maybe it's the steps, maybe it's, you know, a peninsula, whatever it's going to be, just so you get that multiple choice out of the way, but then most importantly we're going to talk about how it influenced the development of that region, either through migration or cultural diffusion or isolationism or whatever it might be. It's a huge thesis. Geography affects the development of regions and history. How could you not get that one? And remember, a thesis is a big umbrella, so if you ever write about geography, please yell that from the mountaintops."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a huge thesis. Geography affects the development of regions and history. How could you not get that one? And remember, a thesis is a big umbrella, so if you ever write about geography, please yell that from the mountaintops. How'd you like that pun? All right, let me go see if I can't find myself some water or something. I'll be right back."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "And remember, a thesis is a big umbrella, so if you ever write about geography, please yell that from the mountaintops. How'd you like that pun? All right, let me go see if I can't find myself some water or something. I'll be right back. I think for the last, look at the river, amazing. I think for the last like a thousand years, the first question on the regions is something to do with water. Water is humongous in terms of early development of civilizations."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll be right back. I think for the last, look at the river, amazing. I think for the last like a thousand years, the first question on the regions is something to do with water. Water is humongous in terms of early development of civilizations. So river valleys, and not just rivers, but river valleys, where the river kind of flows low and usually into a larger body of water is generally where we find the Neolithic world development. Remember, the Paleolithic world is more of, or the Old Stone Age, is more of people really being nomadic and kind of wandering around, still based on geography, but more about kind of weather and the scarcity of food supply, chasing the buffalo or the Ice Age, those kinds of concepts. And as the Ice Age comes to an end, you know, people differ about this when the Neolithic Age started, but I would guess anywhere from 30,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, you start having people chilling, you know, where they're going to discover that near these early, you know, these river valleys that they don't have to keep traveling because they have the ability, because of the geography, to grow food."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Water is humongous in terms of early development of civilizations. So river valleys, and not just rivers, but river valleys, where the river kind of flows low and usually into a larger body of water is generally where we find the Neolithic world development. Remember, the Paleolithic world is more of, or the Old Stone Age, is more of people really being nomadic and kind of wandering around, still based on geography, but more about kind of weather and the scarcity of food supply, chasing the buffalo or the Ice Age, those kinds of concepts. And as the Ice Age comes to an end, you know, people differ about this when the Neolithic Age started, but I would guess anywhere from 30,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, you start having people chilling, you know, where they're going to discover that near these early, you know, these river valleys that they don't have to keep traveling because they have the ability, because of the geography, to grow food. And eventually, animal husbandry, where they can domesticate animals and they don't have to chase buffaloes and such. So the examples on the test most often are Egypt, that you have Egypt developing by the Nile and all of the rich soil there. You have the Tigris and the Euphrates, where you have Mesopotamia, Babylonia, those early early civilizations develop into city-states."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "And as the Ice Age comes to an end, you know, people differ about this when the Neolithic Age started, but I would guess anywhere from 30,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, you start having people chilling, you know, where they're going to discover that near these early, you know, these river valleys that they don't have to keep traveling because they have the ability, because of the geography, to grow food. And eventually, animal husbandry, where they can domesticate animals and they don't have to chase buffaloes and such. So the examples on the test most often are Egypt, that you have Egypt developing by the Nile and all of the rich soil there. You have the Tigris and the Euphrates, where you have Mesopotamia, Babylonia, those early early civilizations develop into city-states. You have the Yellow River in China, very early civilizations are developing there, as well as river systems like the Amazon in South America with maybe the Mayans, and that being the central kind of aspect of them developing their civilizations. So river valleys, fertile soil, grow food, Neolithic, put the animals in a cage, yummy, yummy, yummy. I'm a vegetarian, I eat the corn though."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the Tigris and the Euphrates, where you have Mesopotamia, Babylonia, those early early civilizations develop into city-states. You have the Yellow River in China, very early civilizations are developing there, as well as river systems like the Amazon in South America with maybe the Mayans, and that being the central kind of aspect of them developing their civilizations. So river valleys, fertile soil, grow food, Neolithic, put the animals in a cage, yummy, yummy, yummy. I'm a vegetarian, I eat the corn though. All right guys, let's go see if I can't find a mountain. You think that'd be easy to find? Just throw a rock at the mountain."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm a vegetarian, I eat the corn though. All right guys, let's go see if I can't find a mountain. You think that'd be easy to find? Just throw a rock at the mountain. I'll be right back. I found a couple mountains. I found the Himalayas and the Andes."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Just throw a rock at the mountain. I'll be right back. I found a couple mountains. I found the Himalayas and the Andes. Well obviously mountains are mountains, right? I mean, we don't have to explain what a mountain is for goodness sake, look at it. But we're going to definitely make sure you have a paragraph to write about mountains, that there's a positive attribute of having a mountain range in your backyard, and there's definitely going to be a negative attribute as well."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "I found the Himalayas and the Andes. Well obviously mountains are mountains, right? I mean, we don't have to explain what a mountain is for goodness sake, look at it. But we're going to definitely make sure you have a paragraph to write about mountains, that there's a positive attribute of having a mountain range in your backyard, and there's definitely going to be a negative attribute as well. For the positive, I would definitely look at the Himalayas. Some of the tallest peaks in the world are in the Himalayas, in the northern border of China and Tibet. And the positive is, you know, you're not going to get invaded."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "But we're going to definitely make sure you have a paragraph to write about mountains, that there's a positive attribute of having a mountain range in your backyard, and there's definitely going to be a negative attribute as well. For the positive, I would definitely look at the Himalayas. Some of the tallest peaks in the world are in the Himalayas, in the northern border of China and Tibet. And the positive is, you know, you're not going to get invaded. I mean, who the heck is going to come over the Himalayas with an army? Maybe animals or something. But the concept is that it's really going to create a barrier so you can develop your society and not worry about like in Europe where you have lots of wars and you have flat land and you have people coming in your backyard."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "And the positive is, you know, you're not going to get invaded. I mean, who the heck is going to come over the Himalayas with an army? Maybe animals or something. But the concept is that it's really going to create a barrier so you can develop your society and not worry about like in Europe where you have lots of wars and you have flat land and you have people coming in your backyard. So write about that. Write about how early Chinese civilizations really didn't have to worry about too much warfare and could concentrate on their golden ages and arts and literature and different ways of thinking in that nature, rather than worrying about fighting every other day because Jimmy Crackhorn is coming over to beat me up. The Himalayan mountains protect China."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "But the concept is that it's really going to create a barrier so you can develop your society and not worry about like in Europe where you have lots of wars and you have flat land and you have people coming in your backyard. So write about that. Write about how early Chinese civilizations really didn't have to worry about too much warfare and could concentrate on their golden ages and arts and literature and different ways of thinking in that nature, rather than worrying about fighting every other day because Jimmy Crackhorn is coming over to beat me up. The Himalayan mountains protect China. Now, the negative. The negative probably the best example I can think of. There's more than a few."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "The Himalayan mountains protect China. Now, the negative. The negative probably the best example I can think of. There's more than a few. But I would probably go to the Incas. You know, the Incas didn't last too long, a couple hundred years, three or four hundred years. But the Incas have the Andes mountains that are wrapped up right against their shoulder."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "There's more than a few. But I would probably go to the Incas. You know, the Incas didn't last too long, a couple hundred years, three or four hundred years. But the Incas have the Andes mountains that are wrapped up right against their shoulder. I mean, Incas were in the Peruvian area, kind of that western edge of South America. And the Andes run kind of straight through that western side. So the problem is you have a lack of cultural diffusion."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Incas have the Andes mountains that are wrapped up right against their shoulder. I mean, Incas were in the Peruvian area, kind of that western edge of South America. And the Andes run kind of straight through that western side. So the problem is you have a lack of cultural diffusion. You know, cultural diffusion is like gas that keeps you going. New ideas, raw materials, new products, new ways of thinking, new languages, you know, meeting other kinds of people, developing alliances. It's good to be able to have cultural diffusion."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "So the problem is you have a lack of cultural diffusion. You know, cultural diffusion is like gas that keeps you going. New ideas, raw materials, new products, new ways of thinking, new languages, you know, meeting other kinds of people, developing alliances. It's good to be able to have cultural diffusion. And when you have a big butt mountain range on your right shoulder, you're not going to have a lot of that. So you're going to live in isolationism. You'll be safe, but you're not going to modernize, you're not going to develop."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "It's good to be able to have cultural diffusion. And when you have a big butt mountain range on your right shoulder, you're not going to have a lot of that. So you're going to live in isolationism. You'll be safe, but you're not going to modernize, you're not going to develop. Not only that, but if you think about how geography can do that, what's on their other shoulder? The Pacific Ocean. So they're trapped by barriers."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "You'll be safe, but you're not going to modernize, you're not going to develop. Not only that, but if you think about how geography can do that, what's on their other shoulder? The Pacific Ocean. So they're trapped by barriers. Geography influences the development of human beings. And that would be the Andes and the Incas through isolationism and a lack of cultural diffusion. So I think that I'm ready to go find something else."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "So they're trapped by barriers. Geography influences the development of human beings. And that would be the Andes and the Incas through isolationism and a lack of cultural diffusion. So I think that I'm ready to go find something else. We'll probably just go get something big. I'll be right back with you here now. The ocean."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "So I think that I'm ready to go find something else. We'll probably just go get something big. I'll be right back with you here now. The ocean. I just said the ocean. Might as well say it. Yeah, you could write about the ocean."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "The ocean. I just said the ocean. Might as well say it. Yeah, you could write about the ocean. I mean, ocean is going to kind of protect and create isolationism. I mean, look at South America. You have giant golden civilizations down there with the Incas, the Aztecs, and the Mayans that just putter out."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, you could write about the ocean. I mean, ocean is going to kind of protect and create isolationism. I mean, look at South America. You have giant golden civilizations down there with the Incas, the Aztecs, and the Mayans that just putter out. They putter out because they don't have access to new technology or they don't have access to trade routes and they don't have cultural diffusion because they're trapped by water on either side. And they have the Andes Mountains. Then they have the Amazon jungle."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "You have giant golden civilizations down there with the Incas, the Aztecs, and the Mayans that just putter out. They putter out because they don't have access to new technology or they don't have access to trade routes and they don't have cultural diffusion because they're trapped by water on either side. And they have the Andes Mountains. Then they have the Amazon jungle. So when you have all of that geography, Africa as well. Africa is trapped by oceans on either side. You have Europe in the north, but still the same."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Then they have the Amazon jungle. So when you have all of that geography, Africa as well. Africa is trapped by oceans on either side. You have Europe in the north, but still the same. You have the Sahara Desert, or not the Sahara, the Kalamari Desert. You have huge mountain ranges and plateaus and you have all of these divisions that create cultural, a lack of cultural diffusion. So look, why is there so many countries in Africa?"}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "You have Europe in the north, but still the same. You have the Sahara Desert, or not the Sahara, the Kalamari Desert. You have huge mountain ranges and plateaus and you have all of these divisions that create cultural, a lack of cultural diffusion. So look, why is there so many countries in Africa? I mean, colonialism has something to do with it, but there's just lots of different tribal groups of Africa because of geography. On a positive front, oceans can be cool too. If you're Korea, the ocean's going to do you good."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "So look, why is there so many countries in Africa? I mean, colonialism has something to do with it, but there's just lots of different tribal groups of Africa because of geography. On a positive front, oceans can be cool too. If you're Korea, the ocean's going to do you good. Japan can't attack you, right? China can't come in. So that protection aspect."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "If you're Korea, the ocean's going to do you good. Japan can't attack you, right? China can't come in. So that protection aspect. But also, you have an endless food supply, right? Japan relies on fish and the ocean in order to feed itself. It has a very small, rocky kind of geography."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "So that protection aspect. But also, you have an endless food supply, right? Japan relies on fish and the ocean in order to feed itself. It has a very small, rocky kind of geography. So they're not going to be growing too much food and they're not going to have too much cattle so the ocean is going to basically be there for them. So the ocean can be a great example and a very easy one to argue that it creates a lack of cultural diffusion, but at the same time it protects you from invasion. So hang your hat on that one right there."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "It has a very small, rocky kind of geography. So they're not going to be growing too much food and they're not going to have too much cattle so the ocean is going to basically be there for them. So the ocean can be a great example and a very easy one to argue that it creates a lack of cultural diffusion, but at the same time it protects you from invasion. So hang your hat on that one right there. Let's go see if we can't find something else. Coastlines! Yeah, that's a good one right there."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "So hang your hat on that one right there. Let's go see if we can't find something else. Coastlines! Yeah, that's a good one right there. Kind of where the land meets the water. And the geography of your coastline can really make it or break it for you. So here's two great examples that you could write about."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, that's a good one right there. Kind of where the land meets the water. And the geography of your coastline can really make it or break it for you. So here's two great examples that you could write about. The British Empire or the British Islands, right? Very irregular coastline. You ever see like a picture of a postcard with like some lady on a beach and a guy and it says England on it?"}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "So here's two great examples that you could write about. The British Empire or the British Islands, right? Very irregular coastline. You ever see like a picture of a postcard with like some lady on a beach and a guy and it says England on it? No! Because they don't have a lot of sandy beaches. It's very rocky and hardcore and irregular."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "You ever see like a picture of a postcard with like some lady on a beach and a guy and it says England on it? No! Because they don't have a lot of sandy beaches. It's very rocky and hardcore and irregular. So a couple things. I mean, number one, yay, you're not going to get invaded very well, right? I mean, that's why the Nazis can't invade and that's why they don't really get invaded."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "It's very rocky and hardcore and irregular. So a couple things. I mean, number one, yay, you're not going to get invaded very well, right? I mean, that's why the Nazis can't invade and that's why they don't really get invaded. They have that English Channel in the Atlantic Ocean to protect them with their irregular coastline. So it makes it really, really difficult for anybody to be able to mess with you. And at the same time, it's going to influence the development of your military."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, that's why the Nazis can't invade and that's why they don't really get invaded. They have that English Channel in the Atlantic Ocean to protect them with their irregular coastline. So it makes it really, really difficult for anybody to be able to mess with you. And at the same time, it's going to influence the development of your military. If you're surrounded by water, what do you think, what aspect of the military would you think might be pretty important to have? Did you say it? Did you say boats and navy?"}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "And at the same time, it's going to influence the development of your military. If you're surrounded by water, what do you think, what aspect of the military would you think might be pretty important to have? Did you say it? Did you say boats and navy? Yeah, the British Empire, they started early because of their geography. So they're going to build one of the biggest navies in the world and because of that, they're going to be able to be one of the leaders in imperialism and colonization and enriching themselves. Geography influences the development of a people's and its culture and history."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Did you say boats and navy? Yeah, the British Empire, they started early because of their geography. So they're going to build one of the biggest navies in the world and because of that, they're going to be able to be one of the leaders in imperialism and colonization and enriching themselves. Geography influences the development of a people's and its culture and history. The other example that I think I would give it to you would probably be the geography or the coastline of North and South America. Much nicer, right? Ever been to like, you know, the Keys in Florida?"}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Geography influences the development of a people's and its culture and history. The other example that I think I would give it to you would probably be the geography or the coastline of North and South America. Much nicer, right? Ever been to like, you know, the Keys in Florida? Sweet! Virginia Beach? Wow, it's nice there."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Ever been to like, you know, the Keys in Florida? Sweet! Virginia Beach? Wow, it's nice there. Go to Brazil, beautiful beaches. You're going to get invaded. Yeah, it's having a smooth coastline?"}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Wow, it's nice there. Go to Brazil, beautiful beaches. You're going to get invaded. Yeah, it's having a smooth coastline? Definitely. Look at the New World, you know, it's butt kicked by the European world. And that was because it was just easy to kind of row, row, row your boat gently on the shore, killing all the people with genocide and taking it all for yourself."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, it's having a smooth coastline? Definitely. Look at the New World, you know, it's butt kicked by the European world. And that was because it was just easy to kind of row, row, row your boat gently on the shore, killing all the people with genocide and taking it all for yourself. That doesn't rhyme. Yeah, so that's definitely regular coast, irregular coastline. All right, we got to wrap this up soon."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "And that was because it was just easy to kind of row, row, row your boat gently on the shore, killing all the people with genocide and taking it all for yourself. That doesn't rhyme. Yeah, so that's definitely regular coast, irregular coastline. All right, we got to wrap this up soon. I think you got some examples in your understanding the thesis that geography influences the development of a people's and its culture and its history. I'm going to find another one. I'm just going to throw a few at you just in case you get the multiple choice."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "All right, we got to wrap this up soon. I think you got some examples in your understanding the thesis that geography influences the development of a people's and its culture and its history. I'm going to find another one. I'm just going to throw a few at you just in case you get the multiple choice. Islands, that's geography. Obviously, Japan is in an island, right? Remember when Japan got colonized?"}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm just going to throw a few at you just in case you get the multiple choice. Islands, that's geography. Obviously, Japan is in an island, right? Remember when Japan got colonized? Remember that? Yeah. No, because it didn't happen."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember when Japan got colonized? Remember that? Yeah. No, because it didn't happen. Because they're islands and it's really hard to colonize islands because how do you get there? You need Navy and there are, oh my goodness gracious. You also have the concept, like I said, of England, it's being in an island."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "No, because it didn't happen. Because they're islands and it's really hard to colonize islands because how do you get there? You need Navy and there are, oh my goodness gracious. You also have the concept, like I said, of England, it's being in an island. Remember England's an island. So that's going to protect it. Islands have great protection, but they also can isolate."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "You also have the concept, like I said, of England, it's being in an island. Remember England's an island. So that's going to protect it. Islands have great protection, but they also can isolate. You know, in Japan, for instance, they have a very kind of ethnocentric way of thinking about themselves in the 17, 1800s. Remember Boxer Rebellion, how's that for a curveball? But yeah, definitely, they're nativistic in a sense."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Islands have great protection, but they also can isolate. You know, in Japan, for instance, they have a very kind of ethnocentric way of thinking about themselves in the 17, 1800s. Remember Boxer Rebellion, how's that for a curveball? But yeah, definitely, they're nativistic in a sense. They're xenophobic because they're so isolated because they're islands. Rainforest, right? The really wet, marshy jungles of South America, that's going to create a lack of cultural diffusion and separate different, you know, distinct cultures that are going to grow up because of that because it separates and it divides."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "But yeah, definitely, they're nativistic in a sense. They're xenophobic because they're so isolated because they're islands. Rainforest, right? The really wet, marshy jungles of South America, that's going to create a lack of cultural diffusion and separate different, you know, distinct cultures that are going to grow up because of that because it separates and it divides. And then I would think deserts. I mean, the Sahara Desert in Africa, in lower Africa, and the Kalahari in the Middle East. I'm messing up my deserts."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "The really wet, marshy jungles of South America, that's going to create a lack of cultural diffusion and separate different, you know, distinct cultures that are going to grow up because of that because it separates and it divides. And then I would think deserts. I mean, the Sahara Desert in Africa, in lower Africa, and the Kalahari in the Middle East. I'm messing up my deserts. That's a shame. But deserts are definitely going to be something easy to write about. Write about how they separate African cultures and that they don't allow for trade and they allow for more tribalism and isolationism and that's not always a great thing."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm messing up my deserts. That's a shame. But deserts are definitely going to be something easy to write about. Write about how they separate African cultures and that they don't allow for trade and they allow for more tribalism and isolationism and that's not always a great thing. But they also protect you from invasion. So that's a lot of geography for you. I hope that you got some examples and especially, I'm telling you, here's the essay."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Write about how they separate African cultures and that they don't allow for trade and they allow for more tribalism and isolationism and that's not always a great thing. But they also protect you from invasion. So that's a lot of geography for you. I hope that you got some examples and especially, I'm telling you, here's the essay. Geography, theme, geography influences and affects the history and development of the peoples and its regions. From the following list, choose two geographical features and provide an example. Yeah, rainforest, islands, rivers, oceans, mountains, coastlines."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "I hope that you got some examples and especially, I'm telling you, here's the essay. Geography, theme, geography influences and affects the history and development of the peoples and its regions. From the following list, choose two geographical features and provide an example. Yeah, rainforest, islands, rivers, oceans, mountains, coastlines. You can do this, guys. All right? It's not that hard."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, rainforest, islands, rivers, oceans, mountains, coastlines. You can do this, guys. All right? It's not that hard. Put your thinking skills on. You know, be smart about it. And one of the greatest strategies for multiple choice at least is put yourself in the question."}, {"video_title": "Geography's Influence on World History, Society and Human Development.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not that hard. Put your thinking skills on. You know, be smart about it. And one of the greatest strategies for multiple choice at least is put yourself in the question. If it says which of the following affects an island, be the island, man. Be the island and say the answers and one of them should hopefully feel really good. So I'm going to leave you guys now."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In previous videos, we talk about the emergence of the Maurya Empire around 322 BCE, shortly after the invasion of Alexander the Great as the first truly great Indian empire that unifies most of the Indian subcontinent. Now that empire eventually falls, and the next significant empire to emerge, especially if we talk about influence on India and the world, is the Gupta Empire, which emerges over 500 years later. Now, let's zoom in on our timeline to get a deeper appreciation of the Gupta Empire. It's believed that its start was with Sri Gupta. He started the Gupta dynasty around 240, and it's disputed where they emerged. It might have been in that region or in that region. There's different accounts of where the Gupta dynasty initially emerged, but even in the early 300s, they really had control of a few small kingdoms."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's believed that its start was with Sri Gupta. He started the Gupta dynasty around 240, and it's disputed where they emerged. It might have been in that region or in that region. There's different accounts of where the Gupta dynasty initially emerged, but even in the early 300s, they really had control of a few small kingdoms. It wasn't until the reign of Chandragupta I that it becomes a significant dynasty. And we need to be careful. Don't confuse this Chandragupta I with Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the Maurya dynasty over 600 years before the time we're talking about."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's different accounts of where the Gupta dynasty initially emerged, but even in the early 300s, they really had control of a few small kingdoms. It wasn't until the reign of Chandragupta I that it becomes a significant dynasty. And we need to be careful. Don't confuse this Chandragupta I with Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the Maurya dynasty over 600 years before the time we're talking about. Chandragupta I, it's interesting because he is really able to gain power, not initially through conquest, but through a marriage. He has a marriage with the princess Kumara Devi, and as a dowry, he's given control over much of this region of northeast India, this region of Magadha, and I am always having trouble pronouncing that, so my apologies, including the famous city of Pataliputra, which even in the time of the Maurya Empire and before the Maurya Empire, this was a famous seat of power. But once he's in control of this region, then he and his successors are able to have increased conquests over India."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Don't confuse this Chandragupta I with Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the Maurya dynasty over 600 years before the time we're talking about. Chandragupta I, it's interesting because he is really able to gain power, not initially through conquest, but through a marriage. He has a marriage with the princess Kumara Devi, and as a dowry, he's given control over much of this region of northeast India, this region of Magadha, and I am always having trouble pronouncing that, so my apologies, including the famous city of Pataliputra, which even in the time of the Maurya Empire and before the Maurya Empire, this was a famous seat of power. But once he's in control of this region, then he and his successors are able to have increased conquests over India. You see in this light blue color what his son, Samudragupta, was able to do, and then one of Samudragupta's sons, Chandragupta II, is able to conquer even more. But what makes the Gupta Empire distinctive isn't just that they were able to unify much or conquer much of India again. What really makes them distinctive is because of that unification and especially the wealth that began to flow into the capital, they were able to be sponsors of significant culture and science and the arts, and that's why historians view the Gupta Empire as the golden age of India."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But once he's in control of this region, then he and his successors are able to have increased conquests over India. You see in this light blue color what his son, Samudragupta, was able to do, and then one of Samudragupta's sons, Chandragupta II, is able to conquer even more. But what makes the Gupta Empire distinctive isn't just that they were able to unify much or conquer much of India again. What really makes them distinctive is because of that unification and especially the wealth that began to flow into the capital, they were able to be sponsors of significant culture and science and the arts, and that's why historians view the Gupta Empire as the golden age of India. And just to get an appreciation for this, the Gupta Empire was during the time of Kalidasa, and he is considered to be the greatest writer ever in the Sanskrit language. He is like the William Shakespeare of Sanskrit. And just to get a feel for some of his writing, obviously this isn't Sanskrit, this is English, and this is from the recognition of Shakuntala, which is one of his most famous works."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What really makes them distinctive is because of that unification and especially the wealth that began to flow into the capital, they were able to be sponsors of significant culture and science and the arts, and that's why historians view the Gupta Empire as the golden age of India. And just to get an appreciation for this, the Gupta Empire was during the time of Kalidasa, and he is considered to be the greatest writer ever in the Sanskrit language. He is like the William Shakespeare of Sanskrit. And just to get a feel for some of his writing, obviously this isn't Sanskrit, this is English, and this is from the recognition of Shakuntala, which is one of his most famous works. Wouldst thou the young years blossoms and the fruits of its decline, and all by which the soul is charmed and raptured, feasted, fed? Wouldst thou the earth and heaven itself in one soul name combine? I name thee, O Shakuntala, and all at once is said."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And just to get a feel for some of his writing, obviously this isn't Sanskrit, this is English, and this is from the recognition of Shakuntala, which is one of his most famous works. Wouldst thou the young years blossoms and the fruits of its decline, and all by which the soul is charmed and raptured, feasted, fed? Wouldst thou the earth and heaven itself in one soul name combine? I name thee, O Shakuntala, and all at once is said. Beyond literature and writing, you have significant contributions to science, most notably Aryabhata. He's known for a very accurate approximation of pi, but even more important, a recognition that was an approximation and that he potentially recognized the irrationality of pi, one of the first to do so. The word sine, the trig function, is derived from Aryabhata's word for that function, and so he established some of the early ideas of trigonometry."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I name thee, O Shakuntala, and all at once is said. Beyond literature and writing, you have significant contributions to science, most notably Aryabhata. He's known for a very accurate approximation of pi, but even more important, a recognition that was an approximation and that he potentially recognized the irrationality of pi, one of the first to do so. The word sine, the trig function, is derived from Aryabhata's word for that function, and so he established some of the early ideas of trigonometry. He did work in summation. He did significant astronomical work, recognizing the rotation of the earth versus the rotation of the heavens. He had an early concept of gravity."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The word sine, the trig function, is derived from Aryabhata's word for that function, and so he established some of the early ideas of trigonometry. He did work in summation. He did significant astronomical work, recognizing the rotation of the earth versus the rotation of the heavens. He had an early concept of gravity. Even some of these notions of the place value system and zero and decimal notation, many of our modern notions of it are traced back to Aryabhata. In other videos on the Islamic Golden Age, when we talk about folks like al-Khwarizmi, a lot of his work was based on what he learned from Aryabhata. Beyond the sciences, and once again, this is just a sample of all that happened during this period."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He had an early concept of gravity. Even some of these notions of the place value system and zero and decimal notation, many of our modern notions of it are traced back to Aryabhata. In other videos on the Islamic Golden Age, when we talk about folks like al-Khwarizmi, a lot of his work was based on what he learned from Aryabhata. Beyond the sciences, and once again, this is just a sample of all that happened during this period. You have the significant Hindu epics, the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, the Puranas, get written down and formalized. You could say they were canonized. The game of chess, or the early version of the game of chess was invented, called chaturanga."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Beyond the sciences, and once again, this is just a sample of all that happened during this period. You have the significant Hindu epics, the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, the Puranas, get written down and formalized. You could say they were canonized. The game of chess, or the early version of the game of chess was invented, called chaturanga. They had horsemen, which were the knights. They had infantry, which were the pawns. They had elephants, which eventually turned into bishops."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The game of chess, or the early version of the game of chess was invented, called chaturanga. They had horsemen, which were the knights. They had infantry, which were the pawns. They had elephants, which eventually turned into bishops. But as it migrated into Persia, the Muslim world, and then into Europe, it became our modern game of chess. Famously, there's this iron pillar that is now in New Delhi that is traced back to the time of the Gupta Empire. It is believed to the reign of Chandragupta II."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They had elephants, which eventually turned into bishops. But as it migrated into Persia, the Muslim world, and then into Europe, it became our modern game of chess. Famously, there's this iron pillar that is now in New Delhi that is traced back to the time of the Gupta Empire. It is believed to the reign of Chandragupta II. And what's amazing about this, this is a pillar that's over 20 feet high, made out of wrought iron, and over 1,500, 1,600 years, it hasn't corroded. It has inscriptions on it that help historians point to the Gupta Empire. This was some of the coinage of the Gupta Empire."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It is believed to the reign of Chandragupta II. And what's amazing about this, this is a pillar that's over 20 feet high, made out of wrought iron, and over 1,500, 1,600 years, it hasn't corroded. It has inscriptions on it that help historians point to the Gupta Empire. This was some of the coinage of the Gupta Empire. So the big takeaway here is this was India's golden age, the classical period of India. A lot of modern Hinduism and Indian culture can be traced back to this time period. But it isn't just its influence on India."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This was some of the coinage of the Gupta Empire. So the big takeaway here is this was India's golden age, the classical period of India. A lot of modern Hinduism and Indian culture can be traced back to this time period. But it isn't just its influence on India. In other videos, we talk about the Islamic golden age. And much of that golden age, which emerges two, three, 400 years after the time, after the Gupta Empire falls, much of that work is based on the discoveries and the work that is collected during the time of the Guptas. And then that becomes a bridge, eventually, to the European Renaissance."}, {"video_title": "Gupta Dynasty World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But it isn't just its influence on India. In other videos, we talk about the Islamic golden age. And much of that golden age, which emerges two, three, 400 years after the time, after the Gupta Empire falls, much of that work is based on the discoveries and the work that is collected during the time of the Guptas. And then that becomes a bridge, eventually, to the European Renaissance. Now, like all empires, the Gupta Empire does eventually fall in the mid-sixth century, it's believed, around 540, 550. And one of the main causes, there's invasions from people called the Hunas, who historians believe are either the Huns or a group that are closely related to the Huns. It's considered to be one of the causes of the eventual decline of the Gupta dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You see the British also have significant possessions in Africa, but also in Asia. Germany, Belgium, Italy also have imperial possessions. Now as we go through World War I, that changes the map of Europe fairly dramatically, and we talk about that in other videos. But some of the major outcomes, at least when we're talking about imperialism, is that the Austro-Hungarian Empire gets broken up, changing the map of Eastern Europe. The Ottoman Empire gets broken up, with much of the Middle East now under control by the British or French, and of course, Russia exits World War I, having had the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, and is now the Soviet Union. As we get into the period after World War I, we start to see momentum gather in terms of independence movements, in terms of this imperial structure breaking down. In 1922, Egypt becomes independent of the United Kingdom."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But some of the major outcomes, at least when we're talking about imperialism, is that the Austro-Hungarian Empire gets broken up, changing the map of Eastern Europe. The Ottoman Empire gets broken up, with much of the Middle East now under control by the British or French, and of course, Russia exits World War I, having had the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, and is now the Soviet Union. As we get into the period after World War I, we start to see momentum gather in terms of independence movements, in terms of this imperial structure breaking down. In 1922, Egypt becomes independent of the United Kingdom. Iraq, which was part of the Ottoman Empire for centuries, was put under British control after World War I, and in 1932, it gets its independence. Then we enter into World War II, which is an incredibly traumatic time, not just for Europe, but for the world. And as we exit out of World War II, we see further momentum being gained for the various anti-colonial independence movements."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1922, Egypt becomes independent of the United Kingdom. Iraq, which was part of the Ottoman Empire for centuries, was put under British control after World War I, and in 1932, it gets its independence. Then we enter into World War II, which is an incredibly traumatic time, not just for Europe, but for the world. And as we exit out of World War II, we see further momentum being gained for the various anti-colonial independence movements. Indonesia, which was originally a Dutch colony, but during World War II, gets under the control of Japan as part of its imperial possessions. But as we get into August of 1945, the Japanese are bombed at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, effectively ending World War II, and the Indonesians are able to claim their independence, nominally now from the Dutch. Then from 1944 to 1946, further possessions that were originally part of the Ottoman Empire, but after World War I became under the control of the French and British, Syria and Jordan gained their independence."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we exit out of World War II, we see further momentum being gained for the various anti-colonial independence movements. Indonesia, which was originally a Dutch colony, but during World War II, gets under the control of Japan as part of its imperial possessions. But as we get into August of 1945, the Japanese are bombed at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, effectively ending World War II, and the Indonesians are able to claim their independence, nominally now from the Dutch. Then from 1944 to 1946, further possessions that were originally part of the Ottoman Empire, but after World War I became under the control of the French and British, Syria and Jordan gained their independence. Syria from France, and Jordan from United Kingdom. And then in 1947, you have the independence of the Indian subcontinent. This is a particularly noteworthy struggle under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi, often known as Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma meaning great soul."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Then from 1944 to 1946, further possessions that were originally part of the Ottoman Empire, but after World War I became under the control of the French and British, Syria and Jordan gained their independence. Syria from France, and Jordan from United Kingdom. And then in 1947, you have the independence of the Indian subcontinent. This is a particularly noteworthy struggle under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi, often known as Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma meaning great soul. And it's a peaceful resistance that's able to get independence. Now the subcontinent is partitioned into what will become Pakistan and India. For the most part, areas that were majority Muslim became Pakistan, and you can see this region in the west, and this region in the east, which would later get its independence in 1971 and become Bangladesh."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is a particularly noteworthy struggle under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi, often known as Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma meaning great soul. And it's a peaceful resistance that's able to get independence. Now the subcontinent is partitioned into what will become Pakistan and India. For the most part, areas that were majority Muslim became Pakistan, and you can see this region in the west, and this region in the east, which would later get its independence in 1971 and become Bangladesh. And then for the most part, regions that had Hindu majorities became India. This wasn't a clean partition, because there were some territories, princely states, areas where the majority was not clear that became under contention. Kashmir, even to this day, is a point of contention between India and Pakistan."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "For the most part, areas that were majority Muslim became Pakistan, and you can see this region in the west, and this region in the east, which would later get its independence in 1971 and become Bangladesh. And then for the most part, regions that had Hindu majorities became India. This wasn't a clean partition, because there were some territories, princely states, areas where the majority was not clear that became under contention. Kashmir, even to this day, is a point of contention between India and Pakistan. Much of the Indian subcontinent was very mixed with some areas being 60% Hindu or 40% Muslim or vice versa. So that catalyzed one of the largest migrations in human history, the number of people changing borders, sometimes becoming quite sectarian and quite bloody. But even after that, India is still one of the largest Muslim countries."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Kashmir, even to this day, is a point of contention between India and Pakistan. Much of the Indian subcontinent was very mixed with some areas being 60% Hindu or 40% Muslim or vice versa. So that catalyzed one of the largest migrations in human history, the number of people changing borders, sometimes becoming quite sectarian and quite bloody. But even after that, India is still one of the largest Muslim countries. The founder of Pakistan is Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and India's first prime minister, and both of them were active in the independence movement, is Jawaharlal Nehru, who will become famous for the non-aligned movement, for newly liberated countries to not want to side on either side of the Cold War. And he actually coins the term Third World, which is now associated with developing countries. But when it was coined, it meant we don't wanna be First World, aligned with the Western capitalist countries."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But even after that, India is still one of the largest Muslim countries. The founder of Pakistan is Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and India's first prime minister, and both of them were active in the independence movement, is Jawaharlal Nehru, who will become famous for the non-aligned movement, for newly liberated countries to not want to side on either side of the Cold War. And he actually coins the term Third World, which is now associated with developing countries. But when it was coined, it meant we don't wanna be First World, aligned with the Western capitalist countries. We don't wanna be Second World, aligned with the Communist bloc. We wanna be independent, or the Third World. As we get into the late 40s and early 50s, we also see an independence movement in French Indochina."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But when it was coined, it meant we don't wanna be First World, aligned with the Western capitalist countries. We don't wanna be Second World, aligned with the Communist bloc. We wanna be independent, or the Third World. As we get into the late 40s and early 50s, we also see an independence movement in French Indochina. These countries will eventually become North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. And a significant figure here is Ho Chi Minh, who will become a very prominent figure as the French Indochina War eventually evolves into the Vietnam War, bringing the United States into it as part of its Cold War containment strategy. The 1950s also see significant independence movements throughout Africa."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we get into the late 40s and early 50s, we also see an independence movement in French Indochina. These countries will eventually become North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. And a significant figure here is Ho Chi Minh, who will become a very prominent figure as the French Indochina War eventually evolves into the Vietnam War, bringing the United States into it as part of its Cold War containment strategy. The 1950s also see significant independence movements throughout Africa. In 1951, Libya gains independence. From 1956 to 1958, Tunisia, Morocco, Ghana, Guinea, all gain independence. Of particular note is Ghana, originally called Gold Coast."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The 1950s also see significant independence movements throughout Africa. In 1951, Libya gains independence. From 1956 to 1958, Tunisia, Morocco, Ghana, Guinea, all gain independence. Of particular note is Ghana, originally called Gold Coast. The first president and prime minister is Kwame Nkrumah, and he's known as one of the founders of the Organization of African Unity. And he wanted to see a world where as these African countries became independent, they unified, seeing that Africa would have much more power as a unified entity than as a fragmented one. And so he was a major promoter of the idea of Pan-Africanism."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Of particular note is Ghana, originally called Gold Coast. The first president and prime minister is Kwame Nkrumah, and he's known as one of the founders of the Organization of African Unity. And he wanted to see a world where as these African countries became independent, they unified, seeing that Africa would have much more power as a unified entity than as a fragmented one. And so he was a major promoter of the idea of Pan-Africanism. Now, the independence movements only accelerated as we go into the 1960s. 1960 in particular was a year of many independence movements, but you can see here most of Africa was independent as we exit the 1960s. In blue here listed the French colonies that gained independence in this time period."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so he was a major promoter of the idea of Pan-Africanism. Now, the independence movements only accelerated as we go into the 1960s. 1960 in particular was a year of many independence movements, but you can see here most of Africa was independent as we exit the 1960s. In blue here listed the French colonies that gained independence in this time period. In this salmon color, the British colonies. And in yellow, the Belgian colonies. There would continue to be change over the next few decades, but the world starts to look very similar to the world as we recognize it today."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In blue here listed the French colonies that gained independence in this time period. In this salmon color, the British colonies. And in yellow, the Belgian colonies. There would continue to be change over the next few decades, but the world starts to look very similar to the world as we recognize it today. Now, I'll leave you with a speech that Jawaharlal Nehru made in Washington, D.C. in 1956, which highlights his desire for non-alignment. The preservation of peace forms the central aim of India's policy. It is in the pursuit of this policy that we have chosen the path of non-alignment in any military or like pact of alliance."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There would continue to be change over the next few decades, but the world starts to look very similar to the world as we recognize it today. Now, I'll leave you with a speech that Jawaharlal Nehru made in Washington, D.C. in 1956, which highlights his desire for non-alignment. The preservation of peace forms the central aim of India's policy. It is in the pursuit of this policy that we have chosen the path of non-alignment in any military or like pact of alliance. Non-alignment does not mean passivity of mind or action, lack of faith or conviction. It does not mean submission to what we consider evil. It is a positive and dynamic approach to such problems that confront us."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It is in the pursuit of this policy that we have chosen the path of non-alignment in any military or like pact of alliance. Non-alignment does not mean passivity of mind or action, lack of faith or conviction. It does not mean submission to what we consider evil. It is a positive and dynamic approach to such problems that confront us. We believe that each country has not only the right to freedom, but also to decide its own policy and way of life. And this is a big deal, because remember, he's giving this speech in Washington, D.C., which would love him to clearly align with the Western bloc, with the capitalist countries led by the United States, but after working so hard for their independence, many of these nations, like India, were not eager to lose their autonomy and realign with more powerful countries. To close out this video, I'll leave you with an interesting question or a series of interesting questions."}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It is a positive and dynamic approach to such problems that confront us. We believe that each country has not only the right to freedom, but also to decide its own policy and way of life. And this is a big deal, because remember, he's giving this speech in Washington, D.C., which would love him to clearly align with the Western bloc, with the capitalist countries led by the United States, but after working so hard for their independence, many of these nations, like India, were not eager to lose their autonomy and realign with more powerful countries. To close out this video, I'll leave you with an interesting question or a series of interesting questions. Why do we see a good chunk of the world become independent in the second half of the 20th century? Was it that the imperial countries no longer had the energy or the power or the will to control these colonies? Was it something happened in the psychology of their peoples?"}, {"video_title": "Independence movements in the 20th Century World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "To close out this video, I'll leave you with an interesting question or a series of interesting questions. Why do we see a good chunk of the world become independent in the second half of the 20th century? Was it that the imperial countries no longer had the energy or the power or the will to control these colonies? Was it something happened in the psychology of their peoples? They just went through a traumatic war, and they realized that they weren't interested in controlling the destiny of other people? Was it due to the efficacy of some of these independent struggles, like the nonviolence movement led by Gandhi, or maybe some of the more violent independent struggles, like what we saw in Algeria against the French? But needless to say, the world fundamentally changed in this time period."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We're now going to talk about the main division that emerges in Islam shortly after the death of Muhammad. And that division is between Sunnis and Shias. And this division even exists today where roughly 90% of the world's 1.5 or 1.6 billion Muslims are Sunni and roughly 10% are Shia. And that 10% is concentrated mainly in places like Iran, Iraq, but they are spread throughout the Muslim world or the world in general. Now, the word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah, which is referring to examples of Muhammad. The word Shia comes from Shiatu Ali, which means followers of Ali or party of Ali. And we'll talk more about Ali in a little bit."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that 10% is concentrated mainly in places like Iran, Iraq, but they are spread throughout the Muslim world or the world in general. Now, the word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah, which is referring to examples of Muhammad. The word Shia comes from Shiatu Ali, which means followers of Ali or party of Ali. And we'll talk more about Ali in a little bit. But the general division is over who should succeed Muhammad after his death as the leader of the Muslim community. Shias believe it should be members of Muhammad's family and especially descendants of Muhammad, while the Sunnis believe that it doesn't necessarily have to be that. But as we'll see, this division becomes stronger and stronger and stronger as there's more and more bloodshed between the two parties."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we'll talk more about Ali in a little bit. But the general division is over who should succeed Muhammad after his death as the leader of the Muslim community. Shias believe it should be members of Muhammad's family and especially descendants of Muhammad, while the Sunnis believe that it doesn't necessarily have to be that. But as we'll see, this division becomes stronger and stronger and stronger as there's more and more bloodshed between the two parties. Because so much of this revolves around the family of Muhammad, let's just review that first and then we'll talk about the division over who should succeed Muhammad as caliph or successor to lead the Muslim community. So you see Muhammad right over here, born 570. We have his birth on our timeline as well."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as we'll see, this division becomes stronger and stronger and stronger as there's more and more bloodshed between the two parties. Because so much of this revolves around the family of Muhammad, let's just review that first and then we'll talk about the division over who should succeed Muhammad as caliph or successor to lead the Muslim community. So you see Muhammad right over here, born 570. We have his birth on our timeline as well. And just to read this timeline, it goes from light blue to dark blue when Muhammad, according to Islamic tradition, starts to have the revelations from God. And the Muslim calendar starts at 622, the time of the Hegira, where the Muslim community, in order to escape persecution from the Quraysh, migrate from Mecca to Medina. Now we've talked about several of these figures in other videos."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We have his birth on our timeline as well. And just to read this timeline, it goes from light blue to dark blue when Muhammad, according to Islamic tradition, starts to have the revelations from God. And the Muslim calendar starts at 622, the time of the Hegira, where the Muslim community, in order to escape persecution from the Quraysh, migrate from Mecca to Medina. Now we've talked about several of these figures in other videos. Right over here you have Muhammad's dad, Abdullah, who dies several months before Muhammad is born. You have Amina here, who is Muhammad's mother, and she dies when Muhammad is six years old. Then you have Abdul Muttalib, who is the head of Muhammad's, you could say, household, and he takes custody after the death of Amina."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now we've talked about several of these figures in other videos. Right over here you have Muhammad's dad, Abdullah, who dies several months before Muhammad is born. You have Amina here, who is Muhammad's mother, and she dies when Muhammad is six years old. Then you have Abdul Muttalib, who is the head of Muhammad's, you could say, household, and he takes custody after the death of Amina. And he takes custody until Muhammad is eight years old when Abdul Muttalib dies. And then Muhammad's uncle, Abu Talib, takes custody. And it's under Abu Talib that Muhammad learns his trade as a merchant and as a trader."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Then you have Abdul Muttalib, who is the head of Muhammad's, you could say, household, and he takes custody after the death of Amina. And he takes custody until Muhammad is eight years old when Abdul Muttalib dies. And then Muhammad's uncle, Abu Talib, takes custody. And it's under Abu Talib that Muhammad learns his trade as a merchant and as a trader. Now later on, we talk about Khadijah, who is a wealthy widow in Mecca, and she employs Muhammad, and according to Islamic tradition, is impressed by him, and proposes to him. And she's 15 years older than Muhammad. This is her third marriage, and Muhammad marries her."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's under Abu Talib that Muhammad learns his trade as a merchant and as a trader. Now later on, we talk about Khadijah, who is a wealthy widow in Mecca, and she employs Muhammad, and according to Islamic tradition, is impressed by him, and proposes to him. And she's 15 years older than Muhammad. This is her third marriage, and Muhammad marries her. She's a significant figure in Islam, not because she is Muhammad's first wife, but also because she is the first Muslim. Now as you can see, Muhammad and Khadijah, they have several children, and I list one of them here, Fatima, because Fatima ends up marrying Abu Talib's son, Ali. And Ali is the Ali that we're talking about where the word Shia, Shiatu Ali, comes from, party of Ali, because Ali is considered the second Muslim."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is her third marriage, and Muhammad marries her. She's a significant figure in Islam, not because she is Muhammad's first wife, but also because she is the first Muslim. Now as you can see, Muhammad and Khadijah, they have several children, and I list one of them here, Fatima, because Fatima ends up marrying Abu Talib's son, Ali. And Ali is the Ali that we're talking about where the word Shia, Shiatu Ali, comes from, party of Ali, because Ali is considered the second Muslim. He is one of the early followers of Muhammad. As you can see, he is Muhammad's cousin. He grows up in the same household with Muhammad, with Abu Talib, and he is also Muhammad's son-in-law."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Ali is the Ali that we're talking about where the word Shia, Shiatu Ali, comes from, party of Ali, because Ali is considered the second Muslim. He is one of the early followers of Muhammad. As you can see, he is Muhammad's cousin. He grows up in the same household with Muhammad, with Abu Talib, and he is also Muhammad's son-in-law. He marries Fatima, and they have several children, two of which are Hassan and Hussein, who figure very prominently in the narrative I'm going to talk about in this video and the next. Now the other figures that you see here, you have Abu Bakr, who was a close companion of Muhammad, also one of the early Muslims, and you can see he was a little bit younger than Muhammad, and they are connected through Aisha. Muhammad marries Aisha after the death of Khadijah, and Aisha is a significant figure in early Islam."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He grows up in the same household with Muhammad, with Abu Talib, and he is also Muhammad's son-in-law. He marries Fatima, and they have several children, two of which are Hassan and Hussein, who figure very prominently in the narrative I'm going to talk about in this video and the next. Now the other figures that you see here, you have Abu Bakr, who was a close companion of Muhammad, also one of the early Muslims, and you can see he was a little bit younger than Muhammad, and they are connected through Aisha. Muhammad marries Aisha after the death of Khadijah, and Aisha is a significant figure in early Islam. She's considered to have a very strong personality. Many of the Hadith are narrated by her. The Hadith are the Muslim traditions and accounts of Muhammad's life, and it's a significant part of the religion outside of the Quran."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Muhammad marries Aisha after the death of Khadijah, and Aisha is a significant figure in early Islam. She's considered to have a very strong personality. Many of the Hadith are narrated by her. The Hadith are the Muslim traditions and accounts of Muhammad's life, and it's a significant part of the religion outside of the Quran. And she is married to Muhammad at a very, very young age, and there's some debate about how young she actually was, but as we'll see, she also figures prominently in this narrative and in this schism that develops between the Sunni and the Shia, and the Sunni and the Shia view her differently. So let's go back to the timeline here. So as Muhammad's life nears its end in 632, in previous videos, we talk about his final pilgrimage to Mecca, and then on his way back to Medina, at a place like Gather Qum, he gives a sermon, a sermon that is especially very important to the Shia."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Hadith are the Muslim traditions and accounts of Muhammad's life, and it's a significant part of the religion outside of the Quran. And she is married to Muhammad at a very, very young age, and there's some debate about how young she actually was, but as we'll see, she also figures prominently in this narrative and in this schism that develops between the Sunni and the Shia, and the Sunni and the Shia view her differently. So let's go back to the timeline here. So as Muhammad's life nears its end in 632, in previous videos, we talk about his final pilgrimage to Mecca, and then on his way back to Medina, at a place like Gather Qum, he gives a sermon, a sermon that is especially very important to the Shia. According to that short sermon, and Gather Qum, gather literally means pond or small stream, so it's the sermon at the pond Qum, there's one quotation that Shia consider to be very, very important, where Muhammad says, of whomsoever I had been Mola, Ali here is to be his Mola, and the word Mola means protector or leader, or it could mean guardian or people that you are close to, and the Shia view this as clear evidence that Muhammad intended Ali to be his successor. Many members of the Sunni tradition take a slightly different interpretation, where they say Mola doesn't necessarily have to mean protector or leader, it could mean companion or friend or member that is close to, and so they don't view this as strongly of evidence, but in the Shia tradition, the event at Gather Qum is actually a significant event, and it is even a holiday, so that's the evidence that Shia point to as why Ali should be the successor. But then Muhammad dies, and according to the tradition, while his funeral was being planned by his family, the close companions were meeting and discussing who should succeed Muhammad, and the close companions decide that it should be Abu Bakr."}, {"video_title": "Sunni and Shia Islam part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So as Muhammad's life nears its end in 632, in previous videos, we talk about his final pilgrimage to Mecca, and then on his way back to Medina, at a place like Gather Qum, he gives a sermon, a sermon that is especially very important to the Shia. According to that short sermon, and Gather Qum, gather literally means pond or small stream, so it's the sermon at the pond Qum, there's one quotation that Shia consider to be very, very important, where Muhammad says, of whomsoever I had been Mola, Ali here is to be his Mola, and the word Mola means protector or leader, or it could mean guardian or people that you are close to, and the Shia view this as clear evidence that Muhammad intended Ali to be his successor. Many members of the Sunni tradition take a slightly different interpretation, where they say Mola doesn't necessarily have to mean protector or leader, it could mean companion or friend or member that is close to, and so they don't view this as strongly of evidence, but in the Shia tradition, the event at Gather Qum is actually a significant event, and it is even a holiday, so that's the evidence that Shia point to as why Ali should be the successor. But then Muhammad dies, and according to the tradition, while his funeral was being planned by his family, the close companions were meeting and discussing who should succeed Muhammad, and the close companions decide that it should be Abu Bakr. So Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph, and he rules for two years. He's succeeded by Umar, sometimes pronounced as Omar, who then is assassinated, who is succeeded by Uthman, sometimes pronounced as Usman, who is then assassinated, and then Ali takes power. According to Sunni tradition, these first four caliphs are considered the Rashidun caliphs, or the rightly guided, and under their rule, you have the significant spread of what becomes this Islamic empire that we talk about in other videos."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In previous videos, we talk about how as we exit the fourth century, in the 390s, the Emperor Theodosius, he actually splits the Roman Empire. We already had the city of Constantinople being established as a capital of the empire. That was done by Constantine in 324, the city previously known as Byzantium. But as we enter into the fifth century, there was an official split between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. They were actually governed separately. Now also in other videos, we talk about the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire. Now one thing to keep in mind, sometimes when we talk about the fall of the West, it somehow implies that there's no governance left or there's no kingdoms left, and nothing could be further from the truth."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as we enter into the fifth century, there was an official split between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. They were actually governed separately. Now also in other videos, we talk about the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire. Now one thing to keep in mind, sometimes when we talk about the fall of the West, it somehow implies that there's no governance left or there's no kingdoms left, and nothing could be further from the truth. One of the reasons why the Western Roman Empire fell is repeated attacks by Germanic tribes. And after the Western Roman Empire was gone, the Germanic tribes, for the most part, took over. On the Italian peninsula, you at first have the kingdom of Odoacer, but eventually you have rule, especially as we get into the late fifth century, you have the Ostrogothic kingdom, Ostrogoths, the Eastern Goths, the Eastern Germanic tribes."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now one thing to keep in mind, sometimes when we talk about the fall of the West, it somehow implies that there's no governance left or there's no kingdoms left, and nothing could be further from the truth. One of the reasons why the Western Roman Empire fell is repeated attacks by Germanic tribes. And after the Western Roman Empire was gone, the Germanic tribes, for the most part, took over. On the Italian peninsula, you at first have the kingdom of Odoacer, but eventually you have rule, especially as we get into the late fifth century, you have the Ostrogothic kingdom, Ostrogoths, the Eastern Goths, the Eastern Germanic tribes. Here in North Africa, you have the Vandals, another Germanic tribe. Here in the Iberian peninsula, you have the Visigoths, the Western Goths, yet another Germanic tribe. Here you have the Burgundians, you have the Franks."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "On the Italian peninsula, you at first have the kingdom of Odoacer, but eventually you have rule, especially as we get into the late fifth century, you have the Ostrogothic kingdom, Ostrogoths, the Eastern Goths, the Eastern Germanic tribes. Here in North Africa, you have the Vandals, another Germanic tribe. Here in the Iberian peninsula, you have the Visigoths, the Western Goths, yet another Germanic tribe. Here you have the Burgundians, you have the Franks. The word France comes from the notion of land of the Franks. Once again, all of these are Germanic kingdoms that took over where before you had the Western Roman Empire. Now, as you can see from this map, and we've talked about it in previous videos, it was only the Western Roman Empire that fell and fragmented and, for the most part, came into the hands of these Germanic tribes."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Here you have the Burgundians, you have the Franks. The word France comes from the notion of land of the Franks. Once again, all of these are Germanic kingdoms that took over where before you had the Western Roman Empire. Now, as you can see from this map, and we've talked about it in previous videos, it was only the Western Roman Empire that fell and fragmented and, for the most part, came into the hands of these Germanic tribes. The Eastern Empire continues on, and it's often known as the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. Now, what we'll see is that the Byzantine Empire lasts for almost another 1,000 years, but its importance in the region diminishes for most of that period. It does have one last hurrah, so to speak, with the reign of Emperor Justinian."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, as you can see from this map, and we've talked about it in previous videos, it was only the Western Roman Empire that fell and fragmented and, for the most part, came into the hands of these Germanic tribes. The Eastern Empire continues on, and it's often known as the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. Now, what we'll see is that the Byzantine Empire lasts for almost another 1,000 years, but its importance in the region diminishes for most of that period. It does have one last hurrah, so to speak, with the reign of Emperor Justinian. Justinian is able to come to power in 527. He comes into power with the help of his uncle, who's the previous Emperor Justin, and Justinian is able to regain much of the land that was lost to the Germanic tribes. Over the course of Justinian's reign, as you can see, they're able to retake the Italian Peninsula and much of North Africa."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It does have one last hurrah, so to speak, with the reign of Emperor Justinian. Justinian is able to come to power in 527. He comes into power with the help of his uncle, who's the previous Emperor Justin, and Justinian is able to regain much of the land that was lost to the Germanic tribes. Over the course of Justinian's reign, as you can see, they're able to retake the Italian Peninsula and much of North Africa. Now, things weren't always easy for Justinian, and they're very difficult at the beginning of his rule, and they get hard near the end of his rule as well. In 532, there's significant rioting in Constantinople, which is his capital. It all starts around chariot racing and the different groups or gangs that support the different chariot racing teams, but it eventually becomes an all-out revolt against Justinian."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Over the course of Justinian's reign, as you can see, they're able to retake the Italian Peninsula and much of North Africa. Now, things weren't always easy for Justinian, and they're very difficult at the beginning of his rule, and they get hard near the end of his rule as well. In 532, there's significant rioting in Constantinople, which is his capital. It all starts around chariot racing and the different groups or gangs that support the different chariot racing teams, but it eventually becomes an all-out revolt against Justinian. And many of Justinian's advisors, including Justinian himself, they're afraid that they're gonna be overthrown and killed, and they think about fleeing Constantinople, and this is only five years into his reign. This is in 532. And at that point, his wife, Empress Theodora, stands up and becomes a very important actor in history."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It all starts around chariot racing and the different groups or gangs that support the different chariot racing teams, but it eventually becomes an all-out revolt against Justinian. And many of Justinian's advisors, including Justinian himself, they're afraid that they're gonna be overthrown and killed, and they think about fleeing Constantinople, and this is only five years into his reign. This is in 532. And at that point, his wife, Empress Theodora, stands up and becomes a very important actor in history. She has her famous speech at the point in time when Justinian and his advisors were thinking about fleeing, fear of death. They thought they were gonna be overthrown. And here is that famous quote from Empress Theodora."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And at that point, his wife, Empress Theodora, stands up and becomes a very important actor in history. She has her famous speech at the point in time when Justinian and his advisors were thinking about fleeing, fear of death. They thought they were gonna be overthrown. And here is that famous quote from Empress Theodora. The present occasion is too serious to allow me to follow the convention that a woman should not speak in a man's council. Those whose interests are threatened by extreme danger should think only of the wisest course of action, not of conventions. In my opinion, flight is not the right course, even if it should bring us to safety."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And here is that famous quote from Empress Theodora. The present occasion is too serious to allow me to follow the convention that a woman should not speak in a man's council. Those whose interests are threatened by extreme danger should think only of the wisest course of action, not of conventions. In my opinion, flight is not the right course, even if it should bring us to safety. It is impossible for a person, having been born into this world, not to die. But for one who has reigned, it is intolerable to be a fugitive. May I never be deprived of this purple robe, the purple robe signifying royalty, being an empress."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In my opinion, flight is not the right course, even if it should bring us to safety. It is impossible for a person, having been born into this world, not to die. But for one who has reigned, it is intolerable to be a fugitive. May I never be deprived of this purple robe, the purple robe signifying royalty, being an empress. And may I never see the day when those who meet me do not call me empress. If you wish to save yourself, so she's talking to Justinian and Justinian's advisors. If you wish to save yourself, my lord, there is no difficulty."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "May I never be deprived of this purple robe, the purple robe signifying royalty, being an empress. And may I never see the day when those who meet me do not call me empress. If you wish to save yourself, so she's talking to Justinian and Justinian's advisors. If you wish to save yourself, my lord, there is no difficulty. We are rich. Over there is the sea, and there are the ships. Yet reflect for a moment whether, when you have once escaped to a place of security, you would not gladly exchange such safety for death."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "If you wish to save yourself, my lord, there is no difficulty. We are rich. Over there is the sea, and there are the ships. Yet reflect for a moment whether, when you have once escaped to a place of security, you would not gladly exchange such safety for death. As for me, I agree with the adage that the royal purple is the noblest shroud. So she's saying I would rather die as an empress than try to be a fugitive and just try to live my life, the rest of my life, somehow comfortably. And she's able to convince Justinian, and they're able to put down the uprising quite brutally, killing 30,000 of the people who are rising up against them."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Yet reflect for a moment whether, when you have once escaped to a place of security, you would not gladly exchange such safety for death. As for me, I agree with the adage that the royal purple is the noblest shroud. So she's saying I would rather die as an empress than try to be a fugitive and just try to live my life, the rest of my life, somehow comfortably. And she's able to convince Justinian, and they're able to put down the uprising quite brutally, killing 30,000 of the people who are rising up against them. Now, during that uprising, much of Constantinople is burned, including the main church, the Hagia Sophia, and it was under Justinian's rule that the Hagia Sophia gets rebuilt, and it still exists in what is now Istanbul today. Constantinople eventually gets renamed Istanbul once it's conquered by the Turks, and it eventually gets turned into a mosque, and today it is a museum. The Hagia Sophia literally means holy wisdom."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And she's able to convince Justinian, and they're able to put down the uprising quite brutally, killing 30,000 of the people who are rising up against them. Now, during that uprising, much of Constantinople is burned, including the main church, the Hagia Sophia, and it was under Justinian's rule that the Hagia Sophia gets rebuilt, and it still exists in what is now Istanbul today. Constantinople eventually gets renamed Istanbul once it's conquered by the Turks, and it eventually gets turned into a mosque, and today it is a museum. The Hagia Sophia literally means holy wisdom. You might recognize the word Sophia from philosophy, which literally means friend of wisdom, philosophia. Now, perhaps what Justinian is most famous for is his attempt to better codify a set of laws. The Roman Empire, of course, always had laws, but Justinian got legal experts to go and collect the laws of the land, to make them consistent, to throw out the laws that are inconsistent, to add new laws as necessary, and he did this over his entire reign, and he spread them, and they are often referred to as the Code of Justinian."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Hagia Sophia literally means holy wisdom. You might recognize the word Sophia from philosophy, which literally means friend of wisdom, philosophia. Now, perhaps what Justinian is most famous for is his attempt to better codify a set of laws. The Roman Empire, of course, always had laws, but Justinian got legal experts to go and collect the laws of the land, to make them consistent, to throw out the laws that are inconsistent, to add new laws as necessary, and he did this over his entire reign, and he spread them, and they are often referred to as the Code of Justinian. And they would have an influence on the Byzantine Empire for the next 900 years, and even some influence on some relatively modern schools of law. Now, as I've mentioned before, the reign of Justinian is considered really the high point of the Byzantine Empire, and even as we get into roughly the second half of his reign, things start to slide downward, and over the next 900 years are just in a state of decline. Starting in the 540s, there's a significant plague in the Byzantine Empire."}, {"video_title": "Justinian and the Byzantine Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Roman Empire, of course, always had laws, but Justinian got legal experts to go and collect the laws of the land, to make them consistent, to throw out the laws that are inconsistent, to add new laws as necessary, and he did this over his entire reign, and he spread them, and they are often referred to as the Code of Justinian. And they would have an influence on the Byzantine Empire for the next 900 years, and even some influence on some relatively modern schools of law. Now, as I've mentioned before, the reign of Justinian is considered really the high point of the Byzantine Empire, and even as we get into roughly the second half of his reign, things start to slide downward, and over the next 900 years are just in a state of decline. Starting in the 540s, there's a significant plague in the Byzantine Empire. Some accounts I've seen show that roughly 40% of Constantinople dies, significant chunk of the population of the Byzantine Empire dies, and that makes it more susceptible to attack from the various Germanic tribes. Throughout Justinian's reign, and well after Justinian's reign, there's constant tension and often conflict between the Sassanid Persians in the east. And then, as we go further on, especially as we get into the seventh and eighth century, you have the rise of Islam."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History as we take a look in this episode at the Magna Carta. How excited are you to learn about the Magna Carta? I don't care if you're a kid in school, a lifelong learner, or if you're just cray-cray on the internet. We're going to go do the giddy up for the learning and go get her done right now. Alright guys, why don't we start with the big idea first and that is the Magna Carta is muy muy importante. Very important in terms of the development of individual rights and this concept that I have liberty and that the king, the government can't take away that liberty without reason. And really the Magna Carta is going to be very significant in the development not only of kind of English law and the English constitution, the development of parliament, but right here in the good old USA."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to go do the giddy up for the learning and go get her done right now. Alright guys, why don't we start with the big idea first and that is the Magna Carta is muy muy importante. Very important in terms of the development of individual rights and this concept that I have liberty and that the king, the government can't take away that liberty without reason. And really the Magna Carta is going to be very significant in the development not only of kind of English law and the English constitution, the development of parliament, but right here in the good old USA. Parts of the constitution are really directly lifted from the Magna Carta. When you look at the suspension clause, which is in Article 1, Section 9, Clause 2, and it says that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless rebellion or invasion public safety may require it. This idea that habeas corpus, you can't arrest me, you can't put me in the hole, Jack, unless there's some process, some reason, some idea."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And really the Magna Carta is going to be very significant in the development not only of kind of English law and the English constitution, the development of parliament, but right here in the good old USA. Parts of the constitution are really directly lifted from the Magna Carta. When you look at the suspension clause, which is in Article 1, Section 9, Clause 2, and it says that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless rebellion or invasion public safety may require it. This idea that habeas corpus, you can't arrest me, you can't put me in the hole, Jack, unless there's some process, some reason, some idea. In fact, the origins of habeas corpus can be traced back to the original Magna Carta from 1215, the 39th clause which said, no man shall be arrested or imprisoned except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. Right? You have to actually violate a law to get arrested and then you get to be judged by your peers."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This idea that habeas corpus, you can't arrest me, you can't put me in the hole, Jack, unless there's some process, some reason, some idea. In fact, the origins of habeas corpus can be traced back to the original Magna Carta from 1215, the 39th clause which said, no man shall be arrested or imprisoned except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. Right? You have to actually violate a law to get arrested and then you get to be judged by your peers. How great is the 6th Amendment to the US Constitution? That's where it came from. So the big idea is the Magna Carta, which is going to be not that significant in the very beginning."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You have to actually violate a law to get arrested and then you get to be judged by your peers. How great is the 6th Amendment to the US Constitution? That's where it came from. So the big idea is the Magna Carta, which is going to be not that significant in the very beginning. It's going to be very significant when we look at the development of the Republic and Western civilization. How about that? All right, let's take a look at a little bit of the history of the Magna Carta and get a little bit more specific."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So the big idea is the Magna Carta, which is going to be not that significant in the very beginning. It's going to be very significant when we look at the development of the Republic and Western civilization. How about that? All right, let's take a look at a little bit of the history of the Magna Carta and get a little bit more specific. My French is terrible, but we have to start with talking about the Angevin kings. And we're not going to do a million years of English history right here. We should know that in the very early 13th century, the early 1200s, we have the Angevin line of kings."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "All right, let's take a look at a little bit of the history of the Magna Carta and get a little bit more specific. My French is terrible, but we have to start with talking about the Angevin kings. And we're not going to do a million years of English history right here. We should know that in the very early 13th century, the early 1200s, we have the Angevin line of kings. And this is kind of a king line that has roots, a dynasty that has roots in France that's ruling the kingdom of England. Henry II was the first of those kings. You might have heard of a guy by the name of Richard the Lionhearted."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We should know that in the very early 13th century, the early 1200s, we have the Angevin line of kings. And this is kind of a king line that has roots, a dynasty that has roots in France that's ruling the kingdom of England. Henry II was the first of those kings. You might have heard of a guy by the name of Richard the Lionhearted. And Richard the Lionhearted especially, and for him, Henry II, really had kind of abandoned this concept that there was a real relationship between the barons and the king. That probably wasn't true, but there was definitely less conflict between the kings and the barons before this line. Really, the king was operating in the sense for the best interest of what they saw as the kingdom."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You might have heard of a guy by the name of Richard the Lionhearted. And Richard the Lionhearted especially, and for him, Henry II, really had kind of abandoned this concept that there was a real relationship between the barons and the king. That probably wasn't true, but there was definitely less conflict between the kings and the barons before this line. Really, the king was operating in the sense for the best interest of what they saw as the kingdom. And this new line is a little bit more interested in armies and crusades, killing Muslims. So that might be part of the reason why by the time we get to the death of Richard the Lionhearted, where his brother takes over, his brother is going to be King John. King John's nickname was Soft Sword."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Really, the king was operating in the sense for the best interest of what they saw as the kingdom. And this new line is a little bit more interested in armies and crusades, killing Muslims. So that might be part of the reason why by the time we get to the death of Richard the Lionhearted, where his brother takes over, his brother is going to be King John. King John's nickname was Soft Sword. So you can see that he's not going to be that successful in terms of military conquests. And early on, he starts losing battles with France. He starts losing land."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "King John's nickname was Soft Sword. So you can see that he's not going to be that successful in terms of military conquests. And early on, he starts losing battles with France. He starts losing land. And as a result of that, he started looking for some extra change. He starts raising taxes. And of course, the barons in this feudalism system, you have the king, you have the barons, you have feudal lords, all the way down to the bottom you have the serfs."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He starts losing land. And as a result of that, he started looking for some extra change. He starts raising taxes. And of course, the barons in this feudalism system, you have the king, you have the barons, you have feudal lords, all the way down to the bottom you have the serfs. Everybody answers to somebody. But right now, the king isn't answering to anybody. And they're being reminded in their history that way before this, in the year 1100, Henry I had actually signed something called the Charter of Liberties."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course, the barons in this feudalism system, you have the king, you have the barons, you have feudal lords, all the way down to the bottom you have the serfs. Everybody answers to somebody. But right now, the king isn't answering to anybody. And they're being reminded in their history that way before this, in the year 1100, Henry I had actually signed something called the Charter of Liberties. And that really wasn't in effect for very long. But this was a very basic listing of rights. And I'm not talking about rights for everybody."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're being reminded in their history that way before this, in the year 1100, Henry I had actually signed something called the Charter of Liberties. And that really wasn't in effect for very long. But this was a very basic listing of rights. And I'm not talking about rights for everybody. I'm talking about rights for the people way up here, right? For the barons, for the feudal lords, for the people that are right underneath the king. They're looking for relief in terms of taxation."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And I'm not talking about rights for everybody. I'm talking about rights for the people way up here, right? For the barons, for the feudal lords, for the people that are right underneath the king. They're looking for relief in terms of taxation. They're looking for a lessening of the king's power. I mean, the king at that point could deny a marriage if he wanted to. He'd be like, no, you two aren't getting married."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're looking for relief in terms of taxation. They're looking for a lessening of the king's power. I mean, the king at that point could deny a marriage if he wanted to. He'd be like, no, you two aren't getting married. You couldn't get married. So basic things like that, property rights, inheritance rights, very basic ideas that there were certain freedoms the king couldn't take away. That was lined out in the Charter of Liberties."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He'd be like, no, you two aren't getting married. You couldn't get married. So basic things like that, property rights, inheritance rights, very basic ideas that there were certain freedoms the king couldn't take away. That was lined out in the Charter of Liberties. And that's like a thousand years before this. That's 1100. So now fast forward to 1215, and these barons are looking at this line of kings who are operating under this banner of force and will, of divine right."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That was lined out in the Charter of Liberties. And that's like a thousand years before this. That's 1100. So now fast forward to 1215, and these barons are looking at this line of kings who are operating under this banner of force and will, of divine right. And they're not liking it at all. So in 1214, we kind of have the final straw for the barons when John I loses the Battle of Bovine. And now they're going to start to organize themselves, and they're going to start to really represent a rebel group."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So now fast forward to 1215, and these barons are looking at this line of kings who are operating under this banner of force and will, of divine right. And they're not liking it at all. So in 1214, we kind of have the final straw for the barons when John I loses the Battle of Bovine. And now they're going to start to organize themselves, and they're going to start to really represent a rebel group. They even elect a leader, Robert Feltz Walter becomes the leader. There's a conspiratorial theory that he believed that the king had violated his daughter, and this was a personal vengeance kind of thing. But he's going to be the organizer of the rebels."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now they're going to start to organize themselves, and they're going to start to really represent a rebel group. They even elect a leader, Robert Feltz Walter becomes the leader. There's a conspiratorial theory that he believed that the king had violated his daughter, and this was a personal vengeance kind of thing. But he's going to be the organizer of the rebels. Now John I wasn't the dumbest of the kings. He certainly could smell this rebel group that was forming, and previous to 1215, in 1213, he made a series of moves to lock himself in with the Catholic Church. He made an oath to be a crusader."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But he's going to be the organizer of the rebels. Now John I wasn't the dumbest of the kings. He certainly could smell this rebel group that was forming, and previous to 1215, in 1213, he made a series of moves to lock himself in with the Catholic Church. He made an oath to be a crusader. He said he was a vessel of the pope. He said that we're on the side of the church. And he sends communications to the pope at that time, who was innocent the second, of this conflict between the barons and the king, and he's looking for support."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He made an oath to be a crusader. He said he was a vessel of the pope. He said that we're on the side of the church. And he sends communications to the pope at that time, who was innocent the second, of this conflict between the barons and the king, and he's looking for support. Now eventually the pope's going to respond on the side of John I, but they don't have the internets back then, so the letter took a very, very long time. And by May, the rebels who had organized themselves, this rebel baron group, attack London. And at that point, now the king realizes he's locked out of London, he's going to have to start to negotiate with these guys."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he sends communications to the pope at that time, who was innocent the second, of this conflict between the barons and the king, and he's looking for support. Now eventually the pope's going to respond on the side of John I, but they don't have the internets back then, so the letter took a very, very long time. And by May, the rebels who had organized themselves, this rebel baron group, attack London. And at that point, now the king realizes he's locked out of London, he's going to have to start to negotiate with these guys. So they agree, the rebels and King John, that they're going to get the Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton, to be the arbitrator between the two sides. So in June 1215, based in part on that previous thousand year before document, the Charter of Liberties, the barons put together what's called the Articles of the Baron, kind of their wish list in this new relationship that they're going to have with the king. And that's going to be modified, it goes through a whole bunch of different edits in the negotiation process, but basically at the end of the day we get the Magna Carta, that's right, the Magna Carta is called the Great Charter, the Great Charter is the Magna Carta."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And at that point, now the king realizes he's locked out of London, he's going to have to start to negotiate with these guys. So they agree, the rebels and King John, that they're going to get the Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton, to be the arbitrator between the two sides. So in June 1215, based in part on that previous thousand year before document, the Charter of Liberties, the barons put together what's called the Articles of the Baron, kind of their wish list in this new relationship that they're going to have with the king. And that's going to be modified, it goes through a whole bunch of different edits in the negotiation process, but basically at the end of the day we get the Magna Carta, that's right, the Magna Carta is called the Great Charter, the Great Charter is the Magna Carta. And in this new relationship, the king's going to give up some stuff, and the rebels are going to put down their weapons, and they're going to renew the oath to the king, at least that's what they all say they're going to do. But at the basic root of the Magna Carta is in so much all of this talk about liberty, and there's certainly a few passages in there that are going to evolve into this concept of due process, that when I get arrested there needs to be due process, you know, kind of procedures that you go through, of habeas corpus, that you can't arrest me without reason, and certain other rights that are going to evolve. But really the document is addressing what these barons' concerns are, inheritance, tax, land, real estate, kind of the nitty gritty of common law, let's put it that way."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's going to be modified, it goes through a whole bunch of different edits in the negotiation process, but basically at the end of the day we get the Magna Carta, that's right, the Magna Carta is called the Great Charter, the Great Charter is the Magna Carta. And in this new relationship, the king's going to give up some stuff, and the rebels are going to put down their weapons, and they're going to renew the oath to the king, at least that's what they all say they're going to do. But at the basic root of the Magna Carta is in so much all of this talk about liberty, and there's certainly a few passages in there that are going to evolve into this concept of due process, that when I get arrested there needs to be due process, you know, kind of procedures that you go through, of habeas corpus, that you can't arrest me without reason, and certain other rights that are going to evolve. But really the document is addressing what these barons' concerns are, inheritance, tax, land, real estate, kind of the nitty gritty of common law, let's put it that way. And certainly there's only three of the 63 articles that even mention serfs. The rest of the documents, like I said before, deal with the barons' concerns, and even some of them are a little bit fishy when you look at it through the lens of today, like Article 54, no man is to be arrested or imprisoned on account of a woman's appeal for the death of anyone other than her own husband. So sorry for the ladies there, unless someone killed your husband, you can't be a witness to a crime."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But really the document is addressing what these barons' concerns are, inheritance, tax, land, real estate, kind of the nitty gritty of common law, let's put it that way. And certainly there's only three of the 63 articles that even mention serfs. The rest of the documents, like I said before, deal with the barons' concerns, and even some of them are a little bit fishy when you look at it through the lens of today, like Article 54, no man is to be arrested or imprisoned on account of a woman's appeal for the death of anyone other than her own husband. So sorry for the ladies there, unless someone killed your husband, you can't be a witness to a crime. And certainly there's other stuff in there like protection of church rights in terms of taxation, in terms of inheritance, but at the end of the day, the most important clause is going to be 61. It's called the Security Clause. And what it said was that there was going to be a council of 25 barons, and if the king didn't listen to the Magna Carta, wasn't following the rules after 40 days of an edict from this council of 25 barons, then the barons had the right, the lawful right, to take over the castle, to take power away from the king until he resolved the matter."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So sorry for the ladies there, unless someone killed your husband, you can't be a witness to a crime. And certainly there's other stuff in there like protection of church rights in terms of taxation, in terms of inheritance, but at the end of the day, the most important clause is going to be 61. It's called the Security Clause. And what it said was that there was going to be a council of 25 barons, and if the king didn't listen to the Magna Carta, wasn't following the rules after 40 days of an edict from this council of 25 barons, then the barons had the right, the lawful right, to take over the castle, to take power away from the king until he resolved the matter. That's huge. That means that there's going to be accountability between the king and the barons. But unfortunately, the Magna Carta's not going to work out for those guys way back in the day."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And what it said was that there was going to be a council of 25 barons, and if the king didn't listen to the Magna Carta, wasn't following the rules after 40 days of an edict from this council of 25 barons, then the barons had the right, the lawful right, to take over the castle, to take power away from the king until he resolved the matter. That's huge. That means that there's going to be accountability between the king and the barons. But unfortunately, the Magna Carta's not going to work out for those guys way back in the day. They're both going to violate what they were supposed to do. The rebels are supposed to get out of London, they're not going to get out of London. King John isn't supposed to appeal to anybody, he goes running to Pope Innocent II, and that's going to fall apart, and we're going to get what's called the First Baron War."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But unfortunately, the Magna Carta's not going to work out for those guys way back in the day. They're both going to violate what they were supposed to do. The rebels are supposed to get out of London, they're not going to get out of London. King John isn't supposed to appeal to anybody, he goes running to Pope Innocent II, and that's going to fall apart, and we're going to get what's called the First Baron War. And you know if there's a First Baron War, it's going to go on for a very long time, and we're going to avoid all that. So let's wrap it up. Why is the Magna Carta important now that you know what it is?"}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "King John isn't supposed to appeal to anybody, he goes running to Pope Innocent II, and that's going to fall apart, and we're going to get what's called the First Baron War. And you know if there's a First Baron War, it's going to go on for a very long time, and we're going to avoid all that. So let's wrap it up. Why is the Magna Carta important now that you know what it is? Now the Magna Carta's going to go through a whole bunch of different revisions. Most of the ugly language is going to be taken out of it, but the important clauses, the ones that are going to evolve into this habeas corpus concept, the idea that you get a trial by jury of your peers, those big ideas of liberty, that we have this liberty, are going to roll themselves into the Enlightenment. We see them with John Locke, we're going to see it in the English Bill of Rights, in the idea of Parliament, and the spreading of that to the idea of the Republic in the United States."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Why is the Magna Carta important now that you know what it is? Now the Magna Carta's going to go through a whole bunch of different revisions. Most of the ugly language is going to be taken out of it, but the important clauses, the ones that are going to evolve into this habeas corpus concept, the idea that you get a trial by jury of your peers, those big ideas of liberty, that we have this liberty, are going to roll themselves into the Enlightenment. We see them with John Locke, we're going to see it in the English Bill of Rights, in the idea of Parliament, and the spreading of that to the idea of the Republic in the United States. We've already talked about that, but the Limitation Clause in Article I, the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, and the Ninth Amendment can be all traced to that Magna Carta, so hip hip hooray for the Magna Carta. And remember, the Magna Carta's not a constitution, it's just something in English history that evolved into common law and was adopted into later legal matters. So now at least you know something about the Magna Carta, thank goodness for that."}, {"video_title": "The Magna Carta Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We see them with John Locke, we're going to see it in the English Bill of Rights, in the idea of Parliament, and the spreading of that to the idea of the Republic in the United States. We've already talked about that, but the Limitation Clause in Article I, the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, and the Ninth Amendment can be all traced to that Magna Carta, so hip hip hooray for the Magna Carta. And remember, the Magna Carta's not a constitution, it's just something in English history that evolved into common law and was adopted into later legal matters. So now at least you know something about the Magna Carta, thank goodness for that. So you're going to be ahead at the next party you go to or the next test you take you're going to pass. Alright guys, I say it because I say it at the end of every lecture because I mean it with all my heart where attention goes, energy flows, and we'll see you guys next time. You pressed my buttons."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I don't even know what it is. I don't even know if I'm allowed to make a video trying to explain it without violating the central features of Taoism, also pronounced as Taoism. I do know that it's over 2,000 years old and I do know there's over 31 million people that call themselves Taoist. So let's see if we can't figure out a little bit of what it means to be a Taoist slash Daoist as we go giddy up for the world. So unlike other religions that we have gone over, this is not a dogmatic religion. A dogma means a set of beliefs, a set of rules. There are things that you can do to be in this religion."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's see if we can't figure out a little bit of what it means to be a Taoist slash Daoist as we go giddy up for the world. So unlike other religions that we have gone over, this is not a dogmatic religion. A dogma means a set of beliefs, a set of rules. There are things that you can do to be in this religion. It's not like that at all. In fact, it's the opposite. Now, 2,000 years ago, the Tao Te Ching became the foundation of Taoism."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There are things that you can do to be in this religion. It's not like that at all. In fact, it's the opposite. Now, 2,000 years ago, the Tao Te Ching became the foundation of Taoism. It was written by Lao Tzu and he was in a sense a philosopher who was writing down these ideas which really came before him in oral histories. But talking about the history of Taoism or the rules of Taoism is just kind of nonsensical because it is up to each person to find the Tao, the way. Tao literally means the way, the energy of the universe, the path of the universe."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, 2,000 years ago, the Tao Te Ching became the foundation of Taoism. It was written by Lao Tzu and he was in a sense a philosopher who was writing down these ideas which really came before him in oral histories. But talking about the history of Taoism or the rules of Taoism is just kind of nonsensical because it is up to each person to find the Tao, the way. Tao literally means the way, the energy of the universe, the path of the universe. And the big idea before we get into some of their basic, basic beliefs is that if life is a river, if the universe is a river, that you are no different than the river. You're not swimming in the river. You are the river."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Tao literally means the way, the energy of the universe, the path of the universe. And the big idea before we get into some of their basic, basic beliefs is that if life is a river, if the universe is a river, that you are no different than the river. You're not swimming in the river. You are the river. And then if you try to get in the way of the Tao, in the way of the river, that you're fighting that current, that that's going to cause disbalance, disharmony in your life. That their number one philosophy for most Taoists is wu we, which means action by non-action, by not trying to fight the characteristics of who we are, of our own intuition, of what comes in front of us, of not dwelling on the past, of just being in the flow of the universe, to be with the Tao. They believe, number two, in simplicity, that it is just best to be simple and not to overthink things and try to figure things out."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You are the river. And then if you try to get in the way of the Tao, in the way of the river, that you're fighting that current, that that's going to cause disbalance, disharmony in your life. That their number one philosophy for most Taoists is wu we, which means action by non-action, by not trying to fight the characteristics of who we are, of our own intuition, of what comes in front of us, of not dwelling on the past, of just being in the flow of the universe, to be with the Tao. They believe, number two, in simplicity, that it is just best to be simple and not to overthink things and try to figure things out. They believe, number three, in being spontaneous, that you to react with the situation in front of you. Life unfolds moment by moment, and it's best to be in that moment and not to think about the past and not to think about the future. That's why there's very little discussion about God in Taoism, because that, like Tao itself, is undefinable, indescribable, and it's just kind of a fool's journey to go down that road."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They believe, number two, in simplicity, that it is just best to be simple and not to overthink things and try to figure things out. They believe, number three, in being spontaneous, that you to react with the situation in front of you. Life unfolds moment by moment, and it's best to be in that moment and not to think about the past and not to think about the future. That's why there's very little discussion about God in Taoism, because that, like Tao itself, is undefinable, indescribable, and it's just kind of a fool's journey to go down that road. That when you go down that road, you're separating yourself from the river, you're getting in the way of the Tao. So there are Taoists who believe in gods and Taoists who are atheists and Taoists who believe in many gods. There's Taoists that are Christians and Taoists that are Buddhists, because like I said before, it's much less of a religion and much more of a way of life."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That's why there's very little discussion about God in Taoism, because that, like Tao itself, is undefinable, indescribable, and it's just kind of a fool's journey to go down that road. That when you go down that road, you're separating yourself from the river, you're getting in the way of the Tao. So there are Taoists who believe in gods and Taoists who are atheists and Taoists who believe in many gods. There's Taoists that are Christians and Taoists that are Buddhists, because like I said before, it's much less of a religion and much more of a way of life. And they believe in three energies. They call them the three treasures. They believe in sexual energy, spiritual energy, and emotional energy."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's Taoists that are Christians and Taoists that are Buddhists, because like I said before, it's much less of a religion and much more of a way of life. And they believe in three energies. They call them the three treasures. They believe in sexual energy, spiritual energy, and emotional energy. And it's about being in tune with these energies by non-action that allows you to be with the Tao itself. And of course, there are many influences that Taoism has had on other religions and other things like martial arts and astrology, of feng shui, Chinese medicine. Sometimes Taoism is said to be the opposite of Confucianism."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They believe in sexual energy, spiritual energy, and emotional energy. And it's about being in tune with these energies by non-action that allows you to be with the Tao itself. And of course, there are many influences that Taoism has had on other religions and other things like martial arts and astrology, of feng shui, Chinese medicine. Sometimes Taoism is said to be the opposite of Confucianism. In Confucianism, there is a rigid structure order, that there is an expansive way of doing things, of rules, of social order, of class, that it is not good to be spontaneous, that it is to follow your elder, to worship your ancestors, to do these set of things in order to achieve happiness. Where a Taoist would say that's ridiculous. The way to be happy is to be spontaneous, to live simply, to live action by non-action, and to accept the path in front of you."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Sometimes Taoism is said to be the opposite of Confucianism. In Confucianism, there is a rigid structure order, that there is an expansive way of doing things, of rules, of social order, of class, that it is not good to be spontaneous, that it is to follow your elder, to worship your ancestors, to do these set of things in order to achieve happiness. Where a Taoist would say that's ridiculous. The way to be happy is to be spontaneous, to live simply, to live action by non-action, and to accept the path in front of you. But at the end of the day, remember, the Tao means the way. Sometimes you'll see the yin-yang symbol that kind of symbolizes the major concept of Taoism, that there is always light and there is always darkness, that there is always male energy, that there is always female energy, that there is the spirit, that there is the earth. And not only is there dark and light, but there's light and dark and dark and light."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The way to be happy is to be spontaneous, to live simply, to live action by non-action, and to accept the path in front of you. But at the end of the day, remember, the Tao means the way. Sometimes you'll see the yin-yang symbol that kind of symbolizes the major concept of Taoism, that there is always light and there is always darkness, that there is always male energy, that there is always female energy, that there is the spirit, that there is the earth. And not only is there dark and light, but there's light and dark and dark and light. And the universe continually spins with these always being in correlation with each other. That's the way. But again, this video violates Taoism, because I am explaining it from my own perspective."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And not only is there dark and light, but there's light and dark and dark and light. And the universe continually spins with these always being in correlation with each other. That's the way. But again, this video violates Taoism, because I am explaining it from my own perspective. You have your own perspective that might be completely different from my perspective. Taoism means going with the flow of life, having non-action in your life, accepting what is, not dwelling on the past, and not trying to figure out the future. Just living your life, being happy, being kind, being kind to not only others, but it's very important in Taoism that you're kind to yourself, that you accept your flaws, you accept your history, because it's supposed to be."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But again, this video violates Taoism, because I am explaining it from my own perspective. You have your own perspective that might be completely different from my perspective. Taoism means going with the flow of life, having non-action in your life, accepting what is, not dwelling on the past, and not trying to figure out the future. Just living your life, being happy, being kind, being kind to not only others, but it's very important in Taoism that you're kind to yourself, that you accept your flaws, you accept your history, because it's supposed to be. It's the Tao. And what's most important is you deciding right now, right now as you're watching this video, what are you going to do right now? That's the very basics of Taoism."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Just living your life, being happy, being kind, being kind to not only others, but it's very important in Taoism that you're kind to yourself, that you accept your flaws, you accept your history, because it's supposed to be. It's the Tao. And what's most important is you deciding right now, right now as you're watching this video, what are you going to do right now? That's the very basics of Taoism. If I made it any simpler, I don't know how I could do it. So we'll end this with two phrases that are very popular in Western culture that come from Taoism itself, that having less is more, and that a journey always begins with a single step. Don't worry about the journey."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That's the very basics of Taoism. If I made it any simpler, I don't know how I could do it. So we'll end this with two phrases that are very popular in Western culture that come from Taoism itself, that having less is more, and that a journey always begins with a single step. Don't worry about the journey. Worry about what's in front of you right now. Now again, there are seven billion ways to be a Taoist. I've only given you one."}, {"video_title": "Taoism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Don't worry about the journey. Worry about what's in front of you right now. Now again, there are seven billion ways to be a Taoist. I've only given you one. Maybe you should leave yours down in the comments below. So I'm going to say it because I say it at the end of every lecture, where attention goes, energy flows. Isn't that very Taoist of me to say?"}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi there, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about Islam, which, like Christianity and Judaism, grew up on the east coast of the Mediterranean. But unlike Christianity and Judaism, it's not terribly well understood in the West. For instance, you probably know what this is and what this is. You probably don't know what that is. Google it. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, why do you think people know so little about Islamic history? Did you just ask an interesting, non-annoying question me from the past?"}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "You probably don't know what that is. Google it. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, why do you think people know so little about Islamic history? Did you just ask an interesting, non-annoying question me from the past? I think we don't know much about early Islamic history because we don't learn about it, because we're taught that our history is the story of Christianity in Europe, when in fact, our history is the story of people on the planet. So let's try to learn something today. So in less than 200 years, Islam went from not existing to being the religious and political organizing principle of one of the largest empires in the world."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Did you just ask an interesting, non-annoying question me from the past? I think we don't know much about early Islamic history because we don't learn about it, because we're taught that our history is the story of Christianity in Europe, when in fact, our history is the story of people on the planet. So let's try to learn something today. So in less than 200 years, Islam went from not existing to being the religious and political organizing principle of one of the largest empires in the world. And that story begins in the 7th century CE, when the angel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad, a 40-ish guy who made his living as a caravan trader, and told him to begin reciting the word of God. Initially, this freaked Muhammad out, as, you know, it would, but then his wife and a couple other people encouraged him, and slowly he came to accept the mantle of prophet. A few things to know about the world Islam entered."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "So in less than 200 years, Islam went from not existing to being the religious and political organizing principle of one of the largest empires in the world. And that story begins in the 7th century CE, when the angel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad, a 40-ish guy who made his living as a caravan trader, and told him to begin reciting the word of God. Initially, this freaked Muhammad out, as, you know, it would, but then his wife and a couple other people encouraged him, and slowly he came to accept the mantle of prophet. A few things to know about the world Islam entered. First, Muhammad's society was intensely tribal. He was a member of the Quraysh tribe, living in Mecca, and tribal ties were extremely important. Also at the time, the Arabian Peninsula was like this crazy religious melting pot."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "A few things to know about the world Islam entered. First, Muhammad's society was intensely tribal. He was a member of the Quraysh tribe, living in Mecca, and tribal ties were extremely important. Also at the time, the Arabian Peninsula was like this crazy religious melting pot. Like most tribal Arabs worshipped gods very similar to the Mesopotamian gods you'll remember from episode 3. And by the time of Muhammad, cult statues of many of those gods had been collected in his hometown of Mecca, in this temple-like structure called the Kaaba. But Arabia was also home to monotheisms, like Christianity and Judaism and even a bit of Zoroastrianism."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Also at the time, the Arabian Peninsula was like this crazy religious melting pot. Like most tribal Arabs worshipped gods very similar to the Mesopotamian gods you'll remember from episode 3. And by the time of Muhammad, cult statues of many of those gods had been collected in his hometown of Mecca, in this temple-like structure called the Kaaba. But Arabia was also home to monotheisms, like Christianity and Judaism and even a bit of Zoroastrianism. So the message that there was only one god wouldn't have been, like, as surprising to Muhammad as it was, for instance, to Abraham. Also, and this will become very important, the northern part of Arabia was sandwiched between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Sasanian Empire, and you'll remember, those guys were always fighting. They were like snowboarders and skiers, or like the Westboro Baptist Church and everyone else."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "But Arabia was also home to monotheisms, like Christianity and Judaism and even a bit of Zoroastrianism. So the message that there was only one god wouldn't have been, like, as surprising to Muhammad as it was, for instance, to Abraham. Also, and this will become very important, the northern part of Arabia was sandwiched between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Sasanian Empire, and you'll remember, those guys were always fighting. They were like snowboarders and skiers, or like the Westboro Baptist Church and everyone else. At its core, Islam is what we call a radical reforming religion. Just as Jesus and Moses sought to restore Abrahamic monotheism after what they perceived as straying, so too did Muhammad. Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet to bring people back to the one true religion, which involves the worship of and submission to a single and all-powerful god."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "They were like snowboarders and skiers, or like the Westboro Baptist Church and everyone else. At its core, Islam is what we call a radical reforming religion. Just as Jesus and Moses sought to restore Abrahamic monotheism after what they perceived as straying, so too did Muhammad. Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet to bring people back to the one true religion, which involves the worship of and submission to a single and all-powerful god. The Quran also acknowledges Abraham and Moses and Jesus, among others, as prophets, but it's very different from the Hebrew and Christian Bibles. For one thing, it's much less narrative, but also it's the written record of the revelations Muhammad received, which means it's not written from the point of view of people. It is seen as the actual word of God."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet to bring people back to the one true religion, which involves the worship of and submission to a single and all-powerful god. The Quran also acknowledges Abraham and Moses and Jesus, among others, as prophets, but it's very different from the Hebrew and Christian Bibles. For one thing, it's much less narrative, but also it's the written record of the revelations Muhammad received, which means it's not written from the point of view of people. It is seen as the actual word of God. The Quran is a really broad-ranging text, but it returns again and again to a couple themes. One is strict monotheism, and the other is the importance of taking care of those less fortunate than you. The Quran says of the good person, \"...spends his substance, however much he himself may cherish it, upon his near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer and the beggars and for the freeing of human beings from bondage.\""}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "It is seen as the actual word of God. The Quran is a really broad-ranging text, but it returns again and again to a couple themes. One is strict monotheism, and the other is the importance of taking care of those less fortunate than you. The Quran says of the good person, \"...spends his substance, however much he himself may cherish it, upon his near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer and the beggars and for the freeing of human beings from bondage.\" These revelations also radically increase the rights of women and orphans, which is one of the reasons that Muhammad's tribal leaders weren't that psyched about them. To talk more about Islamic faith in practice, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The five pillars of Islam are the basic acts considered obligatory, at least by Sunni Muslims."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "The Quran says of the good person, \"...spends his substance, however much he himself may cherish it, upon his near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer and the beggars and for the freeing of human beings from bondage.\" These revelations also radically increase the rights of women and orphans, which is one of the reasons that Muhammad's tribal leaders weren't that psyched about them. To talk more about Islamic faith in practice, let's go to the Thought Bubble. The five pillars of Islam are the basic acts considered obligatory, at least by Sunni Muslims. First is the Shahada, or the profession of faith. There is no god but God, and Muhammad is God's prophet, which is sometimes translated as there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is Allah's prophet, which tries to make Muslims sound other and ignores the fact that the Arabic word for God, whether you're Christian or Jewish or Muslim, is salah. Second, Salah, or ritual prayer five times a day, at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and late evening, which are obligatory unless you haven't hit puberty, are too sick, or are menstruating."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "The five pillars of Islam are the basic acts considered obligatory, at least by Sunni Muslims. First is the Shahada, or the profession of faith. There is no god but God, and Muhammad is God's prophet, which is sometimes translated as there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is Allah's prophet, which tries to make Muslims sound other and ignores the fact that the Arabic word for God, whether you're Christian or Jewish or Muslim, is salah. Second, Salah, or ritual prayer five times a day, at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and late evening, which are obligatory unless you haven't hit puberty, are too sick, or are menstruating. Keep it PG, Thought Bubble. Third, Saum, the month-long fast during the month of Ramadan in which Muslims do not eat or drink or smoke cigarettes during daylight hours. Since Ramadan is a lunar calendar month, it moves around the seasons, and obviously it's most fun during the winter, when the days are shorter, and least fun during the summer, when days are both long and hot."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Second, Salah, or ritual prayer five times a day, at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and late evening, which are obligatory unless you haven't hit puberty, are too sick, or are menstruating. Keep it PG, Thought Bubble. Third, Saum, the month-long fast during the month of Ramadan in which Muslims do not eat or drink or smoke cigarettes during daylight hours. Since Ramadan is a lunar calendar month, it moves around the seasons, and obviously it's most fun during the winter, when the days are shorter, and least fun during the summer, when days are both long and hot. Fourth is Zakat, or almsgiving, in which non-poor Muslims are required to give a percentage of their income to the poor. And lastly, Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must try to fulfill at least once in their lives, provided they are healthy and have enough money. And there's also more to understanding Islam than just knowing the Quran."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Since Ramadan is a lunar calendar month, it moves around the seasons, and obviously it's most fun during the winter, when the days are shorter, and least fun during the summer, when days are both long and hot. Fourth is Zakat, or almsgiving, in which non-poor Muslims are required to give a percentage of their income to the poor. And lastly, Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must try to fulfill at least once in their lives, provided they are healthy and have enough money. And there's also more to understanding Islam than just knowing the Quran. Like Judaism, with its Talmud, and Christianity, with its lives of saints and writings of church fathers, Islam has supplementary sacred texts, chief among which is the Hadith, a collection of sayings and stories about the prophet. Thanks Thought Bubble. Oh, it's time for the open letter?"}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's also more to understanding Islam than just knowing the Quran. Like Judaism, with its Talmud, and Christianity, with its lives of saints and writings of church fathers, Islam has supplementary sacred texts, chief among which is the Hadith, a collection of sayings and stories about the prophet. Thanks Thought Bubble. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Magic! An open letter to the 72 virgins. Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's time for the open letter? Magic! An open letter to the 72 virgins. Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment. Oh, it's Andre the Giant! Did you know that Andre the Giant died a virgin is a fact that I made up? Dear 72 virgins, hey there, it's me, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment. Oh, it's Andre the Giant! Did you know that Andre the Giant died a virgin is a fact that I made up? Dear 72 virgins, hey there, it's me, John Green. Did you know that not all Hadiths were created equal? Some sayings of the prophet are really well sourced, like for instance, a good friend or a relative heard the prophet say something and then it ended up as a Hadith. But some Hadiths are terribly sourced, like not to be irreverent, but some of it is like middle school gossip, like Rachel told Rebecca that her sister's brother's friend kissed Justin Bieber on the face."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Dear 72 virgins, hey there, it's me, John Green. Did you know that not all Hadiths were created equal? Some sayings of the prophet are really well sourced, like for instance, a good friend or a relative heard the prophet say something and then it ended up as a Hadith. But some Hadiths are terribly sourced, like not to be irreverent, but some of it is like middle school gossip, like Rachel told Rebecca that her sister's brother's friend kissed Justin Bieber on the face. And the vast majority of Muslims don't treat terribly sourced Hadiths as scripture. And the idea that you go to heaven and get 72 virgins is not in the Quran, it's in a terribly sourced Hadith, so it is my great regret to inform you, 72 virgins, that in the eyes of almost all Muslims, you do not exist. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "But some Hadiths are terribly sourced, like not to be irreverent, but some of it is like middle school gossip, like Rachel told Rebecca that her sister's brother's friend kissed Justin Bieber on the face. And the vast majority of Muslims don't treat terribly sourced Hadiths as scripture. And the idea that you go to heaven and get 72 virgins is not in the Quran, it's in a terribly sourced Hadith, so it is my great regret to inform you, 72 virgins, that in the eyes of almost all Muslims, you do not exist. Best wishes, John Green. One more thing about Islam. Like Christianity and Judaism, it has a body of law. You might have heard of it."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. One more thing about Islam. Like Christianity and Judaism, it has a body of law. You might have heard of it. It's called Sharia. Although we tend to think of Sharia as a single set of laws that all Muslims follow, that's ridiculous. There are numerous competing ideas about Sharia, just as there are within any legal tradition."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "You might have heard of it. It's called Sharia. Although we tend to think of Sharia as a single set of laws that all Muslims follow, that's ridiculous. There are numerous competing ideas about Sharia, just as there are within any legal tradition. So people who embraced this worldview were called Muslims because they submitted to the will of God and they became part of the Ummah, or community of believers. This would be a good moment for an Uma Thurman joke, but sadly, she is no longer famous. I'm sorry if you're watching this, Uma Thurman."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "There are numerous competing ideas about Sharia, just as there are within any legal tradition. So people who embraced this worldview were called Muslims because they submitted to the will of God and they became part of the Ummah, or community of believers. This would be a good moment for an Uma Thurman joke, but sadly, she is no longer famous. I'm sorry if you're watching this, Uma Thurman. Being part of the Ummah trumped all other ties, including tribal ties, which got Muhammad into some trouble and brings us, at last, back to history. So as Muhammad's following in Mecca grew, the Ummah aroused the suspicion of the most powerful tribe in Mecca, the Quraysh. And it didn't matter that Muhammad himself was born into the Quraysh tribe because he wouldn't shut up about how there was only one god, which was really bad news to the Quraysh tribe because they managed the pilgrimage trade in Mecca, and if all those gods were false, it would be a disaster economically."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm sorry if you're watching this, Uma Thurman. Being part of the Ummah trumped all other ties, including tribal ties, which got Muhammad into some trouble and brings us, at last, back to history. So as Muhammad's following in Mecca grew, the Ummah aroused the suspicion of the most powerful tribe in Mecca, the Quraysh. And it didn't matter that Muhammad himself was born into the Quraysh tribe because he wouldn't shut up about how there was only one god, which was really bad news to the Quraysh tribe because they managed the pilgrimage trade in Mecca, and if all those gods were false, it would be a disaster economically. Although come to think of it, in the end, the Meccan pilgrimage business turned out just fine. So the Quraysh forced Muhammad and his followers out of Mecca in 622 CE, and they headed to Yathrab, also known as Medina. This journey, also known as the Hijrah, is so important that it marks year zero in the Islamic calendar."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "And it didn't matter that Muhammad himself was born into the Quraysh tribe because he wouldn't shut up about how there was only one god, which was really bad news to the Quraysh tribe because they managed the pilgrimage trade in Mecca, and if all those gods were false, it would be a disaster economically. Although come to think of it, in the end, the Meccan pilgrimage business turned out just fine. So the Quraysh forced Muhammad and his followers out of Mecca in 622 CE, and they headed to Yathrab, also known as Medina. This journey, also known as the Hijrah, is so important that it marks year zero in the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Muhammad severed the religion's ties to Judaism, turning the focus of prayer away from Jerusalem to Mecca. Also in Medina, the Islamic community started to look a lot more like a small empire than like a church. Like, Jesus never had a country to run, but Muhammad did almost from the beginning, and in addition to being an important prophet, he was a good general."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "This journey, also known as the Hijrah, is so important that it marks year zero in the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Muhammad severed the religion's ties to Judaism, turning the focus of prayer away from Jerusalem to Mecca. Also in Medina, the Islamic community started to look a lot more like a small empire than like a church. Like, Jesus never had a country to run, but Muhammad did almost from the beginning, and in addition to being an important prophet, he was a good general. And in 630, the Islamic community took back Mecca. They destroyed all those idols in the Kaaba, and soon Islam was as powerful a political force in the region as it was a religious one. And it's because the political and religious coexisted from the beginning that there's no separate tradition of civic and religious law like there is in Christianity and Judaism."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, Jesus never had a country to run, but Muhammad did almost from the beginning, and in addition to being an important prophet, he was a good general. And in 630, the Islamic community took back Mecca. They destroyed all those idols in the Kaaba, and soon Islam was as powerful a political force in the region as it was a religious one. And it's because the political and religious coexisted from the beginning that there's no separate tradition of civic and religious law like there is in Christianity and Judaism. So then when Muhammad died in 632 CE, there wasn't a religious vacuum left behind. Muhammad was the final prophet, the revelation of the Quran would continue to guide the ummah throughout their lives. But the community did need a political leader, a caliph, and the first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, who was not without his opponents."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's because the political and religious coexisted from the beginning that there's no separate tradition of civic and religious law like there is in Christianity and Judaism. So then when Muhammad died in 632 CE, there wasn't a religious vacuum left behind. Muhammad was the final prophet, the revelation of the Quran would continue to guide the ummah throughout their lives. But the community did need a political leader, a caliph, and the first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, who was not without his opponents. Many people wanted Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, to lead the community, and although he did become the fourth caliph, that initial disagreement, to radically oversimplify because we only have ten minutes, began the divide between the two major sects of Islam, Sunni and Shia. And even today, Sunni Muslims believe Abu Bakr was rightly elected the first caliph, and Shia Muslims believe it should have been Ali. To Sunnis, the first four caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, are known as the rightly guided caliphs, and many of the conservative movements in the Islamic world today are all about trying to restore the Islamic world to those glory days, which, like most glory days, were not unambiguously glorious."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "But the community did need a political leader, a caliph, and the first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, who was not without his opponents. Many people wanted Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, to lead the community, and although he did become the fourth caliph, that initial disagreement, to radically oversimplify because we only have ten minutes, began the divide between the two major sects of Islam, Sunni and Shia. And even today, Sunni Muslims believe Abu Bakr was rightly elected the first caliph, and Shia Muslims believe it should have been Ali. To Sunnis, the first four caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, are known as the rightly guided caliphs, and many of the conservative movements in the Islamic world today are all about trying to restore the Islamic world to those glory days, which, like most glory days, were not unambiguously glorious. Abu Bakr stabilized the community after Muhammad's death and began the process of recording the Quran in writing, and started the military campaigns against the Byzantine and Sasanian empires that, within 116 years, would allow the Islamic empire to go from this to this. His successor, Umar, was both an uncommonly good general and a brilliant administrator, but like so many other great men, he proved terrible at avoiding assassination, which led to the caliphate of Uthman, who standardized the Quran and continued both his predecessor's tradition of conquest and his predecessor's tradition of getting assassinated. Then Ali finally got his turn as caliph, but his ascension was very controversial and it ultimately led to a civil war, which eventually led to the emergence of Uthman's tribe, the Umayyads, as the dynasty that would rule over an ever-expanding Islamic empire for more than a hundred years."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "To Sunnis, the first four caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, are known as the rightly guided caliphs, and many of the conservative movements in the Islamic world today are all about trying to restore the Islamic world to those glory days, which, like most glory days, were not unambiguously glorious. Abu Bakr stabilized the community after Muhammad's death and began the process of recording the Quran in writing, and started the military campaigns against the Byzantine and Sasanian empires that, within 116 years, would allow the Islamic empire to go from this to this. His successor, Umar, was both an uncommonly good general and a brilliant administrator, but like so many other great men, he proved terrible at avoiding assassination, which led to the caliphate of Uthman, who standardized the Quran and continued both his predecessor's tradition of conquest and his predecessor's tradition of getting assassinated. Then Ali finally got his turn as caliph, but his ascension was very controversial and it ultimately led to a civil war, which eventually led to the emergence of Uthman's tribe, the Umayyads, as the dynasty that would rule over an ever-expanding Islamic empire for more than a hundred years. It's common to hear that in these early years Islam, quote, spread by the sword, and that's partly true, unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. Actually, as usual, the truth is more complicated. Many people, including the Mongols, but also including lots of people in Central and East Asia, embraced Islam without any military campaigns."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Then Ali finally got his turn as caliph, but his ascension was very controversial and it ultimately led to a civil war, which eventually led to the emergence of Uthman's tribe, the Umayyads, as the dynasty that would rule over an ever-expanding Islamic empire for more than a hundred years. It's common to hear that in these early years Islam, quote, spread by the sword, and that's partly true, unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. Actually, as usual, the truth is more complicated. Many people, including the Mongols, but also including lots of people in Central and East Asia, embraced Islam without any military campaigns. And in fact, the Quran says that religion must not be an act of compulsion, but this much is true. The early Islamic empire was really good at winning wars. And situated, as they were, between two very wealthy empires, the Byzantines and the Sassanians, there was plenty to fight for."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Many people, including the Mongols, but also including lots of people in Central and East Asia, embraced Islam without any military campaigns. And in fact, the Quran says that religion must not be an act of compulsion, but this much is true. The early Islamic empire was really good at winning wars. And situated, as they were, between two very wealthy empires, the Byzantines and the Sassanians, there was plenty to fight for. The first of all were the Sassanians, the last non-Muslim successor to the Persian empire. They were relatively easy pickings because they'd been fighting the Byzantines for like 300 years and they were super tired. Also they had recently been struck by plague."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "And situated, as they were, between two very wealthy empires, the Byzantines and the Sassanians, there was plenty to fight for. The first of all were the Sassanians, the last non-Muslim successor to the Persian empire. They were relatively easy pickings because they'd been fighting the Byzantines for like 300 years and they were super tired. Also they had recently been struck by plague. Plague, man, I'm telling you, it's like the red tortoise shell of history. But in those early days they did pry away some valuable territory like Egypt and the Holy Land and then eventually they got into Spain, where various Muslim dynasties would entrench themselves until being expelled in 1492. But as good as they were at making war, it's still tempting to chalk up the Arab success to, you know, the will of God."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Also they had recently been struck by plague. Plague, man, I'm telling you, it's like the red tortoise shell of history. But in those early days they did pry away some valuable territory like Egypt and the Holy Land and then eventually they got into Spain, where various Muslim dynasties would entrench themselves until being expelled in 1492. But as good as they were at making war, it's still tempting to chalk up the Arab success to, you know, the will of God. And certainly a lot of the people they conquered felt that way. Empires in this part of the world didn't just pit people against each other, they also pitted their gods against each other. So while the Islamic empire didn't require its subjects to convert to Islam, their stunning successes certainly convinced a lot of people that this monotheism thing was legit."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "But as good as they were at making war, it's still tempting to chalk up the Arab success to, you know, the will of God. And certainly a lot of the people they conquered felt that way. Empires in this part of the world didn't just pit people against each other, they also pitted their gods against each other. So while the Islamic empire didn't require its subjects to convert to Islam, their stunning successes certainly convinced a lot of people that this monotheism thing was legit. Once again, John Green proving super hip to the slang of today's youngins. Also you paid lower taxes if you converted and just as taxes on cigarettes lead to people not wanting to smoke, taxes on worshipping your idols lead to people not wanting to worship them anymore. So in a period of time that was, historically speaking, both remarkably recent and remarkably short, a small group of people from an area of the world with no natural resources managed to create one of the great empires of the world and also one of its great religions."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "So while the Islamic empire didn't require its subjects to convert to Islam, their stunning successes certainly convinced a lot of people that this monotheism thing was legit. Once again, John Green proving super hip to the slang of today's youngins. Also you paid lower taxes if you converted and just as taxes on cigarettes lead to people not wanting to smoke, taxes on worshipping your idols lead to people not wanting to worship them anymore. So in a period of time that was, historically speaking, both remarkably recent and remarkably short, a small group of people from an area of the world with no natural resources managed to create one of the great empires of the world and also one of its great religions. And that very fact may be why people of Western European descent remain largely ignorant about this period. Not only were the Muslims great conquerors, they spawned an explosion of trade and learning that lasted hundreds of years. They saved many of the classic texts that formed the basis of the so-called Western canon while Europe was ignoring them and they paved the way for the Renaissance."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "So in a period of time that was, historically speaking, both remarkably recent and remarkably short, a small group of people from an area of the world with no natural resources managed to create one of the great empires of the world and also one of its great religions. And that very fact may be why people of Western European descent remain largely ignorant about this period. Not only were the Muslims great conquerors, they spawned an explosion of trade and learning that lasted hundreds of years. They saved many of the classic texts that formed the basis of the so-called Western canon while Europe was ignoring them and they paved the way for the Renaissance. While it's important to remember that much of the world between Spain and the Indus River wasn't Arabized, most of it was so thoroughly Islamized that these days we can't think of the world we now call the Middle East without thinking of it as Islamic. Like perhaps the greatest testimony to Islam's power to organize people's lives and their communities is that in Egypt, five times a day, millions of people turn away from the pyramids and toward Mecca. Egypt, birthplace to one of the longest continuous cultures the world has ever known, is now the largest Arab country in the world."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "They saved many of the classic texts that formed the basis of the so-called Western canon while Europe was ignoring them and they paved the way for the Renaissance. While it's important to remember that much of the world between Spain and the Indus River wasn't Arabized, most of it was so thoroughly Islamized that these days we can't think of the world we now call the Middle East without thinking of it as Islamic. Like perhaps the greatest testimony to Islam's power to organize people's lives and their communities is that in Egypt, five times a day, millions of people turn away from the pyramids and toward Mecca. Egypt, birthplace to one of the longest continuous cultures the world has ever known, is now the largest Arab country in the world. Next week we'll talk about the Dark Ages. Spoiler alert, they were darkest in the evening. Thanks for watching, and we'll see you next time."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Egypt, birthplace to one of the longest continuous cultures the world has ever known, is now the largest Arab country in the world. Next week we'll talk about the Dark Ages. Spoiler alert, they were darkest in the evening. Thanks for watching, and we'll see you next time. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars Crash Course World History #13.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching, and we'll see you next time. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, They Might Be Giants. If you want to guess this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in comments, or you can also ask questions about today's video that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thank you so much for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then Alexander says, I am now going to conquer Asia. I'm now going to conquer the Persian Empire. I'm going to do what my father wanted to do before he died. And so he puts one of his father's generals, now one of his generals, in charge of Greece, Antipater. Antipater declares him regent, and then leads troops off to what many people say is have the greatest, or many historians call the greatest adventure of all time, his attempt to conquer the Persian Empire and become the king of Asia. So the year is 334 BCE, and the first major battle that Alexander and his army encounters is at the Granicus River here in modern-day Turkey. Now, keep in mind that Alexander's force, depending on what time we're looking at, it numbers between 40 and 50,000 troops, a good number of them infantry, some cavalry, and most of the battles that we'll see him fight, especially the next two against the Persian forces, he's hugely outnumbered."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so he puts one of his father's generals, now one of his generals, in charge of Greece, Antipater. Antipater declares him regent, and then leads troops off to what many people say is have the greatest, or many historians call the greatest adventure of all time, his attempt to conquer the Persian Empire and become the king of Asia. So the year is 334 BCE, and the first major battle that Alexander and his army encounters is at the Granicus River here in modern-day Turkey. Now, keep in mind that Alexander's force, depending on what time we're looking at, it numbers between 40 and 50,000 troops, a good number of them infantry, some cavalry, and most of the battles that we'll see him fight, especially the next two against the Persian forces, he's hugely outnumbered. But at Granicus, he actually has an advantage in terms of the number of infantry he has. He's slightly outnumbered in terms of cavalry, but he's able to defeat the Persian forces. Now, these Persian forces, they are significant."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, keep in mind that Alexander's force, depending on what time we're looking at, it numbers between 40 and 50,000 troops, a good number of them infantry, some cavalry, and most of the battles that we'll see him fight, especially the next two against the Persian forces, he's hugely outnumbered. But at Granicus, he actually has an advantage in terms of the number of infantry he has. He's slightly outnumbered in terms of cavalry, but he's able to defeat the Persian forces. Now, these Persian forces, they are significant. They're led by the Persian satraps. These are the governors of the territories, I guess you could say, the Persian regions or provinces in this area, in Asian Minor, and he's able to defeat them. But as important as Granicus is, he still, Alexander still has not come directly against Darius III."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, these Persian forces, they are significant. They're led by the Persian satraps. These are the governors of the territories, I guess you could say, the Persian regions or provinces in this area, in Asian Minor, and he's able to defeat them. But as important as Granicus is, he still, Alexander still has not come directly against Darius III. Darius III is the Shah-in-Shah, the king of kings, the king of Persia. And not to confuse Darius III with the Darius who 150 years before this attacked Greece. So now you have Alexander, his first decisive victory against the Persians."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as important as Granicus is, he still, Alexander still has not come directly against Darius III. Darius III is the Shah-in-Shah, the king of kings, the king of Persia. And not to confuse Darius III with the Darius who 150 years before this attacked Greece. So now you have Alexander, his first decisive victory against the Persians. He makes his way down the Anatolian coast, in his mind liberating many of these cities that used to be Greek cities. Now, if we zoom in a little bit, you can see the way this map is set up. Let me zoom in a little bit."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So now you have Alexander, his first decisive victory against the Persians. He makes his way down the Anatolian coast, in his mind liberating many of these cities that used to be Greek cities. Now, if we zoom in a little bit, you can see the way this map is set up. Let me zoom in a little bit. Where you see these dotted lines around a city, this means that Alexander's forces sieged the city. They surrounded it, they didn't let anything go in or out until the city surrendered. And so you see this path of Alexander and his forces."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Let me zoom in a little bit. Where you see these dotted lines around a city, this means that Alexander's forces sieged the city. They surrounded it, they didn't let anything go in or out until the city surrendered. And so you see this path of Alexander and his forces. We then go into 333 BCE. Outside of the forward movement of Alexander and his troops and their ability to take over all of Asia Minor, modern day Turkey, in only a matter of a little more than a year, what also happens in 333 BCE, and some of you might have been wondering, well, whatever happens to Sparta? Philip of Macedon never took over Sparta."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you see this path of Alexander and his forces. We then go into 333 BCE. Outside of the forward movement of Alexander and his troops and their ability to take over all of Asia Minor, modern day Turkey, in only a matter of a little more than a year, what also happens in 333 BCE, and some of you might have been wondering, well, whatever happens to Sparta? Philip of Macedon never took over Sparta. Do they stay independent forever? And the simple answer is no. In 333 BCE, Antipater defeats the Spartans at the Battle of Megalopolis and forces them into what we now call the League of Corinth."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Philip of Macedon never took over Sparta. Do they stay independent forever? And the simple answer is no. In 333 BCE, Antipater defeats the Spartans at the Battle of Megalopolis and forces them into what we now call the League of Corinth. So let's keep now going back to where Alexander is. Antipater clearly was competent at maintaining power in Greece, and the next major battle that Alexander and his troops face is at Isis. And what makes Isis significant is that they are hugely outnumbered, historians disagree by how much they're outnumbered."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 333 BCE, Antipater defeats the Spartans at the Battle of Megalopolis and forces them into what we now call the League of Corinth. So let's keep now going back to where Alexander is. Antipater clearly was competent at maintaining power in Greece, and the next major battle that Alexander and his troops face is at Isis. And what makes Isis significant is that they are hugely outnumbered, historians disagree by how much they're outnumbered. Remember, we said Alexander's forces were around 40 or 50,000, while the Persians at Isis, depending on which account you look at, were at least 150,000, probably over 100,000. More ancient accounts talk about many hundreds of thousands, or even a million troops. What also made Isis significant is this is where, this is the first time that Darius III, the Shah-in-Shah, the king of Persia, directly confronts Alexander."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what makes Isis significant is that they are hugely outnumbered, historians disagree by how much they're outnumbered. Remember, we said Alexander's forces were around 40 or 50,000, while the Persians at Isis, depending on which account you look at, were at least 150,000, probably over 100,000. More ancient accounts talk about many hundreds of thousands, or even a million troops. What also made Isis significant is this is where, this is the first time that Darius III, the Shah-in-Shah, the king of Persia, directly confronts Alexander. Well, Alexander once again is able to, or at least here, is able to overcome unlikely odds and defeat the Persian army, sending Darius into retreat. And he retreats so fast, he even leaves an encampment where his mother, his wife, and his two daughters are there. And Alexander then takes them captive, but treats them very nicely, and then eventually marries one of the daughters."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What also made Isis significant is this is where, this is the first time that Darius III, the Shah-in-Shah, the king of Persia, directly confronts Alexander. Well, Alexander once again is able to, or at least here, is able to overcome unlikely odds and defeat the Persian army, sending Darius into retreat. And he retreats so fast, he even leaves an encampment where his mother, his wife, and his two daughters are there. And Alexander then takes them captive, but treats them very nicely, and then eventually marries one of the daughters. So after that defeat, Darius is on the retreat, and Alexander, or after that defeat for Darius, this victory for Alexander, Alexander then goes on into the Levant, modern-day Syria and Lebanon and Israel and Palestine. And you can see he takes siege of the cities of Tyre in Gaza but by the time he gets through that, it's now 332 and he makes his way into Egypt, and he's relatively unopposed. This traps in Egypt to say, okay, you know what?"}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Alexander then takes them captive, but treats them very nicely, and then eventually marries one of the daughters. So after that defeat, Darius is on the retreat, and Alexander, or after that defeat for Darius, this victory for Alexander, Alexander then goes on into the Levant, modern-day Syria and Lebanon and Israel and Palestine. And you can see he takes siege of the cities of Tyre in Gaza but by the time he gets through that, it's now 332 and he makes his way into Egypt, and he's relatively unopposed. This traps in Egypt to say, okay, you know what? We recognize you, they treat him as a liberator. And he even takes a pretty large detour to go to the oracle for the god Amon, Amon, and there he is reassured that he is a son of Amon. And he already is told by his mother, Olympias, that he is the son of Zeus, and so many people call Alexander, or he calls himself now, Alexander Zeus Amon, the son of Zeus Amon."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This traps in Egypt to say, okay, you know what? We recognize you, they treat him as a liberator. And he even takes a pretty large detour to go to the oracle for the god Amon, Amon, and there he is reassured that he is a son of Amon. And he already is told by his mother, Olympias, that he is the son of Zeus, and so many people call Alexander, or he calls himself now, Alexander Zeus Amon, the son of Zeus Amon. So once again, he's trying to really make himself, or maybe he believes himself, that he is half-god, that he is a demigod. But then he continues on with this, I guess you could say, grand adventure. And I don't wanna romanticize it too much because even though he is in some way conquering and or unifying these large areas, there's also a lot of bloodshed, a lot of civilians dying."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he already is told by his mother, Olympias, that he is the son of Zeus, and so many people call Alexander, or he calls himself now, Alexander Zeus Amon, the son of Zeus Amon. So once again, he's trying to really make himself, or maybe he believes himself, that he is half-god, that he is a demigod. But then he continues on with this, I guess you could say, grand adventure. And I don't wanna romanticize it too much because even though he is in some way conquering and or unifying these large areas, there's also a lot of bloodshed, a lot of civilians dying. This is a very ugly thing that only looks romantic from maybe a distance of many thousands of years, but when you think about it, it would not have been very pleasant to have lived in any of these cities that Alexander and his troops are going through. But then he leaves Egypt, and the whole time after the defeat of Isis, Darius keeps sending him entreaties to say, hey, maybe we can work this thing out, maybe you can just stop to the west of the Euphrates, I'll give you this or that, but Alexander keeps saying, nope, not for me, I wanna be the king of Asia, there's only one king of Asia. And so they eventually meet again at Gagamella."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I don't wanna romanticize it too much because even though he is in some way conquering and or unifying these large areas, there's also a lot of bloodshed, a lot of civilians dying. This is a very ugly thing that only looks romantic from maybe a distance of many thousands of years, but when you think about it, it would not have been very pleasant to have lived in any of these cities that Alexander and his troops are going through. But then he leaves Egypt, and the whole time after the defeat of Isis, Darius keeps sending him entreaties to say, hey, maybe we can work this thing out, maybe you can just stop to the west of the Euphrates, I'll give you this or that, but Alexander keeps saying, nope, not for me, I wanna be the king of Asia, there's only one king of Asia. And so they eventually meet again at Gagamella. Once again, a very significant battle in history where once again, Darius is there and has a significant force advantage over Alexander. And this time, doesn't make the mistake of meeting him in a relatively narrow area where his force advantage won't really be an advantage, but even at Gagamella, Alexander is able to decisively defeat him. And Darius has to flee over the mountains to Ekbatana."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so they eventually meet again at Gagamella. Once again, a very significant battle in history where once again, Darius is there and has a significant force advantage over Alexander. And this time, doesn't make the mistake of meeting him in a relatively narrow area where his force advantage won't really be an advantage, but even at Gagamella, Alexander is able to decisively defeat him. And Darius has to flee over the mountains to Ekbatana. My apologies, because I know I'm probably not pronouncing it perfectly. And Alexander and his forces then go on to capture Babylon and Susa. And Susa was actually one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Empire."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Darius has to flee over the mountains to Ekbatana. My apologies, because I know I'm probably not pronouncing it perfectly. And Alexander and his forces then go on to capture Babylon and Susa. And Susa was actually one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Empire. So this whole way, they're able to get all of this treasure and start sending it back to Greece. And then we eventually get to, and by this point, having been defeated at Isis and now Gagamella and being on the run, the Persian Empire is, you could say it's already fallen or it's definitely falling, but it becomes really official once we get to 330 BCE. 330 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Susa was actually one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Empire. So this whole way, they're able to get all of this treasure and start sending it back to Greece. And then we eventually get to, and by this point, having been defeated at Isis and now Gagamella and being on the run, the Persian Empire is, you could say it's already fallen or it's definitely falling, but it becomes really official once we get to 330 BCE. 330 BCE. And remember, this is less than five years since Alexander started, and that's short by any time frame. But they're on foot and on horseback. This is not modern warfare where they have tanks and trucks and planes."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "330 BCE. And remember, this is less than five years since Alexander started, and that's short by any time frame. But they're on foot and on horseback. This is not modern warfare where they have tanks and trucks and planes. And the fact to conquer so much territory and empire is over 200 years old in this short amount of time of frame is kind of breathtaking. But it's in 330 where the forces go to the Achaemenid capital of Persepolis, the capital for over 200 years. And they sack that town."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is not modern warfare where they have tanks and trucks and planes. And the fact to conquer so much territory and empire is over 200 years old in this short amount of time of frame is kind of breathtaking. But it's in 330 where the forces go to the Achaemenid capital of Persepolis, the capital for over 200 years. And they sack that town. And not only do they sack that town, they destroy the town. And I'll repeat it again. Alexander the Great, he's romanticized a lot."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they sack that town. And not only do they sack that town, they destroy the town. And I'll repeat it again. Alexander the Great, he's romanticized a lot. He's called the Great. But they destroy that town in a way that you would not make your parents proud. Let's just put it that way."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Alexander the Great, he's romanticized a lot. He's called the Great. But they destroy that town in a way that you would not make your parents proud. Let's just put it that way. But at that point, he is now king of the Persian Empire. Darius is officially on the run. And what Alexander now cares about is continuing this adventure, continuing it east into what we now consider to be Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and modern-day Pakistan."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's just put it that way. But at that point, he is now king of the Persian Empire. Darius is officially on the run. And what Alexander now cares about is continuing this adventure, continuing it east into what we now consider to be Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and modern-day Pakistan. He also wants to get Darius. Some would argue he wants to kill him himself. Some would argue that he wants to somehow have Darius declare Alexander as the rightful Shah-in-Shah, king of Asia."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what Alexander now cares about is continuing this adventure, continuing it east into what we now consider to be Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and modern-day Pakistan. He also wants to get Darius. Some would argue he wants to kill him himself. Some would argue that he wants to somehow have Darius declare Alexander as the rightful Shah-in-Shah, king of Asia. And so you can see the path of Alexander and his forces. After they destroy Persepolis, they then go up, they turn northwards, and they go through all of these cities up here. And in 329, they're following the trail of Darius."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some would argue that he wants to somehow have Darius declare Alexander as the rightful Shah-in-Shah, king of Asia. And so you can see the path of Alexander and his forces. After they destroy Persepolis, they then go up, they turn northwards, and they go through all of these cities up here. And in 329, they're following the trail of Darius. Darius eventually gets captured and killed by one of his satraps, someone by the name of Bessus. And Bessus, who's one of the satraps of Bactria, kills Darius and declares himself Artaxerxes V. He wants to be the Shah-in-Shah. Well, eventually, Alexander catches up with Bessus in 329."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in 329, they're following the trail of Darius. Darius eventually gets captured and killed by one of his satraps, someone by the name of Bessus. And Bessus, who's one of the satraps of Bactria, kills Darius and declares himself Artaxerxes V. He wants to be the Shah-in-Shah. Well, eventually, Alexander catches up with Bessus in 329. He's really angry that Bessus has killed Darius. He's also likely angry that Bessus is claiming that he is the Shah-in-Shah. And so he kills Bessus in fairly brutal form."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, eventually, Alexander catches up with Bessus in 329. He's really angry that Bessus has killed Darius. He's also likely angry that Bessus is claiming that he is the Shah-in-Shah. And so he kills Bessus in fairly brutal form. And there's different accounts of how the killing happened, but all of them are various degrees of brutal. But from there, Alexander's troops continued on eastward, continued on eastward into what we now consider to be Afghanistan and Pakistan. And there he has the famous battle with the king of Porus, where he encounters these 200 war elephants."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so he kills Bessus in fairly brutal form. And there's different accounts of how the killing happened, but all of them are various degrees of brutal. But from there, Alexander's troops continued on eastward, continued on eastward into what we now consider to be Afghanistan and Pakistan. And there he has the famous battle with the king of Porus, where he encounters these 200 war elephants. But once again, he's this great military tactician, and he's able to defeat the king. And along this whole way, it's worth mentioning, he sets up all of these towns. He sets up 20 Alexandrias, and near here, he even sets up a town named after his horse, Bucephalus, the town of Bucephala."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And there he has the famous battle with the king of Porus, where he encounters these 200 war elephants. But once again, he's this great military tactician, and he's able to defeat the king. And along this whole way, it's worth mentioning, he sets up all of these towns. He sets up 20 Alexandrias, and near here, he even sets up a town named after his horse, Bucephalus, the town of Bucephala. Alexander is eager to keep conquering. Once he defeats the king of Porus, he says, hey, I wanna go conquer the rest of India. But his troops are far from home, and they're tired, and they're spread thin, and they're getting sick."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He sets up 20 Alexandrias, and near here, he even sets up a town named after his horse, Bucephalus, the town of Bucephala. Alexander is eager to keep conquering. Once he defeats the king of Porus, he says, hey, I wanna go conquer the rest of India. But his troops are far from home, and they're tired, and they're spread thin, and they're getting sick. They're not so interested in that. So eventually, Alexander says, all right, I'm with y'all, let's go back. And the troops are really, really happy."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But his troops are far from home, and they're tired, and they're spread thin, and they're getting sick. They're not so interested in that. So eventually, Alexander says, all right, I'm with y'all, let's go back. And the troops are really, really happy. They make their way back. You can see the path back after, and you can see as they follow the Indus River in Pakistan. And eventually, we get to 323, 323 BCE, and Alexander is back in Babylon."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the troops are really, really happy. They make their way back. You can see the path back after, and you can see as they follow the Indus River in Pakistan. And eventually, we get to 323, 323 BCE, and Alexander is back in Babylon. And it's over there in Babylon that Alexander dies at the ripe old age of 32. It's mind-blowing to think about how much happened in the 12 years that he was emperor of the Macedonians, or even the Shah and Shah of Persia. He was able to defeat an empire over 200 years old."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And eventually, we get to 323, 323 BCE, and Alexander is back in Babylon. And it's over there in Babylon that Alexander dies at the ripe old age of 32. It's mind-blowing to think about how much happened in the 12 years that he was emperor of the Macedonians, or even the Shah and Shah of Persia. He was able to defeat an empire over 200 years old. And what's significant about this is that as he conquered, he encouraged his troops to assimilate. In fact, he was criticized for maybe assimilating a little bit too much. But he dies in Babylon, and it's not clear exactly why he dies."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great conquers Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He was able to defeat an empire over 200 years old. And what's significant about this is that as he conquered, he encouraged his troops to assimilate. In fact, he was criticized for maybe assimilating a little bit too much. But he dies in Babylon, and it's not clear exactly why he dies. He was a major drinker. Some people say alcohol poisoning. Some people say it was direct poisoning."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now before we get into his life, let's think about the context in which he was born. So we see from this timeline, most accounts place his birth at around 563 BCE, although there are some historians who think that he might have been born about 100, 150 years later than that. But either way, that would have been near the end of the Vedic period. And the Vedic period is named after the Vedas, these Hindu scriptures written by those Indo-Aryans who came into India, most historians believe, around 1500 BCE, or maybe before that. Now by the time of Siddhartha's birth, Hinduism was really starting to take shape. Many of the things that we would now recognize as modern-day Hindu practice already existed. And he was born into that world."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Vedic period is named after the Vedas, these Hindu scriptures written by those Indo-Aryans who came into India, most historians believe, around 1500 BCE, or maybe before that. Now by the time of Siddhartha's birth, Hinduism was really starting to take shape. Many of the things that we would now recognize as modern-day Hindu practice already existed. And he was born into that world. Now on this map here, you see the major sites of Buddha's life. He's born in Lumbini, modern-day southern Nepal. He eventually meditates at Bodh Gaya, under the Bodhi tree, where he reaches enlightenment."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he was born into that world. Now on this map here, you see the major sites of Buddha's life. He's born in Lumbini, modern-day southern Nepal. He eventually meditates at Bodh Gaya, under the Bodhi tree, where he reaches enlightenment. He does his first preaching at Sarnath, and then he eventually dies at Kushinagar. And to modern Buddhists, these are still considered major pilgrimage sites. So he is born, according to tradition, at Lumbini."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He eventually meditates at Bodh Gaya, under the Bodhi tree, where he reaches enlightenment. He does his first preaching at Sarnath, and then he eventually dies at Kushinagar. And to modern Buddhists, these are still considered major pilgrimage sites. So he is born, according to tradition, at Lumbini. His mother is in transit, and born along the way at Lumbini. His mother dies shortly afterwards. He's raised by his aunt."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he is born, according to tradition, at Lumbini. His mother is in transit, and born along the way at Lumbini. His mother dies shortly afterwards. He's raised by his aunt. But his father, in some accounts, is a king, a chieftain, and he's able to give the young Siddhartha Gautama a very good, a very sheltered life. And this life continues into his 20s. He's able to get married, have a child."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's raised by his aunt. But his father, in some accounts, is a king, a chieftain, and he's able to give the young Siddhartha Gautama a very good, a very sheltered life. And this life continues into his 20s. He's able to get married, have a child. But at the age of 29, he's able to leave the compound. He's able to see the world as it really is, outside of this world that his father has created for him. And he sees old age, he sees sickness, he sees poverty."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's able to get married, have a child. But at the age of 29, he's able to leave the compound. He's able to see the world as it really is, outside of this world that his father has created for him. And he sees old age, he sees sickness, he sees poverty. And this creates a lot of consternation in Siddhartha. He wonders why this is so. Why is there this suffering in the world?"}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he sees old age, he sees sickness, he sees poverty. And this creates a lot of consternation in Siddhartha. He wonders why this is so. Why is there this suffering in the world? And so he decides, once again at age 29, to seek the truth, to try to understand the universe as it is. And remember, this is in India, where it was common practice for religious ascetics to go off into the woods and to meditate about the true nature of reality, try to obtain moksha. So he goes and follows that same practice."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Why is there this suffering in the world? And so he decides, once again at age 29, to seek the truth, to try to understand the universe as it is. And remember, this is in India, where it was common practice for religious ascetics to go off into the woods and to meditate about the true nature of reality, try to obtain moksha. So he goes and follows that same practice. And for six years, he is going through the woods, he's wandering, he's left all of his possessions behind, he has left his family behind. He famously starts off trying to go in the mold of these Hindu ascetics, letting go of everything, including trying to deprive the body of food and water. And he almost kills himself."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he goes and follows that same practice. And for six years, he is going through the woods, he's wandering, he's left all of his possessions behind, he has left his family behind. He famously starts off trying to go in the mold of these Hindu ascetics, letting go of everything, including trying to deprive the body of food and water. And he almost kills himself. But then eventually, at age 35, he makes his way to the town of Gaya, now known as Bodh Gaya. And over there, he meditates under a sacred fig tree, later known as the Bodhi tree. And he meditates there for seven days."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he almost kills himself. But then eventually, at age 35, he makes his way to the town of Gaya, now known as Bodh Gaya. And over there, he meditates under a sacred fig tree, later known as the Bodhi tree. And he meditates there for seven days. And on the seventh day, it strikes him. He has a revelation. He awakens, so to speak."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he meditates there for seven days. And on the seventh day, it strikes him. He has a revelation. He awakens, so to speak. And according to Buddhist tradition, from that moment, he becomes the Buddha, or the awakened one. And for the next 49 days, he makes no contact with anyone. But he eventually makes his way to Sarnath."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He awakens, so to speak. And according to Buddhist tradition, from that moment, he becomes the Buddha, or the awakened one. And for the next 49 days, he makes no contact with anyone. But he eventually makes his way to Sarnath. And at a deer park there, he re-encounters five of his previous followers, and they had given up on him. But now they see that there's a change in Siddhartha, now the Buddha. And he begins to explain to them what he has seen, what he has discovered."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But he eventually makes his way to Sarnath. And at a deer park there, he re-encounters five of his previous followers, and they had given up on him. But now they see that there's a change in Siddhartha, now the Buddha. And he begins to explain to them what he has seen, what he has discovered. This is a quotation from the Dhammacakkha-pavattana-sutra, what it was called in the Pali language, which was the language of Buddha's time. And it can be translated as setting the wheel of dhamma, which is another word for dharma, the Sanskrit word dharma, in motion. And dharma in Hinduism means this cosmological law, what you should follow in your life."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he begins to explain to them what he has seen, what he has discovered. This is a quotation from the Dhammacakkha-pavattana-sutra, what it was called in the Pali language, which was the language of Buddha's time. And it can be translated as setting the wheel of dhamma, which is another word for dharma, the Sanskrit word dharma, in motion. And dharma in Hinduism means this cosmological law, what you should follow in your life. Dhamma in Buddhism, or dharma in Buddhism, can mean that, but it can also mean the teachings of Buddha and the Dhammacakkha-pavattana-sutra. The sayings of Buddha at Sarnath are considered to be his first teachings to his followers. There are these two extremes that are not to be indulged in by one who has gone forth."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And dharma in Hinduism means this cosmological law, what you should follow in your life. Dhamma in Buddhism, or dharma in Buddhism, can mean that, but it can also mean the teachings of Buddha and the Dhammacakkha-pavattana-sutra. The sayings of Buddha at Sarnath are considered to be his first teachings to his followers. There are these two extremes that are not to be indulged in by one who has gone forth. Which two? That which is devoted to sensual pleasure with reference to sensual objects, base, vulgar, common, ignoble, unprofitable. And that which is devoted to self-affliction, painful, ignoble, unprofitable."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There are these two extremes that are not to be indulged in by one who has gone forth. Which two? That which is devoted to sensual pleasure with reference to sensual objects, base, vulgar, common, ignoble, unprofitable. And that which is devoted to self-affliction, painful, ignoble, unprofitable. Avoiding both of these extremes, the middle way leads to calm, to direct knowledge, to self-awakening, to unbinding. So this is considered to be Buddha's first reference to the notion of the middle way. And what's interesting here, he's saying things that are consistent with many of the Hindu ascetics of the time."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that which is devoted to self-affliction, painful, ignoble, unprofitable. Avoiding both of these extremes, the middle way leads to calm, to direct knowledge, to self-awakening, to unbinding. So this is considered to be Buddha's first reference to the notion of the middle way. And what's interesting here, he's saying things that are consistent with many of the Hindu ascetics of the time. That you shouldn't devote yourself to sensual pleasure with reference to sensual objects, base, vulgar, common, ignoble. But he's also saying that you shouldn't go the other extreme either. You shouldn't devote yourself to self-affliction, painful, ignoble, unprofitable."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's interesting here, he's saying things that are consistent with many of the Hindu ascetics of the time. That you shouldn't devote yourself to sensual pleasure with reference to sensual objects, base, vulgar, common, ignoble. But he's also saying that you shouldn't go the other extreme either. You shouldn't devote yourself to self-affliction, painful, ignoble, unprofitable. That that too is not going to lead to the truth. He says avoid both of these extremes, the middle way. Now in the Dhammakaka-pavatana-sutra, he goes on to describe what are known as four noble truths."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You shouldn't devote yourself to self-affliction, painful, ignoble, unprofitable. That that too is not going to lead to the truth. He says avoid both of these extremes, the middle way. Now in the Dhammakaka-pavatana-sutra, he goes on to describe what are known as four noble truths. Now this, monks, is the noble truth of suffering, or dukkha. Birth is suffering, aging is suffering, death is suffering, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair are suffering. Association with the unbeloved is suffering, separation from the loved is suffering."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in the Dhammakaka-pavatana-sutra, he goes on to describe what are known as four noble truths. Now this, monks, is the noble truth of suffering, or dukkha. Birth is suffering, aging is suffering, death is suffering, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, and despair are suffering. Association with the unbeloved is suffering, separation from the loved is suffering. Not getting what is wanted is suffering. So the first noble truth, he's describing this notion of dukkha, this notion of suffering. And later on, he goes to expound on it, saying it's not just traditional notions of sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, but it's also trying to desire or pursue anything that is temporary in nature will eventually lead to dukkha, or suffering."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Association with the unbeloved is suffering, separation from the loved is suffering. Not getting what is wanted is suffering. So the first noble truth, he's describing this notion of dukkha, this notion of suffering. And later on, he goes to expound on it, saying it's not just traditional notions of sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, but it's also trying to desire or pursue anything that is temporary in nature will eventually lead to dukkha, or suffering. And this, monks, is the noble truth of the origination of suffering, the craving that makes for further becoming, accompanied by passion and delight, relishing now here and now there, craving for sensual pleasure, craving for becoming, craving for non-becoming. So that cause of the suffering is this craving, craving for these impermanent things. And this, monks, is the noble truth of the cessation of suffering, the remainderless fading and cessation, renunciation, relinquishment, release, and letting go of that very craving."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And later on, he goes to expound on it, saying it's not just traditional notions of sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, but it's also trying to desire or pursue anything that is temporary in nature will eventually lead to dukkha, or suffering. And this, monks, is the noble truth of the origination of suffering, the craving that makes for further becoming, accompanied by passion and delight, relishing now here and now there, craving for sensual pleasure, craving for becoming, craving for non-becoming. So that cause of the suffering is this craving, craving for these impermanent things. And this, monks, is the noble truth of the cessation of suffering, the remainderless fading and cessation, renunciation, relinquishment, release, and letting go of that very craving. So here, he's saying, look, you don't have to suffer. There is a way to escape from it, and it's essentially to stop that craving. That's the third noble truth."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this, monks, is the noble truth of the cessation of suffering, the remainderless fading and cessation, renunciation, relinquishment, release, and letting go of that very craving. So here, he's saying, look, you don't have to suffer. There is a way to escape from it, and it's essentially to stop that craving. That's the third noble truth. And this, monks, is the noble truth of the way of practice leading to the cessation of suffering. So how do you actually practice life in a way that you can seize this suffering? Precisely this noble eightfold path, which is another concept which is quoted a lot in Buddhism, this notion of these eight things that you need to do in order to escape from this suffering, from this dukkha, from this craving."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That's the third noble truth. And this, monks, is the noble truth of the way of practice leading to the cessation of suffering. So how do you actually practice life in a way that you can seize this suffering? Precisely this noble eightfold path, which is another concept which is quoted a lot in Buddhism, this notion of these eight things that you need to do in order to escape from this suffering, from this dukkha, from this craving. Right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. This comes from the Dhammapada, which you can interpret as the path to dhamma. And Buddha says, all that we are is the result of what we have thought."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Precisely this noble eightfold path, which is another concept which is quoted a lot in Buddhism, this notion of these eight things that you need to do in order to escape from this suffering, from this dukkha, from this craving. Right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. This comes from the Dhammapada, which you can interpret as the path to dhamma. And Buddha says, all that we are is the result of what we have thought. It is founded on our thoughts. It is made up of our thoughts, which is a core idea in Buddhism, that this notion of separateness, this is just due to our thoughts. It's all happening in our mind."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Buddha says, all that we are is the result of what we have thought. It is founded on our thoughts. It is made up of our thoughts, which is a core idea in Buddhism, that this notion of separateness, this is just due to our thoughts. It's all happening in our mind. The physical reality that you think is somehow more permanent than the transient thoughts, it's all happening in your thought. It's all happening in your mind. And the separateness is really an illusion."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's all happening in our mind. The physical reality that you think is somehow more permanent than the transient thoughts, it's all happening in your thought. It's all happening in your mind. And the separateness is really an illusion. And once again, very similar idea to what we see in the Upanishads. Now one final idea. Buddha taught throughout his life and eventually dies at Kushinagar, which is one of those four pilgrimage sites that we saw on that map."}, {"video_title": "Buddhism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the separateness is really an illusion. And once again, very similar idea to what we see in the Upanishads. Now one final idea. Buddha taught throughout his life and eventually dies at Kushinagar, which is one of those four pilgrimage sites that we saw on that map. But what really accelerated the spread of Buddhism, especially beyond India, was the reign of the Emperor Ashoka during the Maurya Empire. Now we talk about Ashoka, we have a whole video on him, but he eventually converts to Buddhism. And he sponsors it, he builds temples, and he sponsors missionaries to spread Buddhism from Europe all the way to China."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is in reference to his view on Muhammad and the spread of Islam. A poor shepherd people, he's referring to the Arabs before Muhammad, roaming unnoticed in its deserts since the creation of the world. A hero prophet was sent down to them with a word they could believe. See, the unnoticed becomes the world notable. The small has grown world great. Within one century afterwards, Arabia is at Granada on this hand, at Delhi on that. He's speaking of within 100 years of Muhammad's death, the Muslim empire has spread from what would eventually be southern Spain all the way to northern India."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "See, the unnoticed becomes the world notable. The small has grown world great. Within one century afterwards, Arabia is at Granada on this hand, at Delhi on that. He's speaking of within 100 years of Muhammad's death, the Muslim empire has spread from what would eventually be southern Spain all the way to northern India. These Arabs, the man Muhammad, and that one century, is it not as if a spark had fallen, one spark, on a world of what seemed black, unnoticeable sand, but lo, the sand proves explosive powder, blazes heaven high from Delhi to Granada. I said the great man was always as lightning out of heaven. The rest of men waited for him like fuel, and then they too would flame."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's speaking of within 100 years of Muhammad's death, the Muslim empire has spread from what would eventually be southern Spain all the way to northern India. These Arabs, the man Muhammad, and that one century, is it not as if a spark had fallen, one spark, on a world of what seemed black, unnoticeable sand, but lo, the sand proves explosive powder, blazes heaven high from Delhi to Granada. I said the great man was always as lightning out of heaven. The rest of men waited for him like fuel, and then they too would flame. And Thomas Carlyle is known as one of the proponents of the great man view of history, that history is nothing but the story of a series of great men who changed the direction in which humanity travels. So what we're gonna do in this video is think about whether it really is all about a great man or were there other things that were in the context of the time and space in which these things occur. This is what the world looked like in the year 600."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The rest of men waited for him like fuel, and then they too would flame. And Thomas Carlyle is known as one of the proponents of the great man view of history, that history is nothing but the story of a series of great men who changed the direction in which humanity travels. So what we're gonna do in this video is think about whether it really is all about a great man or were there other things that were in the context of the time and space in which these things occur. This is what the world looked like in the year 600. Muhammad starts spreading his revelations in 610. And so you can see on this map, there's two major powers, the Byzantines, which is the Eastern Roman Empire, the vestiges of the Roman Empire, and you also have the Sassanid Persian Empire. The Byzantines are a Christian empire, and the Sassanids are Zoroastrian."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is what the world looked like in the year 600. Muhammad starts spreading his revelations in 610. And so you can see on this map, there's two major powers, the Byzantines, which is the Eastern Roman Empire, the vestiges of the Roman Empire, and you also have the Sassanid Persian Empire. The Byzantines are a Christian empire, and the Sassanids are Zoroastrian. And Muhammad is from the Quraysh tribe, which is in charge of Mecca, which is considered a pilgrimage site for the various tribes of Arabia. But you can see that Arabia is fragmented, and this doesn't even do justice to how fragmented it was. But if you fast forward 200 years, you see a major change."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Byzantines are a Christian empire, and the Sassanids are Zoroastrian. And Muhammad is from the Quraysh tribe, which is in charge of Mecca, which is considered a pilgrimage site for the various tribes of Arabia. But you can see that Arabia is fragmented, and this doesn't even do justice to how fragmented it was. But if you fast forward 200 years, you see a major change. And in fact, you wouldn't even have to go all the way to 800, even by the early eighth century, you see that Islam has spread from the Iberian Peninsula all the way to the Indus. And most of this, as mentioned, happens within 100 years after Muhammad's death. But let's ask our central question."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But if you fast forward 200 years, you see a major change. And in fact, you wouldn't even have to go all the way to 800, even by the early eighth century, you see that Islam has spread from the Iberian Peninsula all the way to the Indus. And most of this, as mentioned, happens within 100 years after Muhammad's death. But let's ask our central question. Why did Islam emerge so rapidly where and when it did? And there's no clear right or wrong answer here, it's all going to be conjecture, but that's what's fun about history. We can think about what we think we know, and then we can debate and think about, are there some patterns here that we see over and over in history?"}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But let's ask our central question. Why did Islam emerge so rapidly where and when it did? And there's no clear right or wrong answer here, it's all going to be conjecture, but that's what's fun about history. We can think about what we think we know, and then we can debate and think about, are there some patterns here that we see over and over in history? Well, what's the context? So we know for a fact that Arabia was fragmented, that the law of the land in Arabia was tribal and tribal justice, and this is the world that Muhammad grew up in, the various tribes often worshiping different gods. We also know at this time that Muhammad had exposure to other religions, some of which had penetrated the various tribes of Arabia."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We can think about what we think we know, and then we can debate and think about, are there some patterns here that we see over and over in history? Well, what's the context? So we know for a fact that Arabia was fragmented, that the law of the land in Arabia was tribal and tribal justice, and this is the world that Muhammad grew up in, the various tribes often worshiping different gods. We also know at this time that Muhammad had exposure to other religions, some of which had penetrated the various tribes of Arabia. Most notably, you have Christianity, and Muhammad's wife's cousin was in fact a Christian, and you also have Judaism, these two clearly being related religions, Christianity coming out of a Jewish tradition. We also know that the two great empires here, the Byzantines and Persian empires, are in constant conflict, and in fact, the Arabs and many in the Middle East are the pawns in that conflict, and so you have the Byzantines versus the Persians, with a possibility of those living in their lands might not have been happy with either. There's also the sense that we're at the very beginning of a long decline for the Byzantine Empire."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We also know at this time that Muhammad had exposure to other religions, some of which had penetrated the various tribes of Arabia. Most notably, you have Christianity, and Muhammad's wife's cousin was in fact a Christian, and you also have Judaism, these two clearly being related religions, Christianity coming out of a Jewish tradition. We also know that the two great empires here, the Byzantines and Persian empires, are in constant conflict, and in fact, the Arabs and many in the Middle East are the pawns in that conflict, and so you have the Byzantines versus the Persians, with a possibility of those living in their lands might not have been happy with either. There's also the sense that we're at the very beginning of a long decline for the Byzantine Empire. So one thesis could be that Muhammad was able to bring many of the ideas of Christianity and Judaism, but these ideas helped to unify a fragmented Arab people, and not only did it unify them, but it gave them the energy that you can have through religious zeal, and that energy is what allowed them not only to unify in Arabia, and they're able to unify most of Arabia by the time of Muhammad's death, but within 100 years of his death, they're able to take over the entire Sassanid Empire and make major inroads into the Byzantine Empire, and so one argument might be, and I encourage you to argue with me, that they were unified, they had this missionary zeal, which perhaps was only seen in Christianity before Islam, and they were able to take advantage of conflict and discontent between the Byzantines and Persians in order to spread. Now another question is, do we see any patterns here? Are there any other examples in history of this happening?"}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's also the sense that we're at the very beginning of a long decline for the Byzantine Empire. So one thesis could be that Muhammad was able to bring many of the ideas of Christianity and Judaism, but these ideas helped to unify a fragmented Arab people, and not only did it unify them, but it gave them the energy that you can have through religious zeal, and that energy is what allowed them not only to unify in Arabia, and they're able to unify most of Arabia by the time of Muhammad's death, but within 100 years of his death, they're able to take over the entire Sassanid Empire and make major inroads into the Byzantine Empire, and so one argument might be, and I encourage you to argue with me, that they were unified, they had this missionary zeal, which perhaps was only seen in Christianity before Islam, and they were able to take advantage of conflict and discontent between the Byzantines and Persians in order to spread. Now another question is, do we see any patterns here? Are there any other examples in history of this happening? Well, the most comparable religion is Christianity, which is today larger than Islam, but Christianity, you have a long period between Jesus, who is the central figure of Christianity, who is the underlying spiritual figure, and when Christianity really spreads and really becomes an empire, and that really starts with Constantine roughly 300 years after the time of Jesus. What's interesting about the example in this video, the example of Islam, in terms of the religion, Muhammad plays a little bit of both of these roles. He is a spiritual figure."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Are there any other examples in history of this happening? Well, the most comparable religion is Christianity, which is today larger than Islam, but Christianity, you have a long period between Jesus, who is the central figure of Christianity, who is the underlying spiritual figure, and when Christianity really spreads and really becomes an empire, and that really starts with Constantine roughly 300 years after the time of Jesus. What's interesting about the example in this video, the example of Islam, in terms of the religion, Muhammad plays a little bit of both of these roles. He is a spiritual figure. He has revelations, but he is also the founder of an empire. He also governs. He is also a military and political figure."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is a spiritual figure. He has revelations, but he is also the founder of an empire. He also governs. He is also a military and political figure. And so perhaps for the first time in history on this scale, you have the combination of religious zeal, of spiritual belief, of faith, combined with governance, combined with the desire to create an empire. In terms of empire, the only thing that might be comparable in terms of the vastness and the speed in which it happens is the Mongol Empire. The Mongols are an example of people who are fragmented initially, tribal, unified by Genghis Khan, and through that unification, were able to spread incredibly rapidly and take on some long, historic, and possibly declining empires."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is also a military and political figure. And so perhaps for the first time in history on this scale, you have the combination of religious zeal, of spiritual belief, of faith, combined with governance, combined with the desire to create an empire. In terms of empire, the only thing that might be comparable in terms of the vastness and the speed in which it happens is the Mongol Empire. The Mongols are an example of people who are fragmented initially, tribal, unified by Genghis Khan, and through that unification, were able to spread incredibly rapidly and take on some long, historic, and possibly declining empires. So I'll leave you there. It's a fascinating question that historians debate to this day. Islam started awfully fast and spread awfully fast."}, {"video_title": "Contextualization--Islam World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Mongols are an example of people who are fragmented initially, tribal, unified by Genghis Khan, and through that unification, were able to spread incredibly rapidly and take on some long, historic, and possibly declining empires. So I'll leave you there. It's a fascinating question that historians debate to this day. Islam started awfully fast and spread awfully fast. Why did this happen? Was it some unique characteristics of Muhammad? Was it some unique characteristics of the religion?"}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the most important of these texts are the Vedas. Now the word Veda literally means knowledge in Sanskrit, and they were written during the Vedic period. It was called the Vedic period because this was the time that we believe the Vedas were written, and we have a whole video on the actual Vedic period. Now there are four Vedas, Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda. The first of these is the Rig Veda. When I say first, it's because it's believed that it was written before the other Vedas, as early as 3,500 years ago. The other three are also pretty old, probably older than 3,000 years old."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now there are four Vedas, Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda. The first of these is the Rig Veda. When I say first, it's because it's believed that it was written before the other Vedas, as early as 3,500 years ago. The other three are also pretty old, probably older than 3,000 years old. Now these four texts are a combination of rituals, of hymns, of mantras, of songs, and of philosophy. For example, Rig Veda, Rig you can translate as meaning praise, so it's knowledge of ways to praise, praise the eternal or praise God. Yajur Veda you could view as these prose mantras, knowledge of these prose mantras is Yajur Veda."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The other three are also pretty old, probably older than 3,000 years old. Now these four texts are a combination of rituals, of hymns, of mantras, of songs, and of philosophy. For example, Rig Veda, Rig you can translate as meaning praise, so it's knowledge of ways to praise, praise the eternal or praise God. Yajur Veda you could view as these prose mantras, knowledge of these prose mantras is Yajur Veda. Sama Veda, this is knowledge of songs or hymns. Atharva Veda, you can view these as knowledge of things that you should do in your life. Now these four texts can be subclassified into the type of text that they actually are."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Yajur Veda you could view as these prose mantras, knowledge of these prose mantras is Yajur Veda. Sama Veda, this is knowledge of songs or hymns. Atharva Veda, you can view these as knowledge of things that you should do in your life. Now these four texts can be subclassified into the type of text that they actually are. So what you see here is the subclassification of the Vedas that's often referenced, that amongst these texts, some of the verses are mantras, hymns, prayers, those are referred to as Samhitas. You have the things that are more ritual ceremonies, these are Aryanakas. And Aryanakas are also things being referred to things that you have learned or rituals to do in the forest."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now these four texts can be subclassified into the type of text that they actually are. So what you see here is the subclassification of the Vedas that's often referenced, that amongst these texts, some of the verses are mantras, hymns, prayers, those are referred to as Samhitas. You have the things that are more ritual ceremonies, these are Aryanakas. And Aryanakas are also things being referred to things that you have learned or rituals to do in the forest. Maybe at the time of the, when the Vedas were written, these were things that people would go meditate and do in the forest. You have the Upanishads, which means to sit close to or sit near. And if you look at the Upanishads, it really is referring to sitting close or near a teacher."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Aryanakas are also things being referred to things that you have learned or rituals to do in the forest. Maybe at the time of the, when the Vedas were written, these were things that people would go meditate and do in the forest. You have the Upanishads, which means to sit close to or sit near. And if you look at the Upanishads, it really is referring to sitting close or near a teacher. There's a lot of dialogue between student and teacher. And the Upanishads in particular really form the spiritual core of Hinduism. It really focuses around spiritual philosophy."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you look at the Upanishads, it really is referring to sitting close or near a teacher. There's a lot of dialogue between student and teacher. And the Upanishads in particular really form the spiritual core of Hinduism. It really focuses around spiritual philosophy. And amongst these four Vedas, there are 108 Upanishads. And 108 is considered a very auspicious number in Hinduism. Now you also have Brahmanas, which are commentary."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It really focuses around spiritual philosophy. And amongst these four Vedas, there are 108 Upanishads. And 108 is considered a very auspicious number in Hinduism. Now you also have Brahmanas, which are commentary. Now to be clear, there are verses in the Vedas that can be many of these, that can be Aryanakas and Upanishads. So these things are not mutually exclusive. Now in the Hindu tradition, one of the unifying factors are the Vedas and the subclassifications or subcategorizations of the Vedas."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now you also have Brahmanas, which are commentary. Now to be clear, there are verses in the Vedas that can be many of these, that can be Aryanakas and Upanishads. So these things are not mutually exclusive. Now in the Hindu tradition, one of the unifying factors are the Vedas and the subclassifications or subcategorizations of the Vedas. These are often viewed as divine revelations. Even though the Vedas themselves, some of the authors refer to themselves as authors, as people who are introspecting on these ideas and writing about them, it is believed by many Hindus that this is divine revelation. And the term for that is Shruti."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in the Hindu tradition, one of the unifying factors are the Vedas and the subclassifications or subcategorizations of the Vedas. These are often viewed as divine revelations. Even though the Vedas themselves, some of the authors refer to themselves as authors, as people who are introspecting on these ideas and writing about them, it is believed by many Hindus that this is divine revelation. And the term for that is Shruti. And Shruti can also be translated as what is heard. You could argue what is heard directly from the divine. Now in comparison to Shruti, you also have this notion of Smriti."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the term for that is Shruti. And Shruti can also be translated as what is heard. You could argue what is heard directly from the divine. Now in comparison to Shruti, you also have this notion of Smriti. Smriti can be translated as what is remembered. And there's a significant number of Smriti texts, some of them that are also held very closely and meet the threshold of divine scripture for many Hindus. Now the most famous of the Smriti texts are the famous Hindu epics."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in comparison to Shruti, you also have this notion of Smriti. Smriti can be translated as what is remembered. And there's a significant number of Smriti texts, some of them that are also held very closely and meet the threshold of divine scripture for many Hindus. Now the most famous of the Smriti texts are the famous Hindu epics. So this is an image from the Ramayana. The Ramayana tells the story of Rama, who is one of Vishnu's incarnations, going to save the princess Sita from Ravana. The Mahabharata is a story of really a family feud between the Pandavas and the Kauravas."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the most famous of the Smriti texts are the famous Hindu epics. So this is an image from the Ramayana. The Ramayana tells the story of Rama, who is one of Vishnu's incarnations, going to save the princess Sita from Ravana. The Mahabharata is a story of really a family feud between the Pandavas and the Kauravas. You see here the Pandava princes, the five Pandava princes, who are all married to Draupadi. It's an interesting story in the Mahabharata how they did end up being married to one princess. And the most significant part of the Mahabharata for modern-day Hindus is the Bhagavad Gita."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Mahabharata is a story of really a family feud between the Pandavas and the Kauravas. You see here the Pandava princes, the five Pandava princes, who are all married to Draupadi. It's an interesting story in the Mahabharata how they did end up being married to one princess. And the most significant part of the Mahabharata for modern-day Hindus is the Bhagavad Gita. It is a subset of the Mahabharata. And the Mahabharata is quite long. It will take you a while to read it."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the most significant part of the Mahabharata for modern-day Hindus is the Bhagavad Gita. It is a subset of the Mahabharata. And the Mahabharata is quite long. It will take you a while to read it. But the Bhagavad Gita is quite short. And the Bhagavad Gita takes place really in the climax of the Mahabharata when you have the battle of Kurukshetra, where the Pandavas are fighting their cousins, the Kauravas. And one of the Pandava brothers, Arjun, who's really considered the greatest warrior of the brothers, as he takes his chariot into battle, his charioteer ends up being Krishna, also an avatar of Vishnu."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It will take you a while to read it. But the Bhagavad Gita is quite short. And the Bhagavad Gita takes place really in the climax of the Mahabharata when you have the battle of Kurukshetra, where the Pandavas are fighting their cousins, the Kauravas. And one of the Pandava brothers, Arjun, who's really considered the greatest warrior of the brothers, as he takes his chariot into battle, his charioteer ends up being Krishna, also an avatar of Vishnu. And the Bhagavad Gita is really about the conversation between Krishna and Arjun. And it's all about Krishna reassuring Arjun not only his role in the universe, but it also becomes a little bit of a layer of the spiritual philosophy discussed in the Upanishads. In modern-day India, the Bhagavad Gita is probably the scripture that is most cited by modern Hindus."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And one of the Pandava brothers, Arjun, who's really considered the greatest warrior of the brothers, as he takes his chariot into battle, his charioteer ends up being Krishna, also an avatar of Vishnu. And the Bhagavad Gita is really about the conversation between Krishna and Arjun. And it's all about Krishna reassuring Arjun not only his role in the universe, but it also becomes a little bit of a layer of the spiritual philosophy discussed in the Upanishads. In modern-day India, the Bhagavad Gita is probably the scripture that is most cited by modern Hindus. So if you really wanna understand the spiritual core of Hinduism, the best place to look are the Upanishads, and you also have the Bhagavad Gita, which even though it's part of the Mahabharata, which is considered Smriti, it is revered and is often considered to be divinely revealed by Hindus. Now, this isn't a comprehensive listing of all of the scripture that is important to Hindus. Obviously, you have the Vedas, which are very ancient."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In modern-day India, the Bhagavad Gita is probably the scripture that is most cited by modern Hindus. So if you really wanna understand the spiritual core of Hinduism, the best place to look are the Upanishads, and you also have the Bhagavad Gita, which even though it's part of the Mahabharata, which is considered Smriti, it is revered and is often considered to be divinely revealed by Hindus. Now, this isn't a comprehensive listing of all of the scripture that is important to Hindus. Obviously, you have the Vedas, which are very ancient. Even these epics, their events might have taken place 3,000 years ago or maybe more. Their composition was over 2,000 years ago. They were canonized during the Gupta Empire."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Obviously, you have the Vedas, which are very ancient. Even these epics, their events might have taken place 3,000 years ago or maybe more. Their composition was over 2,000 years ago. They were canonized during the Gupta Empire. But there's many other texts. You have things that are believed written during the Vedic period, the Vedanga, which relate to things like medicine and astronomy. You have commentaries on things like the Upanishads, things like the Brahma Sutra."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were canonized during the Gupta Empire. But there's many other texts. You have things that are believed written during the Vedic period, the Vedanga, which relate to things like medicine and astronomy. You have commentaries on things like the Upanishads, things like the Brahma Sutra. You have the Puranas, which literally means the old things, and these are a whole collection of old stories, epics, et cetera. So, Hinduism, as I mentioned, it is a very broad religion. It is a very diverse religion, and you even see that in the texts."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have commentaries on things like the Upanishads, things like the Brahma Sutra. You have the Puranas, which literally means the old things, and these are a whole collection of old stories, epics, et cetera. So, Hinduism, as I mentioned, it is a very broad religion. It is a very diverse religion, and you even see that in the texts. I'll now leave you with a final excerpt from the Bhagavad Gita, and what's interesting about this, as I mentioned, is the parallels that it gives to what we see in the Upanishads and some of what we looked at on the first video on Brahman and Atman. The man who sees me in everything and everything within me will not be lost to me, nor will I ever be lost to him. So, this is Krishna talking to Arjuna, and Krishna saying me, you could say God or the ultimate reality."}, {"video_title": "Hindu scripture overview World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It is a very diverse religion, and you even see that in the texts. I'll now leave you with a final excerpt from the Bhagavad Gita, and what's interesting about this, as I mentioned, is the parallels that it gives to what we see in the Upanishads and some of what we looked at on the first video on Brahman and Atman. The man who sees me in everything and everything within me will not be lost to me, nor will I ever be lost to him. So, this is Krishna talking to Arjuna, and Krishna saying me, you could say God or the ultimate reality. He who is rooted in oneness realizes that I am in every being. Wherever he goes, he remains in me. When he sees all being is equal in suffering or in joy, because they are like himself, that man has grown perfect in yoga."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're doing a world history quickie for you guys out there. How about that? The Code of Hammurabi? It's going to be on the exam. So whether you're a kid in high school or you're a lifelong learner or cray cray in the internet, let's go get it done right now. So the Code of Hammurabi dates back to Mesopotamia. We're talking 1754 BC."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's going to be on the exam. So whether you're a kid in high school or you're a lifelong learner or cray cray in the internet, let's go get it done right now. So the Code of Hammurabi dates back to Mesopotamia. We're talking 1754 BC. That's a very long, great, great time ago. And that's why it's really important. The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, made judgments, judgments on civil matters and family matters and sexual matters and slavery matters and inheritance matters and crime and lots of decisions."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're talking 1754 BC. That's a very long, great, great time ago. And that's why it's really important. The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, made judgments, judgments on civil matters and family matters and sexual matters and slavery matters and inheritance matters and crime and lots of decisions. And he decided to write them down. Whether he wrote them down to self glorify himself because he was like, yo, I'm a king and I'm really important. So whether they actually were kind of like legal government codes that ran the city is really irrelevant."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, made judgments, judgments on civil matters and family matters and sexual matters and slavery matters and inheritance matters and crime and lots of decisions. And he decided to write them down. Whether he wrote them down to self glorify himself because he was like, yo, I'm a king and I'm really important. So whether they actually were kind of like legal government codes that ran the city is really irrelevant. What's important, and this is kind of the thesis, the big idea, is that these legal codes, these 282 laws are really going to influence that area for a millennium, for thousands of years. And they're even going to drift into parts of our own legal code. Actually Hammurabi is etched into the Supreme Court building in Washington, DC."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So whether they actually were kind of like legal government codes that ran the city is really irrelevant. What's important, and this is kind of the thesis, the big idea, is that these legal codes, these 282 laws are really going to influence that area for a millennium, for thousands of years. And they're even going to drift into parts of our own legal code. Actually Hammurabi is etched into the Supreme Court building in Washington, DC. That's how important it is, kiddies. So let's take a look at it. Let's break it up like a Kit Kat bar."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Actually Hammurabi is etched into the Supreme Court building in Washington, DC. That's how important it is, kiddies. So let's take a look at it. Let's break it up like a Kit Kat bar. So really I just want to talk a little bit about generalities. You've all heard kind of the, you know, an eye for an eye. But if you actually read that, then that's code 196."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's break it up like a Kit Kat bar. So really I just want to talk a little bit about generalities. You've all heard kind of the, you know, an eye for an eye. But if you actually read that, then that's code 196. Let's go to the tape. If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But if you actually read that, then that's code 196. Let's go to the tape. If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a free man or break the bone of a free man, he shall pay one mantra of silver. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave, he shall pay one half his price. That's not as cool as you thought it was."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a free man or break the bone of a free man, he shall pay one mantra of silver. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave, he shall pay one half his price. That's not as cool as you thought it was. It's definitely kind of like a caste system. Depending on who you steal from or who you sleep or who you kill, that's going to really determine punishment. And there's really kind of slaves and commoners."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's not as cool as you thought it was. It's definitely kind of like a caste system. Depending on who you steal from or who you sleep or who you kill, that's going to really determine punishment. And there's really kind of slaves and commoners. There's an upper class and then there's royalty. And I'm telling you, if you look at royalty the wrong way, they're going to cut your nose off. But really the majority of Hammurabi's code is actually kind of civil law, like property codes and liabilities."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's really kind of slaves and commoners. There's an upper class and then there's royalty. And I'm telling you, if you look at royalty the wrong way, they're going to cut your nose off. But really the majority of Hammurabi's code is actually kind of civil law, like property codes and liabilities. There's actually a minimum wage, a minimum wage. There's property rights in there and insurance concepts. And some of the most important concepts are probably in about a third of that document that relate to crime type of stuff."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But really the majority of Hammurabi's code is actually kind of civil law, like property codes and liabilities. There's actually a minimum wage, a minimum wage. There's property rights in there and insurance concepts. And some of the most important concepts are probably in about a third of that document that relate to crime type of stuff. And we've, you know, there's some gruesome stuff in there, man. There really is. But nevertheless, there's also stuff in there about like innocence until proven guilty and that you have to provide evidence in a trial and that you have to have witnesses in your favor."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And some of the most important concepts are probably in about a third of that document that relate to crime type of stuff. And we've, you know, there's some gruesome stuff in there, man. There really is. But nevertheless, there's also stuff in there about like innocence until proven guilty and that you have to provide evidence in a trial and that you have to have witnesses in your favor. And of course, if you're lying, we're going to drown you. But nevertheless, those are the concepts that bleed really into today. And there's a whole bunch of stuff about marriage and sex and divorce."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But nevertheless, there's also stuff in there about like innocence until proven guilty and that you have to provide evidence in a trial and that you have to have witnesses in your favor. And of course, if you're lying, we're going to drown you. But nevertheless, those are the concepts that bleed really into today. And there's a whole bunch of stuff about marriage and sex and divorce. And it gets a little bit creepy to be honest with you. I don't want to talk about it. I'm feeling comfortable right now."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's a whole bunch of stuff about marriage and sex and divorce. And it gets a little bit creepy to be honest with you. I don't want to talk about it. I'm feeling comfortable right now. But what I did was I chose my three most favoritists Hammurabi codes. Is that how you say that? Let's look at it."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm feeling comfortable right now. But what I did was I chose my three most favoritists Hammurabi codes. Is that how you say that? Let's look at it. All right. 194. Get this one, guys."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's look at it. All right. 194. Get this one, guys. If a man has given his son to a wet nurse to suckle and that son has died in the hands of the nurse and the nurse without consent of the child's father or mother has nursed another child, they shall prosecute her because she has nursed another child without consent of the father or mother. Her breasts shall be cut off. I'm telling you, it gets really gruesome."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Get this one, guys. If a man has given his son to a wet nurse to suckle and that son has died in the hands of the nurse and the nurse without consent of the child's father or mother has nursed another child, they shall prosecute her because she has nursed another child without consent of the father or mother. Her breasts shall be cut off. I'm telling you, it gets really gruesome. And it also gets a little bit weird, like number 209. And I'm going to throw into 10. If a man has struck a free woman with child and has caused her to miscarry, he shall pay 10 shekels for her miscarriage."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm telling you, it gets really gruesome. And it also gets a little bit weird, like number 209. And I'm going to throw into 10. If a man has struck a free woman with child and has caused her to miscarry, he shall pay 10 shekels for her miscarriage. If that woman died, his daughter shall be killed. Oh, my goodness, his daughter wasn't even there. And then here's the last one."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "If a man has struck a free woman with child and has caused her to miscarry, he shall pay 10 shekels for her miscarriage. If that woman died, his daughter shall be killed. Oh, my goodness, his daughter wasn't even there. And then here's the last one. Maybe this one's my favorite. If a woman has hated her husband and has said, you shall not possess me, her past shall be inquired into as to what she lacks. If she has been discreet and has no vice and her husband has gone out and has greedily belittled her, that woman has no blame."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then here's the last one. Maybe this one's my favorite. If a woman has hated her husband and has said, you shall not possess me, her past shall be inquired into as to what she lacks. If she has been discreet and has no vice and her husband has gone out and has greedily belittled her, that woman has no blame. She shall take her marriage portion and go off to her father's house. If she has not been discreet, has gone out, ruined her house, belittled her husband, she shall be drowned. That's pretty gangster."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "If she has been discreet and has no vice and her husband has gone out and has greedily belittled her, that woman has no blame. She shall take her marriage portion and go off to her father's house. If she has not been discreet, has gone out, ruined her house, belittled her husband, she shall be drowned. That's pretty gangster. Yeah, you could take a look at it. I put a link down below. Some of them are pretty funny, but they're definitely really, really important, not for their gruesomeness, but really for setting kind of that concept of this is what a government does."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's pretty gangster. Yeah, you could take a look at it. I put a link down below. Some of them are pretty funny, but they're definitely really, really important, not for their gruesomeness, but really for setting kind of that concept of this is what a government does. This is law and order. These are the rules. That's really important."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Some of them are pretty funny, but they're definitely really, really important, not for their gruesomeness, but really for setting kind of that concept of this is what a government does. This is law and order. These are the rules. That's really important. All right, guys, make sure you subscribe to Hip Use History. It's so easy. You just got to press that subscribe button."}, {"video_title": "Hammurabi's Code Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's really important. All right, guys, make sure you subscribe to Hip Use History. It's so easy. You just got to press that subscribe button. Whoopie. That's it. I'm fast, focused, free, and I'll see you next time that you press my buttons."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, at the time of his crucifixion and according to Christian beliefs, resurrection and ascension, the number of followers he has numbers in the low hundreds. And the actual work of spreading and creating the church falls on his disciples, in particular the ones that are referred to as apostles. When we looked at the gospels, which were the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, the first four books of the New Testament, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, we talk about the 12 disciples, those primary followers of Jesus. They're often referred to as the 12 apostles as well because according to Christian beliefs, between the resurrection and the ascension of Jesus, he tells the apostles, look, go spread the word. Apostle comes from Greek for the one who spreads the word. These were the first Christian missionaries. Now, first amongst these apostles is often considered Peter."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They're often referred to as the 12 apostles as well because according to Christian beliefs, between the resurrection and the ascension of Jesus, he tells the apostles, look, go spread the word. Apostle comes from Greek for the one who spreads the word. These were the first Christian missionaries. Now, first amongst these apostles is often considered Peter. This is Peter right over here. He is mentioned in the gospels. He is beside Jesus at the time of the transfiguration."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, first amongst these apostles is often considered Peter. This is Peter right over here. He is mentioned in the gospels. He is beside Jesus at the time of the transfiguration. Amongst Roman Catholics, he is viewed as the first pope. And he is really the head of the church of the Christian followers, and they're not even called Christians at this point, in Jerusalem right over here. But we're going to talk about another significant apostle as well in this video, and that is Paul."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is beside Jesus at the time of the transfiguration. Amongst Roman Catholics, he is viewed as the first pope. And he is really the head of the church of the Christian followers, and they're not even called Christians at this point, in Jerusalem right over here. But we're going to talk about another significant apostle as well in this video, and that is Paul. And as we'll see, Paul is not mentioned in the first four books of the Bible. He wasn't a contemporary of Jesus, or at least he didn't know Jesus during his life. He did live at the same time, and you can see it on this timeline, where Jesus is born slightly before the common era."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But we're going to talk about another significant apostle as well in this video, and that is Paul. And as we'll see, Paul is not mentioned in the first four books of the Bible. He wasn't a contemporary of Jesus, or at least he didn't know Jesus during his life. He did live at the same time, and you can see it on this timeline, where Jesus is born slightly before the common era. I start at year one because there isn't a year zero. And you can see that Peter is born, historians believe, around 1 AD, and Paul would have been born shortly after that. And what's interesting about Paul is, Paul starts his life as a very conservative Pharisee."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He did live at the same time, and you can see it on this timeline, where Jesus is born slightly before the common era. I start at year one because there isn't a year zero. And you can see that Peter is born, historians believe, around 1 AD, and Paul would have been born shortly after that. And what's interesting about Paul is, Paul starts his life as a very conservative Pharisee. He starts his life persecuting Christian people, and then he has a fairly dramatic switch. And you'll often hear Paul, or you might also hear the name Saul, or Paul of Tarsus. These are all referring to the same person."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's interesting about Paul is, Paul starts his life as a very conservative Pharisee. He starts his life persecuting Christian people, and then he has a fairly dramatic switch. And you'll often hear Paul, or you might also hear the name Saul, or Paul of Tarsus. These are all referring to the same person. Tarsus is right over here in modern-day southern Turkey. And Paul, as I mentioned, he grows up in a conservative Jewish family, but he also has Roman citizenship. That's why he has this Roman name, Paul, and he has this Hebrew name, Saul."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "These are all referring to the same person. Tarsus is right over here in modern-day southern Turkey. And Paul, as I mentioned, he grows up in a conservative Jewish family, but he also has Roman citizenship. That's why he has this Roman name, Paul, and he has this Hebrew name, Saul. And he's educated in Jerusalem. And he doesn't enter into the story until we get to the fifth book of the New Testament, the Acts of the Apostles. And the Acts of the Apostles talks a lot about Peter, how he spreads the church, how he is persecuted, how he performs various miracles, but it also is where we get introduced to Paul."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That's why he has this Roman name, Paul, and he has this Hebrew name, Saul. And he's educated in Jerusalem. And he doesn't enter into the story until we get to the fifth book of the New Testament, the Acts of the Apostles. And the Acts of the Apostles talks a lot about Peter, how he spreads the church, how he is persecuted, how he performs various miracles, but it also is where we get introduced to Paul. And when we first see him, as I mentioned, he is persecuting Christians. So as this church of Jerusalem starts to get established, Peter puts a fellow by the name of Stephen in charge of distributing alms to widows that are coming to them. And Stephen, and this is a narrative that you'll hear often in the New Testament, he starts to get on the nerves of the religious establishment, the Jewish religious establishment, who think that he's a blasphemer, that his beliefs are threatening them."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Acts of the Apostles talks a lot about Peter, how he spreads the church, how he is persecuted, how he performs various miracles, but it also is where we get introduced to Paul. And when we first see him, as I mentioned, he is persecuting Christians. So as this church of Jerusalem starts to get established, Peter puts a fellow by the name of Stephen in charge of distributing alms to widows that are coming to them. And Stephen, and this is a narrative that you'll hear often in the New Testament, he starts to get on the nerves of the religious establishment, the Jewish religious establishment, who think that he's a blasphemer, that his beliefs are threatening them. And so there's this famous trial, once again with the Sanhedrin, and the trial of Stephen. And here I have an account form of that trial, or near the end of that trial, from the book of Acts. And during that trial, Stephen goes into this long account of what the teachings of Jesus are and how they're justified by what is mentioned in the Old Testament."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Stephen, and this is a narrative that you'll hear often in the New Testament, he starts to get on the nerves of the religious establishment, the Jewish religious establishment, who think that he's a blasphemer, that his beliefs are threatening them. And so there's this famous trial, once again with the Sanhedrin, and the trial of Stephen. And here I have an account form of that trial, or near the end of that trial, from the book of Acts. And during that trial, Stephen goes into this long account of what the teachings of Jesus are and how they're justified by what is mentioned in the Old Testament. He actually does a fairly long account of it. And then he also is fairly rebellious. He says, look, you, the establishment, you are, what prophet have you not persecuted before?"}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And during that trial, Stephen goes into this long account of what the teachings of Jesus are and how they're justified by what is mentioned in the Old Testament. He actually does a fairly long account of it. And then he also is fairly rebellious. He says, look, you, the establishment, you are, what prophet have you not persecuted before? And so this really angers them. And so we read from the book of Acts, they all rushed at him, dragged him out of the city, and began to stone him. Meanwhile, the witnesses laid their coats at the feet of a young man named Saul."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He says, look, you, the establishment, you are, what prophet have you not persecuted before? And so this really angers them. And so we read from the book of Acts, they all rushed at him, dragged him out of the city, and began to stone him. Meanwhile, the witnesses laid their coats at the feet of a young man named Saul. And we see him right over here, depicted in this painting. And Saul approved of their killing him. On that day, a great persecution broke out against the church in Jerusalem."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Meanwhile, the witnesses laid their coats at the feet of a young man named Saul. And we see him right over here, depicted in this painting. And Saul approved of their killing him. On that day, a great persecution broke out against the church in Jerusalem. And all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria. Godly men buried Stephen and mourned deeply for him. But Saul began to destroy the church."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "On that day, a great persecution broke out against the church in Jerusalem. And all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria. Godly men buried Stephen and mourned deeply for him. But Saul began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off both men and women and put them in prison. So he is a pretty fervent persecutor of Christians. And it goes even further."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But Saul began to destroy the church. Going from house to house, he dragged off both men and women and put them in prison. So he is a pretty fervent persecutor of Christians. And it goes even further. So then we read, we go on to read in the book of Acts. Meanwhile, Saul was still breathing out murderous threats against the Lord's disciples. He went to the high priests and asked him for letters to the synagogues in Damascus, so that if he found any there who belonged to the way, whether men or women, he might take them as prisoners to Jerusalem."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it goes even further. So then we read, we go on to read in the book of Acts. Meanwhile, Saul was still breathing out murderous threats against the Lord's disciples. He went to the high priests and asked him for letters to the synagogues in Damascus, so that if he found any there who belonged to the way, whether men or women, he might take them as prisoners to Jerusalem. As he neared Damascus on his journey, so this is gonna be an interesting thing, he's so fervent, he goes to the high priest and says, I wanna persecute these Christians wherever they are. I'm gonna go to Damascus and see if I can persecute them there. As he neared Damascus on his journey, suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He went to the high priests and asked him for letters to the synagogues in Damascus, so that if he found any there who belonged to the way, whether men or women, he might take them as prisoners to Jerusalem. As he neared Damascus on his journey, so this is gonna be an interesting thing, he's so fervent, he goes to the high priest and says, I wanna persecute these Christians wherever they are. I'm gonna go to Damascus and see if I can persecute them there. As he neared Damascus on his journey, suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him. He fell to the ground and heard a voice say to him, Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? And this is an image of this narrative in the Bible. Who are you, Lord, Saul asked."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As he neared Damascus on his journey, suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him. He fell to the ground and heard a voice say to him, Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? And this is an image of this narrative in the Bible. Who are you, Lord, Saul asked. I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting, he replied. Now get up and go into the city, the city being Damascus, and you will be told what you must do. And Paul is blinded by this event."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Who are you, Lord, Saul asked. I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting, he replied. Now get up and go into the city, the city being Damascus, and you will be told what you must do. And Paul is blinded by this event. He's blind for three days, he goes to Damascus, and he is healed by a follower of Christ. And at that moment, he completely does a 180. He goes from being one of the chief persecutors of the Christians to being one of the chief believers, and he starts to aggressively spread the faith."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Paul is blinded by this event. He's blind for three days, he goes to Damascus, and he is healed by a follower of Christ. And at that moment, he completely does a 180. He goes from being one of the chief persecutors of the Christians to being one of the chief believers, and he starts to aggressively spread the faith. And so that brings us, so let's go to this map, because what's significant about Paul is Peter was, you could really view him as the first head of the church, especially after Jesus, but he primarily viewed it as something to spread amongst the Jewish people. There are events, for example, in Acts, where he does realize, hey, maybe I should be, that the word of Jesus should go beyond the Jewish people, should go to the non-Jews, referred to as Gentiles. But Paul, and you can see in the map here, he has this revelation, I guess you could say, as he's approaching Damascus, and he goes back to Jerusalem, and he tries to convince the other followers, and you can imagine they're quite skeptical of this person who was shortly before persecuting them."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He goes from being one of the chief persecutors of the Christians to being one of the chief believers, and he starts to aggressively spread the faith. And so that brings us, so let's go to this map, because what's significant about Paul is Peter was, you could really view him as the first head of the church, especially after Jesus, but he primarily viewed it as something to spread amongst the Jewish people. There are events, for example, in Acts, where he does realize, hey, maybe I should be, that the word of Jesus should go beyond the Jewish people, should go to the non-Jews, referred to as Gentiles. But Paul, and you can see in the map here, he has this revelation, I guess you could say, as he's approaching Damascus, and he goes back to Jerusalem, and he tries to convince the other followers, and you can imagine they're quite skeptical of this person who was shortly before persecuting them. But he eventually convinces them, and he goes on multiple missionary journeys spreading the faith. And his center of operations is at Antioch, and he's a significant figure who helps build the church at Antioch. And what's interesting about the church of Antioch, it ends up being a very significant church, is that at Antioch, the Christians, or the Christian faith, is not just spread to the Jewish people, they're spread to the non-Jews, to the Gentiles."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But Paul, and you can see in the map here, he has this revelation, I guess you could say, as he's approaching Damascus, and he goes back to Jerusalem, and he tries to convince the other followers, and you can imagine they're quite skeptical of this person who was shortly before persecuting them. But he eventually convinces them, and he goes on multiple missionary journeys spreading the faith. And his center of operations is at Antioch, and he's a significant figure who helps build the church at Antioch. And what's interesting about the church of Antioch, it ends up being a very significant church, is that at Antioch, the Christians, or the Christian faith, is not just spread to the Jewish people, they're spread to the non-Jews, to the Gentiles. And it's actually at the church of Antioch that the followers of Jesus Christ, according to biblical accounts, were first referred to as Christians. And so what you see on this map here are the various missionary journeys that Paul, who was a Roman citizen, was able, or Saul, depending on which name you wanna use, was able to do through, especially the Eastern Roman Empire. So in the mid-40s here, let me, in the mid-40s, right over here, he does a missionary journey, once again, Antioch is his base, he goes to Cyprus and southern mid, what we would call Turkey today, and in the early 50s, he goes on this fairly long journey through modern-day Turkey, through Macedonia, through Greece, and as he's doing this, he's spreading the word of Jesus Christ, he's starting to help establish churches in these significant places, Philippi, Thessalonica, Corinth, all of these various places."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's interesting about the church of Antioch, it ends up being a very significant church, is that at Antioch, the Christians, or the Christian faith, is not just spread to the Jewish people, they're spread to the non-Jews, to the Gentiles. And it's actually at the church of Antioch that the followers of Jesus Christ, according to biblical accounts, were first referred to as Christians. And so what you see on this map here are the various missionary journeys that Paul, who was a Roman citizen, was able, or Saul, depending on which name you wanna use, was able to do through, especially the Eastern Roman Empire. So in the mid-40s here, let me, in the mid-40s, right over here, he does a missionary journey, once again, Antioch is his base, he goes to Cyprus and southern mid, what we would call Turkey today, and in the early 50s, he goes on this fairly long journey through modern-day Turkey, through Macedonia, through Greece, and as he's doing this, he's spreading the word of Jesus Christ, he's starting to help establish churches in these significant places, Philippi, Thessalonica, Corinth, all of these various places. You see his third journey here, very similar in path in yellow to the second journey, he does that in the late 50s CE. And once again, he's constantly establishing these churches. And the important thing to realize about Paul, it's a controversy, to what degree should the teachings of Jesus be spread to the Gentiles, to the non-Jewish people?"}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in the mid-40s here, let me, in the mid-40s, right over here, he does a missionary journey, once again, Antioch is his base, he goes to Cyprus and southern mid, what we would call Turkey today, and in the early 50s, he goes on this fairly long journey through modern-day Turkey, through Macedonia, through Greece, and as he's doing this, he's spreading the word of Jesus Christ, he's starting to help establish churches in these significant places, Philippi, Thessalonica, Corinth, all of these various places. You see his third journey here, very similar in path in yellow to the second journey, he does that in the late 50s CE. And once again, he's constantly establishing these churches. And the important thing to realize about Paul, it's a controversy, to what degree should the teachings of Jesus be spread to the Gentiles, to the non-Jewish people? There are these famous debates. And Paul's view is, no, we should not force the Gentiles to do everything that the Jews have to do, the circumcision, the Jewish dietary laws. And you can imagine, this doubly angers the church leaders."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the important thing to realize about Paul, it's a controversy, to what degree should the teachings of Jesus be spread to the Gentiles, to the non-Jewish people? There are these famous debates. And Paul's view is, no, we should not force the Gentiles to do everything that the Jews have to do, the circumcision, the Jewish dietary laws. And you can imagine, this doubly angers the church leaders. Not only is he spreading the word of Jesus that has annoyed them to no end, but he also wants to spread it to the Gentiles, but he doesn't think that the Gentiles need to perform all of the things that the Jewish leaders believe are dictated by the laws of Moses, by the Jewish faith. And circumcision is actually a major debate, circumcision, the dietary habits, et cetera, et cetera. So eventually, he goes back to Jerusalem to face this leadership."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can imagine, this doubly angers the church leaders. Not only is he spreading the word of Jesus that has annoyed them to no end, but he also wants to spread it to the Gentiles, but he doesn't think that the Gentiles need to perform all of the things that the Jewish leaders believe are dictated by the laws of Moses, by the Jewish faith. And circumcision is actually a major debate, circumcision, the dietary habits, et cetera, et cetera. So eventually, he goes back to Jerusalem to face this leadership. And now this is in the early 60s. And they, once again, they put him on trial. As a Jewish citizen, he says, hey, I have a right to see the emperor."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So eventually, he goes back to Jerusalem to face this leadership. And now this is in the early 60s. And they, once again, they put him on trial. As a Jewish citizen, he says, hey, I have a right to see the emperor. So then he is taken to Rome. And along the way, they get caught in a storm, but eventually, he makes his way to Rome, where he is held prisoner. And it is believed that both Peter and Paul were killed by Nero."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As a Jewish citizen, he says, hey, I have a right to see the emperor. So then he is taken to Rome. And along the way, they get caught in a storm, but eventually, he makes his way to Rome, where he is held prisoner. And it is believed that both Peter and Paul were killed by Nero. We talk in previous videos, the fire in 64 CE in Rome that destroys a large chunk of the city. Some people think Nero actually set the fire to clear some land so that he could build his palace. But he famously blames the fire on Christians."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it is believed that both Peter and Paul were killed by Nero. We talk in previous videos, the fire in 64 CE in Rome that destroys a large chunk of the city. Some people think Nero actually set the fire to clear some land so that he could build his palace. But he famously blames the fire on Christians. And there's a large purge of Christians that occur after that. And a lot of accounts say that Peter was crucified by Nero. He requests, according to these accounts, to be crucified upside down, because he doesn't deserve to get the same crucifixion as Jesus."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But he famously blames the fire on Christians. And there's a large purge of Christians that occur after that. And a lot of accounts say that Peter was crucified by Nero. He requests, according to these accounts, to be crucified upside down, because he doesn't deserve to get the same crucifixion as Jesus. And Paul, some accounts say, that he was beheaded. Once again, they're dying in these Christian purges that Nero is performing. And so you can see it right over here if those accounts are true."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He requests, according to these accounts, to be crucified upside down, because he doesn't deserve to get the same crucifixion as Jesus. And Paul, some accounts say, that he was beheaded. Once again, they're dying in these Christian purges that Nero is performing. And so you can see it right over here if those accounts are true. Now, it's really interesting. I already talked about Paul being this missionary to the Gentiles. He is the one, especially at the Church of Antioch, where Christianity starts to really separate from Judaism, starts to become a faith in its own right."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you can see it right over here if those accounts are true. Now, it's really interesting. I already talked about Paul being this missionary to the Gentiles. He is the one, especially at the Church of Antioch, where Christianity starts to really separate from Judaism, starts to become a faith in its own right. And that was even further accelerated in a few years after their death, or it might have been roughly coincident with their death, depending on when their deaths were. From 66 to 70, you have, from 66 to 70, you have the Jewish Rebellion, sometimes called the First Roman-Jewish War. And it ends with the Roman Empire destroying the temple at Jerusalem, the center of the Jewish faith, the second temple of Jerusalem, the one that was rebuilt partially by Cyrus the Great."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is the one, especially at the Church of Antioch, where Christianity starts to really separate from Judaism, starts to become a faith in its own right. And that was even further accelerated in a few years after their death, or it might have been roughly coincident with their death, depending on when their deaths were. From 66 to 70, you have, from 66 to 70, you have the Jewish Rebellion, sometimes called the First Roman-Jewish War. And it ends with the Roman Empire destroying the temple at Jerusalem, the center of the Jewish faith, the second temple of Jerusalem, the one that was rebuilt partially by Cyrus the Great. And so this causes the Jewish people to have to leave, and they no longer have this center of their people. And you have the Jewish diaspora that gets spread throughout the Roman Empire and other empires, like the Parthians in Persia. And they really, there's a famous battle at 73 of Masada, this mountain fortress, where the Romans essentially, well, it's a mass suicide, but it's this bloody extermination of the Jewish people in and around Jerusalem, so they are spread."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it ends with the Roman Empire destroying the temple at Jerusalem, the center of the Jewish faith, the second temple of Jerusalem, the one that was rebuilt partially by Cyrus the Great. And so this causes the Jewish people to have to leave, and they no longer have this center of their people. And you have the Jewish diaspora that gets spread throughout the Roman Empire and other empires, like the Parthians in Persia. And they really, there's a famous battle at 73 of Masada, this mountain fortress, where the Romans essentially, well, it's a mass suicide, but it's this bloody extermination of the Jewish people in and around Jerusalem, so they are spread. And that's obviously a significant series of events for the Jewish people, but it's also significant for Christianity, because Jerusalem was a center of the Christian faith. And now the Christian followers are going to be spread around, and many of these other places that Paul spread the gospel become centers of Christianity. Now, to emphasize the importance of Paul to Christianity, these are, this is a listing of the books of the Bible."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they really, there's a famous battle at 73 of Masada, this mountain fortress, where the Romans essentially, well, it's a mass suicide, but it's this bloody extermination of the Jewish people in and around Jerusalem, so they are spread. And that's obviously a significant series of events for the Jewish people, but it's also significant for Christianity, because Jerusalem was a center of the Christian faith. And now the Christian followers are going to be spread around, and many of these other places that Paul spread the gospel become centers of Christianity. Now, to emphasize the importance of Paul to Christianity, these are, this is a listing of the books of the Bible. Jesus, his life and teachings is primarily coming from the Gospels right here. Most of what I've told you in this video, this is excerpts from the fifth book of the New Testament, Acts of the Apostles. And then, most modern orderings of the Bible, the next several or many books are called epistles or letters, and they're primarily the epistles of Paul, letters that he wrote to his followers in different places."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, to emphasize the importance of Paul to Christianity, these are, this is a listing of the books of the Bible. Jesus, his life and teachings is primarily coming from the Gospels right here. Most of what I've told you in this video, this is excerpts from the fifth book of the New Testament, Acts of the Apostles. And then, most modern orderings of the Bible, the next several or many books are called epistles or letters, and they're primarily the epistles of Paul, letters that he wrote to his followers in different places. And so you can see most of these names, these are cities that you see where Paul was a missionary. Corinthians, Corinth is right here, these are letters that Paul is sending to the church there. Galatians, you see Galatia right over here in central modern-day Turkey."}, {"video_title": "Paul and the apostles Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then, most modern orderings of the Bible, the next several or many books are called epistles or letters, and they're primarily the epistles of Paul, letters that he wrote to his followers in different places. And so you can see most of these names, these are cities that you see where Paul was a missionary. Corinthians, Corinth is right here, these are letters that Paul is sending to the church there. Galatians, you see Galatia right over here in central modern-day Turkey. Ephesians in Ephesus, Philippians in Philippi, right over here, Colossians in Colossae, Thessalonians in Thessalonica, right over here. And this is a major chunk of the Bible that is either written by Paul, or some people think it was written by Paul, or is ascribed to Paul. And what I have here in this deeper orange, these are the books that historians think were actually written by Paul."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "By dummies I by no means am trying to convey that you are a dummy. I am using it as a form of satire, humor, and friendliness. I assure you that all of you have academic intellect and potential if you are somehow harmed by my use of dummies. I apologize in advance. Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. I know what's going on. You got a test in the morning and you're desperate and you found the right video."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "I apologize in advance. Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. I know what's going on. You got a test in the morning and you're desperate and you found the right video. Because what we're going to do in the next few minutes guys is we're going to show you how to guess. How to be a good guesser. Now this system that I'm about to give you, it's no guarantee, but I think it's going to get you between five and ten points."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "You got a test in the morning and you're desperate and you found the right video. Because what we're going to do in the next few minutes guys is we're going to show you how to guess. How to be a good guesser. Now this system that I'm about to give you, it's no guarantee, but I think it's going to get you between five and ten points. Now there's no substitution for the real thing. So if you have time, go watch some content videos, some concept videos. Go brush up on some of those bigger ideas that are on the thematic essay that are definitely going to be in the multiple choice."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Now this system that I'm about to give you, it's no guarantee, but I think it's going to get you between five and ten points. Now there's no substitution for the real thing. So if you have time, go watch some content videos, some concept videos. Go brush up on some of those bigger ideas that are on the thematic essay that are definitely going to be in the multiple choice. If you really want to get a couple extra points, check this out. My only asterisk, my only warning for you is if you're in an AP course, I do AP American Government or if you're in AP US or something like that, just tread lightly with my advice. Answers are much more detailed."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Go brush up on some of those bigger ideas that are on the thematic essay that are definitely going to be in the multiple choice. If you really want to get a couple extra points, check this out. My only asterisk, my only warning for you is if you're in an AP course, I do AP American Government or if you're in AP US or something like that, just tread lightly with my advice. Answers are much more detailed. There's a lot more that they choose from. The content's more specific. On those types of exams, they're more like college exams like they're supposed to be."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Answers are much more detailed. There's a lot more that they choose from. The content's more specific. On those types of exams, they're more like college exams like they're supposed to be. So just be a little weary, but you can listen and you might pick up some ideas. All right. Some of this is pretty ridiculously stupid."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "On those types of exams, they're more like college exams like they're supposed to be. So just be a little weary, but you can listen and you might pick up some ideas. All right. Some of this is pretty ridiculously stupid. You've probably been told to do this before, but I'm going to say it out loud just so we all feel sane. Are you reading the questions out loud? And now I don't mean out loud like the guy who talks to himself out on the subway station, you know, yelling out to himself, but under your breath, if you mumble it like a whisper."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Some of this is pretty ridiculously stupid. You've probably been told to do this before, but I'm going to say it out loud just so we all feel sane. Are you reading the questions out loud? And now I don't mean out loud like the guy who talks to himself out on the subway station, you know, yelling out to himself, but under your breath, if you mumble it like a whisper. So if I'm reading a question and I read it like, you can't hear me, can you? But I can hear myself. Now I don't want to be brain scientist, but I would venture to guess that there's something going on on the internal noodles of your brain there when you are hearing something and reading something and internalizing something rather than just thinking it on kind of one mode in your head."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And now I don't mean out loud like the guy who talks to himself out on the subway station, you know, yelling out to himself, but under your breath, if you mumble it like a whisper. So if I'm reading a question and I read it like, you can't hear me, can you? But I can hear myself. Now I don't want to be brain scientist, but I would venture to guess that there's something going on on the internal noodles of your brain there when you are hearing something and reading something and internalizing something rather than just thinking it on kind of one mode in your head. A lot of times if you're stuck in your head, you're stuck in your head. That's why I said you're stuck in your head. But if you read something out loud, whether it's from another individual or from yourself, you're picking on that all kind of auditory vibe there."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Now I don't want to be brain scientist, but I would venture to guess that there's something going on on the internal noodles of your brain there when you are hearing something and reading something and internalizing something rather than just thinking it on kind of one mode in your head. A lot of times if you're stuck in your head, you're stuck in your head. That's why I said you're stuck in your head. But if you read something out loud, whether it's from another individual or from yourself, you're picking on that all kind of auditory vibe there. And that's going to allow your brain to process it a little bit differently. So read it out loud. All right."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "But if you read something out loud, whether it's from another individual or from yourself, you're picking on that all kind of auditory vibe there. And that's going to allow your brain to process it a little bit differently. So read it out loud. All right. Again, stupid sauce. Are you reading each answer out loud with the question? So for instance, if I have a question and it says, which of the following is Joseph Stalin responsible for?"}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "All right. Again, stupid sauce. Are you reading each answer out loud with the question? So for instance, if I have a question and it says, which of the following is Joseph Stalin responsible for? I would read each one out loud. I would say Joseph Stalin is responsible for creating peace with his neighbors. That doesn't sound right."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So for instance, if I have a question and it says, which of the following is Joseph Stalin responsible for? I would read each one out loud. I would say Joseph Stalin is responsible for creating peace with his neighbors. That doesn't sound right. And if you do that with each one, I'm guessing to venture that one of them is going to spring to life just a little bit. You'll get a little bit of a, and that'll probably be the right answer. So two guessing strategies right away."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "That doesn't sound right. And if you do that with each one, I'm guessing to venture that one of them is going to spring to life just a little bit. You'll get a little bit of a, and that'll probably be the right answer. So two guessing strategies right away. Read it out loud to yourself. Not enough to get yourself in trouble. You know, don't be looking around and going like this and mumbling it because it's going to look like you're cheating."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So two guessing strategies right away. Read it out loud to yourself. Not enough to get yourself in trouble. You know, don't be looking around and going like this and mumbling it because it's going to look like you're cheating. And you know, Chomsky there. But definitely just enough where your ear picks it up. And I think that you're going to, you're going to experience the question a little bit differently."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, don't be looking around and going like this and mumbling it because it's going to look like you're cheating. And you know, Chomsky there. But definitely just enough where your ear picks it up. And I think that you're going to, you're going to experience the question a little bit differently. And then definitely reading each answer with the question statement. So turning that question into a statement, becoming the question in an essence, becoming Joseph Stalin, and then going through each answer as Joseph Stalin. A lot of times will help the answer kind of spring to life."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And I think that you're going to, you're going to experience the question a little bit differently. And then definitely reading each answer with the question statement. So turning that question into a statement, becoming the question in an essence, becoming Joseph Stalin, and then going through each answer as Joseph Stalin. A lot of times will help the answer kind of spring to life. So those are two really basic strategies. Let's look at some other more devious ones. All right."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "A lot of times will help the answer kind of spring to life. So those are two really basic strategies. Let's look at some other more devious ones. All right. Everybody knows the due process of elimination. I can understand that. But how do you do process of elimination?"}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "All right. Everybody knows the due process of elimination. I can understand that. But how do you do process of elimination? Like which ones do you get rid of other than the ones you don't know are correct? These are a couple of guessing strategies that are not going to rock your roof, but they're definitely going to get rid of some answers here and there and everywhere. So if we look at one of the questions that I'm going to put up on the wall, and there we have a question up on the wall."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "But how do you do process of elimination? Like which ones do you get rid of other than the ones you don't know are correct? These are a couple of guessing strategies that are not going to rock your roof, but they're definitely going to get rid of some answers here and there and everywhere. So if we look at one of the questions that I'm going to put up on the wall, and there we have a question up on the wall. And I'm going to read that question to you right now. According to Karl Marx, history is the record of a one granting of more political liberties to all people, the struggle between classes and society, war and conflicts between national leaders and increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization. I'm going to give you two guessing strategies right now, and I want you to apply that to the question."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So if we look at one of the questions that I'm going to put up on the wall, and there we have a question up on the wall. And I'm going to read that question to you right now. According to Karl Marx, history is the record of a one granting of more political liberties to all people, the struggle between classes and society, war and conflicts between national leaders and increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization. I'm going to give you two guessing strategies right now, and I want you to apply that to the question. One of them is you're not allowed to say percentage answers in history. And I usually say 80 to 100%. So what does 80 to 100% mean?"}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm going to give you two guessing strategies right now, and I want you to apply that to the question. One of them is you're not allowed to say percentage answers in history. And I usually say 80 to 100%. So what does 80 to 100% mean? Well, 100% is easy. If I say all Eskimos love the snow, how the hell do you know? I didn't ask all the Eskimos."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So what does 80 to 100% mean? Well, 100% is easy. If I say all Eskimos love the snow, how the hell do you know? I didn't ask all the Eskimos. You ask all the Eskimos? So words like all or never, absolutely, every time, nobody, I don't think so. That doesn't mean that there's never going to be an answer with one of those words in it."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "I didn't ask all the Eskimos. You ask all the Eskimos? So words like all or never, absolutely, every time, nobody, I don't think so. That doesn't mean that there's never going to be an answer with one of those words in it. But if you're guessing, if you're throwing blind darts, man, you might as well apply this. So right away, if we go back to that question, and you look at number one, you can see not only is the word all in there, but the word more is in there. I don't know what more means or some means or those types of kind of numerical percentage types of words."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "That doesn't mean that there's never going to be an answer with one of those words in it. But if you're guessing, if you're throwing blind darts, man, you might as well apply this. So right away, if we go back to that question, and you look at number one, you can see not only is the word all in there, but the word more is in there. I don't know what more means or some means or those types of kind of numerical percentage types of words. And any of those, I would not guess. I'd cross that out. And then here's my other big guessing strategy when you go back to kind of eliminating answers."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "I don't know what more means or some means or those types of kind of numerical percentage types of words. And any of those, I would not guess. I'd cross that out. And then here's my other big guessing strategy when you go back to kind of eliminating answers. And that would be blankets, not washcloths. And what that generally means is that the answers generally are big concept answers. They're important answers."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And then here's my other big guessing strategy when you go back to kind of eliminating answers. And that would be blankets, not washcloths. And what that generally means is that the answers generally are big concept answers. They're important answers. They're not kind of insignificant. It doesn't have to mean insignificant, but kind of more detail-orientated answers. So if you look back up at those answers, and I said we're down to three answers now, which one of those three seems most insignificant in relationship to the other ones?"}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "They're important answers. They're not kind of insignificant. It doesn't have to mean insignificant, but kind of more detail-orientated answers. So if you look back up at those answers, and I said we're down to three answers now, which one of those three seems most insignificant in relationship to the other ones? So is it kind of class struggle, war and conflict, or increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization? And I think that you heard it, that that third one, right, that increasing prosperity brought about industrialization, that's not as big as the other ones. That would be like a washcloth."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So if you look back up at those answers, and I said we're down to three answers now, which one of those three seems most insignificant in relationship to the other ones? So is it kind of class struggle, war and conflict, or increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization? And I think that you heard it, that that third one, right, that increasing prosperity brought about industrialization, that's not as big as the other ones. That would be like a washcloth. Like I could scrub my elbow with that, but not my whole body. That's creepy. But definitely, using process of elimination, we've gotten that bad boy down that maybe you had no idea about down to two answers."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "That would be like a washcloth. Like I could scrub my elbow with that, but not my whole body. That's creepy. But definitely, using process of elimination, we've gotten that bad boy down that maybe you had no idea about down to two answers. And hopefully you would figure it out that it's the struggle between classes and society that Karl Marx is all about. Now this isn't a content lecture. This isn't a concept lecture, so I'm not going over answers."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "But definitely, using process of elimination, we've gotten that bad boy down that maybe you had no idea about down to two answers. And hopefully you would figure it out that it's the struggle between classes and society that Karl Marx is all about. Now this isn't a content lecture. This isn't a concept lecture, so I'm not going over answers. Do that in the other videos. But definitely getting used to this strategy of reading them out loud, of thinking in broad blankets, of eliminating kind of those most, some, all, absolutely types of words is going to get you a couple of noggins on the test there. So let's look at a couple of other strategies and see if we can't get you to pass that bad boy tomorrow morning or next week or whenever you're watching this."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "This isn't a concept lecture, so I'm not going over answers. Do that in the other videos. But definitely getting used to this strategy of reading them out loud, of thinking in broad blankets, of eliminating kind of those most, some, all, absolutely types of words is going to get you a couple of noggins on the test there. So let's look at a couple of other strategies and see if we can't get you to pass that bad boy tomorrow morning or next week or whenever you're watching this. All right, back to that kind of blanket and washcloth idea, I've got a specific strategy that's going to, I think, help you out here if you're not exactly sure what you're doing. And that is what I call kind of pretend homework assignment. Now again, this isn't for an AP class."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's look at a couple of other strategies and see if we can't get you to pass that bad boy tomorrow morning or next week or whenever you're watching this. All right, back to that kind of blanket and washcloth idea, I've got a specific strategy that's going to, I think, help you out here if you're not exactly sure what you're doing. And that is what I call kind of pretend homework assignment. Now again, this isn't for an AP class. If you're in an AP class or an advanced college class, you're going to get detail-orientated questions or essays. But in a basic intro class, in a survey class, in 11th grade, 10th grade, those types of classes, you're going to get essays that are very thematic in nature. So if I throw up that question on the board, take a look at that question."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Now again, this isn't for an AP class. If you're in an AP class or an advanced college class, you're going to get detail-orientated questions or essays. But in a basic intro class, in a survey class, in 11th grade, 10th grade, those types of classes, you're going to get essays that are very thematic in nature. So if I throw up that question on the board, take a look at that question. Tourism is most likely to develop in areas that has, has what, land suited to agriculture, adequate industry to supply consumer demands, a moderate climate with rivers for irrigation, common customs, language and history. So what I tell my kids to do is if you're stuck, if you're really stuck, you don't know what to do at all, pretend I gave you each one of those as a homework assignment, as a thematic essay. If I said tonight, I said, turn into the teacher and go, guys, tonight I'd like you to write an essay about how land is suited to agriculture."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So if I throw up that question on the board, take a look at that question. Tourism is most likely to develop in areas that has, has what, land suited to agriculture, adequate industry to supply consumer demands, a moderate climate with rivers for irrigation, common customs, language and history. So what I tell my kids to do is if you're stuck, if you're really stuck, you don't know what to do at all, pretend I gave you each one of those as a homework assignment, as a thematic essay. If I said tonight, I said, turn into the teacher and go, guys, tonight I'd like you to write an essay about how land is suited to agriculture. If you do that for each one, I'll pretend, guys, do that. Can you do that? Can you go home tonight and significantly think about writing, you know, land adapted to agriculture, suited to agriculture as an essay?"}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "If I said tonight, I said, turn into the teacher and go, guys, tonight I'd like you to write an essay about how land is suited to agriculture. If you do that for each one, I'll pretend, guys, do that. Can you do that? Can you go home tonight and significantly think about writing, you know, land adapted to agriculture, suited to agriculture as an essay? Or what if I said, you know, write an essay about adequate industry to supply consumer demands. Guys, go write an essay about how moderate climates with rivers for irrigation or write an essay about common customs, language and history. One of those should seem like maybe not you want to do it, but it would seem like a rational essay to get assigned in a social studies class."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Can you go home tonight and significantly think about writing, you know, land adapted to agriculture, suited to agriculture as an essay? Or what if I said, you know, write an essay about adequate industry to supply consumer demands. Guys, go write an essay about how moderate climates with rivers for irrigation or write an essay about common customs, language and history. One of those should seem like maybe not you want to do it, but it would seem like a rational essay to get assigned in a social studies class. And I'm hoping that you know the answer, which one would those would be possible. An essay would be four. It would be kind of the common culture question that really when you have that commonality, you have a better chance for nationalism, for kind of togetherness."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "One of those should seem like maybe not you want to do it, but it would seem like a rational essay to get assigned in a social studies class. And I'm hoping that you know the answer, which one would those would be possible. An essay would be four. It would be kind of the common culture question that really when you have that commonality, you have a better chance for nationalism, for kind of togetherness. I'm not teaching content. Let's go through some of the tricks on a test when you're looking at multiple choice because I think that might help you. All right, let's look at the different types of multiple choice answers that they give you rather than the right one."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "It would be kind of the common culture question that really when you have that commonality, you have a better chance for nationalism, for kind of togetherness. I'm not teaching content. Let's go through some of the tricks on a test when you're looking at multiple choice because I think that might help you. All right, let's look at the different types of multiple choice answers that they give you rather than the right one. I mean, obviously, you want to know the right one, but if you know the types of wrong answers they give you, it just gives you a little bit more insight into guessing and to figuring out what the right answer is. So the wrong answers, and generally, there's a throwaway one. You know, what I tell kids is if you see some type of vocabulary that you've never seen before or that just seems foreign to the course or maybe you didn't study it all year, you heard it once, I would rule that out."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "All right, let's look at the different types of multiple choice answers that they give you rather than the right one. I mean, obviously, you want to know the right one, but if you know the types of wrong answers they give you, it just gives you a little bit more insight into guessing and to figuring out what the right answer is. So the wrong answers, and generally, there's a throwaway one. You know, what I tell kids is if you see some type of vocabulary that you've never seen before or that just seems foreign to the course or maybe you didn't study it all year, you heard it once, I would rule that out. I mean, a lot of times you'll, you know, be in an American history test and you'll get the Albany Plan of Union as a multiple choice and, you know, I never heard that before. Well, you should have if you read the book, but we don't really cover that that much. So generally, those types of answers don't pop up on the exam."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, what I tell kids is if you see some type of vocabulary that you've never seen before or that just seems foreign to the course or maybe you didn't study it all year, you heard it once, I would rule that out. I mean, a lot of times you'll, you know, be in an American history test and you'll get the Albany Plan of Union as a multiple choice and, you know, I never heard that before. Well, you should have if you read the book, but we don't really cover that that much. So generally, those types of answers don't pop up on the exam. And then they do opposite answers. So instead of saying that muckraking informs people, they'll say muckraking, you know, leads to people knowing less or something like that. So the concept is there of muckraking informing, but it's an opposite answer."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So generally, those types of answers don't pop up on the exam. And then they do opposite answers. So instead of saying that muckraking informs people, they'll say muckraking, you know, leads to people knowing less or something like that. So the concept is there of muckraking informing, but it's an opposite answer. So watch out for those. The ones that really get kids are the ones that are correct for other answers. So I know there's one up here right now that I have."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So the concept is there of muckraking informing, but it's an opposite answer. So watch out for those. The ones that really get kids are the ones that are correct for other answers. So I know there's one up here right now that I have. Take a look at that question and see if you can figure out which of the answers is wrong but correct for another question. So they're asking, during the progressive era, Jane Addams responded to urban conditions by working to establish. And you go, I don't know."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So I know there's one up here right now that I have. Take a look at that question and see if you can figure out which of the answers is wrong but correct for another question. So they're asking, during the progressive era, Jane Addams responded to urban conditions by working to establish. And you go, I don't know. I don't know about that. I don't know nothing. And you're about to throw the blind dart."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And you go, I don't know. I don't know about that. I don't know nothing. And you're about to throw the blind dart. And you say to yourself, well, are there any tricks in here? Is there maybe something that is true but not necessarily related to maybe, you know, Jane Addams? And as I read the answers, settlement houses that provided assistance to the poor, newspapers that helped to inform Americans about slum conditions, laws that restricted certain immigrant groups or free public schools located in inner city neighborhoods, I would say apply the strategies we've already gone through."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And you're about to throw the blind dart. And you say to yourself, well, are there any tricks in here? Is there maybe something that is true but not necessarily related to maybe, you know, Jane Addams? And as I read the answers, settlement houses that provided assistance to the poor, newspapers that helped to inform Americans about slum conditions, laws that restricted certain immigrant groups or free public schools located in inner city neighborhoods, I would say apply the strategies we've already gone through. Which one of those answers is something you haven't studied this year? Look at those. I mean, seriously, there is one that you might know something about, but they don't talk about it in class."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And as I read the answers, settlement houses that provided assistance to the poor, newspapers that helped to inform Americans about slum conditions, laws that restricted certain immigrant groups or free public schools located in inner city neighborhoods, I would say apply the strategies we've already gone through. Which one of those answers is something you haven't studied this year? Look at those. I mean, seriously, there is one that you might know something about, but they don't talk about it in class. Which one would that be? Have you heard about immigrant groups before? Of course you have."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, seriously, there is one that you might know something about, but they don't talk about it in class. Which one would that be? Have you heard about immigrant groups before? Of course you have. So that's not a throwaway answer. What about newspapers and informing people of things? Yeah, you've probably heard of that before, and you've certainly seen the vocabulary word settlement houses, but you don't know about free public schools in inner city neighborhoods."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Of course you have. So that's not a throwaway answer. What about newspapers and informing people of things? Yeah, you've probably heard of that before, and you've certainly seen the vocabulary word settlement houses, but you don't know about free public schools in inner city neighborhoods. No, you don't know about that. So throw that guy out. And then I'm looking for the one that is correct for another question."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, you've probably heard of that before, and you've certainly seen the vocabulary word settlement houses, but you don't know about free public schools in inner city neighborhoods. No, you don't know about that. So throw that guy out. And then I'm looking for the one that is correct for another question. And that's the hardest one because you have to know something about the question. But can you guess the wrong right answer? Which one's wrong but right for another question?"}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And then I'm looking for the one that is correct for another question. And that's the hardest one because you have to know something about the question. But can you guess the wrong right answer? Which one's wrong but right for another question? That would be two. Newspapers that helped inform Americans about slum conditions. That's correct for the muckraking question, which is progressive era, which Jane Addams lives in, but that's not the Jane Addams question."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Which one's wrong but right for another question? That would be two. Newspapers that helped inform Americans about slum conditions. That's correct for the muckraking question, which is progressive era, which Jane Addams lives in, but that's not the Jane Addams question. So the correct answer would be A, settlement houses. But looking for those different types of wrong answers, and I'll say them one more time. Throwaway answers, ugly cousin answers, answers that are related but they're off a little bit, opposite answers, and answers that are correct for another question, which is I think the ones that a lot of kids pick because they'll get that question."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "That's correct for the muckraking question, which is progressive era, which Jane Addams lives in, but that's not the Jane Addams question. So the correct answer would be A, settlement houses. But looking for those different types of wrong answers, and I'll say them one more time. Throwaway answers, ugly cousin answers, answers that are related but they're off a little bit, opposite answers, and answers that are correct for another question, which is I think the ones that a lot of kids pick because they'll get that question. They'll say, you know, C, separate is equal, or separate may be equal, separate can be equal, and they go, oh, I learned that. But they're not asking maybe, you know, about Plessy or they're asking about Schenck or they're asking another question. So let's review really quick some of the multiple choice guessing strategies that are going to get you across the finish line when you take your big test."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Throwaway answers, ugly cousin answers, answers that are related but they're off a little bit, opposite answers, and answers that are correct for another question, which is I think the ones that a lot of kids pick because they'll get that question. They'll say, you know, C, separate is equal, or separate may be equal, separate can be equal, and they go, oh, I learned that. But they're not asking maybe, you know, about Plessy or they're asking about Schenck or they're asking another question. So let's review really quick some of the multiple choice guessing strategies that are going to get you across the finish line when you take your big test. Correct for another question, that would be two, newspapers that helped inform Americans about slum conditions. That's correct for the mock-raking question, which is progressive era, which Jane Addams lives in, but that's not the Jane Addams question. So the correct answer would be A, settlement houses."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's review really quick some of the multiple choice guessing strategies that are going to get you across the finish line when you take your big test. Correct for another question, that would be two, newspapers that helped inform Americans about slum conditions. That's correct for the mock-raking question, which is progressive era, which Jane Addams lives in, but that's not the Jane Addams question. So the correct answer would be A, settlement houses. But looking for those different types of wrong answers, and I'll say them one more time. Throwaway answers, ugly cousin answers, answers that are related but they're off a little bit, opposite answers, and answers that are correct for another question, which is I think the ones that a lot of kids pick because they'll get that question. They'll say, you know, C, separate is equal, or separate may be equal, separate can be equal, and they go, oh, I learned that."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So the correct answer would be A, settlement houses. But looking for those different types of wrong answers, and I'll say them one more time. Throwaway answers, ugly cousin answers, answers that are related but they're off a little bit, opposite answers, and answers that are correct for another question, which is I think the ones that a lot of kids pick because they'll get that question. They'll say, you know, C, separate is equal, or separate may be equal, separate can be equal, and they go, oh, I learned that. But they're not asking maybe, you know, about Plessy or they're asking about Schenck or they're asking another question. So let's review really quick some of the multiple choice guessing strategies that are going to get you across the finish line when you take your big test. All right, here we go."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "They'll say, you know, C, separate is equal, or separate may be equal, separate can be equal, and they go, oh, I learned that. But they're not asking maybe, you know, about Plessy or they're asking about Schenck or they're asking another question. So let's review really quick some of the multiple choice guessing strategies that are going to get you across the finish line when you take your big test. All right, here we go. Let's just kind of summarize, guys. Number one, read those questions under your breath, all right? Read each answer with the question, and I think many times that strategy right there will bring the kind of knowledge to the surface because, you know, everything you've ever heard or learned is in that noodle somewhere, and many times it's just kind of a trigger that needs to happen for it to bubble to the surface."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "All right, here we go. Let's just kind of summarize, guys. Number one, read those questions under your breath, all right? Read each answer with the question, and I think many times that strategy right there will bring the kind of knowledge to the surface because, you know, everything you've ever heard or learned is in that noodle somewhere, and many times it's just kind of a trigger that needs to happen for it to bubble to the surface. But then if you get down to the process of elimination kind of process, remember to avoid those percentage types of answers. Definitely 100% answers like all and absolutely and never, but even answers like mostly or sometimes if you're guessing, they are not good bets to do. And then blankets not washcloths is my other favorite one."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Read each answer with the question, and I think many times that strategy right there will bring the kind of knowledge to the surface because, you know, everything you've ever heard or learned is in that noodle somewhere, and many times it's just kind of a trigger that needs to happen for it to bubble to the surface. But then if you get down to the process of elimination kind of process, remember to avoid those percentage types of answers. Definitely 100% answers like all and absolutely and never, but even answers like mostly or sometimes if you're guessing, they are not good bets to do. And then blankets not washcloths is my other favorite one. Just kind of picking out which one sounds like a thematic essay, sounds like the instructor would give it to you as a homework assignment, and then getting rid of those detailed kind of answers, the ones that probably aren't big enough to be on a test, ones that are, I'm not saying insignificant, but really focus in on a smaller piece of history rather than are broad, thematic, big ideas, thesis, theme-orientated. And then knowing the answers, knowing the types of answers helps a lot. Number one, so you don't get bamboozled into picking the one that is correct for another question but then really looking for, you know, opposite answers and throwaway answers."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And then blankets not washcloths is my other favorite one. Just kind of picking out which one sounds like a thematic essay, sounds like the instructor would give it to you as a homework assignment, and then getting rid of those detailed kind of answers, the ones that probably aren't big enough to be on a test, ones that are, I'm not saying insignificant, but really focus in on a smaller piece of history rather than are broad, thematic, big ideas, thesis, theme-orientated. And then knowing the answers, knowing the types of answers helps a lot. Number one, so you don't get bamboozled into picking the one that is correct for another question but then really looking for, you know, opposite answers and throwaway answers. The last strategy that I didn't go over that I'm going to give to you which is maybe the worst one ever but it works sometimes is the thumbs up, thumbs down question or strategy. If you read a question like you read this one about Stalin, it even says a negative effect of Stalin. So that's easy."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Number one, so you don't get bamboozled into picking the one that is correct for another question but then really looking for, you know, opposite answers and throwaway answers. The last strategy that I didn't go over that I'm going to give to you which is maybe the worst one ever but it works sometimes is the thumbs up, thumbs down question or strategy. If you read a question like you read this one about Stalin, it even says a negative effect of Stalin. So that's easy. You can figure it out. That means the answer has got to be thumbs down. So then look at the answers up there."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So that's easy. You can figure it out. That means the answer has got to be thumbs down. So then look at the answers up there. Look at them and do each one. Is that thumbs up or thumbs down? Thumbs up?"}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "So then look at the answers up there. Look at them and do each one. Is that thumbs up or thumbs down? Thumbs up? Is thumbs up? Thumbs up? Thumbs down?"}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Thumbs up? Is thumbs up? Thumbs up? Thumbs down? So that's a great strategy if you're at the end of the rope, you don't know what to do. Read the question and categorize it as thumbs up, thumbs down and then keep that thumbs up up and that thumbs down down. And go down to the multiple choice and make sure that it's going to match so the answer is thumbs down if the question is thumbs down."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Thumbs down? So that's a great strategy if you're at the end of the rope, you don't know what to do. Read the question and categorize it as thumbs up, thumbs down and then keep that thumbs up up and that thumbs down down. And go down to the multiple choice and make sure that it's going to match so the answer is thumbs down if the question is thumbs down. There are some strategies, you do what you're going to do. But in the meantime, if you have some time, there's a couple of resources that I'd like to make available to you. If you're going to bed and having trouble the night before, as creepy as this sounds, if use as a meditation out there for you guys."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And go down to the multiple choice and make sure that it's going to match so the answer is thumbs down if the question is thumbs down. There are some strategies, you do what you're going to do. But in the meantime, if you have some time, there's a couple of resources that I'd like to make available to you. If you're going to bed and having trouble the night before, as creepy as this sounds, if use as a meditation out there for you guys. That'll help you fall asleep and we'll talk a little bit about tests and ideas and it's really about US history but you could probably use that for other test anxiety nights that you're trying to fall asleep. Definitely look through the playlists. We're big on US history."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "If you're going to bed and having trouble the night before, as creepy as this sounds, if use as a meditation out there for you guys. That'll help you fall asleep and we'll talk a little bit about tests and ideas and it's really about US history but you could probably use that for other test anxiety nights that you're trying to fall asleep. Definitely look through the playlists. We're big on US history. We have a big US history and government playlist down there but we also have politics and world history and some other topical kind of videos that might hook you up. And then definitely look in the description because if it's not me that's going to help you, it's somebody else on YouTube. Whether it's going to be CPG Gray or it's going to be ViHard or it's going to be ASAP Science."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "We're big on US history. We have a big US history and government playlist down there but we also have politics and world history and some other topical kind of videos that might hook you up. And then definitely look in the description because if it's not me that's going to help you, it's somebody else on YouTube. Whether it's going to be CPG Gray or it's going to be ViHard or it's going to be ASAP Science. There's just tons and tons of web resources and YouTubers out there that are being curated and shown off because they help kids learn. So if I'm not your guy, find your guy or your gal and go do some learning. And good luck tomorrow guys."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "Whether it's going to be CPG Gray or it's going to be ViHard or it's going to be ASAP Science. There's just tons and tons of web resources and YouTubers out there that are being curated and shown off because they help kids learn. So if I'm not your guy, find your guy or your gal and go do some learning. And good luck tomorrow guys. Alright, you want to get a good night's sleep, I'm not going to give you the cheesy, you know, get a good sleep breakfast kind of idea, kind of strategy but you're an idiot if you don't. So good luck. Where attention goes, energy flows."}, {"video_title": "How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies.m4a", "Sentence": "And good luck tomorrow guys. Alright, you want to get a good night's sleep, I'm not going to give you the cheesy, you know, get a good sleep breakfast kind of idea, kind of strategy but you're an idiot if you don't. So good luck. Where attention goes, energy flows. Subscribe to my channel or I'm going to hunt you down like a dog. Alright, see you. I'm out of here."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. We're so glad that you made it because I got a little pot on the stove here of the Russian Revolution. I want to cook you up a meal of learning. That's right guys, big ideas, context, vocabs, things that anybody can understand. Certainly this isn't going to write your historical research paper for you. You're going to have to do a little bit more of the learning and the reading, but we certainly think that we can get you the basics. So why don't you sit back, put your feet up, get a drink, because I think I hear the train of learning coming."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's right guys, big ideas, context, vocabs, things that anybody can understand. Certainly this isn't going to write your historical research paper for you. You're going to have to do a little bit more of the learning and the reading, but we certainly think that we can get you the basics. So why don't you sit back, put your feet up, get a drink, because I think I hear the train of learning coming. Would you stop it at the station of now. Alright so I would start off by saying there's probably five or six causes, probably three big ones. The first one is definitely absolute monarchism."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So why don't you sit back, put your feet up, get a drink, because I think I hear the train of learning coming. Would you stop it at the station of now. Alright so I would start off by saying there's probably five or six causes, probably three big ones. The first one is definitely absolute monarchism. Russia for hundreds and hundreds of years, 1500 years or something, basically had an absolute monarch system. Not unlike the divine kings of England or France or Italy or wherever, the Russians were called Tsars. The Tsars wielded divine right, absolute power."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The first one is definitely absolute monarchism. Russia for hundreds and hundreds of years, 1500 years or something, basically had an absolute monarch system. Not unlike the divine kings of England or France or Italy or wherever, the Russians were called Tsars. The Tsars wielded divine right, absolute power. They certainly sometimes had benevolent leaders, Peter the Great, but then they also had Ivan the Terrible. So depending on who you were dealt with, what bloodline ran into the palace, that's really what determined the type of government that you had. And certainly Nicholas the Second, oh vocab, he's got vocab."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Tsars wielded divine right, absolute power. They certainly sometimes had benevolent leaders, Peter the Great, but then they also had Ivan the Terrible. So depending on who you were dealt with, what bloodline ran into the palace, that's really what determined the type of government that you had. And certainly Nicholas the Second, oh vocab, he's got vocab. Nicholas the Second is the last Tsar of Russia. And Nicholas the Second is a little bit conservative, a little bit traditional. Doesn't like the idea of not being a divine king."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And certainly Nicholas the Second, oh vocab, he's got vocab. Nicholas the Second is the last Tsar of Russia. And Nicholas the Second is a little bit conservative, a little bit traditional. Doesn't like the idea of not being a divine king. And that's probably cause number one because in 1905 there is the first revolution. So in a sense we can even go to the second cause of the major revolution which is the first revolution. In 1905, I believe it was a priest who brought a list of grievances to the Winter Palace."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Doesn't like the idea of not being a divine king. And that's probably cause number one because in 1905 there is the first revolution. So in a sense we can even go to the second cause of the major revolution which is the first revolution. In 1905, I believe it was a priest who brought a list of grievances to the Winter Palace. There were tens of thousands of workers on strike and he was representing those workers who were beginning to form what were called Soviets, kind of representative bodies of the workers who felt that they were getting screwed. They're working 13 hours a day, they're getting paid almost nothing, they're cramped into little apartments, they have no rights. So this list of grievances, which included freedom of speech and it included, like we said, workers' rights and increase in pay, women's work pay, eight hour work day, and representational government."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1905, I believe it was a priest who brought a list of grievances to the Winter Palace. There were tens of thousands of workers on strike and he was representing those workers who were beginning to form what were called Soviets, kind of representative bodies of the workers who felt that they were getting screwed. They're working 13 hours a day, they're getting paid almost nothing, they're cramped into little apartments, they have no rights. So this list of grievances, which included freedom of speech and it included, like we said, workers' rights and increase in pay, women's work pay, eight hour work day, and representational government. They thought that the Tsar would be like, okay, let's talk it out. And what happened was, I think the Tsar wasn't home and the priest walks in with all the people, they got a little, bang, bang, bang, bang, bloody, bloody Sunday. This is called Bloody Sunday."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So this list of grievances, which included freedom of speech and it included, like we said, workers' rights and increase in pay, women's work pay, eight hour work day, and representational government. They thought that the Tsar would be like, okay, let's talk it out. And what happened was, I think the Tsar wasn't home and the priest walks in with all the people, they got a little, bang, bang, bang, bang, bloody, bloody Sunday. This is called Bloody Sunday. And whether the Tsar knew it or not, it's going to have humongous ripple effects across Russia. You're going to have massive protests, really forcing Nicholas II into a bind. Even he can see the writing on the wall."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This is called Bloody Sunday. And whether the Tsar knew it or not, it's going to have humongous ripple effects across Russia. You're going to have massive protests, really forcing Nicholas II into a bind. Even he can see the writing on the wall. If this guy doesn't throw a dog biscuit, the kingdom's going to come a-crashin' down. So he issues what's called the October Manifesto, and in the October Manifesto he makes a series of promises. One of them is to give people the right of representation, in a sense setting up like a Great Britain system of a parliamentary democracy with a monarch."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Even he can see the writing on the wall. If this guy doesn't throw a dog biscuit, the kingdom's going to come a-crashin' down. So he issues what's called the October Manifesto, and in the October Manifesto he makes a series of promises. One of them is to give people the right of representation, in a sense setting up like a Great Britain system of a parliamentary democracy with a monarch. It's called the Duma, and people were supposed to be able to have representation in the Duma and they would share power with the Tsar and PSYCH! That's why it's a cause of the 1917 revolution. I think that Nicholas II had an opportunity here to share power and maybe history's a different story if he does that."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "One of them is to give people the right of representation, in a sense setting up like a Great Britain system of a parliamentary democracy with a monarch. It's called the Duma, and people were supposed to be able to have representation in the Duma and they would share power with the Tsar and PSYCH! That's why it's a cause of the 1917 revolution. I think that Nicholas II had an opportunity here to share power and maybe history's a different story if he does that. Maybe the Russia of today doesn't even have a Soviet Union past, it's more of a parliamentary monarchy system. Who knows what could have happened? But because he reneged on that deal, because he abolished the Duma after he created it, he wouldn't share power, he's just like, nah, nah, nah, nah, nah, in the corner."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I think that Nicholas II had an opportunity here to share power and maybe history's a different story if he does that. Maybe the Russia of today doesn't even have a Soviet Union past, it's more of a parliamentary monarchy system. Who knows what could have happened? But because he reneged on that deal, because he abolished the Duma after he created it, he wouldn't share power, he's just like, nah, nah, nah, nah, nah, in the corner. He's really pushing Russia over the brink into revolution. All right, let's go find another cause of the Russian Revolution because I'm talking too much. Here we go."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But because he reneged on that deal, because he abolished the Duma after he created it, he wouldn't share power, he's just like, nah, nah, nah, nah, nah, in the corner. He's really pushing Russia over the brink into revolution. All right, let's go find another cause of the Russian Revolution because I'm talking too much. Here we go. I'm trying to list them in order, but it's hard to list them in order because all of these causes are big causes. World War I, that might even rank on top of the 1905 Russian Revolution. World War I is just cray-cray."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Here we go. I'm trying to list them in order, but it's hard to list them in order because all of these causes are big causes. World War I, that might even rank on top of the 1905 Russian Revolution. World War I is just cray-cray. It's a disaster. I think that Nicholas II believed that the war would benefit him, that nationalism and patriotism, people would come running to the Tsar, he would be the great leader again, but he gets his ass whooped. Not only does he get his ass whooped, but he becomes like commander of the army and gets his ass whooped, which makes it even worse."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "World War I is just cray-cray. It's a disaster. I think that Nicholas II believed that the war would benefit him, that nationalism and patriotism, people would come running to the Tsar, he would be the great leader again, but he gets his ass whooped. Not only does he get his ass whooped, but he becomes like commander of the army and gets his ass whooped, which makes it even worse. The Ottoman Empire, which allied with Germany, is a humongous southern blockade now. The Russians can't get supplies. They begin to run out of food."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Not only does he get his ass whooped, but he becomes like commander of the army and gets his ass whooped, which makes it even worse. The Ottoman Empire, which allied with Germany, is a humongous southern blockade now. The Russians can't get supplies. They begin to run out of food. Prices soar through the roof. You have huge inflation. You have massive urbanization and poverty."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They begin to run out of food. Prices soar through the roof. You have huge inflation. You have massive urbanization and poverty. These economic reasons, along with the deaths, there's like 10 million casualties of the Russians in World War I. 10 million, 10 million, like 2 million dead. It's just crazy that this is beginning like a sewer to back up."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You have massive urbanization and poverty. These economic reasons, along with the deaths, there's like 10 million casualties of the Russians in World War I. 10 million, 10 million, like 2 million dead. It's just crazy that this is beginning like a sewer to back up. That's going to be a cause of the Russian Revolution. Another reason would be the philosophy of Marxism. I see it right there."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's just crazy that this is beginning like a sewer to back up. That's going to be a cause of the Russian Revolution. Another reason would be the philosophy of Marxism. I see it right there. I'm going to go grab the Marxism project. This is not a philosophy course. You just have to understand the very, very basics of Marxism."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I see it right there. I'm going to go grab the Marxism project. This is not a philosophy course. You just have to understand the very, very basics of Marxism. There's two things I want to explain to you. One of them is Marxism. The other one is Marxist Leninism."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You just have to understand the very, very basics of Marxism. There's two things I want to explain to you. One of them is Marxism. The other one is Marxist Leninism. Marxism is a philosophy by Karl Marx, who wrote books like Das Kapital, that is really like a way of looking at the world. He sees the world through glasses where everything is kind of colored by property and money and ownership. He sees really the future of the world going towards a split, where you have a group of people, the majority, who are the workers."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The other one is Marxist Leninism. Marxism is a philosophy by Karl Marx, who wrote books like Das Kapital, that is really like a way of looking at the world. He sees the world through glasses where everything is kind of colored by property and money and ownership. He sees really the future of the world going towards a split, where you have a group of people, the majority, who are the workers. They're called the proletarian. That's the vocab up on the wall. The proletarian are the ones who work and work and work and never get ahead because they don't own what they create."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He sees really the future of the world going towards a split, where you have a group of people, the majority, who are the workers. They're called the proletarian. That's the vocab up on the wall. The proletarian are the ones who work and work and work and never get ahead because they don't own what they create. They're working for wages. In Karl Marx's mind, everything is tainted by this, relationships and money and opportunity, everything. On the other side, you have the bourgeoisie."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The proletarian are the ones who work and work and work and never get ahead because they don't own what they create. They're working for wages. In Karl Marx's mind, everything is tainted by this, relationships and money and opportunity, everything. On the other side, you have the bourgeoisie. Now, if that's just not the most fun word to say ever, bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie are the property owners, the artisans and the merchants, the business owners, the ones that really are making more money in Marx's mind with working less. This ownership alone is giving them the right to capital and this is splitting the world."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "On the other side, you have the bourgeoisie. Now, if that's just not the most fun word to say ever, bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie are the property owners, the artisans and the merchants, the business owners, the ones that really are making more money in Marx's mind with working less. This ownership alone is giving them the right to capital and this is splitting the world. He basically sees the end all as communism, where the proletarian will eventually wake up with numbers. They will elect governments that are socialistic governments, which basically share the resources for the betterment of all. Then eventually, communism isn't even a government."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This ownership alone is giving them the right to capital and this is splitting the world. He basically sees the end all as communism, where the proletarian will eventually wake up with numbers. They will elect governments that are socialistic governments, which basically share the resources for the betterment of all. Then eventually, communism isn't even a government. Communism is a stateless system of utopia where everybody shares. I forget what the quote is. The quote is, from each according to his ability to each according of his need."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Then eventually, communism isn't even a government. Communism is a stateless system of utopia where everybody shares. I forget what the quote is. The quote is, from each according to his ability to each according of his need. This concept that everybody will give and take what they want and what they need and it will all work out. I'm not even going there. Now Marxist Leninism is a little bit different."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The quote is, from each according to his ability to each according of his need. This concept that everybody will give and take what they want and what they need and it will all work out. I'm not even going there. Now Marxist Leninism is a little bit different. What Lenin said, and this is Vladimir Lenin, he will be basically the head of the Russian Revolution, the first dictator of the Soviet Union. He takes Marxism one step further and he says, if we wait for this to naturally develop, we'll all be dead. What we need is a dictatorship of the proletarian."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now Marxist Leninism is a little bit different. What Lenin said, and this is Vladimir Lenin, he will be basically the head of the Russian Revolution, the first dictator of the Soviet Union. He takes Marxism one step further and he says, if we wait for this to naturally develop, we'll all be dead. What we need is a dictatorship of the proletarian. We need a political party to represent the interest of the workers before they even know what their interests are. By driving that through military leadership, you can create the socialism necessary to create eventually communism. He's basically Marx with a gun."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "What we need is a dictatorship of the proletarian. We need a political party to represent the interest of the workers before they even know what their interests are. By driving that through military leadership, you can create the socialism necessary to create eventually communism. He's basically Marx with a gun. That would be another major cause. I would stick with those three. You could talk about the Germans, there's a major propaganda arm in Russia because of the war."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's basically Marx with a gun. That would be another major cause. I would stick with those three. You could talk about the Germans, there's a major propaganda arm in Russia because of the war. You have rapid industrialization which has occurred. You could put that as a reason. The fact that you had characters that are really weird in the story like Rasputin."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You could talk about the Germans, there's a major propaganda arm in Russia because of the war. You have rapid industrialization which has occurred. You could put that as a reason. The fact that you had characters that are really weird in the story like Rasputin. Look at that guy. Now you just went, eh. I know you went, eh."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The fact that you had characters that are really weird in the story like Rasputin. Look at that guy. Now you just went, eh. I know you went, eh. Now what if I told you that not only is he a freakwood, that he is a Russian mystic religious figure who can heal people, that also was a sex addict, that has a story about things that I don't even want to talk about because I'll get censored. He's advising the Tsar and his wife. He's advising them on military matters."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I know you went, eh. Now what if I told you that not only is he a freakwood, that he is a Russian mystic religious figure who can heal people, that also was a sex addict, that has a story about things that I don't even want to talk about because I'll get censored. He's advising the Tsar and his wife. He's advising them on military matters. The Tsar was, I think, infatuated with him and his wife, certainly, because he claimed that he could heal their hemophilia, which is a blood disease that runs in families that hook up with each other. Now it's just gone off the wall and it's nuts. Rasputin, I think, is another reason for the Russian Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's advising them on military matters. The Tsar was, I think, infatuated with him and his wife, certainly, because he claimed that he could heal their hemophilia, which is a blood disease that runs in families that hook up with each other. Now it's just gone off the wall and it's nuts. Rasputin, I think, is another reason for the Russian Revolution. The people don't, they already don't trust their government. Now they're hanging out and taking orders from that guy. Eeks."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Rasputin, I think, is another reason for the Russian Revolution. The people don't, they already don't trust their government. Now they're hanging out and taking orders from that guy. Eeks. All right, let's get on to the revolution. Revolution! All right, so it's the end of 1916."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Eeks. All right, let's get on to the revolution. Revolution! All right, so it's the end of 1916. Even the nobles know that something bad is going to happen. They tried to kind of blunt the force of the trauma by taking out Rasputin themselves. That's a really great story."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "All right, so it's the end of 1916. Even the nobles know that something bad is going to happen. They tried to kind of blunt the force of the trauma by taking out Rasputin themselves. That's a really great story. You should Google it right now. Do that right now in another window. Death of Rasputin."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's a really great story. You should Google it right now. Do that right now in another window. Death of Rasputin. I believe that they, let me get this right, they invite him to a party. They get the guy drunk on cyanide. They give him all this poison to kill him."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Death of Rasputin. I believe that they, let me get this right, they invite him to a party. They get the guy drunk on cyanide. They give him all this poison to kill him. Doesn't kill him, right? Then they got nervous because they poisoned him, so they shot him in the back. Then when they checked on the body, he had gotten up, tried to crawl away."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They give him all this poison to kill him. Doesn't kill him, right? Then they got nervous because they poisoned him, so they shot him in the back. Then when they checked on the body, he had gotten up, tried to crawl away. So then they like beat him to death, they bully clubbed him, and they shot him in the chest. And then, I guess he's still breathing, so they put him in a bag or a box, they throw him in the river, and they end up finding out that he tried to claw his way out and he had water in his lungs. That might be a little bit of embellishment on the internet, but it's a great story."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Then when they checked on the body, he had gotten up, tried to crawl away. So then they like beat him to death, they bully clubbed him, and they shot him in the chest. And then, I guess he's still breathing, so they put him in a bag or a box, they throw him in the river, and they end up finding out that he tried to claw his way out and he had water in his lungs. That might be a little bit of embellishment on the internet, but it's a great story. All right, so by 1917, we're at the end here, guys. The February Revolution. And remember, there's two revolutions."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That might be a little bit of embellishment on the internet, but it's a great story. All right, so by 1917, we're at the end here, guys. The February Revolution. And remember, there's two revolutions. There's the February Revolution, which is a moderate revolution, and then the Radical Revolution, the Communist Revolution in October. So basically, Petrograd, which was St. Petersburg, they changed the name, had a mini kind of strike develop. The Petrograd workers went on strike, the industrial workers."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And remember, there's two revolutions. There's the February Revolution, which is a moderate revolution, and then the Radical Revolution, the Communist Revolution in October. So basically, Petrograd, which was St. Petersburg, they changed the name, had a mini kind of strike develop. The Petrograd workers went on strike, the industrial workers. There's like 50,000 of them. By March, the whole city is shut down, and they start really kind of revolting. They're ripping down statues of the Tsar."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Petrograd workers went on strike, the industrial workers. There's like 50,000 of them. By March, the whole city is shut down, and they start really kind of revolting. They're ripping down statues of the Tsar. The Tsar kind of goes a little nuts, tries to get the army to squash the rebellion. The army's like, ain't gonna do it, I'm not gonna do it. We're with them."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're ripping down statues of the Tsar. The Tsar kind of goes a little nuts, tries to get the army to squash the rebellion. The army's like, ain't gonna do it, I'm not gonna do it. We're with them. And basically, the Tsar regime falls apart. The Tsar is put under house arrest. They stopped his train, took him off the train."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're with them. And basically, the Tsar regime falls apart. The Tsar is put under house arrest. They stopped his train, took him off the train. And now the Duma, which was created in 1905 to share power with the Tsar, is now in complete power. So let's take a look at February to October and find out why this provisional government, which was a very social democratic orientated government that believed in civil liberties, why it didn't last. Because I think if it lasted, if it did some things differently, the world would be a lot different today."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They stopped his train, took him off the train. And now the Duma, which was created in 1905 to share power with the Tsar, is now in complete power. So let's take a look at February to October and find out why this provisional government, which was a very social democratic orientated government that believed in civil liberties, why it didn't last. Because I think if it lasted, if it did some things differently, the world would be a lot different today. All right, so this is the period that some historians will call the dual power period, even though it's not really dual power. Dual power means you've got like two institutions that are running the country. The real one running the country is the provisional government."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Because I think if it lasted, if it did some things differently, the world would be a lot different today. All right, so this is the period that some historians will call the dual power period, even though it's not really dual power. Dual power means you've got like two institutions that are running the country. The real one running the country is the provisional government. And the provisional government was a bourgeoisie government. You know, people that basically owned property and had influence, the elites of society. They're running the country and they're basically social democrats, like Europeans."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The real one running the country is the provisional government. And the provisional government was a bourgeoisie government. You know, people that basically owned property and had influence, the elites of society. They're running the country and they're basically social democrats, like Europeans. You know, they want to vote, they want freedom, they want private property, they want capitalism, they want ownership of property, and these sorts of things. And then you have the corresponding Soviets. These Soviets that were formed in 1905, in the 1905 revolution, that see themselves not as representing all of the people, but they literally see themselves as representing the interest of the workers."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're running the country and they're basically social democrats, like Europeans. You know, they want to vote, they want freedom, they want private property, they want capitalism, they want ownership of property, and these sorts of things. And then you have the corresponding Soviets. These Soviets that were formed in 1905, in the 1905 revolution, that see themselves not as representing all of the people, but they literally see themselves as representing the interest of the workers. And that period, in the beginning of that period, from what I've read, they didn't see an opportunity for them to take over. They didn't think Russia was ready for revolution. They saw themselves as like a political lobby group."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "These Soviets that were formed in 1905, in the 1905 revolution, that see themselves not as representing all of the people, but they literally see themselves as representing the interest of the workers. And that period, in the beginning of that period, from what I've read, they didn't see an opportunity for them to take over. They didn't think Russia was ready for revolution. They saw themselves as like a political lobby group. And they met where the government met, but they didn't vote. They put influence on the bourgeoisie to make sure that the rights of the workers, the interests of the workers, were being legitimately looked after. Kind of like unions in America, I would say."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They saw themselves as like a political lobby group. And they met where the government met, but they didn't vote. They put influence on the bourgeoisie to make sure that the rights of the workers, the interests of the workers, were being legitimately looked after. Kind of like unions in America, I would say. But the provisional government makes a big mistake. Now the leader of the provisional government, Alexander Kerensky, he was actually a socialist. He kind of crossed over."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Kind of like unions in America, I would say. But the provisional government makes a big mistake. Now the leader of the provisional government, Alexander Kerensky, he was actually a socialist. He kind of crossed over. There's different socialists. We can't do all of it, guys. But the main ones were the Mensheviks, and then you have the Bolsheviks."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He kind of crossed over. There's different socialists. We can't do all of it, guys. But the main ones were the Mensheviks, and then you have the Bolsheviks. And the Bolsheviks are much more radical. They don't want to work with the provisional government. Kind of like this in the corner, you know, kind of pissed."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But the main ones were the Mensheviks, and then you have the Bolsheviks. And the Bolsheviks are much more radical. They don't want to work with the provisional government. Kind of like this in the corner, you know, kind of pissed. And that's Lenin, and that's what, you know, Trotsky is another name. But Kerensky, he's not a Bolshevik. He's kind of a democrat, social democrat, Menshevik kind of guy."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Kind of like this in the corner, you know, kind of pissed. And that's Lenin, and that's what, you know, Trotsky is another name. But Kerensky, he's not a Bolshevik. He's kind of a democrat, social democrat, Menshevik kind of guy. So he crosses over and runs the provisional government. So the provisional government is really moderate. It's like center-left, I guess, in today's politics."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's kind of a democrat, social democrat, Menshevik kind of guy. So he crosses over and runs the provisional government. So the provisional government is really moderate. It's like center-left, I guess, in today's politics. But they make a huge mistake. And the mistake is they don't get out of World War I. So by not getting out of World War I, even doing all of the other things correctly, like freedom of speech and representation and, you know, these types of social Western democratic concepts, the people are pissed."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's like center-left, I guess, in today's politics. But they make a huge mistake. And the mistake is they don't get out of World War I. So by not getting out of World War I, even doing all of the other things correctly, like freedom of speech and representation and, you know, these types of social Western democratic concepts, the people are pissed. They're pissed because there's still conscription. They're still losing the war. They have a humongously bad economy."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So by not getting out of World War I, even doing all of the other things correctly, like freedom of speech and representation and, you know, these types of social Western democratic concepts, the people are pissed. They're pissed because there's still conscription. They're still losing the war. They have a humongously bad economy. People are starving to death. There's humongous riots and strikes going on. And at the end of the day, they can't keep the lid on the pot."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They have a humongously bad economy. People are starving to death. There's humongous riots and strikes going on. And at the end of the day, they can't keep the lid on the pot. So let's move on. So Vladimir Lenin. Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, these are the two Bolsheviks, the radical communists, the ones that want to create this dictatorship of the proletarian."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And at the end of the day, they can't keep the lid on the pot. So let's move on. So Vladimir Lenin. Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, these are the two Bolsheviks, the radical communists, the ones that want to create this dictatorship of the proletarian. They're really on the ounce. At the beginning of the revolution of February 1917, I believe that the Bolsheviks only had about 20,000 members. And even at the height of the revolution in October, they only had about 200,000."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, these are the two Bolsheviks, the radical communists, the ones that want to create this dictatorship of the proletarian. They're really on the ounce. At the beginning of the revolution of February 1917, I believe that the Bolsheviks only had about 20,000 members. And even at the height of the revolution in October, they only had about 200,000. So this is a real minority that's going to take power. It's truly the dictatorship of the proletarian, a small group that represents the interests of the workers, who's going to basically hijack the government in the interest of socialism and communism. So Lenin, who was exiled to Switzerland, comes back, I believe, in April of 1917, after his political party wasn't banned anymore by the Social Democrats."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And even at the height of the revolution in October, they only had about 200,000. So this is a real minority that's going to take power. It's truly the dictatorship of the proletarian, a small group that represents the interests of the workers, who's going to basically hijack the government in the interest of socialism and communism. So Lenin, who was exiled to Switzerland, comes back, I believe, in April of 1917, after his political party wasn't banned anymore by the Social Democrats. The provisional government. And the Germans fund him and secretly get him through the front through a train to get him back. The Germans, you know, initially, they love the idea of the Bolsheviks taking over."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So Lenin, who was exiled to Switzerland, comes back, I believe, in April of 1917, after his political party wasn't banned anymore by the Social Democrats. The provisional government. And the Germans fund him and secretly get him through the front through a train to get him back. The Germans, you know, initially, they love the idea of the Bolsheviks taking over. They're for Lenin. They're paying for his ride because he represents the idea that maybe Russia will get out of the war. So you have Lenin and Trotsky now, these kind of little rebel rousers in Petrograd."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Germans, you know, initially, they love the idea of the Bolsheviks taking over. They're for Lenin. They're paying for his ride because he represents the idea that maybe Russia will get out of the war. So you have Lenin and Trotsky now, these kind of little rebel rousers in Petrograd. And during the provisional government, when everything's kind of going to hell in a hand basket, a couple things happen. One of them is a spontaneous revolution in July by the workers of Petrograd. They took to the streets and they were marching, yelling, all power to the Soviets."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So you have Lenin and Trotsky now, these kind of little rebel rousers in Petrograd. And during the provisional government, when everything's kind of going to hell in a hand basket, a couple things happen. One of them is a spontaneous revolution in July by the workers of Petrograd. They took to the streets and they were marching, yelling, all power to the Soviets. And really, this was probably the chance for the Bolsheviks to take over, but they folded. Lenin didn't support it right away. He didn't want the revolution."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They took to the streets and they were marching, yelling, all power to the Soviets. And really, this was probably the chance for the Bolsheviks to take over, but they folded. Lenin didn't support it right away. He didn't want the revolution. He was exiled to Finland. They arrest Trotsky. And really, that first Bolshevik revolution in July was crushed."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He didn't want the revolution. He was exiled to Finland. They arrest Trotsky. And really, that first Bolshevik revolution in July was crushed. And then in August, something else happens. In August, the military tries a coup. The military tries to take over the provisional government, really to have a dictatorship of authoritarian totalitarianism by the military."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And really, that first Bolshevik revolution in July was crushed. And then in August, something else happens. In August, the military tries a coup. The military tries to take over the provisional government, really to have a dictatorship of authoritarian totalitarianism by the military. And what happened was Kerensky, the provisional leader, and I know I got a lot of names going on here, he falls back to getting the Bolsheviks to defend him. The Bolsheviks were the soldiers, many of them. Many of them were Navy officers and workers, and they're called up to defend the city of Petrograd."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The military tries to take over the provisional government, really to have a dictatorship of authoritarian totalitarianism by the military. And what happened was Kerensky, the provisional leader, and I know I got a lot of names going on here, he falls back to getting the Bolsheviks to defend him. The Bolsheviks were the soldiers, many of them. Many of them were Navy officers and workers, and they're called up to defend the city of Petrograd. So Kerensky now owes the provisional government's life to the Bolsheviks. So he releases Trotsky out of jail, and then Lenin comes back from Finland, and then by the end of September, near October, the Bolsheviks see their chance. So what's really interesting, and I don't think a lot of people understand this, is that the October Revolution is pretty much a bloodless revolution."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Many of them were Navy officers and workers, and they're called up to defend the city of Petrograd. So Kerensky now owes the provisional government's life to the Bolsheviks. So he releases Trotsky out of jail, and then Lenin comes back from Finland, and then by the end of September, near October, the Bolsheviks see their chance. So what's really interesting, and I don't think a lot of people understand this, is that the October Revolution is pretty much a bloodless revolution. It's not a revolution like the American Revolution against the British. It's not a French Revolution where all these people run around with their heads cut off. It's really a coordinated, planned revolution."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So what's really interesting, and I don't think a lot of people understand this, is that the October Revolution is pretty much a bloodless revolution. It's not a revolution like the American Revolution against the British. It's not a French Revolution where all these people run around with their heads cut off. It's really a coordinated, planned revolution. And I think that's what it owes its success to. The October Revolution is not the February Revolution. The February Revolution was chaotic."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's really a coordinated, planned revolution. And I think that's what it owes its success to. The October Revolution is not the February Revolution. The February Revolution was chaotic. It was crazy. It just kind of happened. And out of that chaos, you had a chaotic provisional government."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The February Revolution was chaotic. It was crazy. It just kind of happened. And out of that chaos, you had a chaotic provisional government. But Trotsky and Lenin planned this bad boy. With the control of the Soviets, taking a majority in major cities, they basically voted through the Soviets to dissolve the provisional government. And that's what happens."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And out of that chaos, you had a chaotic provisional government. But Trotsky and Lenin planned this bad boy. With the control of the Soviets, taking a majority in major cities, they basically voted through the Soviets to dissolve the provisional government. And that's what happens. At the end of October 1917, the Soviet Union is created, and the provisional government is dissolved, and we got ourselves the Soviet Union. How do you like that? With the dictator Lenin, the dictatorship of the proletariat."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's what happens. At the end of October 1917, the Soviet Union is created, and the provisional government is dissolved, and we got ourselves the Soviet Union. How do you like that? With the dictator Lenin, the dictatorship of the proletariat. Look at that. Alright guys, we finally got there. So what are the effects of the Communist Revolution of 1917?"}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "With the dictator Lenin, the dictatorship of the proletariat. Look at that. Alright guys, we finally got there. So what are the effects of the Communist Revolution of 1917? Whoa, that's the first effect. 20th century, baby. The whole 20th century is basically defined by this kind of, you know, us versus them world of the Soviet Union being the engine of communism, trying to spread it around the world and the United States and the Allied powers trying to stomp it out around the world."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So what are the effects of the Communist Revolution of 1917? Whoa, that's the first effect. 20th century, baby. The whole 20th century is basically defined by this kind of, you know, us versus them world of the Soviet Union being the engine of communism, trying to spread it around the world and the United States and the Allied powers trying to stomp it out around the world. So that's really going to be the major effect is that we've split the world in a sense. Now this really doesn't come into fruition until after World War II because the Soviet Union immediately faced, this is another effect, its own civil war. From 1918 to 1923, the Russians fought themselves."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The whole 20th century is basically defined by this kind of, you know, us versus them world of the Soviet Union being the engine of communism, trying to spread it around the world and the United States and the Allied powers trying to stomp it out around the world. So that's really going to be the major effect is that we've split the world in a sense. Now this really doesn't come into fruition until after World War II because the Soviet Union immediately faced, this is another effect, its own civil war. From 1918 to 1923, the Russians fought themselves. The White Army, who was basically all the groups against the communists, and look, when the communists start seizing land to share the wealth, you're going to piss off a lot of farmers. And those farmers and the bourgeoisie and the business owners and even radicals on the right, fascists and people that are for a different style of totalitarianism, unite. And they unite with lots of momo."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "From 1918 to 1923, the Russians fought themselves. The White Army, who was basically all the groups against the communists, and look, when the communists start seizing land to share the wealth, you're going to piss off a lot of farmers. And those farmers and the bourgeoisie and the business owners and even radicals on the right, fascists and people that are for a different style of totalitarianism, unite. And they unite with lots of momo. Japan is feeding them money. Great Britain is feeding them money. The United States, the humongous financial supporter of the White Army, even giving them military advisor with some boots on the ground."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And they unite with lots of momo. Japan is feeding them money. Great Britain is feeding them money. The United States, the humongous financial supporter of the White Army, even giving them military advisor with some boots on the ground. So the White Army fights the Red Army for, what, is it going to be five years? Millions of deaths, just chaos, death, and destruction as the Soviet Union eventually comes under complete control of the communists. And what the communists did, the first thing they do, it's a one-party rule."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The United States, the humongous financial supporter of the White Army, even giving them military advisor with some boots on the ground. So the White Army fights the Red Army for, what, is it going to be five years? Millions of deaths, just chaos, death, and destruction as the Soviet Union eventually comes under complete control of the communists. And what the communists did, the first thing they do, it's a one-party rule. They ban other political parties. They're going to cleanse the party of idealism and opposition and pluralism. Democracy, voting, these sorts of things get in the way of the dictatorship of the proletarian, which is on this march for socialism and communism."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And what the communists did, the first thing they do, it's a one-party rule. They ban other political parties. They're going to cleanse the party of idealism and opposition and pluralism. Democracy, voting, these sorts of things get in the way of the dictatorship of the proletarian, which is on this march for socialism and communism. What else? The czar is dead. The provisional government kept him alive, but during the Civil War, the Red Army didn't want any sort of legacy hanging out."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Democracy, voting, these sorts of things get in the way of the dictatorship of the proletarian, which is on this march for socialism and communism. What else? The czar is dead. The provisional government kept him alive, but during the Civil War, the Red Army didn't want any sort of legacy hanging out. So not only did they shoot the czar, but they shot his wife. They shot all of his children. That's just kind of a sad story right there."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The provisional government kept him alive, but during the Civil War, the Red Army didn't want any sort of legacy hanging out. So not only did they shoot the czar, but they shot his wife. They shot all of his children. That's just kind of a sad story right there. Another effect is absolutely going to be the Russians pulling out of World War I. The Bolsheviks said they would do it, and they live up to their word. They pull out of World War I, and it's probably going to be one of the reasons they're going to be able to sustain power, because they pulled out of the war."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's just kind of a sad story right there. Another effect is absolutely going to be the Russians pulling out of World War I. The Bolsheviks said they would do it, and they live up to their word. They pull out of World War I, and it's probably going to be one of the reasons they're going to be able to sustain power, because they pulled out of the war. They're seen as kind of as the ones who did what they said they were going to do. But the major effect on World War I is it's going to pull the United States into World War I and sending troops across the Atlantic Ocean into Europe. And I think that's really going to nosedive into the United States, even though we retreat to isolationism as being a world power."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They pull out of World War I, and it's probably going to be one of the reasons they're going to be able to sustain power, because they pulled out of the war. They're seen as kind of as the ones who did what they said they were going to do. But the major effect on World War I is it's going to pull the United States into World War I and sending troops across the Atlantic Ocean into Europe. And I think that's really going to nosedive into the United States, even though we retreat to isolationism as being a world power. So thanks, Soviet Union! We hope that you learned something. We hope that you wrinkled your brain."}, {"video_title": "The Russian Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And I think that's really going to nosedive into the United States, even though we retreat to isolationism as being a world power. So thanks, Soviet Union! We hope that you learned something. We hope that you wrinkled your brain. And we hope that you subscribe to Hip Hughes, because how else are you going to help me out other than clicking the subscription button, you dummies? I love you. Make sure that you click the description below."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In a previous video, we already talked about the feudal system, how you can have a king, and then you might have some vassals of the king who give an oath of fealty to the king in the homage or homage ceremony. Might be a duke. And you could keep going down this. Maybe you have a count. Maybe you have a baron. And you could keep going down this chain of nobility where one noble is pledging fealty to the king, is a king's vassal, but then they are lord of another vassal. And you keep going all the way down until you get to a plot of land where the actual work might occur."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Maybe you have a count. Maybe you have a baron. And you could keep going down this chain of nobility where one noble is pledging fealty to the king, is a king's vassal, but then they are lord of another vassal. And you keep going all the way down until you get to a plot of land where the actual work might occur. And that term is often referred to as a manor. And a manor just doesn't happen at the bottom of this pyramid. A duke can have a manor, and they can split up the rest of their duchy and give sections of it to form counties that could be led by counts."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you keep going all the way down until you get to a plot of land where the actual work might occur. And that term is often referred to as a manor. And a manor just doesn't happen at the bottom of this pyramid. A duke can have a manor, and they can split up the rest of their duchy and give sections of it to form counties that could be led by counts. But what we're going to focus on in this video is the manor itself, because that's where life in a medieval community actually takes place. And the work on a manor is done essentially by the lowest rung of the ladder. And that is both free peasants and also by serfs."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "A duke can have a manor, and they can split up the rest of their duchy and give sections of it to form counties that could be led by counts. But what we're going to focus on in this video is the manor itself, because that's where life in a medieval community actually takes place. And the work on a manor is done essentially by the lowest rung of the ladder. And that is both free peasants and also by serfs. To get a sense of what a medieval manor could have looked like, here's a picture. This would have been a particularly fancy manor right over here. This is a ducal manor."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that is both free peasants and also by serfs. To get a sense of what a medieval manor could have looked like, here's a picture. This would have been a particularly fancy manor right over here. This is a ducal manor. So this would have been the manor of a duke. So it could be something like that right over here. And in this picture, you see the manor house, which in this case is the duke's castle."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is a ducal manor. So this would have been the manor of a duke. So it could be something like that right over here. And in this picture, you see the manor house, which in this case is the duke's castle. In many medieval communities were the highest ranking of the nobility, right beneath the king. And so we see these people actually working the field. And we don't know from looking at them, some of them might be free peasants."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in this picture, you see the manor house, which in this case is the duke's castle. In many medieval communities were the highest ranking of the nobility, right beneath the king. And so we see these people actually working the field. And we don't know from looking at them, some of them might be free peasants. Maybe this gentleman right over here is a free peasant. And this person right over here is a serf. And the word serf comes from the Latin for service, the same word that eventually gives us words like servant."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we don't know from looking at them, some of them might be free peasants. Maybe this gentleman right over here is a free peasant. And this person right over here is a serf. And the word serf comes from the Latin for service, the same word that eventually gives us words like servant. And there's some place in between a free peasant and a slave. They are bonded to the lord of the manor. In this case, it would be a duke, but you could go down this hierarchy."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the word serf comes from the Latin for service, the same word that eventually gives us words like servant. And there's some place in between a free peasant and a slave. They are bonded to the lord of the manor. In this case, it would be a duke, but you could go down this hierarchy. You could have a manor where the lord is a baron or the lord is a knight or the lord is just someone who is very wealthy and somehow got access to a fiefdom. So the serfs are bonded to the land. They can't leave without their permission."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In this case, it would be a duke, but you could go down this hierarchy. You could have a manor where the lord is a baron or the lord is a knight or the lord is just someone who is very wealthy and somehow got access to a fiefdom. So the serfs are bonded to the land. They can't leave without their permission. They are allowed to cultivate certain tracts of land themselves, but they also have to work for their lord. So they might help plant crops and harvest crops in the lord's land as well. And they also give a percentage of everything that they grow or everything that they do to the actual lord."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They can't leave without their permission. They are allowed to cultivate certain tracts of land themselves, but they also have to work for their lord. So they might help plant crops and harvest crops in the lord's land as well. And they also give a percentage of everything that they grow or everything that they do to the actual lord. And if the lord needs to go into war, they might have to be soldiers in that war. You might be wondering, well, that sounds pretty bad. It sounds similar to being a slave."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they also give a percentage of everything that they grow or everything that they do to the actual lord. And if the lord needs to go into war, they might have to be soldiers in that war. You might be wondering, well, that sounds pretty bad. It sounds similar to being a slave. One of the key differences is that a serf actually can accumulate things on their own. They can actually own property. Now, another term or sometimes a subcategorization of serf in the Middle Ages is the term villain."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It sounds similar to being a slave. One of the key differences is that a serf actually can accumulate things on their own. They can actually own property. Now, another term or sometimes a subcategorization of serf in the Middle Ages is the term villain. And I know what you're thinking. You have heard that term before. The villain today means a bad guy."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, another term or sometimes a subcategorization of serf in the Middle Ages is the term villain. And I know what you're thinking. You have heard that term before. The villain today means a bad guy. But the term originally comes from the Roman Empire when Diocletian, the famous emperor who persecuted Christians, he also, because they were having trouble getting labor in rural villas, he began to decree that certain people had to work in the villas. And so someone who was compelled to work at a villa was called a villain. And so they were bonded to the land."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The villain today means a bad guy. But the term originally comes from the Roman Empire when Diocletian, the famous emperor who persecuted Christians, he also, because they were having trouble getting labor in rural villas, he began to decree that certain people had to work in the villas. And so someone who was compelled to work at a villa was called a villain. And so they were bonded to the land. They were a type of serf. Now, the fact that villain in English, it means someone who is bad, it gives you an idea how in a lot of languages, in a lot of cultures, the notion of being captive or bonded and poor gets associated with being bad, which seems very contrary to our modern view of the world. Now, to get a top-level view of what a manor might look like, we don't know what type of manor this is in particular, but the manor house here seems a little bit more humble than this ducal manor right over here."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so they were bonded to the land. They were a type of serf. Now, the fact that villain in English, it means someone who is bad, it gives you an idea how in a lot of languages, in a lot of cultures, the notion of being captive or bonded and poor gets associated with being bad, which seems very contrary to our modern view of the world. Now, to get a top-level view of what a manor might look like, we don't know what type of manor this is in particular, but the manor house here seems a little bit more humble than this ducal manor right over here. This could be a, maybe a baron's manor house. Now, the manor often had a village. This is where the serfs or the free peasants might live, keep their homes."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, to get a top-level view of what a manor might look like, we don't know what type of manor this is in particular, but the manor house here seems a little bit more humble than this ducal manor right over here. This could be a, maybe a baron's manor house. Now, the manor often had a village. This is where the serfs or the free peasants might live, keep their homes. And then you see the land that is cultivated collectively by this community, not just the actors that we've just talked about. You might also have a church or a monastery on that manor right over here. And these strips of land, they might have different crops and the output of those crops go to different people."}, {"video_title": "Serfs and manorialism World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is where the serfs or the free peasants might live, keep their homes. And then you see the land that is cultivated collectively by this community, not just the actors that we've just talked about. You might also have a church or a monastery on that manor right over here. And these strips of land, they might have different crops and the output of those crops go to different people. The one common factor is the lord of the manor might get all of the crops from some of these strips, while on the other strips, they get the taxation, so they'll get a certain percentage from the crops there. But all of the work is done by the serfs and the free peasants, and possibly, if this is a monastery and there are some monks at the monastery. Now, one interesting thing is why you often see in these manor maps these long strips of land."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "What I'm going to do in this video is give a very high-level history of some of the significant events in Judaism. And I will use the word history loosely because historians aren't able to really find a lot of evidence for some of what I'm going to talk about before the first millennium BCE. These stories we get from the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, often referred to as the Torah, also the first five books of the Old Testament. Also, we get them from the Muslim Quran. But there isn't a lot of historical evidence for them. And so many historians view it more along the lines of legend, but there are many people who view these as historic facts and have attempted to place them on a historic timeline. And what I'm going to do in this video is I'm going to attempt to fit onto this historic timeline where some of those, the people who believe it did happen, where they, when they believed it happened, but keep in mind that there's not a lot of strong archeological evidence, historical record here, and these accounts were written several hundred years after when they were purported to occur."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, we get them from the Muslim Quran. But there isn't a lot of historical evidence for them. And so many historians view it more along the lines of legend, but there are many people who view these as historic facts and have attempted to place them on a historic timeline. And what I'm going to do in this video is I'm going to attempt to fit onto this historic timeline where some of those, the people who believe it did happen, where they, when they believed it happened, but keep in mind that there's not a lot of strong archeological evidence, historical record here, and these accounts were written several hundred years after when they were purported to occur. So let's start in the beginning. Let's start in the book of Genesis, in the Torah and the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament. And I'm not going to go into detail on the book of Genesis."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what I'm going to do in this video is I'm going to attempt to fit onto this historic timeline where some of those, the people who believe it did happen, where they, when they believed it happened, but keep in mind that there's not a lot of strong archeological evidence, historical record here, and these accounts were written several hundred years after when they were purported to occur. So let's start in the beginning. Let's start in the book of Genesis, in the Torah and the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament. And I'm not going to go into detail on the book of Genesis. It starts, of course, with God, the monotheistic God, creating the heavens and earth. And then we have the stories of Adam and Eve, and then several generations later, the story of the great flood of Noah. And then Noah's son, Shem."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I'm not going to go into detail on the book of Genesis. It starts, of course, with God, the monotheistic God, creating the heavens and earth. And then we have the stories of Adam and Eve, and then several generations later, the story of the great flood of Noah. And then Noah's son, Shem. And I talk about Shem because this is where the word Semitic comes from. You might refer to, you might have heard people refer to Jewish people as Semitic, but also Arab people are referred to as Semitic because according to biblical accounts, they are both viewed as descendants of Abraham, who is a descendant of Shem. So they are viewed as Semitic."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then Noah's son, Shem. And I talk about Shem because this is where the word Semitic comes from. You might refer to, you might have heard people refer to Jewish people as Semitic, but also Arab people are referred to as Semitic because according to biblical accounts, they are both viewed as descendants of Abraham, who is a descendant of Shem. So they are viewed as Semitic. The first real significant patriarch of the Hebrew Bible is considered Abraham, who I just mentioned. And it has Abraham moving from Ur, from the city of Ur, and there's debate on which Ur that is. It might be the ancient Sumerian city in lower Mesopotamia, or some people believe that it was an Ur in upper Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So they are viewed as Semitic. The first real significant patriarch of the Hebrew Bible is considered Abraham, who I just mentioned. And it has Abraham moving from Ur, from the city of Ur, and there's debate on which Ur that is. It might be the ancient Sumerian city in lower Mesopotamia, or some people believe that it was an Ur in upper Mesopotamia. But regardless of which account you take, and once again, Abraham is considered by many historians as a legendary figure, so there's not clear evidence that he existed in a historical sense. But if you take the accounts in the Old Testament and the Hebrew Bible, he would have gone with his family from Ur and eventually migrated to Canaan, which is in near or around modern-day Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, that general area. So it's either from this Ur or that Ur."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It might be the ancient Sumerian city in lower Mesopotamia, or some people believe that it was an Ur in upper Mesopotamia. But regardless of which account you take, and once again, Abraham is considered by many historians as a legendary figure, so there's not clear evidence that he existed in a historical sense. But if you take the accounts in the Old Testament and the Hebrew Bible, he would have gone with his family from Ur and eventually migrated to Canaan, which is in near or around modern-day Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, that general area. So it's either from this Ur or that Ur. And Abraham is considered the first of the three significant patriarchs for the Jewish people. The other two are Isaac and Jacob. And once again, I could do a whole series of videos on the stories of Abraham."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So it's either from this Ur or that Ur. And Abraham is considered the first of the three significant patriarchs for the Jewish people. The other two are Isaac and Jacob. And once again, I could do a whole series of videos on the stories of Abraham. But Abraham's first son is Ishmael, who he has with the servant of his wife, Sarah, after they determined that they're not able to, or they don't think that they're able to have children. And according to biblical accounts, Ishmael is viewed as the progenitor, as the patriarch of the Arab people. But later in life, Abraham, and at this point, he is roughly 100 years old, and his wife, Sarah, according to biblical accounts, is in her 90s, they have Isaac, who is considered a significant patriarch in Judaism."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And once again, I could do a whole series of videos on the stories of Abraham. But Abraham's first son is Ishmael, who he has with the servant of his wife, Sarah, after they determined that they're not able to, or they don't think that they're able to have children. And according to biblical accounts, Ishmael is viewed as the progenitor, as the patriarch of the Arab people. But later in life, Abraham, and at this point, he is roughly 100 years old, and his wife, Sarah, according to biblical accounts, is in her 90s, they have Isaac, who is considered a significant patriarch in Judaism. And this is the famous, this is a painting by Rembrandt of the famous Abraham being willing to sacrifice his son, Isaac, but then he gets stopped at the last minute. But it's viewed as a sign of his willingness to his faith in God, and his willingness to follow God. Now, Isaac's son is Jacob, and Jacob is later named by God as Israel."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But later in life, Abraham, and at this point, he is roughly 100 years old, and his wife, Sarah, according to biblical accounts, is in her 90s, they have Isaac, who is considered a significant patriarch in Judaism. And this is the famous, this is a painting by Rembrandt of the famous Abraham being willing to sacrifice his son, Isaac, but then he gets stopped at the last minute. But it's viewed as a sign of his willingness to his faith in God, and his willingness to follow God. Now, Isaac's son is Jacob, and Jacob is later named by God as Israel. And so this is where the word Israelites come from, and even the modern state of Israel. Now, one of Jacob's son is Joseph, and once again, this is according to biblical accounts, there isn't a lot of historical evidence here. But it's a fascinating story, the story of Joseph, how he is sold by his brothers into slavery, and taken from Canaan to Egypt."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Isaac's son is Jacob, and Jacob is later named by God as Israel. And so this is where the word Israelites come from, and even the modern state of Israel. Now, one of Jacob's son is Joseph, and once again, this is according to biblical accounts, there isn't a lot of historical evidence here. But it's a fascinating story, the story of Joseph, how he is sold by his brothers into slavery, and taken from Canaan to Egypt. But Joseph, once again, fascinating story, is eventually able to rise through the ranks, become the vizier of Egypt, and later, his family, including Jacob, come to Egypt when there's a famine in Canaan. And that is the explanation for the biblical settlement of a significant fraction of the Israelites in Egypt. But then they are enslaved, and according to biblical accounts, they are enslaved for 400 years, over 400 years."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's a fascinating story, the story of Joseph, how he is sold by his brothers into slavery, and taken from Canaan to Egypt. But Joseph, once again, fascinating story, is eventually able to rise through the ranks, become the vizier of Egypt, and later, his family, including Jacob, come to Egypt when there's a famine in Canaan. And that is the explanation for the biblical settlement of a significant fraction of the Israelites in Egypt. But then they are enslaved, and according to biblical accounts, they are enslaved for 400 years, over 400 years. And that's what you see in this green line right over here. And they stay enslaved in Egypt until we get to Moses, who is considered the most significant of the prophets in the Jewish tradition, and one of the very most significant prophets amongst Christians and Muslims. So let's get to Moses."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then they are enslaved, and according to biblical accounts, they are enslaved for 400 years, over 400 years. And that's what you see in this green line right over here. And they stay enslaved in Egypt until we get to Moses, who is considered the most significant of the prophets in the Jewish tradition, and one of the very most significant prophets amongst Christians and Muslims. So let's get to Moses. So Moses' story, once again, one of these famous stories, how the pharaoh is feeling threatened by the growing population of the Jewish people, who, remember, are enslaved. And so, as the story goes, he orders all newborn Hebrew Jewish boys to be killed, but Moses' mother hides Moses, and he puts him on a basket in the Nile, and the pharaoh's daughter discovers him and raises Moses. And so he's able to get an education and is part of the royal court of the pharaoh."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's get to Moses. So Moses' story, once again, one of these famous stories, how the pharaoh is feeling threatened by the growing population of the Jewish people, who, remember, are enslaved. And so, as the story goes, he orders all newborn Hebrew Jewish boys to be killed, but Moses' mother hides Moses, and he puts him on a basket in the Nile, and the pharaoh's daughter discovers him and raises Moses. And so he's able to get an education and is part of the royal court of the pharaoh. But later in life, he sees a slave master that's abusing a Jewish person to death, and then he kills the slave master. And so he's afraid for his life, and so he runs away, fearing the penalty for killing the slave master, and he goes to Mount Sinai or Mount Horeb, and this is where we think the biblical Mount, this is where the current Mount Sinai, Mount Horeb, is, and that's where we think the biblical one might have been. And that's where we have the story of the burning bush, where he is commanded by God, who is kind of the angel of the Lord, is speaking through this bush, and telling Moses, go back, and you need to free the Jewish people from enslavement."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so he's able to get an education and is part of the royal court of the pharaoh. But later in life, he sees a slave master that's abusing a Jewish person to death, and then he kills the slave master. And so he's afraid for his life, and so he runs away, fearing the penalty for killing the slave master, and he goes to Mount Sinai or Mount Horeb, and this is where we think the biblical Mount, this is where the current Mount Sinai, Mount Horeb, is, and that's where we think the biblical one might have been. And that's where we have the story of the burning bush, where he is commanded by God, who is kind of the angel of the Lord, is speaking through this bush, and telling Moses, go back, and you need to free the Jewish people from enslavement. And so he does go back, and he is able to liberate them, and once again, this is a very famous story, and the pharaoh's armies follow him, he parts the Red Sea, the pharaoh's army is eventually destroyed, and he takes the Jewish people back to Mount Sinai and Mount Horeb. These are sometimes viewed as two different mountains, sometimes the same mountains, different sides of the same mountains, we are not exactly sure, but most people view them as the same mountain. And it was at Mount Sinai, Mount Horeb, where now Moses is able to receive the famous Ten Commandments, and he's able to receive the Jewish laws."}, {"video_title": "Overview of early Judaism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's where we have the story of the burning bush, where he is commanded by God, who is kind of the angel of the Lord, is speaking through this bush, and telling Moses, go back, and you need to free the Jewish people from enslavement. And so he does go back, and he is able to liberate them, and once again, this is a very famous story, and the pharaoh's armies follow him, he parts the Red Sea, the pharaoh's army is eventually destroyed, and he takes the Jewish people back to Mount Sinai and Mount Horeb. These are sometimes viewed as two different mountains, sometimes the same mountains, different sides of the same mountains, we are not exactly sure, but most people view them as the same mountain. And it was at Mount Sinai, Mount Horeb, where now Moses is able to receive the famous Ten Commandments, and he's able to receive the Jewish laws. And the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, the Torah, the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Old Testament, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, these, the authorship of these is ascribed to Moses. So once Moses, and once again, historians really debate that but this is according to biblical accounts. Now, once he receives this word of God, he then takes the Jewish people, they set up a tabernacle, they go through the desert for 40 years, and he brings them to the Promised Land, and before entering, Moses dies."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "After his death, over the course of the 9th century, his empire is broken up. His successors are not able to carry on that title. But then we get into the 10th century. As you can see here, the empire of Charlemagne has now broken up. The west, West Francia, starting to resemble modern-day France, not quite exactly. And the eastern 2 3rds are now under the control of Otto, a German king. And because of his ability to offer protection and frankly, just his power, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As you can see here, the empire of Charlemagne has now broken up. The west, West Francia, starting to resemble modern-day France, not quite exactly. And the eastern 2 3rds are now under the control of Otto, a German king. And because of his ability to offer protection and frankly, just his power, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. One of the reasons why this is significant, once again, it's saying, hey, the Byzantine Emperor isn't really the heir to the Roman Empire. It's this Holy Roman Emperor. But Otto is able to create a line of Holy Roman Emperors that continues all the way until 1806 when they are conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And because of his ability to offer protection and frankly, just his power, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. One of the reasons why this is significant, once again, it's saying, hey, the Byzantine Emperor isn't really the heir to the Roman Empire. It's this Holy Roman Emperor. But Otto is able to create a line of Holy Roman Emperors that continues all the way until 1806 when they are conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte. Now, the Holy Roman Empire itself, and Voltaire famously said it is neither holy nor Roman nor an empire, over various stages in its history is fragmented. It's many kingdoms with different levels of autonomy. But under Otto, it was quite unified."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But Otto is able to create a line of Holy Roman Emperors that continues all the way until 1806 when they are conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte. Now, the Holy Roman Empire itself, and Voltaire famously said it is neither holy nor Roman nor an empire, over various stages in its history is fragmented. It's many kingdoms with different levels of autonomy. But under Otto, it was quite unified. Now, as we get into the 11th century, the divide between east and west becomes even more pronounced. We've already talked about this ongoing power struggle between west and east, between which bishops have primacy over Christendom. We've talked about, hey, who is the real heir to the Roman Empire?"}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But under Otto, it was quite unified. Now, as we get into the 11th century, the divide between east and west becomes even more pronounced. We've already talked about this ongoing power struggle between west and east, between which bishops have primacy over Christendom. We've talked about, hey, who is the real heir to the Roman Empire? We've talked about Latin versus Greek. We've talked about the Germanic kings having influence now and really following the west. We've talked about the notion of philoque."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We've talked about, hey, who is the real heir to the Roman Empire? We've talked about Latin versus Greek. We've talked about the Germanic kings having influence now and really following the west. We've talked about the notion of philoque. And those aren't all of the issues. On top of that, you have this notion of leavened and unleavened bread, wherein the west, in their mass, when they are consecrating the bread to be viewed as the body of Christ, they used unleavened bread based on the belief that this is what Christ used during the Last Supper. And the east, they said, no, we have agreed to use leavened bread."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We've talked about the notion of philoque. And those aren't all of the issues. On top of that, you have this notion of leavened and unleavened bread, wherein the west, in their mass, when they are consecrating the bread to be viewed as the body of Christ, they used unleavened bread based on the belief that this is what Christ used during the Last Supper. And the east, they said, no, we have agreed to use leavened bread. And so this is one further tension, even more than the actual issues, are the sense of, well, why do you think you have the right to tell me what to do? And as we get into 1053, you have what are known as the Latin churches in Constantinople being shut down by the Patriarch of Constantinople, Patriarch Serularius or Carularius, saying that, hey, these guys are going against what is actually acceptable in Christianity. Now, in retaliation, you have Pope Leo IX shutting down what would be known as Greek churches and how they practice in the Italian Peninsula, either closing them down or forcing them to practice the way the Latins practice."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the east, they said, no, we have agreed to use leavened bread. And so this is one further tension, even more than the actual issues, are the sense of, well, why do you think you have the right to tell me what to do? And as we get into 1053, you have what are known as the Latin churches in Constantinople being shut down by the Patriarch of Constantinople, Patriarch Serularius or Carularius, saying that, hey, these guys are going against what is actually acceptable in Christianity. Now, in retaliation, you have Pope Leo IX shutting down what would be known as Greek churches and how they practice in the Italian Peninsula, either closing them down or forcing them to practice the way the Latins practice. Now, there's a whole complicated series of events as we go into 1053 and 1054. Letters are sent back and forth. Eventually, Pope Leo IX sends a delegation to Constantinople. Part of it is to see if they can coordinate against Norman conquerors on the Italian Peninsula, but part of it is also to make clear what Pope Leo IX believes, that, hey, you have no right to criticize us about this unleavened bread."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, in retaliation, you have Pope Leo IX shutting down what would be known as Greek churches and how they practice in the Italian Peninsula, either closing them down or forcing them to practice the way the Latins practice. Now, there's a whole complicated series of events as we go into 1053 and 1054. Letters are sent back and forth. Eventually, Pope Leo IX sends a delegation to Constantinople. Part of it is to see if they can coordinate against Norman conquerors on the Italian Peninsula, but part of it is also to make clear what Pope Leo IX believes, that, hey, you have no right to criticize us about this unleavened bread. You don't have authority over us. I am the Pope in Rome. I have the seat of Peter, first amongst apostles."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Part of it is to see if they can coordinate against Norman conquerors on the Italian Peninsula, but part of it is also to make clear what Pope Leo IX believes, that, hey, you have no right to criticize us about this unleavened bread. You don't have authority over us. I am the Pope in Rome. I have the seat of Peter, first amongst apostles. And the leader of the delegation is a particularly proud and principled individual. When they go to Constantinople, Patriarch Serularius doesn't even meet them, essentially is rebuffing their demands. And so because of that, that delegation decides to excommunicate Serularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, the leader of what is now the most important church in the East."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I have the seat of Peter, first amongst apostles. And the leader of the delegation is a particularly proud and principled individual. When they go to Constantinople, Patriarch Serularius doesn't even meet them, essentially is rebuffing their demands. And so because of that, that delegation decides to excommunicate Serularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, the leader of what is now the most important church in the East. Remember, the other significant centers of Christianity are now under Muslim rule. Well, in retaliation to that, Patriarch Serularius says, hey, you can't excommunicate me. In fact, I'm going to excommunicate you."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so because of that, that delegation decides to excommunicate Serularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, the leader of what is now the most important church in the East. Remember, the other significant centers of Christianity are now under Muslim rule. Well, in retaliation to that, Patriarch Serularius says, hey, you can't excommunicate me. In fact, I'm going to excommunicate you. And he excommunicates the delegation. Excommunication says, I am making you, I am saying you are no longer part of the church. Now, when all of these cross-excommunications are happening, many people probably view this as, hey, this is just a power struggle between folks, probably not a big deal."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, I'm going to excommunicate you. And he excommunicates the delegation. Excommunication says, I am making you, I am saying you are no longer part of the church. Now, when all of these cross-excommunications are happening, many people probably view this as, hey, this is just a power struggle between folks, probably not a big deal. But remember, this is over centuries of increasing division. Not only do you have language division, you have the West, you have a leaning towards these Germanic kingdoms in the East. They say, hey, we are the real Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, when all of these cross-excommunications are happening, many people probably view this as, hey, this is just a power struggle between folks, probably not a big deal. But remember, this is over centuries of increasing division. Not only do you have language division, you have the West, you have a leaning towards these Germanic kingdoms in the East. They say, hey, we are the real Roman Empire. You have these issues of filoque and other things. And this event in 1054 eventually gets known as the Great Schism or the East-West Schism because it only gets further and further cemented only further and further apart. As you get to the end of the 11th century, the Crusades began."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They say, hey, we are the real Roman Empire. You have these issues of filoque and other things. And this event in 1054 eventually gets known as the Great Schism or the East-West Schism because it only gets further and further cemented only further and further apart. As you get to the end of the 11th century, the Crusades began. And we'll do more videos detailing the Crusades where the Western kings start sending folks at first on the surface to try to help the Byzantines reconquer land from the Muslim empires. But even when they are successful, they don't give that land back to the Byzantines. They actually set up crusader kingdoms."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As you get to the end of the 11th century, the Crusades began. And we'll do more videos detailing the Crusades where the Western kings start sending folks at first on the surface to try to help the Byzantines reconquer land from the Muslim empires. But even when they are successful, they don't give that land back to the Byzantines. They actually set up crusader kingdoms. And as they make their way through the Byzantine Empire, they cause, for the most part, a bit of a stir. They're not particularly respectful through the lands that they pass. And it really comes to a point in 1204 where at the end of the Fourth Crusade, the crusaders actually decide, even though the purpose was arguably to reclaim land from the Muslims, the crusaders decide siege and sack Constantinople itself and take over."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And just to get a sense of the scale of this, if we were to go 2,000 years ago to the time of the Roman Empire, that would be roughly here on the timeline. If I were to say, when were the pyramids built, that would be roughly there on the timeline. So by human standards, this is a very long period of time. And I didn't choose this time span arbitrarily. 200,000 years is about how long we believe anatomically modern humans have been on our planet, our subspecies of Homo sapiens sapiens. Now the reason why I show these stone tools is because the ages, the periods of modern humanity, or even pre-modern humanity, are named after the types of tools that have been found in archeological digs. So most of even pre-human, or near pre-human, and human history has been the Paleolithic period, or Old Stone Age."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I didn't choose this time span arbitrarily. 200,000 years is about how long we believe anatomically modern humans have been on our planet, our subspecies of Homo sapiens sapiens. Now the reason why I show these stone tools is because the ages, the periods of modern humanity, or even pre-modern humanity, are named after the types of tools that have been found in archeological digs. So most of even pre-human, or near pre-human, and human history has been the Paleolithic period, or Old Stone Age. Paleo, paleo for old, lithic coming from lithos for stone. So Paleolithic. The Old Stone Age is the great bulk of human history."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So most of even pre-human, or near pre-human, and human history has been the Paleolithic period, or Old Stone Age. Paleo, paleo for old, lithic coming from lithos for stone. So Paleolithic. The Old Stone Age is the great bulk of human history. And there's also a Mesolithic that comes about 15, 20,000 years ago. But then around 10,000 years ago, the stones have a much more polished appearance to them, things like this. And so that period from about 10,000 years, starting with about 10, 15,000 years ago, depending on what part of the world you look at, is referred to as the Neolithic period."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Old Stone Age is the great bulk of human history. And there's also a Mesolithic that comes about 15, 20,000 years ago. But then around 10,000 years ago, the stones have a much more polished appearance to them, things like this. And so that period from about 10,000 years, starting with about 10, 15,000 years ago, depending on what part of the world you look at, is referred to as the Neolithic period. Neolithic, referring to new stone. And on top of this timeline, I have also shown what's happening at a very large scale climactically on the Earth. So these blue periods are Ice Ages, and these reddish-orange periods are the periods in between Ice Ages."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so that period from about 10,000 years, starting with about 10, 15,000 years ago, depending on what part of the world you look at, is referred to as the Neolithic period. Neolithic, referring to new stone. And on top of this timeline, I have also shown what's happening at a very large scale climactically on the Earth. So these blue periods are Ice Ages, and these reddish-orange periods are the periods in between Ice Ages. And so you can see the last Ice Age ended roughly 15,000 years ago, and it began roughly 110,000 years ago. Now I'm giving you all this context about these Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the Ice Ages, because we're gonna talk about probably the most important series of events, or innovation, in all of human history, and that is agriculture. Agri-culture."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So these blue periods are Ice Ages, and these reddish-orange periods are the periods in between Ice Ages. And so you can see the last Ice Age ended roughly 15,000 years ago, and it began roughly 110,000 years ago. Now I'm giving you all this context about these Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the Ice Ages, because we're gonna talk about probably the most important series of events, or innovation, in all of human history, and that is agriculture. Agri-culture. For most of human history over this Paleolithic period, over most of this timeline going up until about 10,000 or 15,000 years ago, our ancestors were hunter-gatherers. They would have to chase the game wherever it might be. They couldn't settle down in one place."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Agri-culture. For most of human history over this Paleolithic period, over most of this timeline going up until about 10,000 or 15,000 years ago, our ancestors were hunter-gatherers. They would have to chase the game wherever it might be. They couldn't settle down in one place. Maybe there were a few that were near some sources of fish where they might be able to do some basic fishing, but they would have done hunting like this. They would have done gathering, which means getting berries or mushrooms where they could find it. It probably was eating a lot of things like insects, and that is most of human history."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They couldn't settle down in one place. Maybe there were a few that were near some sources of fish where they might be able to do some basic fishing, but they would have done hunting like this. They would have done gathering, which means getting berries or mushrooms where they could find it. It probably was eating a lot of things like insects, and that is most of human history. But then around 10 or 15,000 years ago, we have the advent of human beings taking nature into their own hands. Instead of saying, let's just follow the game wherever the game might migrate to, let's actually domesticate these animals. Let's take some of them, start breeding them so they're more suitable for human consumption so that they are easier to raise, maybe more robust, and we will breed them, and we will raise them for milk, for meat."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It probably was eating a lot of things like insects, and that is most of human history. But then around 10 or 15,000 years ago, we have the advent of human beings taking nature into their own hands. Instead of saying, let's just follow the game wherever the game might migrate to, let's actually domesticate these animals. Let's take some of them, start breeding them so they're more suitable for human consumption so that they are easier to raise, maybe more robust, and we will breed them, and we will raise them for milk, for meat. We also started to domesticate plants. Instead of saying, okay, let's just gather those berries there where it happens to emerge, let's actually start to plant things, and on a very predictable way, be able to harvest them and so have a more predictable food supply. Both of these things allowed human beings to have a higher population density, to start to settle down, to have a more sedentary life."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's take some of them, start breeding them so they're more suitable for human consumption so that they are easier to raise, maybe more robust, and we will breed them, and we will raise them for milk, for meat. We also started to domesticate plants. Instead of saying, okay, let's just gather those berries there where it happens to emerge, let's actually start to plant things, and on a very predictable way, be able to harvest them and so have a more predictable food supply. Both of these things allowed human beings to have a higher population density, to start to settle down, to have a more sedentary life. And this is a huge, huge, huge deal. Just to get a sense, we believe that the carrying capacity for the planet, for human beings as hunter-gatherers, is 10 million people. And that is what we estimate the world population was at around the time of the last ice age, or shortly afterwards."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Both of these things allowed human beings to have a higher population density, to start to settle down, to have a more sedentary life. And this is a huge, huge, huge deal. Just to get a sense, we believe that the carrying capacity for the planet, for human beings as hunter-gatherers, is 10 million people. And that is what we estimate the world population was at around the time of the last ice age, or shortly afterwards. And that's because a tribe of 100 hunter-gatherers is going to need 50 square kilometers to 100 square kilometers to hunt and gather from, or actually 500 were some of the estimates I've seen. And it might seem like a lot of area that you would need to hunt and gather from, but imagine if you and your family had to go live in the woods now. How much food could you actually find?"}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that is what we estimate the world population was at around the time of the last ice age, or shortly afterwards. And that's because a tribe of 100 hunter-gatherers is going to need 50 square kilometers to 100 square kilometers to hunt and gather from, or actually 500 were some of the estimates I've seen. And it might seem like a lot of area that you would need to hunt and gather from, but imagine if you and your family had to go live in the woods now. How much food could you actually find? You would have to walk miles and miles per day if you're trying to hunt. You would have to walk miles and miles per day to get whatever wild grains or berries or whatever, or mushrooms or whatever, or insects that you might consume. But then with the advent of agriculture, it allowed for a much, much higher density population."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "How much food could you actually find? You would have to walk miles and miles per day if you're trying to hunt. You would have to walk miles and miles per day to get whatever wild grains or berries or whatever, or mushrooms or whatever, or insects that you might consume. But then with the advent of agriculture, it allowed for a much, much higher density population. In fact, going from the birth of agriculture, which happens in the Neolithic period, the dawn of agriculture coincides with the Neolithic period. They're often used somewhat interchangeably. Going from that period 10, 15,000 years ago to the time of ancient Rome, so we're talking on the order of 10,000 years, the world population with agriculture exploded from 10 million to roughly 250 million."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then with the advent of agriculture, it allowed for a much, much higher density population. In fact, going from the birth of agriculture, which happens in the Neolithic period, the dawn of agriculture coincides with the Neolithic period. They're often used somewhat interchangeably. Going from that period 10, 15,000 years ago to the time of ancient Rome, so we're talking on the order of 10,000 years, the world population with agriculture exploded from 10 million to roughly 250 million. And that's 25x. 25x. And we know that from the time of Rome till now, another 2,000 years with agriculture, our population has gone up 28x."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Going from that period 10, 15,000 years ago to the time of ancient Rome, so we're talking on the order of 10,000 years, the world population with agriculture exploded from 10 million to roughly 250 million. And that's 25x. 25x. And we know that from the time of Rome till now, another 2,000 years with agriculture, our population has gone up 28x. It's growing exponentially to seven billion. And there's no way that we could have had this level of density without agriculture. Now, a key question is, is why did agriculture emerge right then?"}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we know that from the time of Rome till now, another 2,000 years with agriculture, our population has gone up 28x. It's growing exponentially to seven billion. And there's no way that we could have had this level of density without agriculture. Now, a key question is, is why did agriculture emerge right then? Well, one theory is, is well, it seems to be only, and I put only, I'll say only in quotes, only a few thousand years after the end of the Ice Age, maybe you had positive climate change, at least from a human point of view, that allowed land to be, to support agriculture. That seems like a reasonable theory. Although you might say, well, we've had other periods where we didn't have an Ice Age."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, a key question is, is why did agriculture emerge right then? Well, one theory is, is well, it seems to be only, and I put only, I'll say only in quotes, only a few thousand years after the end of the Ice Age, maybe you had positive climate change, at least from a human point of view, that allowed land to be, to support agriculture. That seems like a reasonable theory. Although you might say, well, we've had other periods where we didn't have an Ice Age. How can we see no evidence of agriculture then? And one counterargument or explanation I've heard for that is anatomically modern humans started to emerge around 200,000 years ago. But that doesn't mean that their, the way they thought or that their brains were the same as modern humans."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Although you might say, well, we've had other periods where we didn't have an Ice Age. How can we see no evidence of agriculture then? And one counterargument or explanation I've heard for that is anatomically modern humans started to emerge around 200,000 years ago. But that doesn't mean that their, the way they thought or that their brains were the same as modern humans. And so maybe in this period, the human brain just wasn't capable of performing or thinking of agriculture. Other theories are, is that the human population through hunter-gathering kept increasing over time, and it was right after the last Ice Age that you really got close to this critical mass of population, at which point, for every extra human to be born, well, another human would not be able to live or not be able to be born because there was a fixed supply of food as hunter-gatherers. And so you could say out of necessity, maybe a tribe here or a little group there started to say, hey, what if we started to, if we started to domesticate some of this cattle or if we started to plant crops, all of a sudden they would start to have a higher density and their population could increase."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But that doesn't mean that their, the way they thought or that their brains were the same as modern humans. And so maybe in this period, the human brain just wasn't capable of performing or thinking of agriculture. Other theories are, is that the human population through hunter-gathering kept increasing over time, and it was right after the last Ice Age that you really got close to this critical mass of population, at which point, for every extra human to be born, well, another human would not be able to live or not be able to be born because there was a fixed supply of food as hunter-gatherers. And so you could say out of necessity, maybe a tribe here or a little group there started to say, hey, what if we started to, if we started to domesticate some of this cattle or if we started to plant crops, all of a sudden they would start to have a higher density and their population could increase. And not only would they be able to survive, but they could also be very dominant in things like conflict. Once you start having agriculture and as agriculture advances, as I mentioned, these people could be more sedentary. They wouldn't have to move around."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you could say out of necessity, maybe a tribe here or a little group there started to say, hey, what if we started to, if we started to domesticate some of this cattle or if we started to plant crops, all of a sudden they would start to have a higher density and their population could increase. And not only would they be able to survive, but they could also be very dominant in things like conflict. Once you start having agriculture and as agriculture advances, as I mentioned, these people could be more sedentary. They wouldn't have to move around. They wouldn't have to move around all of the time. That allows them to create even defensive structures. You could have specialization where not everyone is having to worry about specialization."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They wouldn't have to move around. They wouldn't have to move around all of the time. That allows them to create even defensive structures. You could have specialization where not everyone is having to worry about specialization. Not everyone is having to worry about food all of the time. And so you could develop warriors. You could have technology developing, especially weapons."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You could have specialization where not everyone is having to worry about specialization. Not everyone is having to worry about food all of the time. And so you could develop warriors. You could have technology developing, especially weapons. And so not only would that tribe or that group be able to get higher density, but they would be able to defend their property. In fact, they would probably care a lot more about property because they use it to farm versus hunter-gatherers might just view that as their territory that they wander over in order to find food. Now, whatever the actual cause of the birth of agriculture, it has had profound implications on our society."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You could have technology developing, especially weapons. And so not only would that tribe or that group be able to get higher density, but they would be able to defend their property. In fact, they would probably care a lot more about property because they use it to farm versus hunter-gatherers might just view that as their territory that they wander over in order to find food. Now, whatever the actual cause of the birth of agriculture, it has had profound implications on our society. You would not have had the birth of city-states without agriculture. City-states had high-density populations. They could not have been supported with hunter-gathering."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, whatever the actual cause of the birth of agriculture, it has had profound implications on our society. You would not have had the birth of city-states without agriculture. City-states had high-density populations. They could not have been supported with hunter-gathering. You could not have had the development of technology, which people needed more time. You needed specialization in order to have that. It's, I would say, fair to say, we wouldn't even have our modern, our modern civilization would not have been possible without agriculture."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They could not have been supported with hunter-gathering. You could not have had the development of technology, which people needed more time. You needed specialization in order to have that. It's, I would say, fair to say, we wouldn't even have our modern, our modern civilization would not have been possible without agriculture. I would not be making this video to you right now. In fact, most of us wouldn't have even been around on the planet because the planet wouldn't have been able to support our really immensely large population without not only agriculture, but an ever-advancing technological or technologically advancing agriculture. So it might seem like a small thing."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's, I would say, fair to say, we wouldn't even have our modern, our modern civilization would not have been possible without agriculture. I would not be making this video to you right now. In fact, most of us wouldn't have even been around on the planet because the planet wouldn't have been able to support our really immensely large population without not only agriculture, but an ever-advancing technological or technologically advancing agriculture. So it might seem like a small thing. You go from hunter-gatherer to agriculture, but it's been one of the most, maybe the most profound, oh, well, it's probably up there with language and writing, things that have defined what makes humans humans. And to get a sense of where this agriculture was born, here's the various regions that we believe agriculture emerged from. The Levant right over here, and the Eastern Mediterranean, modern-day Middle East, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Iraq, Southeastern Turkey."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So it might seem like a small thing. You go from hunter-gatherer to agriculture, but it's been one of the most, maybe the most profound, oh, well, it's probably up there with language and writing, things that have defined what makes humans humans. And to get a sense of where this agriculture was born, here's the various regions that we believe agriculture emerged from. The Levant right over here, and the Eastern Mediterranean, modern-day Middle East, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Iraq, Southeastern Turkey. This is one of the areas where we think agriculture first emerged on the order of 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. We believe rice came from China. I've seen estimates anywhere from 6,000 to 13,000 years ago."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Levant right over here, and the Eastern Mediterranean, modern-day Middle East, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Iraq, Southeastern Turkey. This is one of the areas where we think agriculture first emerged on the order of 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. We believe rice came from China. I've seen estimates anywhere from 6,000 to 13,000 years ago. You have the potato and other crops coming from the Andes thousands of years ago. And this is just a sample of the areas where we see agriculture, both domestication of crops and animals first emerging. And what's interesting is over time, we're likely to discover other places as we have more archeological digs and we find more fossil evidence of ancient agriculture and ancient peoples."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I've seen estimates anywhere from 6,000 to 13,000 years ago. You have the potato and other crops coming from the Andes thousands of years ago. And this is just a sample of the areas where we see agriculture, both domestication of crops and animals first emerging. And what's interesting is over time, we're likely to discover other places as we have more archeological digs and we find more fossil evidence of ancient agriculture and ancient peoples. And even the timeframe where we believe this happened, the 10,000, 12,000, 15,000 years ago, that's likely to maybe move back a little bit as we discover older and older evidence. So I'll leave you there, but the big takeaway is most of human history, we were not only making rough stones for our weapons and our tools, but we were chasing animals wherever we could find them. We didn't have predictable food sources."}, {"video_title": "Origins of agriculture World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's interesting is over time, we're likely to discover other places as we have more archeological digs and we find more fossil evidence of ancient agriculture and ancient peoples. And even the timeframe where we believe this happened, the 10,000, 12,000, 15,000 years ago, that's likely to maybe move back a little bit as we discover older and older evidence. So I'll leave you there, but the big takeaway is most of human history, we were not only making rough stones for our weapons and our tools, but we were chasing animals wherever we could find them. We didn't have predictable food sources. We were gathering fruits and grains and insects wherever we could to support our families. And there was a limit on how many humans could be around. But shortly after the end of the Ice Age, it all changed."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "So, the 19th century certainly didn't invent the empire, but it did take it to new heights. By which we mean lows. Or possibly heights. I don't know, I can't decide. Roll the intro while I think about it. Intro Yeah, I don't know, I'm still undecided. Let's begin with China."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "I don't know, I can't decide. Roll the intro while I think about it. Intro Yeah, I don't know, I'm still undecided. Let's begin with China. When last we checked in, China was a thriving manufacturing power, about to be overtaken by Europe, but still heavily involved in world trade, especially as an importer of silver from the Spanish Empire. Europeans had to use silver because they didn't really produce anything else the Chinese wanted, and that state of affairs continued through the 18th century. For example, in 1793, the McCartney Mission tried to get better trade conditions with China and was a total failure."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's begin with China. When last we checked in, China was a thriving manufacturing power, about to be overtaken by Europe, but still heavily involved in world trade, especially as an importer of silver from the Spanish Empire. Europeans had to use silver because they didn't really produce anything else the Chinese wanted, and that state of affairs continued through the 18th century. For example, in 1793, the McCartney Mission tried to get better trade conditions with China and was a total failure. Here's the Qianlong Emperor's well-known response to the British. Hitherto, all European nations, including your own country's barbarian merchants, have carried on their trade with our celestial empire at Canton. Such has been the procedure for many years, although our celestial empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "For example, in 1793, the McCartney Mission tried to get better trade conditions with China and was a total failure. Here's the Qianlong Emperor's well-known response to the British. Hitherto, all European nations, including your own country's barbarian merchants, have carried on their trade with our celestial empire at Canton. Such has been the procedure for many years, although our celestial empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders. But then Europeans, especially the British, found something that the Chinese would buy. Opium. By the 1830s, British free trade policy unleashed a flood of opium in China, which threatened China's favorable balance of trade."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Such has been the procedure for many years, although our celestial empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders. But then Europeans, especially the British, found something that the Chinese would buy. Opium. By the 1830s, British free trade policy unleashed a flood of opium in China, which threatened China's favorable balance of trade. It also created a lot of drug addicts. And then in 1839, the Chinese responded to what they saw as these unfair trade practices with a stern letter that they never actually sent. Commissioner Lin Jiexu drafted a response that contained a memorable threat to cut off trade in rhubarb, silk, and tea, all valuable products of ours without which foreigners could not live."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "By the 1830s, British free trade policy unleashed a flood of opium in China, which threatened China's favorable balance of trade. It also created a lot of drug addicts. And then in 1839, the Chinese responded to what they saw as these unfair trade practices with a stern letter that they never actually sent. Commissioner Lin Jiexu drafted a response that contained a memorable threat to cut off trade in rhubarb, silk, and tea, all valuable products of ours without which foreigners could not live. But even if the British had received this terrifying threat to their precious rhubarb supply, they probably wouldn't have responded, because selling drugs is super lucrative. So the Chinese made like tea partiers, confiscating a bunch of British opium and chucking it into the sea. And then the British responded to this by demanding compensation and access to Chinese territory where they could carry out their trade."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Commissioner Lin Jiexu drafted a response that contained a memorable threat to cut off trade in rhubarb, silk, and tea, all valuable products of ours without which foreigners could not live. But even if the British had received this terrifying threat to their precious rhubarb supply, they probably wouldn't have responded, because selling drugs is super lucrative. So the Chinese made like tea partiers, confiscating a bunch of British opium and chucking it into the sea. And then the British responded to this by demanding compensation and access to Chinese territory where they could carry out their trade. And then the Chinese were like, man, that seems a little bit harsh, whereupon the British sent in gunships, opening trade with Canton by force. Chinese General Yi Cheng made a counterattack in 1842 that included a detailed plan to catapult flaming monkeys onto British ships. Stan, is that true?"}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "And then the British responded to this by demanding compensation and access to Chinese territory where they could carry out their trade. And then the Chinese were like, man, that seems a little bit harsh, whereupon the British sent in gunships, opening trade with Canton by force. Chinese General Yi Cheng made a counterattack in 1842 that included a detailed plan to catapult flaming monkeys onto British ships. Stan, is that true? Alright, apparently the plans actually involved strapping fireworks to monkeys' backs and were never carried out, but still! Slightly off topic, obviously I don't want anyone to light monkeys on fire. I'm just saying that flaming monkeys lend themselves to a lot of great band names, like the Sizzling Simeons, Burning Bonobos, Immolated Marmoset."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, is that true? Alright, apparently the plans actually involved strapping fireworks to monkeys' backs and were never carried out, but still! Slightly off topic, obviously I don't want anyone to light monkeys on fire. I'm just saying that flaming monkeys lend themselves to a lot of great band names, like the Sizzling Simeons, Burning Bonobos, Immolated Marmoset. Stan, sometimes I feel like I should give up teaching world history and just become a band name generator. That's my real gift. Anyway, due to lack of monkey fireworks, the Chinese counterattacks were unsuccessful, and they eventually signed the Treaty of Nanjing, which stated that Britain got Hong Kong and five other treaty ports, as well as the equivalent of $2 billion in cash."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm just saying that flaming monkeys lend themselves to a lot of great band names, like the Sizzling Simeons, Burning Bonobos, Immolated Marmoset. Stan, sometimes I feel like I should give up teaching world history and just become a band name generator. That's my real gift. Anyway, due to lack of monkey fireworks, the Chinese counterattacks were unsuccessful, and they eventually signed the Treaty of Nanjing, which stated that Britain got Hong Kong and five other treaty ports, as well as the equivalent of $2 billion in cash. Also, the Chinese basically gave up all sovereignty to European spheres of influence, wherein Europeans were subject to their laws, not Chinese laws. In exchange for all of this, China got a hot slice of nothing. You might think the result of this war would be a shift in the balance of trade in Britain's favor, but that wasn't immediately the case."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Anyway, due to lack of monkey fireworks, the Chinese counterattacks were unsuccessful, and they eventually signed the Treaty of Nanjing, which stated that Britain got Hong Kong and five other treaty ports, as well as the equivalent of $2 billion in cash. Also, the Chinese basically gave up all sovereignty to European spheres of influence, wherein Europeans were subject to their laws, not Chinese laws. In exchange for all of this, China got a hot slice of nothing. You might think the result of this war would be a shift in the balance of trade in Britain's favor, but that wasn't immediately the case. In fact, the British were importing so much tea from China that the trade deficit actually rose more than $30 billion. But eventually, after another war and one of the most destructive civil rebellions in Chinese, and possibly world, history, the Taiping Rebellion, the situation was reversed and Europeans, especially the British, became the dominant economic power in China. Okay, so when we think about 19th century imperialism, we usually think about the way that Europe turned Africa from this into this."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "You might think the result of this war would be a shift in the balance of trade in Britain's favor, but that wasn't immediately the case. In fact, the British were importing so much tea from China that the trade deficit actually rose more than $30 billion. But eventually, after another war and one of the most destructive civil rebellions in Chinese, and possibly world, history, the Taiping Rebellion, the situation was reversed and Europeans, especially the British, became the dominant economic power in China. Okay, so when we think about 19th century imperialism, we usually think about the way that Europe turned Africa from this into this. The so-called Scramble for Africa. Speaking of scrambles and the European colonization of Africa, you know what they say, sometimes to make an omelet you gotta break a few eggs. And then sometimes you break a lot of eggs and you don't get an omelet."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, so when we think about 19th century imperialism, we usually think about the way that Europe turned Africa from this into this. The so-called Scramble for Africa. Speaking of scrambles and the European colonization of Africa, you know what they say, sometimes to make an omelet you gotta break a few eggs. And then sometimes you break a lot of eggs and you don't get an omelet. Europeans had been involved in Africa since the 16th century, when the Portuguese used their cannons to take control of cities on coasts to set up their trading post empire. But in the second half of the 19th century, Europe suddenly and spectacularly succeeded at colonizing basically all of Africa. Why?"}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "And then sometimes you break a lot of eggs and you don't get an omelet. Europeans had been involved in Africa since the 16th century, when the Portuguese used their cannons to take control of cities on coasts to set up their trading post empire. But in the second half of the 19th century, Europe suddenly and spectacularly succeeded at colonizing basically all of Africa. Why? Well, the biggest reason that Europeans were able to extend their grasp over so much of the world was the same reason they wanted to do so in the first place, industrialization. Nationalism played its part, of course. European states saw it as a real bonus to be able to say that they had colonies, so much so that a children's rhyme in an ABC for Baby Patriots went, C is for colonies, rightly we boast, that of all the great countries, Great Britain has the most."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Why? Well, the biggest reason that Europeans were able to extend their grasp over so much of the world was the same reason they wanted to do so in the first place, industrialization. Nationalism played its part, of course. European states saw it as a real bonus to be able to say that they had colonies, so much so that a children's rhyme in an ABC for Baby Patriots went, C is for colonies, rightly we boast, that of all the great countries, Great Britain has the most. But it was mostly, not to get all Marxist on you or anything, about controlling the means of production. Europeans wanted colonies to secure sources of raw materials, especially cotton, copper, iron, and rubber, that were used to fuel their growing industrial economies. And in addition to providing the motive for imperialism, European industrialization also provided the means."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "European states saw it as a real bonus to be able to say that they had colonies, so much so that a children's rhyme in an ABC for Baby Patriots went, C is for colonies, rightly we boast, that of all the great countries, Great Britain has the most. But it was mostly, not to get all Marxist on you or anything, about controlling the means of production. Europeans wanted colonies to secure sources of raw materials, especially cotton, copper, iron, and rubber, that were used to fuel their growing industrial economies. And in addition to providing the motive for imperialism, European industrialization also provided the means. Europeans didn't fail to take over territory in Africa until the late 19th century because they didn't want to. They failed because they couldn't. This was mostly due to disease."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "And in addition to providing the motive for imperialism, European industrialization also provided the means. Europeans didn't fail to take over territory in Africa until the late 19th century because they didn't want to. They failed because they couldn't. This was mostly due to disease. Unlike in the Americas, Africans weren't devastated by diseases like smallpox, because they'd had smallpox for centuries and were just as immune to it as Europeans were. Not only that, but Africa had diseases of its own, including yellow fever, malaria, and sleeping sickness, all of which killed Europeans in staggering numbers. Also, Nagana was a disease endemic to Africa that killed horses, which made it difficult for Europeans to take advantage of African grasslands, and also difficult for them to get inland because their horses would die as they tried to carry stuff."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "This was mostly due to disease. Unlike in the Americas, Africans weren't devastated by diseases like smallpox, because they'd had smallpox for centuries and were just as immune to it as Europeans were. Not only that, but Africa had diseases of its own, including yellow fever, malaria, and sleeping sickness, all of which killed Europeans in staggering numbers. Also, Nagana was a disease endemic to Africa that killed horses, which made it difficult for Europeans to take advantage of African grasslands, and also difficult for them to get inland because their horses would die as they tried to carry stuff. Also, while in the 16th century Europeans did have guns, they were pretty useless, especially without horses, so most fighting was done the old-fashioned way, with swords. That worked pretty well in the Americas, unless you were the Incas or the Aztecs, but it didn't work in Africa, because the Africans also had swords, and spears, and axes. So, as much as they might have wanted to colonize Africa in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, Africa's mosquitoes, microbes, and people were too much for them."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, Nagana was a disease endemic to Africa that killed horses, which made it difficult for Europeans to take advantage of African grasslands, and also difficult for them to get inland because their horses would die as they tried to carry stuff. Also, while in the 16th century Europeans did have guns, they were pretty useless, especially without horses, so most fighting was done the old-fashioned way, with swords. That worked pretty well in the Americas, unless you were the Incas or the Aztecs, but it didn't work in Africa, because the Africans also had swords, and spears, and axes. So, as much as they might have wanted to colonize Africa in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, Africa's mosquitoes, microbes, and people were too much for them. So what made the difference? Technology. First, steamships made it possible for Europeans to travel inland, bringing supplies and personnel via Africa's navigable rivers."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "So, as much as they might have wanted to colonize Africa in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, Africa's mosquitoes, microbes, and people were too much for them. So what made the difference? Technology. First, steamships made it possible for Europeans to travel inland, bringing supplies and personnel via Africa's navigable rivers. No horses? No problem. Even more important was quinine medicine, sometimes in the form of tonic water mixed into refreshing, quintessentially British, gin and tonics."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "First, steamships made it possible for Europeans to travel inland, bringing supplies and personnel via Africa's navigable rivers. No horses? No problem. Even more important was quinine medicine, sometimes in the form of tonic water mixed into refreshing, quintessentially British, gin and tonics. Quinine isn't as effective as modern anti-malarial medication, and it doesn't cure the disease, but it does help moderate its effects. But of course, the most important technology that enabled Europeans to dominate Africa was guns. By the 19th century, European gun technology had improved dramatically, especially with the introduction of the Maxim machine gun, which allowed Europeans to wipe out Africans in battle after battle."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Even more important was quinine medicine, sometimes in the form of tonic water mixed into refreshing, quintessentially British, gin and tonics. Quinine isn't as effective as modern anti-malarial medication, and it doesn't cure the disease, but it does help moderate its effects. But of course, the most important technology that enabled Europeans to dominate Africa was guns. By the 19th century, European gun technology had improved dramatically, especially with the introduction of the Maxim machine gun, which allowed Europeans to wipe out Africans in battle after battle. Of course, machine guns were effective when wielded by Africans, too, but Africans had fewer of them. Oh, it's time for the open letter? And my chair is back!"}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "By the 19th century, European gun technology had improved dramatically, especially with the introduction of the Maxim machine gun, which allowed Europeans to wipe out Africans in battle after battle. Of course, machine guns were effective when wielded by Africans, too, but Africans had fewer of them. Oh, it's time for the open letter? And my chair is back! An open letter to Hiram Maxim. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Darth Vader!"}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "And my chair is back! An open letter to Hiram Maxim. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Darth Vader! What a great reminder of imperialism. Dear Hiram Maxim, I hate you. It's not so much that you invented the Maxim machine gun \u2013 although obviously that's a little bit problematic \u2013 or even that you look like the poor man's Colonel Sanders."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's Darth Vader! What a great reminder of imperialism. Dear Hiram Maxim, I hate you. It's not so much that you invented the Maxim machine gun \u2013 although obviously that's a little bit problematic \u2013 or even that you look like the poor man's Colonel Sanders. First off, you're a possible bigamist. I have a longstanding opposition to bigamy. Secondly, you were born an American but then became a Brit, thereby metaphorically machine gunning our founding fathers."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not so much that you invented the Maxim machine gun \u2013 although obviously that's a little bit problematic \u2013 or even that you look like the poor man's Colonel Sanders. First off, you're a possible bigamist. I have a longstanding opposition to bigamy. Secondly, you were born an American but then became a Brit, thereby metaphorically machine gunning our founding fathers. And most importantly, among your many inventions was the successful amusement park ride, the Captive Flying Machine. Mr. Maxim, I hate the Captive Flying Machine. The Captive Flying Machine has resulted in many a girlfriend telling me that I'm a coward."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Secondly, you were born an American but then became a Brit, thereby metaphorically machine gunning our founding fathers. And most importantly, among your many inventions was the successful amusement park ride, the Captive Flying Machine. Mr. Maxim, I hate the Captive Flying Machine. The Captive Flying Machine has resulted in many a girlfriend telling me that I'm a coward. I'm not a coward, I just don't want to die up there! It's all your fault, Hiram Maxim, and nobody believes your story about the lightbulb. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "The Captive Flying Machine has resulted in many a girlfriend telling me that I'm a coward. I'm not a coward, I just don't want to die up there! It's all your fault, Hiram Maxim, and nobody believes your story about the lightbulb. Best wishes, John Green. Alright, so here is something that often gets overlooked. European imperialism involved a lot of fighting and a lot of dying. And when we say that Europe came to dominate Africa, for the most part that domination came through wars, which killed lots of Africans and also lots of Europeans, although most of them died from disease."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. Alright, so here is something that often gets overlooked. European imperialism involved a lot of fighting and a lot of dying. And when we say that Europe came to dominate Africa, for the most part that domination came through wars, which killed lots of Africans and also lots of Europeans, although most of them died from disease. It's very, very important to remember that Africans did not meekly acquiesce to European hegemony. They resisted, often violently, but ultimately they were defeated by a technologically superior enemy. In this respect, they were a lot like the Chinese and also the Indians and the Vietnamese and you get the picture."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "And when we say that Europe came to dominate Africa, for the most part that domination came through wars, which killed lots of Africans and also lots of Europeans, although most of them died from disease. It's very, very important to remember that Africans did not meekly acquiesce to European hegemony. They resisted, often violently, but ultimately they were defeated by a technologically superior enemy. In this respect, they were a lot like the Chinese and also the Indians and the Vietnamese and you get the picture. So by the end of the 19th century, most of Africa and much of Asia had been colonized by European powers. I mean, even Belgium got in on it and they weren't even a country at the beginning of the 19th century. I mean, Belgium has enjoyed like 12 years of sovereignty in the last three millennia."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "In this respect, they were a lot like the Chinese and also the Indians and the Vietnamese and you get the picture. So by the end of the 19th century, most of Africa and much of Asia had been colonized by European powers. I mean, even Belgium got in on it and they weren't even a country at the beginning of the 19th century. I mean, Belgium has enjoyed like 12 years of sovereignty in the last three millennia. Notable exceptions include Japan, which was happily pursuing its own imperialism, Thailand, Iran, and of course Afghanistan, because no one can conquer Afghanistan unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. It's tempting to imagine Europe ruling their colonies with the proverbial topaz fist, and while there was always the threat of violence, the truth is a lot more complicated. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, Belgium has enjoyed like 12 years of sovereignty in the last three millennia. Notable exceptions include Japan, which was happily pursuing its own imperialism, Thailand, Iran, and of course Afghanistan, because no one can conquer Afghanistan unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. It's tempting to imagine Europe ruling their colonies with the proverbial topaz fist, and while there was always the threat of violence, the truth is a lot more complicated. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. In most cases, Europeans ruled their colonies with the help of, and sometimes completely through, intermediaries and collaborators. For example, in the 1890s in India, there were fewer than 1,000 British administrators supposedly ruling over 300 million Indians. The vast majority of British troops at any given time in India, more than two-thirds, were in fact Indians under the command of British officers."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. In most cases, Europeans ruled their colonies with the help of, and sometimes completely through, intermediaries and collaborators. For example, in the 1890s in India, there were fewer than 1,000 British administrators supposedly ruling over 300 million Indians. The vast majority of British troops at any given time in India, more than two-thirds, were in fact Indians under the command of British officers. Because of their small numbers relative to local populations, most European colonizers resorted to indirect rule, relying on the governments that were already there but exerting control over their leaders. Frederick Lugard, who was Britain's head honcho in Nigeria for a time, called this rule through and by the natives. This worked particularly well with British administrators, who were primarily middle-class men but had aristocratic pretensions and were often pleased to associate with the highest echelons of Indian or African society."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "The vast majority of British troops at any given time in India, more than two-thirds, were in fact Indians under the command of British officers. Because of their small numbers relative to local populations, most European colonizers resorted to indirect rule, relying on the governments that were already there but exerting control over their leaders. Frederick Lugard, who was Britain's head honcho in Nigeria for a time, called this rule through and by the natives. This worked particularly well with British administrators, who were primarily middle-class men but had aristocratic pretensions and were often pleased to associate with the highest echelons of Indian or African society. Now this isn't to say that indigenous rulers were simply puppets. Often they retained real power. This was certainly true in India, where more than a third of the territory was ruled by Indian princes."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "This worked particularly well with British administrators, who were primarily middle-class men but had aristocratic pretensions and were often pleased to associate with the highest echelons of Indian or African society. Now this isn't to say that indigenous rulers were simply puppets. Often they retained real power. This was certainly true in India, where more than a third of the territory was ruled by Indian princes. The French protectorates of Morocco and Tunisia were ruled by Arab monarchs, and the French also ruled through native kings in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. For the most part, Europeans could almost always rely on their superior military technology to coerce local rulers into doing what the Europeans wanted, and they could replace native officials with Europeans if they had to. But in general, they preferred to rule indirectly."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "This was certainly true in India, where more than a third of the territory was ruled by Indian princes. The French protectorates of Morocco and Tunisia were ruled by Arab monarchs, and the French also ruled through native kings in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. For the most part, Europeans could almost always rely on their superior military technology to coerce local rulers into doing what the Europeans wanted, and they could replace native officials with Europeans if they had to. But in general, they preferred to rule indirectly. It was easier and cheaper. Also less money. Thanks, Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "But in general, they preferred to rule indirectly. It was easier and cheaper. Also less money. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So while we can't know why all native princes who ruled in the context of European imperialism put up with it, we can make some pretty good guesses. First of all, they were still rulers. They got to keep their prestige and their fancy hats and to some extent their power."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. So while we can't know why all native princes who ruled in the context of European imperialism put up with it, we can make some pretty good guesses. First of all, they were still rulers. They got to keep their prestige and their fancy hats and to some extent their power. Many were also able to gain advantages through their service, like access to European education for themselves and for their children. Mahatma Gandhi, for instance, was the son of an Indian high official, which made it possible for him to study law in England. And we can't overlook the sheer practicality of it."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "They got to keep their prestige and their fancy hats and to some extent their power. Many were also able to gain advantages through their service, like access to European education for themselves and for their children. Mahatma Gandhi, for instance, was the son of an Indian high official, which made it possible for him to study law in England. And we can't overlook the sheer practicality of it. The alternative was to resist, and that usually didn't work out well. I'm reminded of the famous couplet, Whatever happens, we have got the Maxim gun, and they have not. But even with this enormous technological advantage, it wasn't always easy."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "And we can't overlook the sheer practicality of it. The alternative was to resist, and that usually didn't work out well. I'm reminded of the famous couplet, Whatever happens, we have got the Maxim gun, and they have not. But even with this enormous technological advantage, it wasn't always easy. For example, it took 25 years, from 1845 to 1870, for the British to fully defeat the Maori on New Zealand because the Maori were kick-ass fighters who had mastered musketry and defensive warfare, and I will remind you it is not cursing if you're talking about donkeys. In fact, it took them being outnumbered 3 to 1 with the arrival of 750,000 settlers for the Maori to finally capitulate. And I will remind you that the rule against splitting infinitives is not an actual rule."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "But even with this enormous technological advantage, it wasn't always easy. For example, it took 25 years, from 1845 to 1870, for the British to fully defeat the Maori on New Zealand because the Maori were kick-ass fighters who had mastered musketry and defensive warfare, and I will remind you it is not cursing if you're talking about donkeys. In fact, it took them being outnumbered 3 to 1 with the arrival of 750,000 settlers for the Maori to finally capitulate. And I will remind you that the rule against splitting infinitives is not an actual rule. Those of you more familiar with US history might notice a parallel between the Maori and some of the Native American tribes, like the Apaches and the Lakota, a good reminder that the United States did some imperial expansion of its own as part of its nationalizing project in the 19th century. But back to Africa, sometimes African rulers were so good at adapting European technology that they were able to successfully resist imperialism. Ethiopia's Menelik II defeated the Italians in battle, securing not just independence, but an empire of his own."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "And I will remind you that the rule against splitting infinitives is not an actual rule. Those of you more familiar with US history might notice a parallel between the Maori and some of the Native American tribes, like the Apaches and the Lakota, a good reminder that the United States did some imperial expansion of its own as part of its nationalizing project in the 19th century. But back to Africa, sometimes African rulers were so good at adapting European technology that they were able to successfully resist imperialism. Ethiopia's Menelik II defeated the Italians in battle, securing not just independence, but an empire of his own. But embracing European-style modernization could also be problematic, as Hadid Ismail of Egypt found out during his rule in the late 19th century. He celebrated his imperial success by commissioning an opera, Giuseppe Verdi's Aida, for the opening of the Cairo Opera House in 1871. Giuseppe Verdi, by the way, no relation to John Green."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Ethiopia's Menelik II defeated the Italians in battle, securing not just independence, but an empire of his own. But embracing European-style modernization could also be problematic, as Hadid Ismail of Egypt found out during his rule in the late 19th century. He celebrated his imperial success by commissioning an opera, Giuseppe Verdi's Aida, for the opening of the Cairo Opera House in 1871. Giuseppe Verdi, by the way, no relation to John Green. And Ismail had ambitions of extending Egypt's control up the Nile west toward Lake Chad, but to do that he needed money, and that's where he got into trouble. His borrowing bankrupted Egypt and led to Britain's taking control over the country's finances and its shares in the Suez Canal that Ismail had built with French engineers and French capital in 1869. The British sent in 1,300 bureaucrats to fix Egypt's finances, an invasion of red tape that led to a nationalist uprising, which brought on a full-scale British intervention after 1881 in order to protect British interests."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Giuseppe Verdi, by the way, no relation to John Green. And Ismail had ambitions of extending Egypt's control up the Nile west toward Lake Chad, but to do that he needed money, and that's where he got into trouble. His borrowing bankrupted Egypt and led to Britain's taking control over the country's finances and its shares in the Suez Canal that Ismail had built with French engineers and French capital in 1869. The British sent in 1,300 bureaucrats to fix Egypt's finances, an invasion of red tape that led to a nationalist uprising, which brought on a full-scale British intervention after 1881 in order to protect British interests. This business imperialism, as it is sometimes known, is really at the heart of the imperialistic impulse. Industrialized nations push economic integration upon developing nations, and then extract value from those developing nations, just as you would from a mine or a field you owned. And here we see political history and economic history coming together again."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "The British sent in 1,300 bureaucrats to fix Egypt's finances, an invasion of red tape that led to a nationalist uprising, which brought on a full-scale British intervention after 1881 in order to protect British interests. This business imperialism, as it is sometimes known, is really at the heart of the imperialistic impulse. Industrialized nations push economic integration upon developing nations, and then extract value from those developing nations, just as you would from a mine or a field you owned. And here we see political history and economic history coming together again. As Western corporations grew in the latter part of the 19th century, their influence grew as well, both in their home countries and in the lands where they were investing. But ultimately, whether the colonizer is a business enterprise or a political one, the complicated legacy of imperialism survives. It's why your bananas are cheap, why your call centers are Indian, why your chocolate comes from Africa, and why everything else comes from China."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "And here we see political history and economic history coming together again. As Western corporations grew in the latter part of the 19th century, their influence grew as well, both in their home countries and in the lands where they were investing. But ultimately, whether the colonizer is a business enterprise or a political one, the complicated legacy of imperialism survives. It's why your bananas are cheap, why your call centers are Indian, why your chocolate comes from Africa, and why everything else comes from China. These imperialistic adventures may have only lasted a century, but it was the century in which the world as we know it today began to take shape. Thanks for watching, I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "It's why your bananas are cheap, why your call centers are Indian, why your chocolate comes from Africa, and why everything else comes from China. These imperialistic adventures may have only lasted a century, but it was the century in which the world as we know it today began to take shape. Thanks for watching, I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Oh, our intern, I'm sorry, Meredith the Intern. Our intern is Meredith Danko. Last week's Phrase of the Week was homogenous, mythologized, unitary polity."}, {"video_title": "Imperialism Crash Course World History #35.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Oh, our intern, I'm sorry, Meredith the Intern. Our intern is Meredith Danko. Last week's Phrase of the Week was homogenous, mythologized, unitary polity. Thank you for that suggestion. If you want to guess this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, remember you can get this shirt, the Mongol shirt, or our poster at DFTBA.com."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to go get ourselves some Viking history today and find out what you need to know about these northern Scandinavian peoples that wreaked a little bit of havoc in the dark ages for two or three hundred years. So whether you're a kid in school or you're a lifelong learner or cray cray on the internet, I don't care. I just want to giddy up for the learning. Let's go get it started. Alright guys, let's travel back to the dark ages and first start with the idea that there is no Viking land. Alright, it's not a united civilization where we can talk about like the Roman Empire, the Viking Empire. There certainly is going to be some commonalities in the way that these peoples live, but they're never really united under one banner of Vikinghood or something like that."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go get it started. Alright guys, let's travel back to the dark ages and first start with the idea that there is no Viking land. Alright, it's not a united civilization where we can talk about like the Roman Empire, the Viking Empire. There certainly is going to be some commonalities in the way that these peoples live, but they're never really united under one banner of Vikinghood or something like that. Now if we're talking about geography, we're talking about a very cold place in what today is known as the Scandinavian countries. So Vikings lived in countries today that would be Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and certainly the time frame is hard to put years on because there's no united empire. But certainly if we're talking about the heyday of the Vikings where they're really going to wreak some havoc on Europe and the world with their seafaring skills, we're talking about the late 8th century to the early 11th century."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "There certainly is going to be some commonalities in the way that these peoples live, but they're never really united under one banner of Vikinghood or something like that. Now if we're talking about geography, we're talking about a very cold place in what today is known as the Scandinavian countries. So Vikings lived in countries today that would be Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and certainly the time frame is hard to put years on because there's no united empire. But certainly if we're talking about the heyday of the Vikings where they're really going to wreak some havoc on Europe and the world with their seafaring skills, we're talking about the late 8th century to the early 11th century. Now how do we know what we know about Vikings? Some of it comes from mythology, but there is some writings, the Norse sagas written in the 12th century that give us some insight into how they lived their daily lives, what their religious practices were. But we also know a lot from archeologists who have dug up some of these settlements and these areas where they've lived that do give us some insight into how they lived."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But certainly if we're talking about the heyday of the Vikings where they're really going to wreak some havoc on Europe and the world with their seafaring skills, we're talking about the late 8th century to the early 11th century. Now how do we know what we know about Vikings? Some of it comes from mythology, but there is some writings, the Norse sagas written in the 12th century that give us some insight into how they lived their daily lives, what their religious practices were. But we also know a lot from archeologists who have dug up some of these settlements and these areas where they've lived that do give us some insight into how they lived. So let's take a look at how a Viking lived. So let's first start with the idea that if you're a Viking, you're probably not living on a boat with a helmet with horns, right? Most people aren't Vikings in that sense."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But we also know a lot from archeologists who have dug up some of these settlements and these areas where they've lived that do give us some insight into how they lived. So let's take a look at how a Viking lived. So let's first start with the idea that if you're a Viking, you're probably not living on a boat with a helmet with horns, right? Most people aren't Vikings in that sense. Some were, none of them had horns on their helmets though. That's ridiculous. If you had horns on your helmet, you'd poke the guy's eye out next to you."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Most people aren't Vikings in that sense. Some were, none of them had horns on their helmets though. That's ridiculous. If you had horns on your helmet, you'd poke the guy's eye out next to you. Most people are living the very hard life of survival in these Scandinavian coastal towns, living off the land. It's rocky, it's not easy to grow food, there's a short growing season, they're breeding animals, they're fishing, they're living a very hard life in independent villages that aren't united. Eventually that lack of resource is going to kind of allow them to unite to really take advantage of their technological skills and boat making and then they're going to be able to expand and go plunder and go get stuff."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "If you had horns on your helmet, you'd poke the guy's eye out next to you. Most people are living the very hard life of survival in these Scandinavian coastal towns, living off the land. It's rocky, it's not easy to grow food, there's a short growing season, they're breeding animals, they're fishing, they're living a very hard life in independent villages that aren't united. Eventually that lack of resource is going to kind of allow them to unite to really take advantage of their technological skills and boat making and then they're going to be able to expand and go plunder and go get stuff. But for the most part, people are living a very hard life. Now in terms of culture, they certainly had time for fun. They had a lot of fun with skiing and mountain climbing."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Eventually that lack of resource is going to kind of allow them to unite to really take advantage of their technological skills and boat making and then they're going to be able to expand and go plunder and go get stuff. But for the most part, people are living a very hard life. Now in terms of culture, they certainly had time for fun. They had a lot of fun with skiing and mountain climbing. They also invented some form of chess and a form of hockey. And women, women had more rights in Viking culture than they did certainly in European culture at that time. They were allowed to divorce their husbands, inherit property and in a sense, they were sort of equal with men even though they couldn't pick their husbands and they think they got married at the age of 12."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They had a lot of fun with skiing and mountain climbing. They also invented some form of chess and a form of hockey. And women, women had more rights in Viking culture than they did certainly in European culture at that time. They were allowed to divorce their husbands, inherit property and in a sense, they were sort of equal with men even though they couldn't pick their husbands and they think they got married at the age of 12. Creepy, but we're not going to talk about that. Now in terms of religion, not a united religion. We're going to call it Norse paganism where this is pre-Christianity."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They were allowed to divorce their husbands, inherit property and in a sense, they were sort of equal with men even though they couldn't pick their husbands and they think they got married at the age of 12. Creepy, but we're not going to talk about that. Now in terms of religion, not a united religion. We're going to call it Norse paganism where this is pre-Christianity. Christianity is going to come around the year 1000, but they are, you know, chieftain based. They have their own rituals and customs. You've heard of some gods like Thor, the god of thunder."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to call it Norse paganism where this is pre-Christianity. Christianity is going to come around the year 1000, but they are, you know, chieftain based. They have their own rituals and customs. You've heard of some gods like Thor, the god of thunder. I think that's what Thursday is named after. But there's hundreds of gods and goddesses in Viking culture and certainly they had their own festivities. They had sacrifices."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You've heard of some gods like Thor, the god of thunder. I think that's what Thursday is named after. But there's hundreds of gods and goddesses in Viking culture and certainly they had their own festivities. They had sacrifices. They had different ways of honoring their gods and goddesses. They believed sometimes in ancestral worship. They had very elaborate burial procedures and if you were high in culture, you were even buried on one of the boats and sometimes they'd even sacrifice your slaves to be buried with you."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They had sacrifices. They had different ways of honoring their gods and goddesses. They believed sometimes in ancestral worship. They had very elaborate burial procedures and if you were high in culture, you were even buried on one of the boats and sometimes they'd even sacrifice your slaves to be buried with you. That would really be bad. Imagine being a slave, it's bad enough. Then your master dies, someone kills you so you could be buried with them."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They had very elaborate burial procedures and if you were high in culture, you were even buried on one of the boats and sometimes they'd even sacrifice your slaves to be buried with you. That would really be bad. Imagine being a slave, it's bad enough. Then your master dies, someone kills you so you could be buried with them. Oh my goodness. But certainly they had their own intricate cultural customs, village to village, under this banner of Norse paganism. They also had a very rigid structure of class system."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Then your master dies, someone kills you so you could be buried with them. Oh my goodness. But certainly they had their own intricate cultural customs, village to village, under this banner of Norse paganism. They also had a very rigid structure of class system. There's ancient Norse mythology that talks about the god of Rig and how he was walking along the coast and first he came to a hut and he ended up sleeping between the wife and the husband. Nine months later, the wife gets pregnant, gives birth to a social class known as the Thralls. The Thralls are supposed to be the slaves of society and Viking culture had slavery."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They also had a very rigid structure of class system. There's ancient Norse mythology that talks about the god of Rig and how he was walking along the coast and first he came to a hut and he ended up sleeping between the wife and the husband. Nine months later, the wife gets pregnant, gives birth to a social class known as the Thralls. The Thralls are supposed to be the slaves of society and Viking culture had slavery. You could be born into slavery or you could be captured as bounty and they engaged heavily in the slave trade across the world with the Arab world, with the developing Russian world, in Europe, in Northern Africa. So then I guess the god Rig kept going. He came to a modest looking house, got tired, slept between the wife and the husband and then the wife got pregnant nine months later and she gave birth to the second class system which is known as the Carls."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Thralls are supposed to be the slaves of society and Viking culture had slavery. You could be born into slavery or you could be captured as bounty and they engaged heavily in the slave trade across the world with the Arab world, with the developing Russian world, in Europe, in Northern Africa. So then I guess the god Rig kept going. He came to a modest looking house, got tired, slept between the wife and the husband and then the wife got pregnant nine months later and she gave birth to the second class system which is known as the Carls. These were freedmen and there were some forms of democracy. They had meetings that were called the Thang. How cool is that?"}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He came to a modest looking house, got tired, slept between the wife and the husband and then the wife got pregnant nine months later and she gave birth to the second class system which is known as the Carls. These were freedmen and there were some forms of democracy. They had meetings that were called the Thang. How cool is that? Where they sort of made community based decisions. And then I guess the god Rig got tired, went to another nice place, slept between the man and the woman, the woman got pregnant nine months later, she gave birth to the Jarls which are kind of the royalty in Viking culture. And Viking culture really put a lot of emphasis on precious metals, especially silver and gold and they carried weights wherever they went and they were really, at the end of the day, as much as we're going to talk about plundering, they were trades people."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "How cool is that? Where they sort of made community based decisions. And then I guess the god Rig got tired, went to another nice place, slept between the man and the woman, the woman got pregnant nine months later, she gave birth to the Jarls which are kind of the royalty in Viking culture. And Viking culture really put a lot of emphasis on precious metals, especially silver and gold and they carried weights wherever they went and they were really, at the end of the day, as much as we're going to talk about plundering, they were trades people. They were very interested in gaining more resources so they could live happier and healthier lives. Alright, so we talked a little bit about their culture, a little bit about their religious beliefs, about the way they lived. Now let's see if we can invent some boats and go pander the world."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And Viking culture really put a lot of emphasis on precious metals, especially silver and gold and they carried weights wherever they went and they were really, at the end of the day, as much as we're going to talk about plundering, they were trades people. They were very interested in gaining more resources so they could live happier and healthier lives. Alright, so we talked a little bit about their culture, a little bit about their religious beliefs, about the way they lived. Now let's see if we can invent some boats and go pander the world. So in the late 8th century there's a huge increase in the amount of civil wars between Viking communities due to the lack of resources. So they're going to start looking outward into the water and that matched with their awesome seafaring technological skills is going to give them the ability to do that and that's based in the Viking longship, a revolutionary sea craft machine that's going to out beat everybody in the world. Everybody in the world at that time period had boats that were coastal, that you could only travel around on coastal areas, but this Viking longship is going to give them the ability to not only navigate rivers and coasts but the deep ocean as well."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now let's see if we can invent some boats and go pander the world. So in the late 8th century there's a huge increase in the amount of civil wars between Viking communities due to the lack of resources. So they're going to start looking outward into the water and that matched with their awesome seafaring technological skills is going to give them the ability to do that and that's based in the Viking longship, a revolutionary sea craft machine that's going to out beat everybody in the world. Everybody in the world at that time period had boats that were coastal, that you could only travel around on coastal areas, but this Viking longship is going to give them the ability to not only navigate rivers and coasts but the deep ocean as well. These were swift machines, low draft, they could travel in shallow water. They weren't just coastal, they could be carried across land. It only took them six weeks to make one of these puppies."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Everybody in the world at that time period had boats that were coastal, that you could only travel around on coastal areas, but this Viking longship is going to give them the ability to not only navigate rivers and coasts but the deep ocean as well. These were swift machines, low draft, they could travel in shallow water. They weren't just coastal, they could be carried across land. It only took them six weeks to make one of these puppies. It could travel over 150 miles a day and it could carry 60 men. So this is going to give them the ability to do what you know Vikings do really well, which is plunder. And now it would be the most masculine group of men, these Norse soldiers with their weapons of war, battle axes, swords and knives, armor and their cool helmets without the horns and they jump on the boat and they go find some awesome resources."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It only took them six weeks to make one of these puppies. It could travel over 150 miles a day and it could carry 60 men. So this is going to give them the ability to do what you know Vikings do really well, which is plunder. And now it would be the most masculine group of men, these Norse soldiers with their weapons of war, battle axes, swords and knives, armor and their cool helmets without the horns and they jump on the boat and they go find some awesome resources. This first occurred in June of 793 in Lindensfarn, which is an island off northeast England which was occupied by monks and monks offer two awesome characteristics for plunderers. They have a lot of stuff, a lot of religious artifacts and silver and gold and awesome stuff and they also don't fight back and that's what Vikings did. They would take advantage of vulnerable populations."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now it would be the most masculine group of men, these Norse soldiers with their weapons of war, battle axes, swords and knives, armor and their cool helmets without the horns and they jump on the boat and they go find some awesome resources. This first occurred in June of 793 in Lindensfarn, which is an island off northeast England which was occupied by monks and monks offer two awesome characteristics for plunderers. They have a lot of stuff, a lot of religious artifacts and silver and gold and awesome stuff and they also don't fight back and that's what Vikings did. They would take advantage of vulnerable populations. They landed on Lindensfarn and they wreaked havoc. They killed, they murdered, they stole and when they brought the bounty back to those Scandinavian countries people were like, oh my goodness that's awesome. I want to do that as well and that's what Vikings started to do."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They would take advantage of vulnerable populations. They landed on Lindensfarn and they wreaked havoc. They killed, they murdered, they stole and when they brought the bounty back to those Scandinavian countries people were like, oh my goodness that's awesome. I want to do that as well and that's what Vikings started to do. That's when it's going to explode really in the mid 9th century where Vikings are going to take advantage of these long ships and they're going to look towards Europe. They're traveling across the Baltic Sea and they're finding pathways into Europe which are going to allow invasion. In 845 the Viking king Ragnar is going to find his way into France through the Seine and the Loures rivers."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I want to do that as well and that's what Vikings started to do. That's when it's going to explode really in the mid 9th century where Vikings are going to take advantage of these long ships and they're going to look towards Europe. They're traveling across the Baltic Sea and they're finding pathways into Europe which are going to allow invasion. In 845 the Viking king Ragnar is going to find his way into France through the Seine and the Loures rivers. Some of them are going to actually stay behind and that's going to be the Norman population and eventually the Normans are going to conquer England. It was William the Conqueror and he's the grandson of a Viking king. But this is how they make their way into Europe, into Paris along these rivers plundering and killing and taking the booty."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In 845 the Viking king Ragnar is going to find his way into France through the Seine and the Loures rivers. Some of them are going to actually stay behind and that's going to be the Norman population and eventually the Normans are going to conquer England. It was William the Conqueror and he's the grandson of a Viking king. But this is how they make their way into Europe, into Paris along these rivers plundering and killing and taking the booty. It got so bad that Charles the Bald offered six tons of silver to the Vikings just to stop. So he gave them six tons of silver and then all the other Vikings were like, six tons of silver? That's a lot of silver."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But this is how they make their way into Europe, into Paris along these rivers plundering and killing and taking the booty. It got so bad that Charles the Bald offered six tons of silver to the Vikings just to stop. So he gave them six tons of silver and then all the other Vikings were like, six tons of silver? That's a lot of silver. Let's go plunder some more. So that didn't work. So Vikings are wreaking havoc during these dark ages for two or three hundred year time period on these Christian communities taking all their great stuff and bringing it back to the Scandinavian countries and that's going to make them expert tradesmen because a silver cross doesn't do you very well unless you trade it for something even better."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's a lot of silver. Let's go plunder some more. So that didn't work. So Vikings are wreaking havoc during these dark ages for two or three hundred year time period on these Christian communities taking all their great stuff and bringing it back to the Scandinavian countries and that's going to make them expert tradesmen because a silver cross doesn't do you very well unless you trade it for something even better. So they're taking their silver, they're taking their gold, they're taking their men, they're taking their women, they're taking their children for the slave market and they're doing really good at it. Some Vikings were even too terrible for even the other Vikings. One of those Vikings in the late 900s was called Eric the Red."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So Vikings are wreaking havoc during these dark ages for two or three hundred year time period on these Christian communities taking all their great stuff and bringing it back to the Scandinavian countries and that's going to make them expert tradesmen because a silver cross doesn't do you very well unless you trade it for something even better. So they're taking their silver, they're taking their gold, they're taking their men, they're taking their women, they're taking their children for the slave market and they're doing really good at it. Some Vikings were even too terrible for even the other Vikings. One of those Vikings in the late 900s was called Eric the Red. Eric the Red was exiled. They kicked him out of Iceland and Denmark. They said, we don't want you."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "One of those Vikings in the late 900s was called Eric the Red. Eric the Red was exiled. They kicked him out of Iceland and Denmark. They said, we don't want you. You're too bad. You're bad to the bone. So Eric the Red got on his ship and he sailed across the ocean blue and he landed in what today is called Greenland, which shouldn't be called Greenland because it's a big rock of ice."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They said, we don't want you. You're too bad. You're bad to the bone. So Eric the Red got on his ship and he sailed across the ocean blue and he landed in what today is called Greenland, which shouldn't be called Greenland because it's a big rock of ice. Eric the Red actually named it Greenland in order to attract settlers to come and when they came they found a very harsh existence in this land known as Greenland. And eventually his son, Leif Erikson, is going to go even farther west with stories that there's land to the west and he's going to land in Newfoundland. That's right, North America."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So Eric the Red got on his ship and he sailed across the ocean blue and he landed in what today is called Greenland, which shouldn't be called Greenland because it's a big rock of ice. Eric the Red actually named it Greenland in order to attract settlers to come and when they came they found a very harsh existence in this land known as Greenland. And eventually his son, Leif Erikson, is going to go even farther west with stories that there's land to the west and he's going to land in Newfoundland. That's right, North America. Take that Christopher Columbus. And for about a decade, Leif Erikson had a colony in Newfoundland, maybe even farther south and to the west of Newfoundland into North America. But eventually he's going to come back to Europe, actually as a Christian, to try to unite the Vikings, which isn't going to work really well."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's right, North America. Take that Christopher Columbus. And for about a decade, Leif Erikson had a colony in Newfoundland, maybe even farther south and to the west of Newfoundland into North America. But eventually he's going to come back to Europe, actually as a Christian, to try to unite the Vikings, which isn't going to work really well. One word you might know that comes out of Viking language is the word berserk. It was the name berserk that was given to the berserkers who were invading and they were said to be so crazy, maybe they were drunk or on hallucinogenic mushrooms or something, that they would go into the state of craziness as they invaded and that's where the word berserk comes from. So one of the last Viking kings is going to be Harald Hadrada, who's going to be king of Norway."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But eventually he's going to come back to Europe, actually as a Christian, to try to unite the Vikings, which isn't going to work really well. One word you might know that comes out of Viking language is the word berserk. It was the name berserk that was given to the berserkers who were invading and they were said to be so crazy, maybe they were drunk or on hallucinogenic mushrooms or something, that they would go into the state of craziness as they invaded and that's where the word berserk comes from. So one of the last Viking kings is going to be Harald Hadrada, who's going to be king of Norway. He was actually exiled for a long time. He was part of the royal family in 1047. He came back to co-rule with his nephew, who then suspiciously died and King Harald became the king of Norway."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So one of the last Viking kings is going to be Harald Hadrada, who's going to be king of Norway. He was actually exiled for a long time. He was part of the royal family in 1047. He came back to co-rule with his nephew, who then suspiciously died and King Harald became the king of Norway. He's going to make one last venture for the Vikings into Europe and try to create an empire, a Viking empire, and he invades England in 1066. It's called the Battle of Stamford Bridge and he was really cocky. He was really good at what he did, but he was outmaneuvered and he was outnumbered by the English, who eventually defeat him and that's really going to be the last hurrah for the Vikings."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He came back to co-rule with his nephew, who then suspiciously died and King Harald became the king of Norway. He's going to make one last venture for the Vikings into Europe and try to create an empire, a Viking empire, and he invades England in 1066. It's called the Battle of Stamford Bridge and he was really cocky. He was really good at what he did, but he was outmaneuvered and he was outnumbered by the English, who eventually defeat him and that's really going to be the last hurrah for the Vikings. Interestingly enough, in 1066, when the English defeat the Norwegian Vikings, it's the same year that they're defeated by the Normans at the Battle of Hastings. And then to make it more ironic, it's actually William the Conqueror and he is the grandson of a Viking. So how about that?"}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He was really good at what he did, but he was outmaneuvered and he was outnumbered by the English, who eventually defeat him and that's really going to be the last hurrah for the Vikings. Interestingly enough, in 1066, when the English defeat the Norwegian Vikings, it's the same year that they're defeated by the Normans at the Battle of Hastings. And then to make it more ironic, it's actually William the Conqueror and he is the grandson of a Viking. So how about that? At the end of the day, it's the Vikings that are going to rule England. So for over 300 years, Viking culture had a huge impact on Europe. Really, their plundering and the terrorism that they put into the Dark Ages is unmarked in world history and certainly their mad seafaring technological skills have an impact on their world and they really created a larger economy at the end of the day."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So how about that? At the end of the day, it's the Vikings that are going to rule England. So for over 300 years, Viking culture had a huge impact on Europe. Really, their plundering and the terrorism that they put into the Dark Ages is unmarked in world history and certainly their mad seafaring technological skills have an impact on their world and they really created a larger economy at the end of the day. They are, in a sense, the wheel of trade during the Dark Ages, connecting the Far East with North Africa, with Europe and the Scandinavian countries. But at the end of the day, it's going to be assimilation and Christianity that's going to put an end to any dream of a Viking Empire. So giddy up for the learning, guys."}, {"video_title": "The Vikings Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Really, their plundering and the terrorism that they put into the Dark Ages is unmarked in world history and certainly their mad seafaring technological skills have an impact on their world and they really created a larger economy at the end of the day. They are, in a sense, the wheel of trade during the Dark Ages, connecting the Far East with North Africa, with Europe and the Scandinavian countries. But at the end of the day, it's going to be assimilation and Christianity that's going to put an end to any dream of a Viking Empire. So giddy up for the learning, guys. We hope you understand something about the Vikings. If anything now, you know they don't have horns on their helmet. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We read about knights in shining armor, hassles with moats and towers, but when were the Middle Ages? The simple answer, the Middle Ages in Europe are the roughly 1,000 years from the fall of the Roman Empire, and to be particular, the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire continues on for most of the Middle Ages, but it starts in roughly 476, and it continues on for 1,000 years as we get into the 14th and 15th centuries, and it's really the time period that connects the world of Rome, Europe during antiquity, and connects it to the Europe that begins to emerge in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, the Europe of the Age of Exploration, the Europe of the Renaissance. Now, what we're going to do in this video is we're going to look at maps of the various time periods of the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages are broadly divided into three major sections, the early Middle Ages from the fall of the Western Roman Empire till about the year 1,000, the high Middle Ages, which was a high point for the Middle Ages in Europe, which goes from about the year 1,000 to the year 1,300, and then the late Middle Ages, which gets us to the 15th century and is considered not that pleasant of a time to live in Europe. So let's just start with what Europe looked like right after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. So as you can see here, this map is referring to the time period between 476 when Odoacer, or Odoacer, takes over Rome in 493, and you can see the Eastern Roman Empire is still here, but the Western Roman Empire is now fragmented amongst many Germanic kingdoms. You have the Visigoths, you have the Franks, you have the kingdom of Odoacer."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Middle Ages are broadly divided into three major sections, the early Middle Ages from the fall of the Western Roman Empire till about the year 1,000, the high Middle Ages, which was a high point for the Middle Ages in Europe, which goes from about the year 1,000 to the year 1,300, and then the late Middle Ages, which gets us to the 15th century and is considered not that pleasant of a time to live in Europe. So let's just start with what Europe looked like right after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. So as you can see here, this map is referring to the time period between 476 when Odoacer, or Odoacer, takes over Rome in 493, and you can see the Eastern Roman Empire is still here, but the Western Roman Empire is now fragmented amongst many Germanic kingdoms. You have the Visigoths, you have the Franks, you have the kingdom of Odoacer. With the fall of Rome, we are entering into the early Middle Ages. Now, the Eastern Roman Empire, which considers itself the Roman Empire, it's its capital at Constantinople, under Justinian has a little bit of a last hurrah and is able to recapture the Italian peninsula, so it's able to recapture some of the territory that was formerly part of the Western Roman Empire, some of the territory in North Africa that you don't see on this map, but for the most part, Western Europe stays under the control of various Germanic kingdoms. So here we have fast-forwarded to the year 814, which would be right around here on our timeline, and you can see a major event has occurred, either on the map or on this timeline."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the Visigoths, you have the Franks, you have the kingdom of Odoacer. With the fall of Rome, we are entering into the early Middle Ages. Now, the Eastern Roman Empire, which considers itself the Roman Empire, it's its capital at Constantinople, under Justinian has a little bit of a last hurrah and is able to recapture the Italian peninsula, so it's able to recapture some of the territory that was formerly part of the Western Roman Empire, some of the territory in North Africa that you don't see on this map, but for the most part, Western Europe stays under the control of various Germanic kingdoms. So here we have fast-forwarded to the year 814, which would be right around here on our timeline, and you can see a major event has occurred, either on the map or on this timeline. You have Charlemagne, king of the Franks, crowned Holy Roman Emperor. On the map, you can see Charlemagne's empire right over here. He has conquered Northern Italy, much of what we consider modern-day France, much of what we consider modern-day Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So here we have fast-forwarded to the year 814, which would be right around here on our timeline, and you can see a major event has occurred, either on the map or on this timeline. You have Charlemagne, king of the Franks, crowned Holy Roman Emperor. On the map, you can see Charlemagne's empire right over here. He has conquered Northern Italy, much of what we consider modern-day France, much of what we consider modern-day Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Charlemagne is really one of the defining figures of the Middle Ages, and especially the early Middle Ages. As you can see, he's able to unify much of Western Europe. A lot of our ideas about kings and castles and knights begin to emerge around the time of Charlemagne."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He has conquered Northern Italy, much of what we consider modern-day France, much of what we consider modern-day Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Charlemagne is really one of the defining figures of the Middle Ages, and especially the early Middle Ages. As you can see, he's able to unify much of Western Europe. A lot of our ideas about kings and castles and knights begin to emerge around the time of Charlemagne. This notion of being a Holy Roman Emperor, because he's able to provide protection to the pope. The pope says, hey, I'm going to say that you are continuing on the legacy of the Roman Empire. Now, as we'll see, and we cover in much more detail in other videos, the title of Holy Roman Emperor, or Emperor of the Romans, does not continue on with Charlemagne's descendants."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "A lot of our ideas about kings and castles and knights begin to emerge around the time of Charlemagne. This notion of being a Holy Roman Emperor, because he's able to provide protection to the pope. The pope says, hey, I'm going to say that you are continuing on the legacy of the Roman Empire. Now, as we'll see, and we cover in much more detail in other videos, the title of Holy Roman Emperor, or Emperor of the Romans, does not continue on with Charlemagne's descendants. But when you get to 962, Otto, who's a German king, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor again, and you continue to have Holy Roman Emperors all the way until 1806. Now, another major feature of the early Middle Ages, and you can see it on this map, is that Islam in the seventh and eighth centuries, it comes out of Arabia and is able to conquer much of the Middle East, Persia, North Africa, which you don't see on this map, and much of what we consider today to be modern-day Spain. And you can see it, you see the Caliphate of Cordoba right over here, you see the Abbasids here in the east, who also controlled much of North Africa."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, as we'll see, and we cover in much more detail in other videos, the title of Holy Roman Emperor, or Emperor of the Romans, does not continue on with Charlemagne's descendants. But when you get to 962, Otto, who's a German king, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor again, and you continue to have Holy Roman Emperors all the way until 1806. Now, another major feature of the early Middle Ages, and you can see it on this map, is that Islam in the seventh and eighth centuries, it comes out of Arabia and is able to conquer much of the Middle East, Persia, North Africa, which you don't see on this map, and much of what we consider today to be modern-day Spain. And you can see it, you see the Caliphate of Cordoba right over here, you see the Abbasids here in the east, who also controlled much of North Africa. Now, let's fast forward to the high Middle Ages. So here we are in the year 1135. On our timeline, that would be right about, let's see, this is 1100, that would be 1150, 1135 would put us right around here."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can see it, you see the Caliphate of Cordoba right over here, you see the Abbasids here in the east, who also controlled much of North Africa. Now, let's fast forward to the high Middle Ages. So here we are in the year 1135. On our timeline, that would be right about, let's see, this is 1100, that would be 1150, 1135 would put us right around here. And you can already see some interesting things on this map. The Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne is now fragmented. The western third is now the Kingdom of France."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "On our timeline, that would be right about, let's see, this is 1100, that would be 1150, 1135 would put us right around here. And you can already see some interesting things on this map. The Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne is now fragmented. The western third is now the Kingdom of France. The eastern two thirds are still considered the Roman Germanic Empire, or the Holy Roman Empire. And even though it looks fairly unified in this map, over different periods of time, it's really a bunch of fragmented Germanic kingdoms nominally under this Holy Roman Empire, sometimes it's a little bit more unified under a stronger Holy Roman Emperor. Now, the other things that you see, and we saw it on the last map, is that the Byzantine Empire is continuing to lose territory."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The western third is now the Kingdom of France. The eastern two thirds are still considered the Roman Germanic Empire, or the Holy Roman Empire. And even though it looks fairly unified in this map, over different periods of time, it's really a bunch of fragmented Germanic kingdoms nominally under this Holy Roman Empire, sometimes it's a little bit more unified under a stronger Holy Roman Emperor. Now, the other things that you see, and we saw it on the last map, is that the Byzantine Empire is continuing to lose territory. And you can see the Muslim Empires, in this case it's the Seljuk Turks, are able to take even more territory. Now, one of the things that has happened by the time we look at this map, and it's not clear by looking on the map, is that you have in 1054 the Great Schism between the Latin Church centered at Rome and the Eastern Greek Church centered at Constantinople. And we have a whole series of videos on that, and all of the factors that led to it."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the other things that you see, and we saw it on the last map, is that the Byzantine Empire is continuing to lose territory. And you can see the Muslim Empires, in this case it's the Seljuk Turks, are able to take even more territory. Now, one of the things that has happened by the time we look at this map, and it's not clear by looking on the map, is that you have in 1054 the Great Schism between the Latin Church centered at Rome and the Eastern Greek Church centered at Constantinople. And we have a whole series of videos on that, and all of the factors that led to it. But as we get to the time of this map, one of the things that the High Middle Ages is most known for, the Great Schism, or the East-West Schism, is one of them, the schism between what eventually becomes the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. But what the High Middle Ages are also known for are the Crusades. As already mentioned, you see how the Seljuk Turks are able to take much of Anatolia, much of the peninsula, from the Byzantine Empire."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we have a whole series of videos on that, and all of the factors that led to it. But as we get to the time of this map, one of the things that the High Middle Ages is most known for, the Great Schism, or the East-West Schism, is one of them, the schism between what eventually becomes the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. But what the High Middle Ages are also known for are the Crusades. As already mentioned, you see how the Seljuk Turks are able to take much of Anatolia, much of the peninsula, from the Byzantine Empire. And the West decides to send what will eventually be called Crusaders to help regain land from the Muslims. And so that's where you see the Crusades beginning in 1096 at the very end of the 11th century. You can see the multiple Crusades that occur over roughly the next 200 years."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As already mentioned, you see how the Seljuk Turks are able to take much of Anatolia, much of the peninsula, from the Byzantine Empire. And the West decides to send what will eventually be called Crusaders to help regain land from the Muslims. And so that's where you see the Crusades beginning in 1096 at the very end of the 11th century. You can see the multiple Crusades that occur over roughly the next 200 years. And the Crusaders were trying to reclaim land from the Muslims, and especially the Holy Land, much of which is below the map where you can't quite see it right over here. But it turns out that when they are able to reclaim some of that land, they don't give it back to the Byzantines. They set up what are known as Crusader Kingdoms."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You can see the multiple Crusades that occur over roughly the next 200 years. And the Crusaders were trying to reclaim land from the Muslims, and especially the Holy Land, much of which is below the map where you can't quite see it right over here. But it turns out that when they are able to reclaim some of that land, they don't give it back to the Byzantines. They set up what are known as Crusader Kingdoms. And you can see some of them right over here in this bluish color. So once again, you had this East-West Schism, and the Crusades are further expanding the division between East and West. And that really becomes significant in 1204 when the Crusaders themselves sack Constantinople, take Constantinople from the Byzantines."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They set up what are known as Crusader Kingdoms. And you can see some of them right over here in this bluish color. So once again, you had this East-West Schism, and the Crusades are further expanding the division between East and West. And that really becomes significant in 1204 when the Crusaders themselves sack Constantinople, take Constantinople from the Byzantines. So that's in some ways the point of no return. The Byzantines are eventually able to take Constantinople back, but this is really the beginning of the end for the Byzantine Empire. Now even though the High Middle Ages are known for this tension between East and West, the Great Schism, even though it's known for the Crusades, most of which were fairly unsuccessful despite being very, very, very bloody for the Crusaders, the High Middle Ages were considered a high point for the Middle Ages."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that really becomes significant in 1204 when the Crusaders themselves sack Constantinople, take Constantinople from the Byzantines. So that's in some ways the point of no return. The Byzantines are eventually able to take Constantinople back, but this is really the beginning of the end for the Byzantine Empire. Now even though the High Middle Ages are known for this tension between East and West, the Great Schism, even though it's known for the Crusades, most of which were fairly unsuccessful despite being very, very, very bloody for the Crusaders, the High Middle Ages were considered a high point for the Middle Ages. Farming technology coupled with better weather actually significantly increased agricultural productivity at this time. But then, roughly in the year 1300, historians consider ourselves moving into the Late Middle Ages. So you can see here in this map, by the Late Middle Ages, Europe is starting to resemble the Europe that we know in later periods once we get into the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now even though the High Middle Ages are known for this tension between East and West, the Great Schism, even though it's known for the Crusades, most of which were fairly unsuccessful despite being very, very, very bloody for the Crusaders, the High Middle Ages were considered a high point for the Middle Ages. Farming technology coupled with better weather actually significantly increased agricultural productivity at this time. But then, roughly in the year 1300, historians consider ourselves moving into the Late Middle Ages. So you can see here in this map, by the Late Middle Ages, Europe is starting to resemble the Europe that we know in later periods once we get into the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration. By this point, much of the Iberian Peninsula has been reclaimed from Muslim rule, although you still have Muslim rule in Granada. Most of the Byzantine Empire has now been taken over by the Ottomans, save Constantinople. Constantinople eventually falls in 1453."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So you can see here in this map, by the Late Middle Ages, Europe is starting to resemble the Europe that we know in later periods once we get into the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration. By this point, much of the Iberian Peninsula has been reclaimed from Muslim rule, although you still have Muslim rule in Granada. Most of the Byzantine Empire has now been taken over by the Ottomans, save Constantinople. Constantinople eventually falls in 1453. This map right over here is roughly what Europe looked like in the 14th century. So this period right over here, Constantinople falls in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire formally. And what the Late Middle Ages is most known for is being not that pleasant of a time to live in Europe."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Constantinople eventually falls in 1453. This map right over here is roughly what Europe looked like in the 14th century. So this period right over here, Constantinople falls in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire formally. And what the Late Middle Ages is most known for is being not that pleasant of a time to live in Europe. In 1347, you have the Black Death, which by some estimates kills 50 million people in Europe, which is roughly 60% of the population at the time. It's also a time of famine. The weather cycles get worse, and even before the Black Death, you have a significant famine occurring in the 14th century."}, {"video_title": "Overview of the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what the Late Middle Ages is most known for is being not that pleasant of a time to live in Europe. In 1347, you have the Black Death, which by some estimates kills 50 million people in Europe, which is roughly 60% of the population at the time. It's also a time of famine. The weather cycles get worse, and even before the Black Death, you have a significant famine occurring in the 14th century. You can see right over here between 1337 and 1453, you have the Hundred Years' War between France and England, which lasts over 100 years. Once again, not a pleasant time to live in especially Western Europe. But as we get into the end of the 15th and especially into the 16th century, historians consider that to be the end of the Middle Ages, and we start getting into the Age of Exploration and the Renaissance, which we will discuss in future videos."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, I did, Me From the Past. And while it's fun to focus on metaphorically resonant details, what we're concerned with here is why the American Revolution happened and the extent to which it was actually revolutionary. Plus, for the first time in Crash Course history, I have a legitimate chance of getting through an entire episode without butchering a single pronunciation. Unfortunately, next week we will be in France, and je parle fran\u00e7ais comme une idiote. INTRO So intellectual historians might put the roots of the American Revolution earlier, but I'm going to start with the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, which, as you will recall from last week, was one, expensive, and two, a victory for the British, including British subjects living in America, who now had more land and therefore more money. So in 1765, the British government was like, hey, since we went into this debt to get you all this new land, we trust that you won't mind if we pass the Stamp Act, in which we place a fancy stamp on your documents, newspapers, playing cards, etc., and in return, you give us money. Well, it turns out the colonists weren't so keen on this, not so much because the tax was high, but because they had no direct representation in the parliament that had levied the tax."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Unfortunately, next week we will be in France, and je parle fran\u00e7ais comme une idiote. INTRO So intellectual historians might put the roots of the American Revolution earlier, but I'm going to start with the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, which, as you will recall from last week, was one, expensive, and two, a victory for the British, including British subjects living in America, who now had more land and therefore more money. So in 1765, the British government was like, hey, since we went into this debt to get you all this new land, we trust that you won't mind if we pass the Stamp Act, in which we place a fancy stamp on your documents, newspapers, playing cards, etc., and in return, you give us money. Well, it turns out the colonists weren't so keen on this, not so much because the tax was high, but because they had no direct representation in the parliament that had levied the tax. And plus, they were cranky about the crown keeping large numbers of British troops in the colonies even after the end of the Seven Years' War. And then the British government was like, you are inadequately grateful, and the colonists were like, shut up, we hate you, and the British government was like, as long as you live under our roof, you live by our rules, and so on. But eventually, the British backed down and repealed the Stamp Act."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, it turns out the colonists weren't so keen on this, not so much because the tax was high, but because they had no direct representation in the parliament that had levied the tax. And plus, they were cranky about the crown keeping large numbers of British troops in the colonies even after the end of the Seven Years' War. And then the British government was like, you are inadequately grateful, and the colonists were like, shut up, we hate you, and the British government was like, as long as you live under our roof, you live by our rules, and so on. But eventually, the British backed down and repealed the Stamp Act. The repeal inspired a line of commemorative teapots, thereby beginning America's storied tradition of worthless, collectible ceramics. But in the end, this only emboldened the colonists when the British tried to put new taxes on the Americans in the form of the Townsend Act. This led to further protests and boycotts, and most importantly, more organization among the colonists."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "But eventually, the British backed down and repealed the Stamp Act. The repeal inspired a line of commemorative teapots, thereby beginning America's storied tradition of worthless, collectible ceramics. But in the end, this only emboldened the colonists when the British tried to put new taxes on the Americans in the form of the Townsend Act. This led to further protests and boycotts, and most importantly, more organization among the colonists. The protests escalated. 1770 saw the Boston Massacre, which with its sum total of five dead, was perhaps the least massacery massacre of all time. And in 1773, a bunch of colonists dumped about a million dollars worth of tea into Boston Harbor in protest of British government decisions that actually would have made British tea cheaper."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "This led to further protests and boycotts, and most importantly, more organization among the colonists. The protests escalated. 1770 saw the Boston Massacre, which with its sum total of five dead, was perhaps the least massacery massacre of all time. And in 1773, a bunch of colonists dumped about a million dollars worth of tea into Boston Harbor in protest of British government decisions that actually would have made British tea cheaper. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Ah! Oh, that did not go well."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "And in 1773, a bunch of colonists dumped about a million dollars worth of tea into Boston Harbor in protest of British government decisions that actually would have made British tea cheaper. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Ah! Oh, that did not go well. An open letter to tea. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a gigantic tea bag."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, that did not go well. An open letter to tea. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a gigantic tea bag. Hmm. Let's see what flavor it is. Bitter Tyranny variety."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's a gigantic tea bag. Hmm. Let's see what flavor it is. Bitter Tyranny variety. Dear Tea, like all Americans who love justice and freedom, I hate you. But I understand you're quite popular in the UK, where the East India Company would periodically go to war for you. But what fascinates me about you, Tea, I mean aside from the fact that people choose to drink you when there are great American refreshments available like Mountain Dew, is that even though you're stereotypically English, you're not English."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Bitter Tyranny variety. Dear Tea, like all Americans who love justice and freedom, I hate you. But I understand you're quite popular in the UK, where the East India Company would periodically go to war for you. But what fascinates me about you, Tea, I mean aside from the fact that people choose to drink you when there are great American refreshments available like Mountain Dew, is that even though you're stereotypically English, you're not English. It's Chinese or Burmese or Indian, no one really knows, but it's definitely not English. You didn't even have tea until like the 1660s, posers. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "But what fascinates me about you, Tea, I mean aside from the fact that people choose to drink you when there are great American refreshments available like Mountain Dew, is that even though you're stereotypically English, you're not English. It's Chinese or Burmese or Indian, no one really knows, but it's definitely not English. You didn't even have tea until like the 1660s, posers. Best wishes, John Green. So the Boston Tea Party led to further British crackdowns and then mobilization of colonial militias and then Paul Revere and then actual war, but you can hear all about that stuff on like TV miniseries. I want to focus on one of the ways that colonists protested unfair taxation. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. So the Boston Tea Party led to further British crackdowns and then mobilization of colonial militias and then Paul Revere and then actual war, but you can hear all about that stuff on like TV miniseries. I want to focus on one of the ways that colonists protested unfair taxation. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. As previously noted, the English crown benefited tremendously from the import of consumer goods to the American colonies, and one of the most effective ways American colonists could protest taxation without representation was by boycotting British products. In order to enforce these boycotts, the protesters created committees of correspondence, which spread information about who was and was not observing the boycotts, and these committees also could coerce non-compliers into compliance, which is to say that they were creating and enforcing policy, kind of like a government does. The Maryland Committee of Correspondence, in fact, was instrumental in setting up the first Continental Congress, which convened to coordinate a response to the fighting that started in 1775."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. As previously noted, the English crown benefited tremendously from the import of consumer goods to the American colonies, and one of the most effective ways American colonists could protest taxation without representation was by boycotting British products. In order to enforce these boycotts, the protesters created committees of correspondence, which spread information about who was and was not observing the boycotts, and these committees also could coerce non-compliers into compliance, which is to say that they were creating and enforcing policy, kind of like a government does. The Maryland Committee of Correspondence, in fact, was instrumental in setting up the first Continental Congress, which convened to coordinate a response to the fighting that started in 1775. This was back when congresses did things, by the way. It was awesome. Anyway, the Continental Congress is most famous for drafting and approving the Declaration of Independence."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "The Maryland Committee of Correspondence, in fact, was instrumental in setting up the first Continental Congress, which convened to coordinate a response to the fighting that started in 1775. This was back when congresses did things, by the way. It was awesome. Anyway, the Continental Congress is most famous for drafting and approving the Declaration of Independence. No, Thought Bubble, that's the Will Smith vehicle, Independence Day. I mean the Declaration of Independence. Right, that one."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Anyway, the Continental Congress is most famous for drafting and approving the Declaration of Independence. No, Thought Bubble, that's the Will Smith vehicle, Independence Day. I mean the Declaration of Independence. Right, that one. It's not your fault. You guys are Canadian. You've never declared independence."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, that one. It's not your fault. You guys are Canadian. You've never declared independence. Worth noting, by the way, that the Congress edited out more than a quarter of Jefferson's original declaration, and he forever after insisted that they'd, quote, mangled it. Anyway, I would argue the heavy lifting of the American Revolution was already done by the declaration. In truth, by the time the shooting started, most of the colonists were already self-governing and had developed a sense of themselves as something separate and different from Great Britain, as evidenced by these Committees of Correspondence, which functioned as shadow governments, eventually reaching out to foreign governments, establishing an espionage network, tarring and feathering loyalists and royal officials, which, by the way, is incredibly painful and dangerous to the victim, and even recruiting physicians to tell American men that drinking British tea would make them weak and effeminate."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "You've never declared independence. Worth noting, by the way, that the Congress edited out more than a quarter of Jefferson's original declaration, and he forever after insisted that they'd, quote, mangled it. Anyway, I would argue the heavy lifting of the American Revolution was already done by the declaration. In truth, by the time the shooting started, most of the colonists were already self-governing and had developed a sense of themselves as something separate and different from Great Britain, as evidenced by these Committees of Correspondence, which functioned as shadow governments, eventually reaching out to foreign governments, establishing an espionage network, tarring and feathering loyalists and royal officials, which, by the way, is incredibly painful and dangerous to the victim, and even recruiting physicians to tell American men that drinking British tea would make them weak and effeminate. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Now, despite all this, about 20% of colonists remained loyal to Great Britain throughout the war, especially in the major cities that Britain occupied. Also, lots of slaves continued to support the British, especially after Britain promised that any slaves who fought with them would be freed."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "In truth, by the time the shooting started, most of the colonists were already self-governing and had developed a sense of themselves as something separate and different from Great Britain, as evidenced by these Committees of Correspondence, which functioned as shadow governments, eventually reaching out to foreign governments, establishing an espionage network, tarring and feathering loyalists and royal officials, which, by the way, is incredibly painful and dangerous to the victim, and even recruiting physicians to tell American men that drinking British tea would make them weak and effeminate. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Now, despite all this, about 20% of colonists remained loyal to Great Britain throughout the war, especially in the major cities that Britain occupied. Also, lots of slaves continued to support the British, especially after Britain promised that any slaves who fought with them would be freed. And it's worth noting that while we generally celebrate the Revolution and see it as a step toward justice and equality, the people who most needed the protection of a government might have been better off and more free if Britain had won, especially since Britain ended slavery well before America did and, you know, without a civil war. Also, even though most Americans had come to see themselves as separate from Britain before 1776, the British certainly didn't see it that way. They continued to fight either until 1781 or 1783, depending on whether you calculate by when they actually gave up or when the peace treaty was signed."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, lots of slaves continued to support the British, especially after Britain promised that any slaves who fought with them would be freed. And it's worth noting that while we generally celebrate the Revolution and see it as a step toward justice and equality, the people who most needed the protection of a government might have been better off and more free if Britain had won, especially since Britain ended slavery well before America did and, you know, without a civil war. Also, even though most Americans had come to see themselves as separate from Britain before 1776, the British certainly didn't see it that way. They continued to fight either until 1781 or 1783, depending on whether you calculate by when they actually gave up or when the peace treaty was signed. So you can't really say the American Revolution was won before the fighting even started, but the truth is the American Revolution and the War for Independence weren't like this. They were like this. So here's what was pretty revolutionary about the American Revolution."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "They continued to fight either until 1781 or 1783, depending on whether you calculate by when they actually gave up or when the peace treaty was signed. So you can't really say the American Revolution was won before the fighting even started, but the truth is the American Revolution and the War for Independence weren't like this. They were like this. So here's what was pretty revolutionary about the American Revolution. The colonists threw off the rule of an imperial monarchy and replaced it with a government that didn't have a king, a radical idea in a world that didn't feature many non-monarchical forms of government. And if you look at the explanations for the Revolution, especially those contained in, like, the Declaration of Independence and in pamphlets like Thomas Paine's Common Sense, there's definitely a revolutionary zeal that's informed by the Enlightenment. And that's especially true if you focus on the idea of liberty, as many of the pamphleteers did."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "So here's what was pretty revolutionary about the American Revolution. The colonists threw off the rule of an imperial monarchy and replaced it with a government that didn't have a king, a radical idea in a world that didn't feature many non-monarchical forms of government. And if you look at the explanations for the Revolution, especially those contained in, like, the Declaration of Independence and in pamphlets like Thomas Paine's Common Sense, there's definitely a revolutionary zeal that's informed by the Enlightenment. And that's especially true if you focus on the idea of liberty, as many of the pamphleteers did. That said, if you look at the actual outcome of the Revolution, aside from the whole no king thing, it wasn't that revolutionary. Let's look, for instance, at two ideas central to the Revolution, property rights and equality. So the Articles of Confederation gave the government no power to tax, which had the effect of making sure that people who had property were able to keep it because they never had to pay the government anything in exchange for the right to own and use it."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's especially true if you focus on the idea of liberty, as many of the pamphleteers did. That said, if you look at the actual outcome of the Revolution, aside from the whole no king thing, it wasn't that revolutionary. Let's look, for instance, at two ideas central to the Revolution, property rights and equality. So the Articles of Confederation gave the government no power to tax, which had the effect of making sure that people who had property were able to keep it because they never had to pay the government anything in exchange for the right to own and use it. And that's very different from taxation systems dating all the way back to, like, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. And it's probably not a coincidence that most of the writers and signers of the Declaration of Independence were men of property. And they wanted to keep it that way."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Articles of Confederation gave the government no power to tax, which had the effect of making sure that people who had property were able to keep it because they never had to pay the government anything in exchange for the right to own and use it. And that's very different from taxation systems dating all the way back to, like, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. And it's probably not a coincidence that most of the writers and signers of the Declaration of Independence were men of property. And they wanted to keep it that way. So basically, the white guys who controlled the land and its production before the American Revolution were the same white guys who controlled it after the American Revolution. And this leads us to the second and more important way that, as a revolution, the American one falls a bit short. So if you've ever studied American history, you're probably familiar with the greatest line in the Declaration of Independence."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "And they wanted to keep it that way. So basically, the white guys who controlled the land and its production before the American Revolution were the same white guys who controlled it after the American Revolution. And this leads us to the second and more important way that, as a revolution, the American one falls a bit short. So if you've ever studied American history, you're probably familiar with the greatest line in the Declaration of Independence. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. Sorry, ladies. And you also may know that at the time those words were written, a large segment of the American population, perhaps as much as 30%, were slaves of African descent who were held as property and were definitely 100% not treated as equal to whites."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "So if you've ever studied American history, you're probably familiar with the greatest line in the Declaration of Independence. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. Sorry, ladies. And you also may know that at the time those words were written, a large segment of the American population, perhaps as much as 30%, were slaves of African descent who were held as property and were definitely 100% not treated as equal to whites. In fact, the guy who wrote those words held slaves and was fighting against a government who promised to free any slaves who supported it. Furthermore, women couldn't vote, and neither could white men who didn't own enough property, meaning that the government of, for, and by the people was, in fact, of, for, and by about 10 to 15% of the people. But here's the real question."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "And you also may know that at the time those words were written, a large segment of the American population, perhaps as much as 30%, were slaves of African descent who were held as property and were definitely 100% not treated as equal to whites. In fact, the guy who wrote those words held slaves and was fighting against a government who promised to free any slaves who supported it. Furthermore, women couldn't vote, and neither could white men who didn't own enough property, meaning that the government of, for, and by the people was, in fact, of, for, and by about 10 to 15% of the people. But here's the real question. Was the American Revolution what the historian Jonathan Israel called a revolution of mind? Did it change the way we think about what people are and how we should organize ourselves? Addressing those questions will involve a brief foray into the history of ideas."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "But here's the real question. Was the American Revolution what the historian Jonathan Israel called a revolution of mind? Did it change the way we think about what people are and how we should organize ourselves? Addressing those questions will involve a brief foray into the history of ideas. Let's study the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was primarily a celebration of humans' ability to understand and improve the natural world through reason. The Enlightenment had a number of antecedents, including the European Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Addressing those questions will involve a brief foray into the history of ideas. Let's study the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was primarily a celebration of humans' ability to understand and improve the natural world through reason. The Enlightenment had a number of antecedents, including the European Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution. But what made it special was that some of its more radical proponents, like Immanuel Kant, for instance, went so far as to argue that human reason rendered a belief in God unnecessary, and by extension, proclaimed that any belief in divine intervention or a divine plan for humanity was just superstition. Given that this was coming out of an overwhelmingly Christian Europe, this was a pretty controversial suggestion, and not all Enlightenment thinkers would go that far. And more moderate Enlightenment thinkers were also more willing to countenance hierarchical social and political structures."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "The Enlightenment had a number of antecedents, including the European Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution. But what made it special was that some of its more radical proponents, like Immanuel Kant, for instance, went so far as to argue that human reason rendered a belief in God unnecessary, and by extension, proclaimed that any belief in divine intervention or a divine plan for humanity was just superstition. Given that this was coming out of an overwhelmingly Christian Europe, this was a pretty controversial suggestion, and not all Enlightenment thinkers would go that far. And more moderate Enlightenment thinkers were also more willing to countenance hierarchical social and political structures. Like John Locke, a major Enlightenment thinker, formulated his version of inalienable rights as life, liberty, and property. And that's much more traditional than arguing, for instance, that property should be held communally. And it's no coincidence that the more moderate Enlightenment thinkers, like Locke and Adam Smith, happened to be British, and the real radicals were French."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "And more moderate Enlightenment thinkers were also more willing to countenance hierarchical social and political structures. Like John Locke, a major Enlightenment thinker, formulated his version of inalienable rights as life, liberty, and property. And that's much more traditional than arguing, for instance, that property should be held communally. And it's no coincidence that the more moderate Enlightenment thinkers, like Locke and Adam Smith, happened to be British, and the real radicals were French. And the founders of the United States were far more closely linked to those British Enlightenment thinkers than to the French, who influenced the French Revolution, which, as we will see next week, goes swimmingly. But even if the government that America's revolutionaries came up with didn't overturn privilege or tear apart the social order as the French Revolution tried to do, it did make significant changes. America made sure that there would never be a formal nobility, except for the Count of Chocula."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's no coincidence that the more moderate Enlightenment thinkers, like Locke and Adam Smith, happened to be British, and the real radicals were French. And the founders of the United States were far more closely linked to those British Enlightenment thinkers than to the French, who influenced the French Revolution, which, as we will see next week, goes swimmingly. But even if the government that America's revolutionaries came up with didn't overturn privilege or tear apart the social order as the French Revolution tried to do, it did make significant changes. America made sure that there would never be a formal nobility, except for the Count of Chocula. And it recognized the equal rights of daughters and widows when it came to inheriting and possessing property. Also, it created a world in which future countesses could rehabilitate their reputations in New York. But the real seismic change was that after the revolution, Americans came to view themselves as equal to each other."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "America made sure that there would never be a formal nobility, except for the Count of Chocula. And it recognized the equal rights of daughters and widows when it came to inheriting and possessing property. Also, it created a world in which future countesses could rehabilitate their reputations in New York. But the real seismic change was that after the revolution, Americans came to view themselves as equal to each other. And in the context of the 18th century, that was pretty radical. Ordinary Americans came to believe that no one in a basic, down-to-earth, and day-in-and-day-out manner was really better than anyone else. That was equality as no other nation had ever quite had it."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "But the real seismic change was that after the revolution, Americans came to view themselves as equal to each other. And in the context of the 18th century, that was pretty radical. Ordinary Americans came to believe that no one in a basic, down-to-earth, and day-in-and-day-out manner was really better than anyone else. That was equality as no other nation had ever quite had it. And in the end, the ideas of the American Revolution, ideas about property and equality and representation, are still hugely important in shaping political discourse around the world, and particularly in America. And by America, I mean the United States. I'm sorry, Canadians and Mexicans and Central Americans and South Americans."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "That was equality as no other nation had ever quite had it. And in the end, the ideas of the American Revolution, ideas about property and equality and representation, are still hugely important in shaping political discourse around the world, and particularly in America. And by America, I mean the United States. I'm sorry, Canadians and Mexicans and Central Americans and South Americans. We're provincial, okay? I mean, here in the United States, our presidential candidates must both know how to wear a suit and how to bowl. But the American Revolution also reminds us, as the French one will next week, that revolutionary ideas and values are not always easy to live up to."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm sorry, Canadians and Mexicans and Central Americans and South Americans. We're provincial, okay? I mean, here in the United States, our presidential candidates must both know how to wear a suit and how to bowl. But the American Revolution also reminds us, as the French one will next week, that revolutionary ideas and values are not always easy to live up to. Nothing challenges one's belief in equality quite like becoming rich and powerful. Indeed, rare is the revolutionary who doesn't become, on some level, like Orwell's pigs, insisting that while all animals were created equal, some were created more equal than others. In short, if you're going to base your new society on philosophy, you should try to found it on ideals that are as inclusive and humanistic as possible, because the people executing those ideas will never be ideal."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "But the American Revolution also reminds us, as the French one will next week, that revolutionary ideas and values are not always easy to live up to. Nothing challenges one's belief in equality quite like becoming rich and powerful. Indeed, rare is the revolutionary who doesn't become, on some level, like Orwell's pigs, insisting that while all animals were created equal, some were created more equal than others. In short, if you're going to base your new society on philosophy, you should try to found it on ideals that are as inclusive and humanistic as possible, because the people executing those ideas will never be ideal. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "In short, if you're going to base your new society on philosophy, you should try to found it on ideals that are as inclusive and humanistic as possible, because the people executing those ideas will never be ideal. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble, and we are ably interned by Meredith Danko."}, {"video_title": "Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution Crash Course World History #28.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble, and we are ably interned by Meredith Danko. Last week's Phrase of the Week was historian feuds. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guess at this one, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is the extent of the Persian Empire at around 500 BCE under Darius the Great. And in future videos, we'll talk more about Cyrus the Great and Darius the Great and the various Shahs and Shahs, king of kings of the Persian Empire. But you can see it was a massive empire. Not only did it contain modern Iran, which is really the heart of the Persian Empire, but much of the modern Middle East, including Turkey. You have Egypt here. We go into Central Asia and also Afghanistan and even parts of Pakistan. But before talking more about how it was established and who established it, I'm gonna dig down a little bit into the word Persia."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Not only did it contain modern Iran, which is really the heart of the Persian Empire, but much of the modern Middle East, including Turkey. You have Egypt here. We go into Central Asia and also Afghanistan and even parts of Pakistan. But before talking more about how it was established and who established it, I'm gonna dig down a little bit into the word Persia. Because just as the ancient Greeks did not refer to where they lived as Greece, that that is a Latin idea of calling it Greece, that the Greeks referred to where they lived as Elas, it turns out that the Persians did not refer to where they live as Persia. Their terms are actually much closer to ideas around land of the Aryans. So there's, based on my research, ideas like Aryanum Veja and Aran Shah and Aran."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But before talking more about how it was established and who established it, I'm gonna dig down a little bit into the word Persia. Because just as the ancient Greeks did not refer to where they lived as Greece, that that is a Latin idea of calling it Greece, that the Greeks referred to where they lived as Elas, it turns out that the Persians did not refer to where they live as Persia. Their terms are actually much closer to ideas around land of the Aryans. So there's, based on my research, ideas like Aryanum Veja and Aran Shah and Aran. So it actually turns out that the modern, the name of the country, the modern word Iran, is probably more appropriate or in some ways closer to what the region has always called itself, what the Iranians or the Persians have always called themselves and called where they lived. They referred to themselves as the Aryans and where they lived as the Aryanum Veja or Aran or Aran Shah or some version of that in the modern version is Iran. Now with that said, you might say, well, why did the Greeks call it Persia?"}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So there's, based on my research, ideas like Aryanum Veja and Aran Shah and Aran. So it actually turns out that the modern, the name of the country, the modern word Iran, is probably more appropriate or in some ways closer to what the region has always called itself, what the Iranians or the Persians have always called themselves and called where they lived. They referred to themselves as the Aryans and where they lived as the Aryanum Veja or Aran or Aran Shah or some version of that in the modern version is Iran. Now with that said, you might say, well, why did the Greeks call it Persia? Well, the Persian Empire, what we consider to be the first true Persian Empire, is the Achaemenid Empire. And we'll talk in a second why do we call it even the Achaemenid. But the Achaemenid Empire emerges from a region of Persia, I guess we can say, that in this map is referred to as Persis, but other names for it are Pars and even in modern Iran, there is a region called Fars which coincides very close with it."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now with that said, you might say, well, why did the Greeks call it Persia? Well, the Persian Empire, what we consider to be the first true Persian Empire, is the Achaemenid Empire. And we'll talk in a second why do we call it even the Achaemenid. But the Achaemenid Empire emerges from a region of Persia, I guess we can say, that in this map is referred to as Persis, but other names for it are Pars and even in modern Iran, there is a region called Fars which coincides very close with it. And since the leaders of the Persian Empire and especially Cyrus the Great emerged from this region, they called them the Persians and it was the Persian Empire that emerges from this region, what you might wanna call Pars, Fars. Fars especially comes from Arabic where they don't have the P sound, but Pars or Persis or whatever you wanna call it and that's why it was called the Persian Empire. Now, it wasn't the first empire in that region."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Achaemenid Empire emerges from a region of Persia, I guess we can say, that in this map is referred to as Persis, but other names for it are Pars and even in modern Iran, there is a region called Fars which coincides very close with it. And since the leaders of the Persian Empire and especially Cyrus the Great emerged from this region, they called them the Persians and it was the Persian Empire that emerges from this region, what you might wanna call Pars, Fars. Fars especially comes from Arabic where they don't have the P sound, but Pars or Persis or whatever you wanna call it and that's why it was called the Persian Empire. Now, it wasn't the first empire in that region. Before the Persian Empire gets established or what we associate with the Persian or the Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus the Great, much of this region of where we call modern day Iran was controlled by the Medians and you can see Media is this region right over here and it was Cyrus the Great that in 549, some accounts say 550 BCE, is able to overthrow the Median emperor who happens to be his grandfather and that is the real dawn of the Achaemenid Dynasty. Now, the next question, and this was established, let me write this down, this is established by Cyrus the Great. Cyrus the Great."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, it wasn't the first empire in that region. Before the Persian Empire gets established or what we associate with the Persian or the Achaemenid Empire of Cyrus the Great, much of this region of where we call modern day Iran was controlled by the Medians and you can see Media is this region right over here and it was Cyrus the Great that in 549, some accounts say 550 BCE, is able to overthrow the Median emperor who happens to be his grandfather and that is the real dawn of the Achaemenid Dynasty. Now, the next question, and this was established, let me write this down, this is established by Cyrus the Great. Cyrus the Great. He was Cyrus the Second, but he became Cyrus the Great because he's able to break out and overthrow the Medians and establish this massive empire and the reason why it's called the Achaemenid Empire, not the Cyrid Empire, is that Cyrus claims to be from the family of the patriarch Achaemenes and a lot of these names, these are from Greek accounts and so that's why they sound a little bit more Greek, but Achaemenes is a semi-legendary figure that we're not sure exactly when he lived, but the best accounts I could see is near the beginning of the 7th century BCE and Cyrus the Great is from Achaemenes' family and so since they came to power, this first really Persian Empire, when the people talk about the Persian Empire, they don't tend to refer to the Median Empire, they're really referring to the Achaemenid Empire. That's why it's called Achaemenid. Now in future videos, we'll talk more about what happened in the Achaemenid Empire, but you can see the extent of it was pretty significant and it lasts for a little over 200 years until they are conquered by foreigners and the foreigners that conquer them are the Greeks."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Cyrus the Great. He was Cyrus the Second, but he became Cyrus the Great because he's able to break out and overthrow the Medians and establish this massive empire and the reason why it's called the Achaemenid Empire, not the Cyrid Empire, is that Cyrus claims to be from the family of the patriarch Achaemenes and a lot of these names, these are from Greek accounts and so that's why they sound a little bit more Greek, but Achaemenes is a semi-legendary figure that we're not sure exactly when he lived, but the best accounts I could see is near the beginning of the 7th century BCE and Cyrus the Great is from Achaemenes' family and so since they came to power, this first really Persian Empire, when the people talk about the Persian Empire, they don't tend to refer to the Median Empire, they're really referring to the Achaemenid Empire. That's why it's called Achaemenid. Now in future videos, we'll talk more about what happened in the Achaemenid Empire, but you can see the extent of it was pretty significant and it lasts for a little over 200 years until they are conquered by foreigners and the foreigners that conquer them are the Greeks. The Philip of Macedon's son, Alexander the Great, is able to on some level unify Greece and Persia and it's interesting because a lot of what we learn about ancient Persia, it's accounts from the Greeks, from folks like Herodotus, but during the time of classical Greece, Greece was really a bit of a sideshow. It was really this kind of thorn in the side of Persia. Persia was really where the power was, but as we get to the mid or the end of the fourth century BCE, Persia weakens, Greece unifies under Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great and Alexander the Great is able to conquer the Persian Empire and he is short-lived."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in future videos, we'll talk more about what happened in the Achaemenid Empire, but you can see the extent of it was pretty significant and it lasts for a little over 200 years until they are conquered by foreigners and the foreigners that conquer them are the Greeks. The Philip of Macedon's son, Alexander the Great, is able to on some level unify Greece and Persia and it's interesting because a lot of what we learn about ancient Persia, it's accounts from the Greeks, from folks like Herodotus, but during the time of classical Greece, Greece was really a bit of a sideshow. It was really this kind of thorn in the side of Persia. Persia was really where the power was, but as we get to the mid or the end of the fourth century BCE, Persia weakens, Greece unifies under Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great and Alexander the Great is able to conquer the Persian Empire and he is short-lived. We have videos on Alexander the Great. I encourage you to watch them. His life is short-lived and his unified empire is short-lived but he has this dream of mixing the cultures and really being a unified people, but as soon as he dies, his empire splits, but the Persian Empire, for the most part, is in the control of the Seleucids and the Seleucid dynasty, this is essentially foreign rule because Seleucus, who establishes the Seleucid dynasty, he is one of Alexander's generals."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Persia was really where the power was, but as we get to the mid or the end of the fourth century BCE, Persia weakens, Greece unifies under Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great and Alexander the Great is able to conquer the Persian Empire and he is short-lived. We have videos on Alexander the Great. I encourage you to watch them. His life is short-lived and his unified empire is short-lived but he has this dream of mixing the cultures and really being a unified people, but as soon as he dies, his empire splits, but the Persian Empire, for the most part, is in the control of the Seleucids and the Seleucid dynasty, this is essentially foreign rule because Seleucus, who establishes the Seleucid dynasty, he is one of Alexander's generals. He's fundamentally Greek and so the rulers under the Seleucid dynasty are Greek and you don't get back to having Persian rule until 238 BCE and it's in 238 BCE that the Parthians emerge to conquer the empire and so once again, you could say, well, this is back to non-foreign rule and it's really important to keep in mind because in its day, the Achaemenid Empire was, if not the dominant, one of the very dominant empires of the world. At its peak, it had a population and this is roughly under Darius the Great and we'll talk more about him. He was an interesting character but the Achaemenid Empire at its peak had approximately 50 million people and that's a lot of people at any time in history but especially at that time in history because at that time in history, there was only a little over 100 million people in the world or at least that's our current estimates so this is actually the largest proportion of the world's population that any empire has ever had in history as far as we can tell so that gives it some claim to being maybe the greatest or one of the greatest empires in world history and then as we get into the Seleucid and especially the Parthian Empire, in the West, we talk a lot about the glory of the Roman Empire but the Parthians were right there beside of them and they kind of went back and forth but they were side by side."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "His life is short-lived and his unified empire is short-lived but he has this dream of mixing the cultures and really being a unified people, but as soon as he dies, his empire splits, but the Persian Empire, for the most part, is in the control of the Seleucids and the Seleucid dynasty, this is essentially foreign rule because Seleucus, who establishes the Seleucid dynasty, he is one of Alexander's generals. He's fundamentally Greek and so the rulers under the Seleucid dynasty are Greek and you don't get back to having Persian rule until 238 BCE and it's in 238 BCE that the Parthians emerge to conquer the empire and so once again, you could say, well, this is back to non-foreign rule and it's really important to keep in mind because in its day, the Achaemenid Empire was, if not the dominant, one of the very dominant empires of the world. At its peak, it had a population and this is roughly under Darius the Great and we'll talk more about him. He was an interesting character but the Achaemenid Empire at its peak had approximately 50 million people and that's a lot of people at any time in history but especially at that time in history because at that time in history, there was only a little over 100 million people in the world or at least that's our current estimates so this is actually the largest proportion of the world's population that any empire has ever had in history as far as we can tell so that gives it some claim to being maybe the greatest or one of the greatest empires in world history and then as we get into the Seleucid and especially the Parthian Empire, in the West, we talk a lot about the glory of the Roman Empire but the Parthians were right there beside of them and they kind of went back and forth but they were side by side. The peak of the Parthian Empire coincides with the peak of the Roman Empire and they gave each other space and they went back and forth especially around the Middle East and you have this empire from the Parthians, you go to the Sasanians and eventually in the 7th century CE, you have the Islam comes into the Persian Empire and becomes the dominant religion and so that might make you ask, well, what was the dominant religion before that? And the answer there is Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism and it was Zoroastrianism and it was really Cyrus the Great by establishing the Persian Empire who really spreads Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrianism is based on their prophet Zarathustra and when Zarathustra lived is up for some debate."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He was an interesting character but the Achaemenid Empire at its peak had approximately 50 million people and that's a lot of people at any time in history but especially at that time in history because at that time in history, there was only a little over 100 million people in the world or at least that's our current estimates so this is actually the largest proportion of the world's population that any empire has ever had in history as far as we can tell so that gives it some claim to being maybe the greatest or one of the greatest empires in world history and then as we get into the Seleucid and especially the Parthian Empire, in the West, we talk a lot about the glory of the Roman Empire but the Parthians were right there beside of them and they kind of went back and forth but they were side by side. The peak of the Parthian Empire coincides with the peak of the Roman Empire and they gave each other space and they went back and forth especially around the Middle East and you have this empire from the Parthians, you go to the Sasanians and eventually in the 7th century CE, you have the Islam comes into the Persian Empire and becomes the dominant religion and so that might make you ask, well, what was the dominant religion before that? And the answer there is Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism and it was Zoroastrianism and it was really Cyrus the Great by establishing the Persian Empire who really spreads Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrianism is based on their prophet Zarathustra and when Zarathustra lived is up for some debate. It might be as early as 1500 BCE. Some people say it might be even right before or even coincident with the life of Cyrus the Great and so there's some debate on when Zarathustra lived but it was a monotheistic religion following the one god of Ahura Mazda. Ahura Mazda and it was based on these ideas of good thoughts lead to good words and good deeds."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Zoroastrianism and it was Zoroastrianism and it was really Cyrus the Great by establishing the Persian Empire who really spreads Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrianism is based on their prophet Zarathustra and when Zarathustra lived is up for some debate. It might be as early as 1500 BCE. Some people say it might be even right before or even coincident with the life of Cyrus the Great and so there's some debate on when Zarathustra lived but it was a monotheistic religion following the one god of Ahura Mazda. Ahura Mazda and it was based on these ideas of good thoughts lead to good words and good deeds. Other big ideas of the Persian Empire is their system of governance. Because it was such a vast empire, they delegated the emperor, the Shahanshah, the king of kings, delegated authority to the regions. So each region, each satrapy had its governor called a satrap and as we see over time, some of these satraps got more power than maybe was intended and then eventually took over but this was a major empire in the history of the world."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Ahura Mazda and it was based on these ideas of good thoughts lead to good words and good deeds. Other big ideas of the Persian Empire is their system of governance. Because it was such a vast empire, they delegated the emperor, the Shahanshah, the king of kings, delegated authority to the regions. So each region, each satrapy had its governor called a satrap and as we see over time, some of these satraps got more power than maybe was intended and then eventually took over but this was a major empire in the history of the world. They unified people. They're famous for the royal road that connected Sardis all the way to Susa. As you can imagine, it would have facilitated the transfer of knowledge and the transfer of trade."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Persia World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So each region, each satrapy had its governor called a satrap and as we see over time, some of these satraps got more power than maybe was intended and then eventually took over but this was a major empire in the history of the world. They unified people. They're famous for the royal road that connected Sardis all the way to Susa. As you can imagine, it would have facilitated the transfer of knowledge and the transfer of trade. Under the Seleucids, you had huge Greek influence but it was a two-way street. Not only did the Greeks influence the Persians but the Persians heavily influenced the Greeks. So with that, in the next few videos, we'll go into even more depth on the Persian Empire and specifically, the Achaemenids."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Egypt is in Africa and you haven't shut up about it the entire course. Yeah, that's true of me from the past, but Africa's big. It's like super big, much bigger than it appears on most maps, actually. I mean, you can fit India and China and the United States if you just fold in Maine. All of that fits in Africa. Like any huge place, Africa is incredibly diverse, and it's a mistake to focus just on Egypt. So today, let's go here, south of the Sahara Desert."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, you can fit India and China and the United States if you just fold in Maine. All of that fits in Africa. Like any huge place, Africa is incredibly diverse, and it's a mistake to focus just on Egypt. So today, let's go here, south of the Sahara Desert. INTRO First, let's turn to written records. Oh, right, we don't have very many, at least not written by sub-Saharan Africans. Much of African history was preserved via oral rather than written tradition."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "So today, let's go here, south of the Sahara Desert. INTRO First, let's turn to written records. Oh, right, we don't have very many, at least not written by sub-Saharan Africans. Much of African history was preserved via oral rather than written tradition. These days, we tend to think of writing as the most accurate and reliable form of description, but then again, we do live in a print-based culture. And we've already said that writing is one of the markers of civilization, implying that people who don't use writing aren't civilized, a prejudice that has been applied over and over again to Africa. But one, if you need evidence that it's possible to produce amazing literary artifacts without the benefit of writing, let me direct your attention to the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were composed and memorized by poets for centuries before anyone ever wrote them down."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Much of African history was preserved via oral rather than written tradition. These days, we tend to think of writing as the most accurate and reliable form of description, but then again, we do live in a print-based culture. And we've already said that writing is one of the markers of civilization, implying that people who don't use writing aren't civilized, a prejudice that has been applied over and over again to Africa. But one, if you need evidence that it's possible to produce amazing literary artifacts without the benefit of writing, let me direct your attention to the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were composed and memorized by poets for centuries before anyone ever wrote them down. And two, no less an authority than Plato said that writing destroys human memory by alleviating the need to remember anything. And three, you think oral tradition is uncivilized, but here you are listening to me talk. But we do have a lot of interesting records for some African histories, including the legendary tale of Mansa Musa."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "But one, if you need evidence that it's possible to produce amazing literary artifacts without the benefit of writing, let me direct your attention to the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were composed and memorized by poets for centuries before anyone ever wrote them down. And two, no less an authority than Plato said that writing destroys human memory by alleviating the need to remember anything. And three, you think oral tradition is uncivilized, but here you are listening to me talk. But we do have a lot of interesting records for some African histories, including the legendary tale of Mansa Musa. By legendary, I mean some of it probably isn't true, but it sure is important. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So there was this king, Mansa Musa, who ruled the West African empire of Mali, and in 1324-ish, he left his home and made the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "But we do have a lot of interesting records for some African histories, including the legendary tale of Mansa Musa. By legendary, I mean some of it probably isn't true, but it sure is important. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So there was this king, Mansa Musa, who ruled the West African empire of Mali, and in 1324-ish, he left his home and made the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. He brought with him an entourage of over a thousand people, some sources say 60,000, and most importantly, 100 camel loads of gold. I wish it had been donkeys so I could say he had 100 assloads of gold, but no, camels. Right."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "So there was this king, Mansa Musa, who ruled the West African empire of Mali, and in 1324-ish, he left his home and made the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. He brought with him an entourage of over a thousand people, some sources say 60,000, and most importantly, 100 camel loads of gold. I wish it had been donkeys so I could say he had 100 assloads of gold, but no, camels. Right. So along the way, Mansa Musa spent freely and gave away lots of his riches. Most famously, when he reached Alexandria, at the time one of the most cultured cities in the world, he spent so much gold that he caused runaway inflation throughout the city that took years to recover from. He built houses in Cairo and in Mecca to house his attendants, and as he traveled through the world, a lot of people, notably the merchants of Venice, no Thought Bubble, like actual merchants of Venice, right."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Right. So along the way, Mansa Musa spent freely and gave away lots of his riches. Most famously, when he reached Alexandria, at the time one of the most cultured cities in the world, he spent so much gold that he caused runaway inflation throughout the city that took years to recover from. He built houses in Cairo and in Mecca to house his attendants, and as he traveled through the world, a lot of people, notably the merchants of Venice, no Thought Bubble, like actual merchants of Venice, right. They saw him in Alexandria and returned to Italy with tales of Mansa Musa's ridiculous wealth, which helped create the myth in the minds of Europeans that West Africa was a land of gold, an El Dorado, the kind of place you'd like to visit and maybe, you know, in five centuries or so, begin to pillage. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So what's so important about the story of Mansa Musa?"}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "He built houses in Cairo and in Mecca to house his attendants, and as he traveled through the world, a lot of people, notably the merchants of Venice, no Thought Bubble, like actual merchants of Venice, right. They saw him in Alexandria and returned to Italy with tales of Mansa Musa's ridiculous wealth, which helped create the myth in the minds of Europeans that West Africa was a land of gold, an El Dorado, the kind of place you'd like to visit and maybe, you know, in five centuries or so, begin to pillage. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So what's so important about the story of Mansa Musa? Well, first, it tells us that there were African kingdoms ruled by fabulously wealthy African kings, which undermines one of the many stereotypes about Africa, that its people were poor and lived in tribes ruled by chiefs and witch doctors. Also, since Mansa Musa was making the Hajj, we know that he was A, Muslim, and B, relatively devout. And this tells us that Africa, or at least Western Africa, was much more connected to the parts of the world we've been talking about than we generally are led to believe."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "So what's so important about the story of Mansa Musa? Well, first, it tells us that there were African kingdoms ruled by fabulously wealthy African kings, which undermines one of the many stereotypes about Africa, that its people were poor and lived in tribes ruled by chiefs and witch doctors. Also, since Mansa Musa was making the Hajj, we know that he was A, Muslim, and B, relatively devout. And this tells us that Africa, or at least Western Africa, was much more connected to the parts of the world we've been talking about than we generally are led to believe. Mansa Musa knew all about the places he was going before he got there, and after his visits, the rest of the Mediterranean world was sure interested in finding out more about his homeland. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage also brings up a lot of questions about West Africa, namely, what did his kingdom look like and how did he come to convert to Islam? The first question's a little easier, so we'll start with that one."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "And this tells us that Africa, or at least Western Africa, was much more connected to the parts of the world we've been talking about than we generally are led to believe. Mansa Musa knew all about the places he was going before he got there, and after his visits, the rest of the Mediterranean world was sure interested in finding out more about his homeland. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage also brings up a lot of questions about West Africa, namely, what did his kingdom look like and how did he come to convert to Islam? The first question's a little easier, so we'll start with that one. The Empire of Mali, which Mansa Musa ruled until the extremely elite year of 1337, was a large swath of West Africa running from the coast hundreds of miles into the interior, and including many significant cities, the largest and best known of which was Timbuktu. The story of the Islamization of the empire, however, is a bit more complicated. Okay, so pastoral North Africans called Berbers had long traded with West Africans, with the Berbers offering salt in exchange for West African gold."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "The first question's a little easier, so we'll start with that one. The Empire of Mali, which Mansa Musa ruled until the extremely elite year of 1337, was a large swath of West Africa running from the coast hundreds of miles into the interior, and including many significant cities, the largest and best known of which was Timbuktu. The story of the Islamization of the empire, however, is a bit more complicated. Okay, so pastoral North Africans called Berbers had long traded with West Africans, with the Berbers offering salt in exchange for West African gold. That may seem like a bad deal until you consider that without salt, we die, whereas without gold, we only have to face the universe's depraved indifference to us without the benefit of metallic adornment. That went to an ominous place pretty quickly, right? So anyway, the Berbers were early converts to Islam, and Islam spread along those pre-existing trade routes between North and West Africa."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, so pastoral North Africans called Berbers had long traded with West Africans, with the Berbers offering salt in exchange for West African gold. That may seem like a bad deal until you consider that without salt, we die, whereas without gold, we only have to face the universe's depraved indifference to us without the benefit of metallic adornment. That went to an ominous place pretty quickly, right? So anyway, the Berbers were early converts to Islam, and Islam spread along those pre-existing trade routes between North and West Africa. So the first converts in Mali were traders, who benefited from having a religious as well as a commercial connection to their trading partners in the North and the rest of the Mediterranean. And then the kings followed the traders, maybe because sharing the religion of more established kingdoms in the North and the East would give them prestige, not to mention access to scholars and administrators who could help them cement their power. So Islam became the religion of the elites in West Africa, which meant that Muslim kings were trying to extend their power over largely non-Muslim populations, which worshipped traditional African gods and spirits."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "So anyway, the Berbers were early converts to Islam, and Islam spread along those pre-existing trade routes between North and West Africa. So the first converts in Mali were traders, who benefited from having a religious as well as a commercial connection to their trading partners in the North and the rest of the Mediterranean. And then the kings followed the traders, maybe because sharing the religion of more established kingdoms in the North and the East would give them prestige, not to mention access to scholars and administrators who could help them cement their power. So Islam became the religion of the elites in West Africa, which meant that Muslim kings were trying to extend their power over largely non-Muslim populations, which worshipped traditional African gods and spirits. In order not to seem too foreign, these African Muslim kings would often blend traditional religion with Islam, like, for instance, giving women more equality than was seen in Islam's birthplace. Anyway, the first kings we have a record of adopting Islam were from Ghana, which was probably the first empire in West Africa, and it really took off around the 11th century. As with all empires and also everything else, Ghana rose and then fell and was replaced by Mali."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "So Islam became the religion of the elites in West Africa, which meant that Muslim kings were trying to extend their power over largely non-Muslim populations, which worshipped traditional African gods and spirits. In order not to seem too foreign, these African Muslim kings would often blend traditional religion with Islam, like, for instance, giving women more equality than was seen in Islam's birthplace. Anyway, the first kings we have a record of adopting Islam were from Ghana, which was probably the first empire in West Africa, and it really took off around the 11th century. As with all empires and also everything else, Ghana rose and then fell and was replaced by Mali. And the kings of Mali, especially Mansa Musa, but also Mansa Suleiman, his successor, tried to increase the knowledge and practice of Islam in their territory. So, for example, when Mansa Musa returned from his hajj, he brought back scholars and architects to build mosques. And the reason we know a lot about Mali is because it was visited by Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan cleric and scholar who kind of had the best life ever."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "As with all empires and also everything else, Ghana rose and then fell and was replaced by Mali. And the kings of Mali, especially Mansa Musa, but also Mansa Suleiman, his successor, tried to increase the knowledge and practice of Islam in their territory. So, for example, when Mansa Musa returned from his hajj, he brought back scholars and architects to build mosques. And the reason we know a lot about Mali is because it was visited by Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan cleric and scholar who kind of had the best life ever. He was particularly fascinated by gender roles in the Malian empire and by Malian women, writing, They are extremely beautiful and more important than the men. Oh, it must be time for the open letter. An open letter to Ibn Battuta."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "And the reason we know a lot about Mali is because it was visited by Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan cleric and scholar who kind of had the best life ever. He was particularly fascinated by gender roles in the Malian empire and by Malian women, writing, They are extremely beautiful and more important than the men. Oh, it must be time for the open letter. An open letter to Ibn Battuta. I wonder what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, appears to be some kind of fake beard. Movie magic!"}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to Ibn Battuta. I wonder what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, appears to be some kind of fake beard. Movie magic! Stan, why did you do this to me? Dear Ibn Battuta, Bro, I love Twitter and my Xbox and Hawaiian pizza, but if I had to go into the past and live anyone's life, it would be yours. Because you were this outlandishly learned scholar who managed to parlay your knowledge of Islam into the greatest road trip in history."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Movie magic! Stan, why did you do this to me? Dear Ibn Battuta, Bro, I love Twitter and my Xbox and Hawaiian pizza, but if I had to go into the past and live anyone's life, it would be yours. Because you were this outlandishly learned scholar who managed to parlay your knowledge of Islam into the greatest road trip in history. You went from Mali to Constantinople to India to Russia to Indonesia. You were probably the most well-traveled person before the invention of the steam engine. And everywhere you went, you were treated like a king."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Because you were this outlandishly learned scholar who managed to parlay your knowledge of Islam into the greatest road trip in history. You went from Mali to Constantinople to India to Russia to Indonesia. You were probably the most well-traveled person before the invention of the steam engine. And everywhere you went, you were treated like a king. And then you went home and you wrote a really famous book called The Rila that people still read today. And also you could grow a real beard and I'm jealous! Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "And everywhere you went, you were treated like a king. And then you went home and you wrote a really famous book called The Rila that people still read today. And also you could grow a real beard and I'm jealous! Best wishes, John Green. One more thing about Monsa Moussa, there are lots of stories that Monsa Moussa attempted to engage in maritime trade across the Atlantic Ocean. And some historians even believe that Malians reached the Americas. CNA investigation may one day prove it, but until then, we'll only have oral tradition."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. One more thing about Monsa Moussa, there are lots of stories that Monsa Moussa attempted to engage in maritime trade across the Atlantic Ocean. And some historians even believe that Malians reached the Americas. CNA investigation may one day prove it, but until then, we'll only have oral tradition. The Malian Empire eventually fell to Songhai, which was itself eventually overthrown for being insufficiently Islamic. All of which is to say that like China or India or Europe, West Africa had its own empires that relied upon religion and war and incredibly boring dynastic politics. Man, I hate dynastic politics."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "CNA investigation may one day prove it, but until then, we'll only have oral tradition. The Malian Empire eventually fell to Songhai, which was itself eventually overthrown for being insufficiently Islamic. All of which is to say that like China or India or Europe, West Africa had its own empires that relied upon religion and war and incredibly boring dynastic politics. Man, I hate dynastic politics. If I wanted to live in an ostensibly independent country that can't let go of monarchy, I'd be like Thought Bubble and move to Canada. Oh, come on, Thought Bubble, that's not fair. Shut up and take back Celine Dion!"}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Man, I hate dynastic politics. If I wanted to live in an ostensibly independent country that can't let go of monarchy, I'd be like Thought Bubble and move to Canada. Oh, come on, Thought Bubble, that's not fair. Shut up and take back Celine Dion! All right, now let's move to the other side of Africa where there was an alternative model of civilizational development. The eastern coast of Africa saw the rise of what historians call Swahili civilization, which was not an empire or a kingdom, but a collection of city-states like Zanzibar and Mombasa and Mogadishu, all of which formed a network of trade ports. There was no central authority."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Shut up and take back Celine Dion! All right, now let's move to the other side of Africa where there was an alternative model of civilizational development. The eastern coast of Africa saw the rise of what historians call Swahili civilization, which was not an empire or a kingdom, but a collection of city-states like Zanzibar and Mombasa and Mogadishu, all of which formed a network of trade ports. There was no central authority. Each of these cities was autonomously ruled, usually, although not always by a king. But there were three things that linked the city-states such that we consider them a common culture. Language, trade, and religion."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "There was no central authority. Each of these cities was autonomously ruled, usually, although not always by a king. But there were three things that linked the city-states such that we consider them a common culture. Language, trade, and religion. The Swahili language is part of a language group called Bantu, and its original speakers were from West Africa. Their migration to East Africa changed not only the linguistic traditions of Africa, but everything else, because they brought with them ironwork and agriculture. Until then, most of the people living in the east had been hunter-gatherers or herders, but once introduced, agriculture took hold, as it almost always does."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Language, trade, and religion. The Swahili language is part of a language group called Bantu, and its original speakers were from West Africa. Their migration to East Africa changed not only the linguistic traditions of Africa, but everything else, because they brought with them ironwork and agriculture. Until then, most of the people living in the east had been hunter-gatherers or herders, but once introduced, agriculture took hold, as it almost always does. Unless, wait for it, you're the Mongols. Modern-day Swahili, by the way, is still a Bantu-based language, although it's been heavily influenced by Arabic. On that topic, for a long time historians believed that these East African cities were all started by Arab or Persian traders, which was basically just racist."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Until then, most of the people living in the east had been hunter-gatherers or herders, but once introduced, agriculture took hold, as it almost always does. Unless, wait for it, you're the Mongols. Modern-day Swahili, by the way, is still a Bantu-based language, although it's been heavily influenced by Arabic. On that topic, for a long time historians believed that these East African cities were all started by Arab or Persian traders, which was basically just racist. They didn't believe that Africans were sophisticated enough to found these great cities. Now scholars recognize that all the major Swahili cities were founded well before Islam arrived in the region, and that in fact trade had been going on since the first century CE. But Swahili civilization didn't begin its rapid development until the 8th century, when Arab traders arrived seeking goods that they could trade on the vast Indian Ocean network, the Silk Road of the Sea."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "On that topic, for a long time historians believed that these East African cities were all started by Arab or Persian traders, which was basically just racist. They didn't believe that Africans were sophisticated enough to found these great cities. Now scholars recognize that all the major Swahili cities were founded well before Islam arrived in the region, and that in fact trade had been going on since the first century CE. But Swahili civilization didn't begin its rapid development until the 8th century, when Arab traders arrived seeking goods that they could trade on the vast Indian Ocean network, the Silk Road of the Sea. And of course those merchants brought Islam with them, which, just like in West Africa, was adopted by the elites, who wanted religious as well as commercial connections to the rest of the Mediterranean world. In many of the Swahili states, these Muslim communities started out quite small, but at their height, between the 13th and 16th century, most of the cities boasted large mosques. The one in Kilwa even impressed Ibn Battuta, who of course visited the city because he was having the best life ever."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "But Swahili civilization didn't begin its rapid development until the 8th century, when Arab traders arrived seeking goods that they could trade on the vast Indian Ocean network, the Silk Road of the Sea. And of course those merchants brought Islam with them, which, just like in West Africa, was adopted by the elites, who wanted religious as well as commercial connections to the rest of the Mediterranean world. In many of the Swahili states, these Muslim communities started out quite small, but at their height, between the 13th and 16th century, most of the cities boasted large mosques. The one in Kilwa even impressed Ibn Battuta, who of course visited the city because he was having the best life ever. Most of the goods exported were raw materials like ivory and animal hides and timber. It's worth noting, by the way, that when you're moving trees around, you have a level of sophistication to your trade that goes way beyond the Silk Road. I mean, if you'll recall, they were just trading like tortoise shells and stuff."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "The one in Kilwa even impressed Ibn Battuta, who of course visited the city because he was having the best life ever. Most of the goods exported were raw materials like ivory and animal hides and timber. It's worth noting, by the way, that when you're moving trees around, you have a level of sophistication to your trade that goes way beyond the Silk Road. I mean, if you'll recall, they were just trading like tortoise shells and stuff. Not again! Africans also exported slaves along the East Coast, although not in huge numbers, and they exported gold, and they imported luxury goods like porcelain and books. In fact, archaeological digs in Kilwa have revealed that houses often featured a kind of built-in bookshelf."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, if you'll recall, they were just trading like tortoise shells and stuff. Not again! Africans also exported slaves along the East Coast, although not in huge numbers, and they exported gold, and they imported luxury goods like porcelain and books. In fact, archaeological digs in Kilwa have revealed that houses often featured a kind of built-in bookshelf. Learning of books through architecture nicely captures the magic of studying history. Archaeology, writing, and oral tradition all intermingle to give us glimpses of the past. And each of those lenses may show us the past as if through some funhouse mirror, but if we're conscious about it, we can at least recognize the distortions."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, archaeological digs in Kilwa have revealed that houses often featured a kind of built-in bookshelf. Learning of books through architecture nicely captures the magic of studying history. Archaeology, writing, and oral tradition all intermingle to give us glimpses of the past. And each of those lenses may show us the past as if through some funhouse mirror, but if we're conscious about it, we can at least recognize the distortions. Studying Africa reminds us that we need to look at lots of sources, and lots of kinds of sources, if we want to get a fuller picture of the past. If we relied only on written sources, it would be far too easy to fall into the old trap of seeing Africa as backwards and uncivilized. Through approaching it with multiple lenses, we discover a complicated, diverse place that was sometimes rich and sometimes not."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "And each of those lenses may show us the past as if through some funhouse mirror, but if we're conscious about it, we can at least recognize the distortions. Studying Africa reminds us that we need to look at lots of sources, and lots of kinds of sources, if we want to get a fuller picture of the past. If we relied only on written sources, it would be far too easy to fall into the old trap of seeing Africa as backwards and uncivilized. Through approaching it with multiple lenses, we discover a complicated, diverse place that was sometimes rich and sometimes not. And when you look at it that way, it becomes not separate from, but part of our history. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "Through approaching it with multiple lenses, we discover a complicated, diverse place that was sometimes rich and sometimes not. And when you look at it that way, it becomes not separate from, but part of our history. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa Crash Course World History #16.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was animal crackers. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this one, you can do so in comments. Also, if you have questions about today's video, ask them, and our team of historians will endeavor to answer."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we enter into the fourth century, Thebes is the dominant city-state, but as we get into the mid-fourth century, and especially the end of it, we will see that all of Greece gets dominated and then unified by the Macedonians, or the Macedonians. And in particular, the first unifier here was Philip of Macedon, and this is a bust of him. And he's known as he comes to power in 359 BCE. He comes to power, his father was king of Macedon, but then his older brothers die. He becomes, it's actually his nephew, who is heir to the throne. He becomes regent for his infant nephew, which means he has the power temporarily, but then he actually takes full control and becomes king of Macedon, or Mac-a-don, as it's often pronounced, in 359 BCE. And what he then goes off about doing is taking over most of the Greek city-states, and eventually he's able to unify most of the Greek city-states."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He comes to power, his father was king of Macedon, but then his older brothers die. He becomes, it's actually his nephew, who is heir to the throne. He becomes regent for his infant nephew, which means he has the power temporarily, but then he actually takes full control and becomes king of Macedon, or Mac-a-don, as it's often pronounced, in 359 BCE. And what he then goes off about doing is taking over most of the Greek city-states, and eventually he's able to unify most of the Greek city-states. And you can see on this map here, which I got from Wikipedia, this is a little bit of information about the map, you can see how he expanded his empire over time. That, remember, 359 BCE, he becomes king of Macedon. In 352, he's moving into Thessaly."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what he then goes off about doing is taking over most of the Greek city-states, and eventually he's able to unify most of the Greek city-states. And you can see on this map here, which I got from Wikipedia, this is a little bit of information about the map, you can see how he expanded his empire over time. That, remember, 359 BCE, he becomes king of Macedon. In 352, he's moving into Thessaly. Then in the 340s, he's going into Thrace. So he's going into Thrace and Melocia. And Melocia's interesting, the king of Melocia, he actually ends up marrying the king of Melocia's daughter, Olympias, who ends up being Alexander the Great's mother."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 352, he's moving into Thessaly. Then in the 340s, he's going into Thrace. So he's going into Thrace and Melocia. And Melocia's interesting, the king of Melocia, he actually ends up marrying the king of Melocia's daughter, Olympias, who ends up being Alexander the Great's mother. And she's a pretty interesting character, as we will see in a little bit. She was part of this cult that worshiped snakes. It's believed that she slept with snakes."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Melocia's interesting, the king of Melocia, he actually ends up marrying the king of Melocia's daughter, Olympias, who ends up being Alexander the Great's mother. And she's a pretty interesting character, as we will see in a little bit. She was part of this cult that worshiped snakes. It's believed that she slept with snakes. But he goes off and continues to conquer. Eventually, he's able to subjugate most of the city-states of Greece, except for Sparta. And that takes us to 337, right over here, where he's able to establish the League of Corinth."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's believed that she slept with snakes. But he goes off and continues to conquer. Eventually, he's able to subjugate most of the city-states of Greece, except for Sparta. And that takes us to 337, right over here, where he's able to establish the League of Corinth. It was only called the League of Corinth after the fact, but he gets the leaders of the significant city-states together in Corinth, that's why it's called the League of Corinth, and they swear their oath essentially to Philip, king of Macedon, who they call the hegemon. And what's really important about that is he's able to unify the Greek city-states outside of Sparta, and in doing so, he sets things up for his son, the famous Alexander the Great, to continue to unify Greece. Alexander the Great's actually able to subjugate Sparta."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that takes us to 337, right over here, where he's able to establish the League of Corinth. It was only called the League of Corinth after the fact, but he gets the leaders of the significant city-states together in Corinth, that's why it's called the League of Corinth, and they swear their oath essentially to Philip, king of Macedon, who they call the hegemon. And what's really important about that is he's able to unify the Greek city-states outside of Sparta, and in doing so, he sets things up for his son, the famous Alexander the Great, to continue to unify Greece. Alexander the Great's actually able to subjugate Sparta. But then, more famously, he goes off to conquer the entire Persian Empire, and then beyond, in his short life, and we'll have at least another video on that. Now, just to get a feel for what happened at the League of Corinth in 337 BCE, I will share this oath that the various city-states had to commit to, and it says, I swear by Zeus, Gaea, Helios, Poseidon, and all the gods and goddesses, I will abide by the common peace, and I will neither break the agreement with Philip nor take up arms on land or sea, harming any of those abiding by the oaths, nor shall I take any city or fortress nor harbor by craft or contrivance with intent of war against the participants of the war, nor shall I depose the kingship of Philip or his descendants, nor the constitutions existing in each state when they swore the oaths of the peace, nor shall I do anything contrary to these agreements, nor shall I allow anyone else as far as possible. But if anyone does commit any breach of the treaty, I shall go in support as called by those who need, and I shall fight the transgressors of the common peace, as decided by the council and called on by the hegemon, who is, when the oath is made, who is Philip of Macedonia."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Alexander the Great's actually able to subjugate Sparta. But then, more famously, he goes off to conquer the entire Persian Empire, and then beyond, in his short life, and we'll have at least another video on that. Now, just to get a feel for what happened at the League of Corinth in 337 BCE, I will share this oath that the various city-states had to commit to, and it says, I swear by Zeus, Gaea, Helios, Poseidon, and all the gods and goddesses, I will abide by the common peace, and I will neither break the agreement with Philip nor take up arms on land or sea, harming any of those abiding by the oaths, nor shall I take any city or fortress nor harbor by craft or contrivance with intent of war against the participants of the war, nor shall I depose the kingship of Philip or his descendants, nor the constitutions existing in each state when they swore the oaths of the peace, nor shall I do anything contrary to these agreements, nor shall I allow anyone else as far as possible. But if anyone does commit any breach of the treaty, I shall go in support as called by those who need, and I shall fight the transgressors of the common peace, as decided by the council and called on by the hegemon, who is, when the oath is made, who is Philip of Macedonia. Now, unfortunately for Philip, this happens in 337, where for the most part, he's the first to unify the Greek city-states outside of Sparta, but he's only able to live about a year after that. A year later, we're now in 336 BCE, and he's in the old capital of the Macagonian kingdom, which is very close to Pella, celebrating the wedding of his daughter to his brother-in-law. So his daughter, who is Alexander's sister, she is being married to Olympias' brother."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But if anyone does commit any breach of the treaty, I shall go in support as called by those who need, and I shall fight the transgressors of the common peace, as decided by the council and called on by the hegemon, who is, when the oath is made, who is Philip of Macedonia. Now, unfortunately for Philip, this happens in 337, where for the most part, he's the first to unify the Greek city-states outside of Sparta, but he's only able to live about a year after that. A year later, we're now in 336 BCE, and he's in the old capital of the Macagonian kingdom, which is very close to Pella, celebrating the wedding of his daughter to his brother-in-law. So his daughter, who is Alexander's sister, she is being married to Olympias' brother. So he's marrying his daughter to her uncle, and it is during that wedding that Philip of Macedon is killed by Pausanias, who is his bodyguard. And there's a lot of really interesting stories. So he's killed at the wedding in 336 BCE, and there's a lot of really interesting stories about what the motivation for Pausanias was."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So his daughter, who is Alexander's sister, she is being married to Olympias' brother. So he's marrying his daughter to her uncle, and it is during that wedding that Philip of Macedon is killed by Pausanias, who is his bodyguard. And there's a lot of really interesting stories. So he's killed at the wedding in 336 BCE, and there's a lot of really interesting stories about what the motivation for Pausanias was. There are many accounts that say that Pausanias was Philip's lover. He was on some level jealous, he was on some level because another relative of Philip affronted Pausanias, and Philip didn't go to defend him. There's some narratives that this was arranged somehow by Olympias, Philip's wife, and the mother of Alexander to put Alexander on the throne."}, {"video_title": "Philip of Macedon unifies Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he's killed at the wedding in 336 BCE, and there's a lot of really interesting stories about what the motivation for Pausanias was. There are many accounts that say that Pausanias was Philip's lover. He was on some level jealous, he was on some level because another relative of Philip affronted Pausanias, and Philip didn't go to defend him. There's some narratives that this was arranged somehow by Olympias, Philip's wife, and the mother of Alexander to put Alexander on the throne. There's some motivations there, because also, shortly before the assassination, he took a second wife, which was his more favored wife, as opposed to Olympias. So there's a lot of really interesting accounts, and I encourage you to read up on it. But the interesting thing is, is after he gets assassinated, well, then there's a bit of a scramble for power, but it leaves Alexander the Great, or eventually, Alexander III officially, but eventually Alexander the Great becomes the hegemon, and he's eventually, in his short life, he's only 20 years old when he becomes king, and he's able to, as we'll see in the next few videos, take over all of the Persian Empire and beyond, and subjugate Sparta, so he further unifies the Greeks and takes on the mighty Persian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "This time the very basics and history of Judaism so you can walk around Earth a little bit smarter and you'll pass your exams. How about that? So why don't we go get ready to grow our brains together and go giddy up for the learn right about now. Alright guys, some very basics about Judaism. It's a rather minor religion. There's only about.2% of people on Earth that consider themselves to be of the Jewish faith. That's about 14 million people and 42% of them today live in the country of Israel, which you can see is on the eastern Mediterranean."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright guys, some very basics about Judaism. It's a rather minor religion. There's only about.2% of people on Earth that consider themselves to be of the Jewish faith. That's about 14 million people and 42% of them today live in the country of Israel, which you can see is on the eastern Mediterranean. And I'm going to call that Canaan many times. Canaan, there's the word right there, because that's the ancient word that refers to the land that the Jewish people believe was promised to them in what they call the Torah, the first five books of the Old Testament. We should get started off by saying that the reason we are studying a little bit about Judaism here, even though it's a very small religion in terms of numbers, is because it's very influential, not only in terms of kind of western civilization and their outlook on God and such, but really it is going to be the roots of not only Christianity, but also Islam."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That's about 14 million people and 42% of them today live in the country of Israel, which you can see is on the eastern Mediterranean. And I'm going to call that Canaan many times. Canaan, there's the word right there, because that's the ancient word that refers to the land that the Jewish people believe was promised to them in what they call the Torah, the first five books of the Old Testament. We should get started off by saying that the reason we are studying a little bit about Judaism here, even though it's a very small religion in terms of numbers, is because it's very influential, not only in terms of kind of western civilization and their outlook on God and such, but really it is going to be the roots of not only Christianity, but also Islam. So the two biggest religions on Earth have their roots in the history that we're going to go over in a moment. Now even though we're going to be talking about Canaan or Israel, sometimes called Palestine or ancient Palestine, and again this is eastern Mediterranean, holy crossroads Batman. I mean if you go to the west you're in Egypt and if you go into the east you're like in Mesopotamia and Babylonian."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "We should get started off by saying that the reason we are studying a little bit about Judaism here, even though it's a very small religion in terms of numbers, is because it's very influential, not only in terms of kind of western civilization and their outlook on God and such, but really it is going to be the roots of not only Christianity, but also Islam. So the two biggest religions on Earth have their roots in the history that we're going to go over in a moment. Now even though we're going to be talking about Canaan or Israel, sometimes called Palestine or ancient Palestine, and again this is eastern Mediterranean, holy crossroads Batman. I mean if you go to the west you're in Egypt and if you go into the east you're like in Mesopotamia and Babylonian. So this is at the center crux of early civilizations, really a trading crossroads at the end of the day. But we have to start by saying that Judaism or the Hebrew people does not originate in Canaan, it actually originates in the city of Ur in ancient Mesopotamia. If you want to watch a video on Mesopotamia you can click in the description below and learn all about Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean if you go to the west you're in Egypt and if you go into the east you're like in Mesopotamia and Babylonian. So this is at the center crux of early civilizations, really a trading crossroads at the end of the day. But we have to start by saying that Judaism or the Hebrew people does not originate in Canaan, it actually originates in the city of Ur in ancient Mesopotamia. If you want to watch a video on Mesopotamia you can click in the description below and learn all about Mesopotamia. And another thing that we should probably mention is that much of what I am going over comes from the first five books of the Bible. So in terms of historical accuracy, maybe, maybe not. That's going to be up to you the viewer."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "If you want to watch a video on Mesopotamia you can click in the description below and learn all about Mesopotamia. And another thing that we should probably mention is that much of what I am going over comes from the first five books of the Bible. So in terms of historical accuracy, maybe, maybe not. That's going to be up to you the viewer. So a lot of what we're talking about is what people believe, that's what a religion is, right? It's their faith. So whether it really happened or really didn't, we're going to leave that up to you the viewer to decide for themselves or do your own research."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That's going to be up to you the viewer. So a lot of what we're talking about is what people believe, that's what a religion is, right? It's their faith. So whether it really happened or really didn't, we're going to leave that up to you the viewer to decide for themselves or do your own research. But nevertheless, if we go to the city of Ur in ancient Mesopotamia, there's a guy around 2000 BCE by the name of Abraham. And the story in Genesis, the first five books of the Bible, the first one is Genesis, is that Abraham was contacted by God himself. And that's the first kind of rule in Judaism and Christianity and Islam."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So whether it really happened or really didn't, we're going to leave that up to you the viewer to decide for themselves or do your own research. But nevertheless, if we go to the city of Ur in ancient Mesopotamia, there's a guy around 2000 BCE by the name of Abraham. And the story in Genesis, the first five books of the Bible, the first one is Genesis, is that Abraham was contacted by God himself. And that's the first kind of rule in Judaism and Christianity and Islam. There's only one God and he goes where you go, right? And he's ever knowing and ever watching, he's everywhere. It's not like many of the polytheistic religions of Mesopotamia where gods are location-oriented."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's the first kind of rule in Judaism and Christianity and Islam. There's only one God and he goes where you go, right? And he's ever knowing and ever watching, he's everywhere. It's not like many of the polytheistic religions of Mesopotamia where gods are location-oriented. They're polytheistic. So that's the first definition really of these three big religions in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It's monotheistic, that everything derives and comes from one God."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not like many of the polytheistic religions of Mesopotamia where gods are location-oriented. They're polytheistic. So that's the first definition really of these three big religions in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It's monotheistic, that everything derives and comes from one God. There's no other gods, just one. And they're going to call him in the Jewish faith, in Judaism, Yahweh. So instead of God, I'll say Yahweh because that's what the word is and you should know what the word is."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's monotheistic, that everything derives and comes from one God. There's no other gods, just one. And they're going to call him in the Jewish faith, in Judaism, Yahweh. So instead of God, I'll say Yahweh because that's what the word is and you should know what the word is. But nevertheless, Abraham makes a deal, a covenant with God. And why don't we just listen to God? Go from your country and your kindred and your father's house to the land that I will show you."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So instead of God, I'll say Yahweh because that's what the word is and you should know what the word is. But nevertheless, Abraham makes a deal, a covenant with God. And why don't we just listen to God? Go from your country and your kindred and your father's house to the land that I will show you. I will make of you a great nation and I will bless you and make your name great. That's the first thing God says to Abraham. It's a covenant."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Go from your country and your kindred and your father's house to the land that I will show you. I will make of you a great nation and I will bless you and make your name great. That's the first thing God says to Abraham. It's a covenant. It's a deal that if you listen to me, if you follow my rules, if you pray to me and worship me and honor me, then I'm going to give you really great land and your descendants are going to rule over that great land. That's the deal. You do what I say."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a covenant. It's a deal that if you listen to me, if you follow my rules, if you pray to me and worship me and honor me, then I'm going to give you really great land and your descendants are going to rule over that great land. That's the deal. You do what I say. I give you this land, which is going to be Canaan, which eventually we're going to call Israel, which people also refer to as ancient Palestine. And that is at the root of Judaism. It's a covenant."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You do what I say. I give you this land, which is going to be Canaan, which eventually we're going to call Israel, which people also refer to as ancient Palestine. And that is at the root of Judaism. It's a covenant. It's a deal. And Abraham is tested. There's the story of his son."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a covenant. It's a deal. And Abraham is tested. There's the story of his son. Remember, he had two sons to begin with, and that's Ishmael and Isaac. Now, Ishmael, who is the son of Hagar, who is Abraham's slave, is going to be the descendant of the people that are going to form Islam. And of course, Isaac is going to be the descendant that continues with this covenant and eventually into Israel."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's the story of his son. Remember, he had two sons to begin with, and that's Ishmael and Isaac. Now, Ishmael, who is the son of Hagar, who is Abraham's slave, is going to be the descendant of the people that are going to form Islam. And of course, Isaac is going to be the descendant that continues with this covenant and eventually into Israel. But in terms of testing the covenant, God actually, in the Old Testament, asks Abraham to kill his son Isaac. You got to kill your son Isaac to show how much you're going to listen to me. And right before he kills him, God's like, psych!"}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course, Isaac is going to be the descendant that continues with this covenant and eventually into Israel. But in terms of testing the covenant, God actually, in the Old Testament, asks Abraham to kill his son Isaac. You got to kill your son Isaac to show how much you're going to listen to me. And right before he kills him, God's like, psych! He says, I'm an angry God. I'm a jealous God. I'm also a merciful God."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And right before he kills him, God's like, psych! He says, I'm an angry God. I'm a jealous God. I'm also a merciful God. I'm not going to have you kill your son. Another sign of this covenant is in the Old Testament in the Torah that it demands that sons of the Jewish faith are circumcised. You can go Google that if you don't know what it is, but that is supposed to be the flesh sign that I am one of these people that has made this deal with God."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm also a merciful God. I'm not going to have you kill your son. Another sign of this covenant is in the Old Testament in the Torah that it demands that sons of the Jewish faith are circumcised. You can go Google that if you don't know what it is, but that is supposed to be the flesh sign that I am one of these people that has made this deal with God. Now you have to remember that Abraham, the dude was 75 years old. He didn't have any children. So as part of this deal, he's got to make babies."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You can go Google that if you don't know what it is, but that is supposed to be the flesh sign that I am one of these people that has made this deal with God. Now you have to remember that Abraham, the dude was 75 years old. He didn't have any children. So as part of this deal, he's got to make babies. And that's what happened. He made babies. And he leaves Ur."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So as part of this deal, he's got to make babies. And that's what happened. He made babies. And he leaves Ur. He leaves Mesopotamia with his new tribe, with his new people. And he starts traveling to the land of Canaan, to Israel, to Palestine. And the story is, is that for many years they wander trying to find their way."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And he leaves Ur. He leaves Mesopotamia with his new tribe, with his new people. And he starts traveling to the land of Canaan, to Israel, to Palestine. And the story is, is that for many years they wander trying to find their way. Eventually they find their way, but then they leave that area, the descendants of Abraham, because the land was arid and dry. There was supposedly famine and starvation. And they went across the Red Sea to Egypt to settle."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And the story is, is that for many years they wander trying to find their way. Eventually they find their way, but then they leave that area, the descendants of Abraham, because the land was arid and dry. There was supposedly famine and starvation. And they went across the Red Sea to Egypt to settle. And that's where we're going to leave our story right now, because at first they were welcomed. The Egyptians were like, hey, Jewish people, Hebrews, come on over. Nice to have you."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And they went across the Red Sea to Egypt to settle. And that's where we're going to leave our story right now, because at first they were welcomed. The Egyptians were like, hey, Jewish people, Hebrews, come on over. Nice to have you. But eventually they're going to become slaves, and there's going to have to be a way for these slaves to get out of Egypt. So why don't we take a look at that right now. So now we're in Egypt, the Hebrew tribe."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Nice to have you. But eventually they're going to become slaves, and there's going to have to be a way for these slaves to get out of Egypt. So why don't we take a look at that right now. So now we're in Egypt, the Hebrew tribe. They are slaves in Egypt. It's around 1300, 1200 BCE. Don't quote me, guys."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So now we're in Egypt, the Hebrew tribe. They are slaves in Egypt. It's around 1300, 1200 BCE. Don't quote me, guys. But the pharaoh of Egypt at that point decided that he didn't want the Jewish people around anymore. He was feeling threatened by these Hebrews. And basically what occurs is that there is one baby, Moses."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Don't quote me, guys. But the pharaoh of Egypt at that point decided that he didn't want the Jewish people around anymore. He was feeling threatened by these Hebrews. And basically what occurs is that there is one baby, Moses. He's put on the Nile by his mother, and they kick the basket down. And eventually he's found by an Egyptian princess who raises him in luxury. And eventually, as Moses gets into adulthood, God's going to point to him to be the leader of the Hebrew people, to lead them out of Egypt."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And basically what occurs is that there is one baby, Moses. He's put on the Nile by his mother, and they kick the basket down. And eventually he's found by an Egyptian princess who raises him in luxury. And eventually, as Moses gets into adulthood, God's going to point to him to be the leader of the Hebrew people, to lead them out of Egypt. So I guess when God asks you to do something, if you're Moses, you do it. And Moses, who was still connected with his Hebrew faith, takes the Jewish people and leads them into the Sinai Peninsula, leads his people into the desert, heading back towards the land they call Israel, where they're supposed to go make their kingdom. And we haven't mentioned this, but in the Jewish faith there is a belief that one day a Messiah will come and unite the Jewish people in the kingdom of Israel, and this Messiah will rule over Israel and create peace on earth."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And eventually, as Moses gets into adulthood, God's going to point to him to be the leader of the Hebrew people, to lead them out of Egypt. So I guess when God asks you to do something, if you're Moses, you do it. And Moses, who was still connected with his Hebrew faith, takes the Jewish people and leads them into the Sinai Peninsula, leads his people into the desert, heading back towards the land they call Israel, where they're supposed to go make their kingdom. And we haven't mentioned this, but in the Jewish faith there is a belief that one day a Messiah will come and unite the Jewish people in the kingdom of Israel, and this Messiah will rule over Israel and create peace on earth. And this is the differentiation they have with Christians. Christians believe that Messiah was in Jesus Christ. Jewish people say, no, there was no united kingdom with peace on earth, so he was a prophet."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And we haven't mentioned this, but in the Jewish faith there is a belief that one day a Messiah will come and unite the Jewish people in the kingdom of Israel, and this Messiah will rule over Israel and create peace on earth. And this is the differentiation they have with Christians. Christians believe that Messiah was in Jesus Christ. Jewish people say, no, there was no united kingdom with peace on earth, so he was a prophet. He was not the Messiah. And of course there's differing beliefs among different Jews about Jesus, but that's the basic plot if you're a Jewish person. You believe that Jesus was a great prophet, but he was not the Messiah that was mentioned in the Old Testament."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Jewish people say, no, there was no united kingdom with peace on earth, so he was a prophet. He was not the Messiah. And of course there's differing beliefs among different Jews about Jesus, but that's the basic plot if you're a Jewish person. You believe that Jesus was a great prophet, but he was not the Messiah that was mentioned in the Old Testament. Jewish people are still waiting for that Messiah to come to bring peace to earth. But I get off track because something happened when Moses was leading his people, according to the Old Testament, in the Sinai Peninsula. There's Mount Sinai, and Moses decided to go up and pray and such, and he finds these two huge tablets."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You believe that Jesus was a great prophet, but he was not the Messiah that was mentioned in the Old Testament. Jewish people are still waiting for that Messiah to come to bring peace to earth. But I get off track because something happened when Moses was leading his people, according to the Old Testament, in the Sinai Peninsula. There's Mount Sinai, and Moses decided to go up and pray and such, and he finds these two huge tablets. And they're very important because they're going to make the formation of the Ten Commandments, which is really at the root, not only of the Jewish faith, but of the Christian faith, of the Islamic faith in a sense, and of Western civilization in a sense. So we should probably say something about the Ten Commandments. And this is part of that covenant."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's Mount Sinai, and Moses decided to go up and pray and such, and he finds these two huge tablets. And they're very important because they're going to make the formation of the Ten Commandments, which is really at the root, not only of the Jewish faith, but of the Christian faith, of the Islamic faith in a sense, and of Western civilization in a sense. So we should probably say something about the Ten Commandments. And this is part of that covenant. You follow these Ten Commandments, and I'll give you the kingdom, I'll give you peace on earth. Right? I am a jealous God, I'm a mean God, but I'm a merciful God."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is part of that covenant. You follow these Ten Commandments, and I'll give you the kingdom, I'll give you peace on earth. Right? I am a jealous God, I'm a mean God, but I'm a merciful God. I'll give you stuff if you do what I say. So here are the Ten Commandments, and if you're Jewish, or if you're Christian, you probably should be checking these off as I go through them. Now, the first four deal with your relationship with this one God, and the other six deal with your relationships with other people as you're walking around on earth."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I am a jealous God, I'm a mean God, but I'm a merciful God. I'll give you stuff if you do what I say. So here are the Ten Commandments, and if you're Jewish, or if you're Christian, you probably should be checking these off as I go through them. Now, the first four deal with your relationship with this one God, and the other six deal with your relationships with other people as you're walking around on earth. So we can see the first one is, I'm a jealous God, no other gods before me. That's number one. You don't pray to any other gods."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the first four deal with your relationship with this one God, and the other six deal with your relationships with other people as you're walking around on earth. So we can see the first one is, I'm a jealous God, no other gods before me. That's number one. You don't pray to any other gods. Number two is no graven imagery. There should be no representation of any idols that anybody's praying to, any type of symbols or anything like that, because God's a jealous God, and he doesn't want you wearing those things or praying to other things, because the God is not a physical according to monotheism in the Jewish faith, the Christian faith, and the Islamic faith, but it's a spiritual realm. So there should be no images, graven images of this one God."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You don't pray to any other gods. Number two is no graven imagery. There should be no representation of any idols that anybody's praying to, any type of symbols or anything like that, because God's a jealous God, and he doesn't want you wearing those things or praying to other things, because the God is not a physical according to monotheism in the Jewish faith, the Christian faith, and the Islamic faith, but it's a spiritual realm. So there should be no images, graven images of this one God. Number three, you can check this off if you believe you deserve so, but there should be no use of God's name in vain. And number four is to keep the Sabbath holy. Now Christians, many people might be Christians out there, that's Sunday, but for Jewish people that is sunset from Friday until Saturday evening."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So there should be no images, graven images of this one God. Number three, you can check this off if you believe you deserve so, but there should be no use of God's name in vain. And number four is to keep the Sabbath holy. Now Christians, many people might be Christians out there, that's Sunday, but for Jewish people that is sunset from Friday until Saturday evening. That's the day you're not supposed to work, you're just supposed to worship and pray to God. There's a lot of tradition in the Jewish faith. There's a lot of symbology, a lot of lighting of candles, a lot of recitations that is meant to keep that covenant, to worship that one God so that one God will keep rewarding you."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now Christians, many people might be Christians out there, that's Sunday, but for Jewish people that is sunset from Friday until Saturday evening. That's the day you're not supposed to work, you're just supposed to worship and pray to God. There's a lot of tradition in the Jewish faith. There's a lot of symbology, a lot of lighting of candles, a lot of recitations that is meant to keep that covenant, to worship that one God so that one God will keep rewarding you. That's the main idea. Now the other six deal with how you deal with other people. Number five is honor your mother and father."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a lot of symbology, a lot of lighting of candles, a lot of recitations that is meant to keep that covenant, to worship that one God so that one God will keep rewarding you. That's the main idea. Now the other six deal with how you deal with other people. Number five is honor your mother and father. So if you're spatting with your mom and dad, you're giving them grief, you're breaking the covenant with God, that's not a good thing. Number six is pretty simple, thou shall not kill. Number seven, thou shall not commit adultery."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Number five is honor your mother and father. So if you're spatting with your mom and dad, you're giving them grief, you're breaking the covenant with God, that's not a good thing. Number six is pretty simple, thou shall not kill. Number seven, thou shall not commit adultery. I guess you can go Google that. No, don't Google that. Number eight is going to be thou shall not steal."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Number seven, thou shall not commit adultery. I guess you can go Google that. No, don't Google that. Number eight is going to be thou shall not steal. That's pretty straightforward. Number nine is thou shall not bear false witness against my neighbor. And number 10 is I shall not covet anything of my neighbor."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Number eight is going to be thou shall not steal. That's pretty straightforward. Number nine is thou shall not bear false witness against my neighbor. And number 10 is I shall not covet anything of my neighbor. I shall want anything just because my neighbor has it, right? So that whole thing, keep up with the Joneses, not so good according to the Ten Commandments. But that is the covenant that the Hebrew people make with God, that Moses brings these Ten Commandments down from Mount Sinai and says to the people, we need to follow these Ten Commandments."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And number 10 is I shall not covet anything of my neighbor. I shall want anything just because my neighbor has it, right? So that whole thing, keep up with the Joneses, not so good according to the Ten Commandments. But that is the covenant that the Hebrew people make with God, that Moses brings these Ten Commandments down from Mount Sinai and says to the people, we need to follow these Ten Commandments. Now the story after that is that Moses and the Hebrew people wander the desert for like 40 years before they eventually are going to settle in the land they call Israel, ancient Palestine. You can see it on the map right there. And because that land is so geographically not so nice, they're going to quite quickly begin to expand their kingdom."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But that is the covenant that the Hebrew people make with God, that Moses brings these Ten Commandments down from Mount Sinai and says to the people, we need to follow these Ten Commandments. Now the story after that is that Moses and the Hebrew people wander the desert for like 40 years before they eventually are going to settle in the land they call Israel, ancient Palestine. You can see it on the map right there. And because that land is so geographically not so nice, they're going to quite quickly begin to expand their kingdom. Now there were 12 tribes of the Hebrew people. The largest of those tribes is the tribe of Judah. So that is where we get the name Jewish."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And because that land is so geographically not so nice, they're going to quite quickly begin to expand their kingdom. Now there were 12 tribes of the Hebrew people. The largest of those tribes is the tribe of Judah. So that is where we get the name Jewish. But there were 12 tribes. And if you look at the Old Bible, there's numerous judges that are brought up to unite the tribes. One of the more famous ones is actually a woman, Deborah."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So that is where we get the name Jewish. But there were 12 tribes. And if you look at the Old Bible, there's numerous judges that are brought up to unite the tribes. One of the more famous ones is actually a woman, Deborah. But we should mention that like other faiths, women were seen as below men in a sense. They're basically kept underneath men to deal with the house stuff and the raising of the kids and the making of the babies and such like that. Of course, we're not talking about modern times."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "One of the more famous ones is actually a woman, Deborah. But we should mention that like other faiths, women were seen as below men in a sense. They're basically kept underneath men to deal with the house stuff and the raising of the kids and the making of the babies and such like that. Of course, we're not talking about modern times. There's many different modern interpretations. But of course, in terms of a paradigm of how civilization forms, women are definitely not at the forefront. And that's not just in Judaism."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Of course, we're not talking about modern times. There's many different modern interpretations. But of course, in terms of a paradigm of how civilization forms, women are definitely not at the forefront. And that's not just in Judaism. And like we've mentioned, these judges are going to be able to unite the Hebrews, the 12 tribes, including the largest ones, which are the Jewish people, which is going to create the kingdom of Israel. There was a kingdom of Israel. I'm telling you there was, but it's not going to be around for very long."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's not just in Judaism. And like we've mentioned, these judges are going to be able to unite the Hebrews, the 12 tribes, including the largest ones, which are the Jewish people, which is going to create the kingdom of Israel. There was a kingdom of Israel. I'm telling you there was, but it's not going to be around for very long. I'm going to get the kingdom of Israel. So Abraham made a deal with Yahweh and God made him the promise that his descendants would rule over this new kingdom, the kingdom of Israel. And about 1020 BCE to around 922 BCE, that actually occurs."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm telling you there was, but it's not going to be around for very long. I'm going to get the kingdom of Israel. So Abraham made a deal with Yahweh and God made him the promise that his descendants would rule over this new kingdom, the kingdom of Israel. And about 1020 BCE to around 922 BCE, that actually occurs. The kingdom of Israel is going to be in that Canaan land and three kings are going to rule over it. And historically, this is true. There is Saul, there is Saul's son-in-law David, and then there's Solomon."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And about 1020 BCE to around 922 BCE, that actually occurs. The kingdom of Israel is going to be in that Canaan land and three kings are going to rule over it. And historically, this is true. There is Saul, there is Saul's son-in-law David, and then there's Solomon. These are the three kings of Israel. And it was David which really is going to take Jerusalem and Jerusalem is going to be a very important city in Israel. Now, we also of course have Solomon."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There is Saul, there is Saul's son-in-law David, and then there's Solomon. These are the three kings of Israel. And it was David which really is going to take Jerusalem and Jerusalem is going to be a very important city in Israel. Now, we also of course have Solomon. And one of Solomon's great accomplishments is that he's going to build Solomon's temple. And Solomon's temple is what is going to hold, if you watch Raiders of the Lost Ark, the Ark of the Covenant which keeps in the two tablets of the Ten Commandments which is the representation of this covenant between man and God on earth. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, we also of course have Solomon. And one of Solomon's great accomplishments is that he's going to build Solomon's temple. And Solomon's temple is what is going to hold, if you watch Raiders of the Lost Ark, the Ark of the Covenant which keeps in the two tablets of the Ten Commandments which is the representation of this covenant between man and God on earth. How about that? You should go watch Raiders of the Lost Ark. It's pretty awesome. Now, I don't want to give away the goose here, but Solomon's temple is not standing today."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that? You should go watch Raiders of the Lost Ark. It's pretty awesome. Now, I don't want to give away the goose here, but Solomon's temple is not standing today. That's because it's going to be burned down about 400 years after it was built. And the building of Solomon's temple is going to divide the kingdom of Israel. There were high taxes, there was forced labor, people aren't happy, it's not so good."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, I don't want to give away the goose here, but Solomon's temple is not standing today. That's because it's going to be burned down about 400 years after it was built. And the building of Solomon's temple is going to divide the kingdom of Israel. There were high taxes, there was forced labor, people aren't happy, it's not so good. So we're going to get two kingdoms in the north, the kingdom of Israel, and in the south, the kingdom of Judah. And it's that disunity, that weakness that eventually is going to lead to their invasion and their conquering. So from about 922 BCE to about 738 BCE, we have these two kingdoms that are a little bit vulnerable."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There were high taxes, there was forced labor, people aren't happy, it's not so good. So we're going to get two kingdoms in the north, the kingdom of Israel, and in the south, the kingdom of Judah. And it's that disunity, that weakness that eventually is going to lead to their invasion and their conquering. So from about 922 BCE to about 738 BCE, we have these two kingdoms that are a little bit vulnerable. And I hear some wolves and they're coming for Israel. So around 783 BCE, there's a new empire, they're called the Assyrians, and they're starting to look at Israel with some greedy eyes. So both the kingdom of Israel and the kingdom of Judah began paying tribute to Assyria around 783 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So from about 922 BCE to about 738 BCE, we have these two kingdoms that are a little bit vulnerable. And I hear some wolves and they're coming for Israel. So around 783 BCE, there's a new empire, they're called the Assyrians, and they're starting to look at Israel with some greedy eyes. So both the kingdom of Israel and the kingdom of Judah began paying tribute to Assyria around 783 BCE. Around 725 BCE, the Assyrians didn't think that was enough, so they're going to have this siege at Samarra, which is the capital of Israel. And that's going to be successful and the Israeli kingdom is going to fall. Now the kingdom of Judah is going to last about another 150 years, but around 600 BCE, they're going to fall to the Assyrians as well."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So both the kingdom of Israel and the kingdom of Judah began paying tribute to Assyria around 783 BCE. Around 725 BCE, the Assyrians didn't think that was enough, so they're going to have this siege at Samarra, which is the capital of Israel. And that's going to be successful and the Israeli kingdom is going to fall. Now the kingdom of Judah is going to last about another 150 years, but around 600 BCE, they're going to fall to the Assyrians as well. Now the Assyrian empire is quickly going to be evaporated by the Babylonian empire. And around 586 BCE, that Babylonian empire is going to capture Jerusalem and they're going to take down the temple at Solomon, which housed the Ark of the Covenant. Writers of the Lost Ark, I'm telling you, you should watch it."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the kingdom of Judah is going to last about another 150 years, but around 600 BCE, they're going to fall to the Assyrians as well. Now the Assyrian empire is quickly going to be evaporated by the Babylonian empire. And around 586 BCE, that Babylonian empire is going to capture Jerusalem and they're going to take down the temple at Solomon, which housed the Ark of the Covenant. Writers of the Lost Ark, I'm telling you, you should watch it. And they're also going to take the Jewish people, the Hebrew people, and they're going to exile them to Babylon. And in the Bible, it says that the prophet Ezekiel is supposed to keep the Jewish faith alive as this exile occurs. Now the exile is not going to last forever."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Writers of the Lost Ark, I'm telling you, you should watch it. And they're also going to take the Jewish people, the Hebrew people, and they're going to exile them to Babylon. And in the Bible, it says that the prophet Ezekiel is supposed to keep the Jewish faith alive as this exile occurs. Now the exile is not going to last forever. Around 539 BCE, there's going to be a new king in town. This time it's the Persian king Cyrus the Great. And Cyrus the Great is going to give permission for about 40,000 of those exiles to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple of Solomon."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the exile is not going to last forever. Around 539 BCE, there's going to be a new king in town. This time it's the Persian king Cyrus the Great. And Cyrus the Great is going to give permission for about 40,000 of those exiles to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple of Solomon. And eventually that's going to be destroyed again. But it is at that second temple of Solomon where we get that tradition of Hanukkah. It's called the Maccabean Revolt, and the idea was that the Jewish people were in this temple of Solomon and they only had enough oil for their candles for a day, but somehow the magic oil lasted for eight days."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And Cyrus the Great is going to give permission for about 40,000 of those exiles to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple of Solomon. And eventually that's going to be destroyed again. But it is at that second temple of Solomon where we get that tradition of Hanukkah. It's called the Maccabean Revolt, and the idea was that the Jewish people were in this temple of Solomon and they only had enough oil for their candles for a day, but somehow the magic oil lasted for eight days. And that's where you get the menorah with the eight candles. Each one represents a day. And there's a magic candle they all light the other candles with."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's called the Maccabean Revolt, and the idea was that the Jewish people were in this temple of Solomon and they only had enough oil for their candles for a day, but somehow the magic oil lasted for eight days. And that's where you get the menorah with the eight candles. Each one represents a day. And there's a magic candle they all light the other candles with. But that's about it, guys, for Judaism. We got the very basic beliefs down. There's one God."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's a magic candle they all light the other candles with. But that's about it, guys, for Judaism. We got the very basic beliefs down. There's one God. It's monotheistic. They believe there's a special covenant with their one God, and they will be rewarded eventually with a Messiah that returns to rule over Israel and brings peace to earth. That's the main idea."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's one God. It's monotheistic. They believe there's a special covenant with their one God, and they will be rewarded eventually with a Messiah that returns to rule over Israel and brings peace to earth. That's the main idea. And the last thing I'll say, guys, is holy smokes, we've only scraped the surface. It's like, that much? You only know like that much?"}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That's the main idea. And the last thing I'll say, guys, is holy smokes, we've only scraped the surface. It's like, that much? You only know like that much? There's so much more that you should probably find out. So go research, go read, go grow your brain on your own. And if you want to know a little bit more about the conflict that becomes known as the Arab-Israeli conflict, we have a video for you right there."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You only know like that much? There's so much more that you should probably find out. So go research, go read, go grow your brain on your own. And if you want to know a little bit more about the conflict that becomes known as the Arab-Israeli conflict, we have a video for you right there. It's down in the description below. So if you feel like it, you can go get her done, too. Hope your brain's a little bit bigger."}, {"video_title": "Judaism Explained Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you want to know a little bit more about the conflict that becomes known as the Arab-Israeli conflict, we have a video for you right there. It's down in the description below. So if you feel like it, you can go get her done, too. Hope your brain's a little bit bigger. I hope when you're walking around, you know what you're talking about. And I hope you always remember, where attention goes, energy flows. And I'll see you guys next time that you press my buttons."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Columbus was just a lucky idiot. Yeah, no. Here's a little rule of thumb, me from the past. If you're not an expert in something, don't pretend to be an expert. This is going to serve you well both in your academic career and in your kissing career. Moving on! So unlike me from the past, I'd argue that Columbus has a deserved reputation in history, but was he really the greatest sailor of the 15th century?"}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "If you're not an expert in something, don't pretend to be an expert. This is going to serve you well both in your academic career and in your kissing career. Moving on! So unlike me from the past, I'd argue that Columbus has a deserved reputation in history, but was he really the greatest sailor of the 15th century? Well, let's meet the other contestants. In the red corner, we have Jung Ha, who, when it comes to ocean-going voyages, was the first major figure of the 15th century. And in the blue corner is Vasco da Gama from scrappy little Portugal, who managed to introduce Europeans to the Indian Ocean Trade Network."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "So unlike me from the past, I'd argue that Columbus has a deserved reputation in history, but was he really the greatest sailor of the 15th century? Well, let's meet the other contestants. In the red corner, we have Jung Ha, who, when it comes to ocean-going voyages, was the first major figure of the 15th century. And in the blue corner is Vasco da Gama from scrappy little Portugal, who managed to introduce Europeans to the Indian Ocean Trade Network. Columbus, you have to sit in the polka-dotted corner. As you'll no doubt remember from our discussion of Indian Ocean Trade, it was dominated by Muslim merchants, involved ports into Africa and the Middle East and India and Indonesia and China, and it made a lot of people super rich. That last point explains why our three contestants were so eager to set sail."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "And in the blue corner is Vasco da Gama from scrappy little Portugal, who managed to introduce Europeans to the Indian Ocean Trade Network. Columbus, you have to sit in the polka-dotted corner. As you'll no doubt remember from our discussion of Indian Ocean Trade, it was dominated by Muslim merchants, involved ports into Africa and the Middle East and India and Indonesia and China, and it made a lot of people super rich. That last point explains why our three contestants were so eager to set sail. Well, that and the ceaseless desire of human beings to discover things and contract scurvy. Let's begin with Jung Ha, who is probably the greatest admiral you've never heard of. Several important things about Jung Ha."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "That last point explains why our three contestants were so eager to set sail. Well, that and the ceaseless desire of human beings to discover things and contract scurvy. Let's begin with Jung Ha, who is probably the greatest admiral you've never heard of. Several important things about Jung Ha. First, he was a Muslim. That may seem strange until you consider that by the late 14th century, China had long experience with Muslims, especially when they were ruled by, wait for it, the Mongols. Secondly, Jung Ha was a eunuch."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Several important things about Jung Ha. First, he was a Muslim. That may seem strange until you consider that by the late 14th century, China had long experience with Muslims, especially when they were ruled by, wait for it, the Mongols. Secondly, Jung Ha was a eunuch. Fortunately, 15th century China had excellent general anesthesia, so I'm sure it didn't hurt at all when they castrated him. What's that, Stan? They didn't have general anesthesia?"}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Secondly, Jung Ha was a eunuch. Fortunately, 15th century China had excellent general anesthesia, so I'm sure it didn't hurt at all when they castrated him. What's that, Stan? They didn't have general anesthesia? Oh boy. Stan, I'm seeing it. I'm seeing it."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "They didn't have general anesthesia? Oh boy. Stan, I'm seeing it. I'm seeing it. I can see it. Ah! Stan, show me something cute right now!"}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm seeing it. I can see it. Ah! Stan, show me something cute right now! Oh, hi there, kitty. How'd you get in that little teacup? Thank you, Stan."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, show me something cute right now! Oh, hi there, kitty. How'd you get in that little teacup? Thank you, Stan. Right, so Jung Ha rose from humble beginnings to lose both of his testicles and become the greatest admiral in Chinese history. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Between 1405 and 1433, Jung Ha led seven voyages throughout the Indian Ocean, the expeditions of these so-called treasure ships."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Thank you, Stan. Right, so Jung Ha rose from humble beginnings to lose both of his testicles and become the greatest admiral in Chinese history. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Between 1405 and 1433, Jung Ha led seven voyages throughout the Indian Ocean, the expeditions of these so-called treasure ships. And they were huge. Columbus's first voyage consisted of three ships. Jung Ha led an armada of over 300 with a crew of over 27,000, more than half of London's population at the time."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Between 1405 and 1433, Jung Ha led seven voyages throughout the Indian Ocean, the expeditions of these so-called treasure ships. And they were huge. Columbus's first voyage consisted of three ships. Jung Ha led an armada of over 300 with a crew of over 27,000, more than half of London's population at the time. And some of these ships were, well, enormous. The flagships, known as the treasure ships, were over 400 feet long and had seven or more masts. You see that tiny little ship there in front of the treasure ship?"}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Jung Ha led an armada of over 300 with a crew of over 27,000, more than half of London's population at the time. And some of these ships were, well, enormous. The flagships, known as the treasure ships, were over 400 feet long and had seven or more masts. You see that tiny little ship there in front of the treasure ship? That's a to-scale rendering of Christopher Columbus's flagship, the Santa Maria. Jung Ha wasn't an explorer. The Indian Ocean trade routes were already known to him and to other Chinese sailors."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "You see that tiny little ship there in front of the treasure ship? That's a to-scale rendering of Christopher Columbus's flagship, the Santa Maria. Jung Ha wasn't an explorer. The Indian Ocean trade routes were already known to him and to other Chinese sailors. He visited Africa, India, and the Middle East, and in a way, his journeys were trade missions, but not in the sense of filling his ships up with stuff to be sold later for higher prices. At the time, China was the leading manufacturer of quality goods in the world, and there wasn't anything they actually needed to import. What they needed was prestige and respect so that people would continue to see China as the center of the economic universe."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "The Indian Ocean trade routes were already known to him and to other Chinese sailors. He visited Africa, India, and the Middle East, and in a way, his journeys were trade missions, but not in the sense of filling his ships up with stuff to be sold later for higher prices. At the time, China was the leading manufacturer of quality goods in the world, and there wasn't anything they actually needed to import. What they needed was prestige and respect so that people would continue to see China as the center of the economic universe. So there was a tribute system, through which foreign rulers or their ambassadors would come to China and engage in a debasing ritual called the kowtow, wherein they acknowledged the superiority of the Chinese emperor and offered him, or her, but usually him, gifts in exchange for the right to trade with China. The opportunity to humble yourself before the Chinese emperor was so valuable that many a prince was happy to jump on a treasure ship and sail back to China with Jung Ha. Also, these tribute missions brought lots of crazy things to China, including exotic animals."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "What they needed was prestige and respect so that people would continue to see China as the center of the economic universe. So there was a tribute system, through which foreign rulers or their ambassadors would come to China and engage in a debasing ritual called the kowtow, wherein they acknowledged the superiority of the Chinese emperor and offered him, or her, but usually him, gifts in exchange for the right to trade with China. The opportunity to humble yourself before the Chinese emperor was so valuable that many a prince was happy to jump on a treasure ship and sail back to China with Jung Ha. Also, these tribute missions brought lots of crazy things to China, including exotic animals. From Africa, Jung Ha brought back a zoo's worth of rhinos, zebras, and even giraffes. Basically, he was like the medieval Chinese Nobel. Thanks, Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, these tribute missions brought lots of crazy things to China, including exotic animals. From Africa, Jung Ha brought back a zoo's worth of rhinos, zebras, and even giraffes. Basically, he was like the medieval Chinese Nobel. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So the Chinese were world leaders in naval technology, and they wanted to dominate trade here in the Indian Ocean, so why then did these voyages end? One reason was that Jung Ha couldn't live forever, and sure enough, he didn't. Also, his patron, the Yongle Emperor, died."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. So the Chinese were world leaders in naval technology, and they wanted to dominate trade here in the Indian Ocean, so why then did these voyages end? One reason was that Jung Ha couldn't live forever, and sure enough, he didn't. Also, his patron, the Yongle Emperor, died. And the emperor's successors weren't as interested in maritime trade. They were more concerned with protecting China against its traditional enemies, nomads from the steppe. To do this, they built a rather famous wall."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, his patron, the Yongle Emperor, died. And the emperor's successors weren't as interested in maritime trade. They were more concerned with protecting China against its traditional enemies, nomads from the steppe. To do this, they built a rather famous wall. The Great Wall was mostly built under the Ming Dynasty using resources that they only had because they stopped building gigantic ships. And just imagine what might have happened if the Ming emperors had embraced a different strategy, one that was based on outreach instead of isolationism. And now, to the blue corner representing Portuguese exploration, we have Vasco da Gama."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "To do this, they built a rather famous wall. The Great Wall was mostly built under the Ming Dynasty using resources that they only had because they stopped building gigantic ships. And just imagine what might have happened if the Ming emperors had embraced a different strategy, one that was based on outreach instead of isolationism. And now, to the blue corner representing Portuguese exploration, we have Vasco da Gama. A couple things about Portugal. First, it has a fair bit of coastline. Secondly, it was relatively resource poor, which meant it relied upon trade in order to grow."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "And now, to the blue corner representing Portuguese exploration, we have Vasco da Gama. A couple things about Portugal. First, it has a fair bit of coastline. Secondly, it was relatively resource poor, which meant it relied upon trade in order to grow. Also, the Iberian Peninsula was the only place in Europe where Muslims could be found in large numbers in the 15th century, which meant the Christian crusading spirit was quite strong there, presumably because Muslims had brought so much stability and prosperity to the region. And chief among these would-be crusaders was Prince Henry the Navigator, so-called because he was not a navigator. He was, however, a patron not only of sailors themselves, but of a special school at Sagres in which nautical knowledge was collected and new maps were made and all kinds of awesome stuff happened."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Secondly, it was relatively resource poor, which meant it relied upon trade in order to grow. Also, the Iberian Peninsula was the only place in Europe where Muslims could be found in large numbers in the 15th century, which meant the Christian crusading spirit was quite strong there, presumably because Muslims had brought so much stability and prosperity to the region. And chief among these would-be crusaders was Prince Henry the Navigator, so-called because he was not a navigator. He was, however, a patron not only of sailors themselves, but of a special school at Sagres in which nautical knowledge was collected and new maps were made and all kinds of awesome stuff happened. And all that knowledge gave Portuguese sailors a huge competitive advantage when it came to exploration. Henry commissioned sailors to search for two things. First, a path to the Indian Ocean so they could get in on the lucrative spice trade."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "He was, however, a patron not only of sailors themselves, but of a special school at Sagres in which nautical knowledge was collected and new maps were made and all kinds of awesome stuff happened. And all that knowledge gave Portuguese sailors a huge competitive advantage when it came to exploration. Henry commissioned sailors to search for two things. First, a path to the Indian Ocean so they could get in on the lucrative spice trade. And second, to find the kingdom of Prester John, a mythical Christian king who was supposed to live in Africa somewhere so that Henry could have Prester John's help in a crusade. Dagama was the first of Henry's prot\u00e9g\u00e9s to make it around Africa and into the Indian Ocean. In 1498, he landed at Calicut, a major trading post on India's west coast, and when he got there, merchants asked him what he was looking for."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "First, a path to the Indian Ocean so they could get in on the lucrative spice trade. And second, to find the kingdom of Prester John, a mythical Christian king who was supposed to live in Africa somewhere so that Henry could have Prester John's help in a crusade. Dagama was the first of Henry's prot\u00e9g\u00e9s to make it around Africa and into the Indian Ocean. In 1498, he landed at Calicut, a major trading post on India's west coast, and when he got there, merchants asked him what he was looking for. He answered with three words, gold and Christians. Which basically sums up Portugal's motivations for exploration. So once the Portuguese breached the Indian Ocean, they didn't create, like, huge colonies, because there were already powerful empires in the region."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1498, he landed at Calicut, a major trading post on India's west coast, and when he got there, merchants asked him what he was looking for. He answered with three words, gold and Christians. Which basically sums up Portugal's motivations for exploration. So once the Portuguese breached the Indian Ocean, they didn't create, like, huge colonies, because there were already powerful empires in the region. Instead, they apparently sat in the middle of the Indian Ocean doing nothing. Actually, they were able to capture and control a number of coastal cities, creating what historians call a trading post empire. They could do this thanks to their well-armed ships, which captured cities by firing cannons into city walls like IRL Angry Birds."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "So once the Portuguese breached the Indian Ocean, they didn't create, like, huge colonies, because there were already powerful empires in the region. Instead, they apparently sat in the middle of the Indian Ocean doing nothing. Actually, they were able to capture and control a number of coastal cities, creating what historians call a trading post empire. They could do this thanks to their well-armed ships, which captured cities by firing cannons into city walls like IRL Angry Birds. But since the Portuguese didn't have enough people or boats to run the Indian Ocean trade, they had to rely on extortion. So Portuguese merchant ships would capture other ships and force them to purchase a permit to trade called a cartaz. And without a cartaz, a merchant couldn't trade in any of the towns that Portugal controlled."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "They could do this thanks to their well-armed ships, which captured cities by firing cannons into city walls like IRL Angry Birds. But since the Portuguese didn't have enough people or boats to run the Indian Ocean trade, they had to rely on extortion. So Portuguese merchant ships would capture other ships and force them to purchase a permit to trade called a cartaz. And without a cartaz, a merchant couldn't trade in any of the towns that Portugal controlled. For merchants who'd plied the Indian Ocean trade for years in relative freedom, the Portuguese were just glorified pirates, extracting value from trade without adding to its efficiency or volume. So the cartaz strategy sort of worked for a while, but the Portuguese never really took control of Indian Ocean trade. But they were successful enough that their neighbors, Spain, became interested in their own route to the Indies."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "And without a cartaz, a merchant couldn't trade in any of the towns that Portugal controlled. For merchants who'd plied the Indian Ocean trade for years in relative freedom, the Portuguese were just glorified pirates, extracting value from trade without adding to its efficiency or volume. So the cartaz strategy sort of worked for a while, but the Portuguese never really took control of Indian Ocean trade. But they were successful enough that their neighbors, Spain, became interested in their own route to the Indies. And that brings us to Columbus. But first, let's dispel some myths. One, Columbus and his crew knew the Earth was round."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "But they were successful enough that their neighbors, Spain, became interested in their own route to the Indies. And that brings us to Columbus. But first, let's dispel some myths. One, Columbus and his crew knew the Earth was round. He was just wrong about the Earth's size. Columbus used Ptolemy's Geography and the Imago Mundi based on Muslim scholarship and ended up overestimating the size of Asia and underestimating the size of the oceans. Two, Columbus never thought he'd made it to China."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "One, Columbus and his crew knew the Earth was round. He was just wrong about the Earth's size. Columbus used Ptolemy's Geography and the Imago Mundi based on Muslim scholarship and ended up overestimating the size of Asia and underestimating the size of the oceans. Two, Columbus never thought he'd made it to China. He called the people he encountered Indians because he thought he'd made it to the East Indies, what we now know as Indonesia. And three, Columbus was not a lucky idiot. He navigated completely unknown waters primarily by using a technique known as dead reckoning in which you figure out your position based on three pieces of information."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Two, Columbus never thought he'd made it to China. He called the people he encountered Indians because he thought he'd made it to the East Indies, what we now know as Indonesia. And three, Columbus was not a lucky idiot. He navigated completely unknown waters primarily by using a technique known as dead reckoning in which you figure out your position based on three pieces of information. The direction you're going, your speed, and the time which you figure out via hourglass. With only that technology to guide you, it's not actually that easy to hit a continent. Come here people who are saying he didn't hit a continent, he only hit some islands."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "He navigated completely unknown waters primarily by using a technique known as dead reckoning in which you figure out your position based on three pieces of information. The direction you're going, your speed, and the time which you figure out via hourglass. With only that technology to guide you, it's not actually that easy to hit a continent. Come here people who are saying he didn't hit a continent, he only hit some islands. Come here. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the Line of Demarcation."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Come here people who are saying he didn't hit a continent, he only hit some islands. Come here. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the Line of Demarcation. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a globe. Thanks, Stan."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "An open letter to the Line of Demarcation. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a globe. Thanks, Stan. Just what I always needed. Dear Line of Demarcation, you have so much to teach us about the way that the world used to work and the way that it works now. In 1494, Pope Alexander VI settled a dispute between Portugal and Spain by dividing the world into two parts."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Stan. Just what I always needed. Dear Line of Demarcation, you have so much to teach us about the way that the world used to work and the way that it works now. In 1494, Pope Alexander VI settled a dispute between Portugal and Spain by dividing the world into two parts. The Spanish part and the Portuguese part. This whole thing, at least according to Pope Alexander VI, could be split between Spain and Portugal. At least when it came to so-called unclaimed land."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1494, Pope Alexander VI settled a dispute between Portugal and Spain by dividing the world into two parts. The Spanish part and the Portuguese part. This whole thing, at least according to Pope Alexander VI, could be split between Spain and Portugal. At least when it came to so-called unclaimed land. I mean, unclaimed by whom? You know all the American Indians were like, wait, this land is available? In that case, we'll just keep it."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "At least when it came to so-called unclaimed land. I mean, unclaimed by whom? You know all the American Indians were like, wait, this land is available? In that case, we'll just keep it. If it's all the same to you. Anyway, Line of Demarcation, I have great news for you. What Alexander VI did totally worked."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "In that case, we'll just keep it. If it's all the same to you. Anyway, Line of Demarcation, I have great news for you. What Alexander VI did totally worked. We haven't had a problem since. Best wishes, John Green. So Columbus's first journey, he made four, the last three of which were pretty calamitous, was tiny, and he initially landed on a small Caribbean island he called San Salvador in search, like the Portuguese, of gold and Christians."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "What Alexander VI did totally worked. We haven't had a problem since. Best wishes, John Green. So Columbus's first journey, he made four, the last three of which were pretty calamitous, was tiny, and he initially landed on a small Caribbean island he called San Salvador in search, like the Portuguese, of gold and Christians. He was able to convince Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to fund his expedition by promising riches and conversions of the natives, hopefully to sign them up for yet another crusade. And there's a long-standing myth that Columbus tricked Ferdinand and Isabella into paying for his trip, but in fact, they commissioned two different sets of experts to analyze his plans, both of which agreed he was crazy. One called the plan, impossible to any educated person."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "So Columbus's first journey, he made four, the last three of which were pretty calamitous, was tiny, and he initially landed on a small Caribbean island he called San Salvador in search, like the Portuguese, of gold and Christians. He was able to convince Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to fund his expedition by promising riches and conversions of the natives, hopefully to sign them up for yet another crusade. And there's a long-standing myth that Columbus tricked Ferdinand and Isabella into paying for his trip, but in fact, they commissioned two different sets of experts to analyze his plans, both of which agreed he was crazy. One called the plan, impossible to any educated person. But even so, Ferdinand and Isabella footed the bill, partly because they were full of crusading zeal after expelling the Muslims from Spain, and partly because they were desperate to get their hands on some of that pepper richness. Columbus of course failed at finding riches. He returned with neither spices nor gold."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "One called the plan, impossible to any educated person. But even so, Ferdinand and Isabella footed the bill, partly because they were full of crusading zeal after expelling the Muslims from Spain, and partly because they were desperate to get their hands on some of that pepper richness. Columbus of course failed at finding riches. He returned with neither spices nor gold. He did create some Christians, as we'll discuss in a future episode, but in terms of goal accomplishment, Columbus was much less successful than either Zheng He or Vasco de Gama. But within two generations of Columbus, Spain would become fantastically wealthy, and for a time they were the leading power in Europe. Columbus' voyages also had a huge, largely negative impact on the people the Spanish encountered in the Americas."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "He returned with neither spices nor gold. He did create some Christians, as we'll discuss in a future episode, but in terms of goal accomplishment, Columbus was much less successful than either Zheng He or Vasco de Gama. But within two generations of Columbus, Spain would become fantastically wealthy, and for a time they were the leading power in Europe. Columbus' voyages also had a huge, largely negative impact on the people the Spanish encountered in the Americas. And excitingly from my perspective, once Columbus returned from San Salvador, we can speak for the first time of a truly world history. Except for you, Australia. So who was the greatest mariner of the 15th century?"}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Columbus' voyages also had a huge, largely negative impact on the people the Spanish encountered in the Americas. And excitingly from my perspective, once Columbus returned from San Salvador, we can speak for the first time of a truly world history. Except for you, Australia. So who was the greatest mariner of the 15th century? Well, as usual, it depends on your definition of greatness. If you value administrative competence over ill-advised adventure, then Zheng He is certainly the winner. But the reason we remember Columbus over him or Vasco de Gama is that Columbus' voyages had a lasting impact on the world, even if it wasn't necessarily a positive one."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "So who was the greatest mariner of the 15th century? Well, as usual, it depends on your definition of greatness. If you value administrative competence over ill-advised adventure, then Zheng He is certainly the winner. But the reason we remember Columbus over him or Vasco de Gama is that Columbus' voyages had a lasting impact on the world, even if it wasn't necessarily a positive one. And that makes me wonder what kind of person you'd want to be. A capable administrator and brilliant sailor like Zheng He, a daring captain like de Gama, or the bearer of a complicated but famous legacy like Columbus? Let me know in comments."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "But the reason we remember Columbus over him or Vasco de Gama is that Columbus' voyages had a lasting impact on the world, even if it wasn't necessarily a positive one. And that makes me wonder what kind of person you'd want to be. A capable administrator and brilliant sailor like Zheng He, a daring captain like de Gama, or the bearer of a complicated but famous legacy like Columbus? Let me know in comments. Thanks for watching, and we'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Let me know in comments. Thanks for watching, and we'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, You smell pretty. Thanks for that suggestion, by the way."}, {"video_title": "Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Zheng He - 15th Century Mariners Crash Course World History #21.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, You smell pretty. Thanks for that suggestion, by the way. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week, you can do so in comments, where you can also guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome. Oh, crash!"}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. We're doing World History Edition. That's right guys, this time it's a major world religion that's going to be on the exam. You need to know it and that's Hinduism. A little bit about its history, a little bit about its beliefs, a little bit about the giddy up for the learning that we're going to go get her done right now. Alright guys, let's get started with the very basics and I mean the very basics. I'm literally taking a historical stone and skipping it across the water of knowledge here."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "You need to know it and that's Hinduism. A little bit about its history, a little bit about its beliefs, a little bit about the giddy up for the learning that we're going to go get her done right now. Alright guys, let's get started with the very basics and I mean the very basics. I'm literally taking a historical stone and skipping it across the water of knowledge here. We'll say three things before we get started into really a set of principles. Number one, it's the oldest known practicing religion known to human beings. Hinduism goes back probably around 6,000 years to about 4,000 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm literally taking a historical stone and skipping it across the water of knowledge here. We'll say three things before we get started into really a set of principles. Number one, it's the oldest known practicing religion known to human beings. Hinduism goes back probably around 6,000 years to about 4,000 BCE. The Harappan culture or the Indus River Valley civilization is where we think that the roots are going to be formed. Although we haven't interpreted their writing, we know through archeology that many of the customs and practices that they did way back then in the day, we're still doing today in India and amongst Hindus. We also know that around 1500 BCE, don't quote me exactly, that people from the north known as Aryans came through the passes in the mountains."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Hinduism goes back probably around 6,000 years to about 4,000 BCE. The Harappan culture or the Indus River Valley civilization is where we think that the roots are going to be formed. Although we haven't interpreted their writing, we know through archeology that many of the customs and practices that they did way back then in the day, we're still doing today in India and amongst Hindus. We also know that around 1500 BCE, don't quote me exactly, that people from the north known as Aryans came through the passes in the mountains. They came from the steps which are north of the Caucus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and they brought their own ways of knowing and knowledge and religious practices that kind of fused with the indigenous people that formed the roots of Hinduism. We'll also say that it's the least dogmatic religion. There's not one way of being in Hindu."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "We also know that around 1500 BCE, don't quote me exactly, that people from the north known as Aryans came through the passes in the mountains. They came from the steps which are north of the Caucus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and they brought their own ways of knowing and knowledge and religious practices that kind of fused with the indigenous people that formed the roots of Hinduism. We'll also say that it's the least dogmatic religion. There's not one way of being in Hindu. In fact, there's no leader. If someone comes down and says, take me to the Hindu leader, I don't know where to take him. It's not like we have Christ in Christianity or Buddha in Buddhism or Mohammed in Islam."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's not one way of being in Hindu. In fact, there's no leader. If someone comes down and says, take me to the Hindu leader, I don't know where to take him. It's not like we have Christ in Christianity or Buddha in Buddhism or Mohammed in Islam. There is no one man in Hinduism. So I got six beliefs on the table and I'm going to serve them to you right now. So I hope you're hungry for a little bit of the learning."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not like we have Christ in Christianity or Buddha in Buddhism or Mohammed in Islam. There is no one man in Hinduism. So I got six beliefs on the table and I'm going to serve them to you right now. So I hope you're hungry for a little bit of the learning. Six principles guys. The first one, quite simple. Truth is eternal."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "So I hope you're hungry for a little bit of the learning. Six principles guys. The first one, quite simple. Truth is eternal. That truth is one. There might be many different pathways to truth. Some Hindus might take the pathway of devotion or of knowledge or of duty, but they're all seeking that one reality, that one truth that transcends even Hinduism itself."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Truth is eternal. That truth is one. There might be many different pathways to truth. Some Hindus might take the pathway of devotion or of knowledge or of duty, but they're all seeking that one reality, that one truth that transcends even Hinduism itself. Their second core belief is that there is one God. They're not really polytheistic. We can kind of understand why some people might say that in a second, but they do believe that there is one world soul called Brahman and that out of that one world soul, there's manifestations through other gods and goddesses."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Some Hindus might take the pathway of devotion or of knowledge or of duty, but they're all seeking that one reality, that one truth that transcends even Hinduism itself. Their second core belief is that there is one God. They're not really polytheistic. We can kind of understand why some people might say that in a second, but they do believe that there is one world soul called Brahman and that out of that one world soul, there's manifestations through other gods and goddesses. Brahma is the creator, Vishnu is the protector and Shiva is the destroyer. And there's many other mother goddesses and goddesses that individual Hindus can decide to follow and to pray to. But they all believe that all of those gods and goddesses are extensions of this one world soul."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "We can kind of understand why some people might say that in a second, but they do believe that there is one world soul called Brahman and that out of that one world soul, there's manifestations through other gods and goddesses. Brahma is the creator, Vishnu is the protector and Shiva is the destroyer. And there's many other mother goddesses and goddesses that individual Hindus can decide to follow and to pray to. But they all believe that all of those gods and goddesses are extensions of this one world soul. So while some people might say that Hinduism is polytheistic, it really isn't. It might not also be monotheistic. It's probably another word for it."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "But they all believe that all of those gods and goddesses are extensions of this one world soul. So while some people might say that Hinduism is polytheistic, it really isn't. It might not also be monotheistic. It's probably another word for it. You could put that down in the comments below. Another major formation principle is they all believe or follow the Vedas. Now there are four books of knowledge that are called the Vedas, but if we go back thousands of years, the Vedas weren't written down."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "It's probably another word for it. You could put that down in the comments below. Another major formation principle is they all believe or follow the Vedas. Now there are four books of knowledge that are called the Vedas, but if we go back thousands of years, the Vedas weren't written down. They were memorized. They were hymns and prayers and rituals. Around 400, 500 BCE, much of that began to be written down and that forms these stories and poems and hymns, the foundational beliefs of Hindus and how they practice their religion."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now there are four books of knowledge that are called the Vedas, but if we go back thousands of years, the Vedas weren't written down. They were memorized. They were hymns and prayers and rituals. Around 400, 500 BCE, much of that began to be written down and that forms these stories and poems and hymns, the foundational beliefs of Hindus and how they practice their religion. But some Hindus follow some Vedas more than other Hindus follow other Vedas. So again, it's not dogmatic. There's a lot of room for different beliefs and interpretations amongst the Vedas themselves."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Around 400, 500 BCE, much of that began to be written down and that forms these stories and poems and hymns, the foundational beliefs of Hindus and how they practice their religion. But some Hindus follow some Vedas more than other Hindus follow other Vedas. So again, it's not dogmatic. There's a lot of room for different beliefs and interpretations amongst the Vedas themselves. Now here comes the first big vocabulary word to sink your teeth in and that is Dharma. All Hindus believe that their job on earth is to find their Dharma and do it. There's not really one word that translates into Dharma, but it's really this belief that there is a way of living your life according to your path of truth, authenticity, honesty, virtue, that that's your Dharma."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a lot of room for different beliefs and interpretations amongst the Vedas themselves. Now here comes the first big vocabulary word to sink your teeth in and that is Dharma. All Hindus believe that their job on earth is to find their Dharma and do it. There's not really one word that translates into Dharma, but it's really this belief that there is a way of living your life according to your path of truth, authenticity, honesty, virtue, that that's your Dharma. Which brings us into the next belief system, and I'm going to come back to Dharma, which is that all souls are immortal. All souls are immortal. Hindus believe that we all have Atman and that Atman is our connection to the universe, our soul, the God inside of us."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's not really one word that translates into Dharma, but it's really this belief that there is a way of living your life according to your path of truth, authenticity, honesty, virtue, that that's your Dharma. Which brings us into the next belief system, and I'm going to come back to Dharma, which is that all souls are immortal. All souls are immortal. Hindus believe that we all have Atman and that Atman is our connection to the universe, our soul, the God inside of us. And this is connected in a way through the interconnectedness of the universe with Brahman, the one world soul. And finding this connection through our Dharma, our path, and knowing that our karma, there's another vocabulary word, our good deeds and our bad deeds influence the path that we must follow. All Hindus believe in reincarnation."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Hindus believe that we all have Atman and that Atman is our connection to the universe, our soul, the God inside of us. And this is connected in a way through the interconnectedness of the universe with Brahman, the one world soul. And finding this connection through our Dharma, our path, and knowing that our karma, there's another vocabulary word, our good deeds and our bad deeds influence the path that we must follow. All Hindus believe in reincarnation. They believe that the Atman, which is lifeless and universal and forever, transcends the body. This is called transmigration, that when you die, when your body becomes the carcass that it is and dies, that the soul leaves the carcass and transmigrates to another body that they believe in reincarnation. And that their karma, what they did on earth in that body, is going to affect what Dharma they have the next life, the way they need to live that life."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "All Hindus believe in reincarnation. They believe that the Atman, which is lifeless and universal and forever, transcends the body. This is called transmigration, that when you die, when your body becomes the carcass that it is and dies, that the soul leaves the carcass and transmigrates to another body that they believe in reincarnation. And that their karma, what they did on earth in that body, is going to affect what Dharma they have the next life, the way they need to live that life. And that their karma determines who they're going to be born as, who their parents are going to be, whether they're going to be poor or they're going to be rich. So that actually connects to something called the caste system. And now there's modern Hinduism where they don't really believe in a strict caste system, but the foundational principle of Hinduism was that you were born into the caste according to your karma and that your Dharma was dictated by the person that you were born into."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that their karma, what they did on earth in that body, is going to affect what Dharma they have the next life, the way they need to live that life. And that their karma determines who they're going to be born as, who their parents are going to be, whether they're going to be poor or they're going to be rich. So that actually connects to something called the caste system. And now there's modern Hinduism where they don't really believe in a strict caste system, but the foundational principle of Hinduism was that you were born into the caste according to your karma and that your Dharma was dictated by the person that you were born into. Now if you look at the chart right there, you can see the caste system. You can see that it's hierarchical, that on top of the caste system, on the tippy top point, we have the Brahmins. The Brahmins are the ones closest to the eternal truth."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And now there's modern Hinduism where they don't really believe in a strict caste system, but the foundational principle of Hinduism was that you were born into the caste according to your karma and that your Dharma was dictated by the person that you were born into. Now if you look at the chart right there, you can see the caste system. You can see that it's hierarchical, that on top of the caste system, on the tippy top point, we have the Brahmins. The Brahmins are the ones closest to the eternal truth. They are the priests of Hindu society. We have the Kshatriyas. These are the warriors, the kings."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "The Brahmins are the ones closest to the eternal truth. They are the priests of Hindu society. We have the Kshatriyas. These are the warriors, the kings. Below them we have the merchants and the landowners. These are the Vishnya. And all of three of these groups were said to be the closest to completing their cycles of reincarnation."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "These are the warriors, the kings. Below them we have the merchants and the landowners. These are the Vishnya. And all of three of these groups were said to be the closest to completing their cycles of reincarnation. Below them we have the peasants, the laborers. These are the Sudra. And then we even have a group that's outside of the caste system."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And all of three of these groups were said to be the closest to completing their cycles of reincarnation. Below them we have the peasants, the laborers. These are the Sudra. And then we even have a group that's outside of the caste system. These are the untouchables, the people that dealt with human waste or cleaning toilet bowls, people that were seen as not being part of the caste system at all. Now we can see in a representation of their god, Brahman, that there's a connection between the different parts of their god and the caste that you were born into. Now the next part of Hinduism that is important to understand is moksha, the search for this eternal truth."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "And then we even have a group that's outside of the caste system. These are the untouchables, the people that dealt with human waste or cleaning toilet bowls, people that were seen as not being part of the caste system at all. Now we can see in a representation of their god, Brahman, that there's a connection between the different parts of their god and the caste that you were born into. Now the next part of Hinduism that is important to understand is moksha, the search for this eternal truth. Following your dharma will eventually liberate your soul from this constant cycle of reincarnation. And it was thought that if you followed your path of duty, your path of knowledge, your path of devotion, that eventually you could reach moksha and your soul would be free from the misery, the pain that is known on human earth. That's the whole idea of Hinduism, is follow your dharma, which is dictated by your karma, so you can achieve moksha and free your soul from earth to be connected with the one, with the eternal."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the next part of Hinduism that is important to understand is moksha, the search for this eternal truth. Following your dharma will eventually liberate your soul from this constant cycle of reincarnation. And it was thought that if you followed your path of duty, your path of knowledge, your path of devotion, that eventually you could reach moksha and your soul would be free from the misery, the pain that is known on human earth. That's the whole idea of Hinduism, is follow your dharma, which is dictated by your karma, so you can achieve moksha and free your soul from earth to be connected with the one, with the eternal. Now certainly Hinduism is practiced in many different forms. Much of it sometimes is a family tradition. Other times Hindus seek out their own personal path and there's lots of different ways to practice that."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "That's the whole idea of Hinduism, is follow your dharma, which is dictated by your karma, so you can achieve moksha and free your soul from earth to be connected with the one, with the eternal. Now certainly Hinduism is practiced in many different forms. Much of it sometimes is a family tradition. Other times Hindus seek out their own personal path and there's lots of different ways to practice that. Now of course there's other commonalities in Hinduism itself. They believe that the rivers of the Ganges are sacred. They cleanse their souls by bathing in it."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "Other times Hindus seek out their own personal path and there's lots of different ways to practice that. Now of course there's other commonalities in Hinduism itself. They believe that the rivers of the Ganges are sacred. They cleanse their souls by bathing in it. They're all supposed to make a pilgrimage to the Ganges eventually in their lifetime. There's also a tradition of fire altars, of burning offerings, of having temples in your own home. There's also a belief in sages, that there are people that were born with this eternal truth and it's their job to teach other Hindus about this eternal truth."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "They cleanse their souls by bathing in it. They're all supposed to make a pilgrimage to the Ganges eventually in their lifetime. There's also a tradition of fire altars, of burning offerings, of having temples in your own home. There's also a belief in sages, that there are people that were born with this eternal truth and it's their job to teach other Hindus about this eternal truth. But that's probably the basics enough for you. If you understand reincarnation, if you understand moksha, if you understand dharma and karma, you probably got enough to pass the test. How about that?"}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "There's also a belief in sages, that there are people that were born with this eternal truth and it's their job to teach other Hindus about this eternal truth. But that's probably the basics enough for you. If you understand reincarnation, if you understand moksha, if you understand dharma and karma, you probably got enough to pass the test. How about that? I'm not sure about the test of life, but enough to pass the test. All right guys, we'll see you guys next time that you press my buttons. I want to give a quick shout out to my Hip Hughes heroes who have made humongous donations online, Quinn Eaton, Dr. Chumay Yang."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "How about that? I'm not sure about the test of life, but enough to pass the test. All right guys, we'll see you guys next time that you press my buttons. I want to give a quick shout out to my Hip Hughes heroes who have made humongous donations online, Quinn Eaton, Dr. Chumay Yang. And if you haven't checked it out, teachers, check out studentsofhistory.org. Mr. Luke Rosa, a seasoned professional social studies teacher, has put together all of the resources that he's used to make his classroom student-centered, engaging, and diverse. And you can go check that out online right now and see if that's for you."}, {"video_title": "Hinduism 101 Religions in Global History.m4a", "Sentence": "I want to give a quick shout out to my Hip Hughes heroes who have made humongous donations online, Quinn Eaton, Dr. Chumay Yang. And if you haven't checked it out, teachers, check out studentsofhistory.org. Mr. Luke Rosa, a seasoned professional social studies teacher, has put together all of the resources that he's used to make his classroom student-centered, engaging, and diverse. And you can go check that out online right now and see if that's for you. That's studentsofhistory.org. But again, all of my Hip Hughes heroes, you truly are my heroes. Thank you, thank you, thank you."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "They were able to take back much of the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The Byzantine Empire was able to take back a significant chunk of the Anatolian Peninsula from the Seljuk Turks, who were also Muslim. And over the next few decades, this European rule over the Holy Land only gets consolidated. This is a zoomed-in version of what it looked like, and you can see these Crusader states that were set up, or these Crusader kingdoms. And as I pointed out in the last video, even though the Crusades were apparently to help the Byzantines reclaim land, as you can see, when the Crusaders took the Holy Land, they, for the most part, kept it for themselves and set up these kingdoms. So we are about here, we are about here on our timeline. Now, as we fast forward a little over a decade, as we get to the middle of the 12th century, you do have the Muslims being able to take back some of the territory, in particular, Edessa and Aleppo."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "This is a zoomed-in version of what it looked like, and you can see these Crusader states that were set up, or these Crusader kingdoms. And as I pointed out in the last video, even though the Crusades were apparently to help the Byzantines reclaim land, as you can see, when the Crusaders took the Holy Land, they, for the most part, kept it for themselves and set up these kingdoms. So we are about here, we are about here on our timeline. Now, as we fast forward a little over a decade, as we get to the middle of the 12th century, you do have the Muslims being able to take back some of the territory, in particular, Edessa and Aleppo. And so this bonds what will eventually be known as the Second Crusade, and it's really the second of many Crusades. Now, these are what historians consider the official numbered Crusades, but there were many other Crusades in this time period, in roughly this 200-year time period during the High Middle Ages. You had Crusades against Germanic non-Christians in Northern Europe."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "Now, as we fast forward a little over a decade, as we get to the middle of the 12th century, you do have the Muslims being able to take back some of the territory, in particular, Edessa and Aleppo. And so this bonds what will eventually be known as the Second Crusade, and it's really the second of many Crusades. Now, these are what historians consider the official numbered Crusades, but there were many other Crusades in this time period, in roughly this 200-year time period during the High Middle Ages. You had Crusades against Germanic non-Christians in Northern Europe. You had Crusades in Spain in order to retake land from the Muslims, which they had for several hundred years, what's known as the Reconquista. So after Aleppo and Edessa were taken, you have the Second Crusades, which end up being quite unsuccessful, and it really doesn't change what the Middle East looks like. But then as you get to the end of the 12th century, you have a significant event."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "You had Crusades against Germanic non-Christians in Northern Europe. You had Crusades in Spain in order to retake land from the Muslims, which they had for several hundred years, what's known as the Reconquista. So after Aleppo and Edessa were taken, you have the Second Crusades, which end up being quite unsuccessful, and it really doesn't change what the Middle East looks like. But then as you get to the end of the 12th century, you have a significant event. In 1187, you have the Sultan Saladin, often known as Saladin, being able to retake Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land. Remember, this is after roughly 90 years of rule of Jerusalem by the Western Europeans, by these crusader kingdoms. So this really strikes a chord with the West, and so they decide to launch what will be known as the Third Crusade."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "But then as you get to the end of the 12th century, you have a significant event. In 1187, you have the Sultan Saladin, often known as Saladin, being able to retake Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land. Remember, this is after roughly 90 years of rule of Jerusalem by the Western Europeans, by these crusader kingdoms. So this really strikes a chord with the West, and so they decide to launch what will be known as the Third Crusade. The Third Crusade does make some gains. In fact, this is a crusade that gets significant buy-in from the kings of Western Europe. Philip II of France gets involved."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "So this really strikes a chord with the West, and so they decide to launch what will be known as the Third Crusade. The Third Crusade does make some gains. In fact, this is a crusade that gets significant buy-in from the kings of Western Europe. Philip II of France gets involved. The English king, Richard I, or Richard the Lionheart, gets involved. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa gets involved. When I say Holy Roman Emperor and the Empire, you should really think of medieval Germany."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "Philip II of France gets involved. The English king, Richard I, or Richard the Lionheart, gets involved. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa gets involved. When I say Holy Roman Emperor and the Empire, you should really think of medieval Germany. Now, as they go there, Frederick Barbarossa, he drowns in a river. This is very dispiriting for his soldiers, so many of them turn around. But Philip II and Richard the Lionheart are able to engage with Saladin, and they are able to gain some land, in particular the region around Acre, and they're able to get some concessions from Saladin for unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "When I say Holy Roman Emperor and the Empire, you should really think of medieval Germany. Now, as they go there, Frederick Barbarossa, he drowns in a river. This is very dispiriting for his soldiers, so many of them turn around. But Philip II and Richard the Lionheart are able to engage with Saladin, and they are able to gain some land, in particular the region around Acre, and they're able to get some concessions from Saladin for unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem. Now, Saladin dies as we approach the end of the 12th century. So in the beginning of the 13th century, the Fourth Crusades get launched. And these are interesting because the crusaders, with the help of Venetian traders, they actually engage with the claimant to the throne of the Byzantine Empire with the hope that if they can help them come back to the throne, that they can provide them the necessary resources in order to continue on with the Crusades."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "But Philip II and Richard the Lionheart are able to engage with Saladin, and they are able to gain some land, in particular the region around Acre, and they're able to get some concessions from Saladin for unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem. Now, Saladin dies as we approach the end of the 12th century. So in the beginning of the 13th century, the Fourth Crusades get launched. And these are interesting because the crusaders, with the help of Venetian traders, they actually engage with the claimant to the throne of the Byzantine Empire with the hope that if they can help them come back to the throne, that they can provide them the necessary resources in order to continue on with the Crusades. Well, they are able to put the claimant on the throne, but then an uprising takes that claimant down from the throne, and so the crusaders don't get their payment. But they want that payment badly. And so they decide to take Constantinople themselves."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "And these are interesting because the crusaders, with the help of Venetian traders, they actually engage with the claimant to the throne of the Byzantine Empire with the hope that if they can help them come back to the throne, that they can provide them the necessary resources in order to continue on with the Crusades. Well, they are able to put the claimant on the throne, but then an uprising takes that claimant down from the throne, and so the crusaders don't get their payment. But they want that payment badly. And so they decide to take Constantinople themselves. And as we mentioned in other videos, this is really the dagger in the heart between the relationship between the East and the West. We already talked about the Great Schism of 1054, but now you have the West, who are followers of the Latin Church, which eventually gets known as the Roman Catholic Church. They are sacking Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine, or the Eastern Roman Empire, the most important city in Eastern Christendom."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "And so they decide to take Constantinople themselves. And as we mentioned in other videos, this is really the dagger in the heart between the relationship between the East and the West. We already talked about the Great Schism of 1054, but now you have the West, who are followers of the Latin Church, which eventually gets known as the Roman Catholic Church. They are sacking Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine, or the Eastern Roman Empire, the most important city in Eastern Christendom. And once they successfully sack the city in bloody fashion, they break up the Byzantine Empire amongst themselves. And you can see how they break it up. So the Fourth Crusade had very little effect on the actual Holy Land, but it does cause a temporary end to the Byzantine Empire."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "They are sacking Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine, or the Eastern Roman Empire, the most important city in Eastern Christendom. And once they successfully sack the city in bloody fashion, they break up the Byzantine Empire amongst themselves. And you can see how they break it up. So the Fourth Crusade had very little effect on the actual Holy Land, but it does cause a temporary end to the Byzantine Empire. As we get to 1261, Constantinople is retaken by the Byzantines. But once again, this is the beginning of the end of the Byzantine Empire, the fact that for half a century, it was taken over by the West. So you can imagine with Jerusalem still in the hands of the Muslims."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "So the Fourth Crusade had very little effect on the actual Holy Land, but it does cause a temporary end to the Byzantine Empire. As we get to 1261, Constantinople is retaken by the Byzantines. But once again, this is the beginning of the end of the Byzantine Empire, the fact that for half a century, it was taken over by the West. So you can imagine with Jerusalem still in the hands of the Muslims. Many in the West are not satisfied. And in 1212, an interesting event may have occurred. There are some accounts of what is known as a Children's Crusade."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "So you can imagine with Jerusalem still in the hands of the Muslims. Many in the West are not satisfied. And in 1212, an interesting event may have occurred. There are some accounts of what is known as a Children's Crusade. The stories of the Children's Crusade are that a child, and there's different accounts as to exactly the story, but something to the effect that Jesus has told them to go with other pure children to the Holy Land and convert the Muslims to Christianity. And so then they go on this march, and there's tens of thousands of children, but they don't make it to the Holy Land. They either die of starvation or they get sold into slavery on the way."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "There are some accounts of what is known as a Children's Crusade. The stories of the Children's Crusade are that a child, and there's different accounts as to exactly the story, but something to the effect that Jesus has told them to go with other pure children to the Holy Land and convert the Muslims to Christianity. And so then they go on this march, and there's tens of thousands of children, but they don't make it to the Holy Land. They either die of starvation or they get sold into slavery on the way. Historians today aren't sure whether it really happened as that account implies. That's why I put these question mark next to the Children's Crusade. But regardless of the actual facts here, as we go into the first quarter of the 13th century, Jerusalem remains in the hands of the Muslims."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "They either die of starvation or they get sold into slavery on the way. Historians today aren't sure whether it really happened as that account implies. That's why I put these question mark next to the Children's Crusade. But regardless of the actual facts here, as we go into the first quarter of the 13th century, Jerusalem remains in the hands of the Muslims. A fifth crusade is launched to retake Jerusalem, which is a failure. Eventually, a sixth crusade is launched, and this is reasonably successful at retaking some land in the Holy Land, but shortly thereafter, you have a non-numbered crusade, the Barons' Crusade, that rivals the first crusade in its success in taking territory. And so you can see, after the Barons' Crusade right over here, they're able to take back a good amount of territory."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "But regardless of the actual facts here, as we go into the first quarter of the 13th century, Jerusalem remains in the hands of the Muslims. A fifth crusade is launched to retake Jerusalem, which is a failure. Eventually, a sixth crusade is launched, and this is reasonably successful at retaking some land in the Holy Land, but shortly thereafter, you have a non-numbered crusade, the Barons' Crusade, that rivals the first crusade in its success in taking territory. And so you can see, after the Barons' Crusade right over here, they're able to take back a good amount of territory. But then in 1244, Jerusalem is retaken by the Muslims, and then you have the Seventh and Eighth and Ninth Crusades afterwards, and you have these other efforts that are sometimes called crusades, but for the most part, these are unsuccessful. And as we get into the end of the 13th and early 14th centuries, the Holy Land falls back under Muslim control. This is a map of the region as we enter into the 14th century, and you can see that the Muslims have retaken not just the Holy Land, but most of the Anatolian Peninsula, with only Constantinople being in control of the Byzantines, and that lasts until 1453, when the Turks finally take Constantinople as well."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "And so you can see, after the Barons' Crusade right over here, they're able to take back a good amount of territory. But then in 1244, Jerusalem is retaken by the Muslims, and then you have the Seventh and Eighth and Ninth Crusades afterwards, and you have these other efforts that are sometimes called crusades, but for the most part, these are unsuccessful. And as we get into the end of the 13th and early 14th centuries, the Holy Land falls back under Muslim control. This is a map of the region as we enter into the 14th century, and you can see that the Muslims have retaken not just the Holy Land, but most of the Anatolian Peninsula, with only Constantinople being in control of the Byzantines, and that lasts until 1453, when the Turks finally take Constantinople as well. When you look at the map at the beginning of this video and look at the map here, you can see that the crusades weren't really successful at changing the picture in the Holy Land. There were areas where the crusades were successful, or that crusader mentality was successful. You can see that now that we're in the 14th century, much of the Iberian Peninsula has been taken by Christian kingdoms from the Muslims."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "This is a map of the region as we enter into the 14th century, and you can see that the Muslims have retaken not just the Holy Land, but most of the Anatolian Peninsula, with only Constantinople being in control of the Byzantines, and that lasts until 1453, when the Turks finally take Constantinople as well. When you look at the map at the beginning of this video and look at the map here, you can see that the crusades weren't really successful at changing the picture in the Holy Land. There were areas where the crusades were successful, or that crusader mentality was successful. You can see that now that we're in the 14th century, much of the Iberian Peninsula has been taken by Christian kingdoms from the Muslims. The Muslims at this period are left with only Granada. So the Reconquista, to some degree, was successful, and it's going to continue until 1492, when the last Muslims are expelled from Spain. Now, one thing that I felt when I studied the crusades is it's very confusing how Jerusalem in particular goes back and forth between different parties."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "You can see that now that we're in the 14th century, much of the Iberian Peninsula has been taken by Christian kingdoms from the Muslims. The Muslims at this period are left with only Granada. So the Reconquista, to some degree, was successful, and it's going to continue until 1492, when the last Muslims are expelled from Spain. Now, one thing that I felt when I studied the crusades is it's very confusing how Jerusalem in particular goes back and forth between different parties. And just to get an overview of what actually happened, this timeline might be helpful. Green shows Jerusalem under Muslim control. Red shows it under Christian control."}, {"video_title": "An overview of the Crusades (part 2).m4a", "Sentence": "Now, one thing that I felt when I studied the crusades is it's very confusing how Jerusalem in particular goes back and forth between different parties. And just to get an overview of what actually happened, this timeline might be helpful. Green shows Jerusalem under Muslim control. Red shows it under Christian control. So at the end of the first crusades, it switches hands. The Christians are in control all the way until Salah ad-Din takes it back. Now, the Muslims are in control all the way until you get to the Sixth Crusade, where they're able to take some territory back in even parts of Jerusalem, and especially in the barons' crusades, they're able to take significant territory back."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Got a Surve radio, doing it big baby. Hold it down. Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History, Global Regions Review. We're going to try to kind of give you the topic of economic systems in the next 10 or 11, 12 minutes. And really chop up the historical facts so you can get just a general breeze of what's going on. Probably not enough for a full year course, but maybe if you're studying at the end of the year, it's not a bad idea to check this out. So we're going to look at three economic systems, maybe four, yeah."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to try to kind of give you the topic of economic systems in the next 10 or 11, 12 minutes. And really chop up the historical facts so you can get just a general breeze of what's going on. Probably not enough for a full year course, but maybe if you're studying at the end of the year, it's not a bad idea to check this out. So we're going to look at three economic systems, maybe four, yeah. We're going to look at traditional economic systems, developing then through trade into market-based economic systems, capitalism then. Command economic systems, which is like communism, and then mixed economic systems. So each one, just a few minutes, we're going to kind of go over the big idea and then give you some examples of the history and see if that can't hook you up with a better grade."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So we're going to look at three economic systems, maybe four, yeah. We're going to look at traditional economic systems, developing then through trade into market-based economic systems, capitalism then. Command economic systems, which is like communism, and then mixed economic systems. So each one, just a few minutes, we're going to kind of go over the big idea and then give you some examples of the history and see if that can't hook you up with a better grade. So let me go find a traditional economic system and giddy up, we'll get going. So traditional economic systems are based basically around agriculture and the barter system. So we don't have cash and we don't have banks yet, so basically kind of an individual kind of farming idea where people are self-sufficient to a certain degree in their communities."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So each one, just a few minutes, we're going to kind of go over the big idea and then give you some examples of the history and see if that can't hook you up with a better grade. So let me go find a traditional economic system and giddy up, we'll get going. So traditional economic systems are based basically around agriculture and the barter system. So we don't have cash and we don't have banks yet, so basically kind of an individual kind of farming idea where people are self-sufficient to a certain degree in their communities. So there's not a lot of trade going on, but maybe bartering. So I give you food and maybe you give me chickens. Well, that is food."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So we don't have cash and we don't have banks yet, so basically kind of an individual kind of farming idea where people are self-sufficient to a certain degree in their communities. So there's not a lot of trade going on, but maybe bartering. So I give you food and maybe you give me chickens. Well, that is food. I don't know, something like that. Lumber, so I can build a bigger chicken roost. But the basic idea is that it is traditional in nature."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, that is food. I don't know, something like that. Lumber, so I can build a bigger chicken roost. But the basic idea is that it is traditional in nature. On the test I've seen Mesoamerica as kind of a traditional economic system. The spin-off from that, there's always spin-off. I really should say the big word."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But the basic idea is that it is traditional in nature. On the test I've seen Mesoamerica as kind of a traditional economic system. The spin-off from that, there's always spin-off. I really should say the big word. The big word is scarcity. In all these economic systems, what you don't have drives you to get it. And if you have a traditional economic system and it's based on agriculture and then you have some problems, like for instance, let's say that you don't have enough water for your crops."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "I really should say the big word. The big word is scarcity. In all these economic systems, what you don't have drives you to get it. And if you have a traditional economic system and it's based on agriculture and then you have some problems, like for instance, let's say that you don't have enough water for your crops. You know, Mesoamerica, they developed irrigation systems. Or you don't have good transport in your economic system, you have to build roads. Or they had floating islands that were landlocked by, I think, anchors."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you have a traditional economic system and it's based on agriculture and then you have some problems, like for instance, let's say that you don't have enough water for your crops. You know, Mesoamerica, they developed irrigation systems. Or you don't have good transport in your economic system, you have to build roads. Or they had floating islands that were landlocked by, I think, anchors. I forget what the term is. It's like a mesomanin or something like that. But it's the idea that they adopted so their economic system worked for them."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Or they had floating islands that were landlocked by, I think, anchors. I forget what the term is. It's like a mesomanin or something like that. But it's the idea that they adopted so their economic system worked for them. Neolithic age, you have Egypt, you know, like Nile, Mesopotamia. Rivers are usually geography associated with the building of that first traditional economic system. Where people were growing food, they're self-sufficient, their community is their world around them."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's the idea that they adopted so their economic system worked for them. Neolithic age, you have Egypt, you know, like Nile, Mesopotamia. Rivers are usually geography associated with the building of that first traditional economic system. Where people were growing food, they're self-sufficient, their community is their world around them. And it's not too complicated beyond that. So we're going to slowly move on. We have some transitional kind of things to talk about."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Where people were growing food, they're self-sufficient, their community is their world around them. And it's not too complicated beyond that. So we're going to slowly move on. We have some transitional kind of things to talk about. We don't go just from traditional to capitalism, but there's kind of like a story in there. So let me go find a story and I'll be right back to tell it to you. All right."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "We have some transitional kind of things to talk about. We don't go just from traditional to capitalism, but there's kind of like a story in there. So let me go find a story and I'll be right back to tell it to you. All right. So in the beginning, you know, most of everything is traditional. And then probably as we get towards the Middle Ages, maybe 700 AD, 800 AD, we kind of have different worlds developing within the world. So we're going to look at two of those worlds and how they're going to both kind of transport themselves from traditional economic systems into more market-based economic systems."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "All right. So in the beginning, you know, most of everything is traditional. And then probably as we get towards the Middle Ages, maybe 700 AD, 800 AD, we kind of have different worlds developing within the world. So we're going to look at two of those worlds and how they're going to both kind of transport themselves from traditional economic systems into more market-based economic systems. One of them would definitely be kind of the Middle East. And you're talking about maybe the Abbasid dynasty. So maybe 400, 500 years, 700 AD to like 1200 AD."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So we're going to look at two of those worlds and how they're going to both kind of transport themselves from traditional economic systems into more market-based economic systems. One of them would definitely be kind of the Middle East. And you're talking about maybe the Abbasid dynasty. So maybe 400, 500 years, 700 AD to like 1200 AD. It's a huge empire. I mean, that empire stretched basically from China almost all the way through Western Africa. So when you have that build a big of an empire, you need to go beyond that traditional economic system because of the desire for goods, for different things."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So maybe 400, 500 years, 700 AD to like 1200 AD. It's a huge empire. I mean, that empire stretched basically from China almost all the way through Western Africa. So when you have that build a big of an empire, you need to go beyond that traditional economic system because of the desire for goods, for different things. And that's that concept of scarcity again. So you really develop trade economic systems. And when you go to trade, then you have to develop, you know, new techniques to work that economic system."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So when you have that build a big of an empire, you need to go beyond that traditional economic system because of the desire for goods, for different things. And that's that concept of scarcity again. So you really develop trade economic systems. And when you go to trade, then you have to develop, you know, new techniques to work that economic system. So maybe instead of bartering, you develop a money supply system or some type of way of doing it so I don't have to bring, you know, 15 pounds of gold on my back to pay you. Banking systems, insurance systems are all developed in that Middle Eastern world. And then you get a lot of cultural diffusion."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And when you go to trade, then you have to develop, you know, new techniques to work that economic system. So maybe instead of bartering, you develop a money supply system or some type of way of doing it so I don't have to bring, you know, 15 pounds of gold on my back to pay you. Banking systems, insurance systems are all developed in that Middle Eastern world. And then you get a lot of cultural diffusion. The Middle East, which now is maybe known today as some parts being lacking in cultural diffusion, had a lot of cultural diffusion back then because the trade routes would take Arab traders throughout, you know, the world and expose them to different music and art and ideas and they would bring them back to their communities. So basically we're starting to push from traditional to market because of that idea of scarcity. You know, the Middle East was first in this world because in Europe at the same time we're in the Dark Ages."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you get a lot of cultural diffusion. The Middle East, which now is maybe known today as some parts being lacking in cultural diffusion, had a lot of cultural diffusion back then because the trade routes would take Arab traders throughout, you know, the world and expose them to different music and art and ideas and they would bring them back to their communities. So basically we're starting to push from traditional to market because of that idea of scarcity. You know, the Middle East was first in this world because in Europe at the same time we're in the Dark Ages. You don't have a lot of trade in the Dark Ages to the Crusades really. So really you have a feudal system. And the feudal system is more like the traditional model."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, the Middle East was first in this world because in Europe at the same time we're in the Dark Ages. You don't have a lot of trade in the Dark Ages to the Crusades really. So really you have a feudal system. And the feudal system is more like the traditional model. Mannerism, remember that word? You have manners where, you know, you have the Lord on top and there's a church and there's, you know, a mill and then there's farmers and serfs and they work the land and it goes to the mill and then it becomes manufactured goods and everything is within that mannerism system. So you have a lack of new ideas, you have a lack of cultural diffusion."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And the feudal system is more like the traditional model. Mannerism, remember that word? You have manners where, you know, you have the Lord on top and there's a church and there's, you know, a mill and then there's farmers and serfs and they work the land and it goes to the mill and then it becomes manufactured goods and everything is within that mannerism system. So you have a lack of new ideas, you have a lack of cultural diffusion. So economic systems and how they develop really changes the way your culture or your society grows and how it's affected by that system. But nevertheless, that's kind of the transfer. We're getting towards market systems now."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So you have a lack of new ideas, you have a lack of cultural diffusion. So economic systems and how they develop really changes the way your culture or your society grows and how it's affected by that system. But nevertheless, that's kind of the transfer. We're getting towards market systems now. The Middle East is there first. Soon we're going to break out of mannerism and we're going to go to more of a Colombian exchange kind of concept. So let me go get that for you and we'll be right back and we'll teach you more."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "We're getting towards market systems now. The Middle East is there first. Soon we're going to break out of mannerism and we're going to go to more of a Colombian exchange kind of concept. So let me go get that for you and we'll be right back and we'll teach you more. Alrighty then. So I guess the next big step towards capitalism and market-based economies is going to be the commercial revolution. The commercial revolution, kind of 1500s, right around there, I'm not great with years, but basically the Crusades is what made that happen."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So let me go get that for you and we'll be right back and we'll teach you more. Alrighty then. So I guess the next big step towards capitalism and market-based economies is going to be the commercial revolution. The commercial revolution, kind of 1500s, right around there, I'm not great with years, but basically the Crusades is what made that happen. The Crusades were a holy war that the Christian world had fought against the Muslim world and along that crusade, which is unsuccessful, you get that scarcity thing kick in. When people find out that there's spices and silks and different raw materials or different products around the world within the mannerism system, that breaks up and you start to develop trade routes with the Middle East. And now you have cultural diffusion and the spread of ideas and the mannerism system is going to break up."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "The commercial revolution, kind of 1500s, right around there, I'm not great with years, but basically the Crusades is what made that happen. The Crusades were a holy war that the Christian world had fought against the Muslim world and along that crusade, which is unsuccessful, you get that scarcity thing kick in. When people find out that there's spices and silks and different raw materials or different products around the world within the mannerism system, that breaks up and you start to develop trade routes with the Middle East. And now you have cultural diffusion and the spread of ideas and the mannerism system is going to break up. And when you have trade routes, you have cities develop, so that's going to give a place for serfs to go to make a new life. There's a lot of ideas that flow around economic systems. But basically, as the European world in the 15, 16, 17 hundreds starts to grow and modernize, its need for those scarce resources are going to create a desire to create even more trade routes."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And now you have cultural diffusion and the spread of ideas and the mannerism system is going to break up. And when you have trade routes, you have cities develop, so that's going to give a place for serfs to go to make a new life. There's a lot of ideas that flow around economic systems. But basically, as the European world in the 15, 16, 17 hundreds starts to grow and modernize, its need for those scarce resources are going to create a desire to create even more trade routes. So that's going to develop into really mercantilism, which is kind of an economic model. Nations in Europe are imperialistic as they grow hungrier for that scarcity to fill their bellies with gold and sugar and rubber and all those things that make us go, you know, choo-choo. And first, you know, you have the Columbian Exchange, Columbus, remember?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But basically, as the European world in the 15, 16, 17 hundreds starts to grow and modernize, its need for those scarce resources are going to create a desire to create even more trade routes. So that's going to develop into really mercantilism, which is kind of an economic model. Nations in Europe are imperialistic as they grow hungrier for that scarcity to fill their bellies with gold and sugar and rubber and all those things that make us go, you know, choo-choo. And first, you know, you have the Columbian Exchange, Columbus, remember? You know, kind of the Columbian Exchange of finding out, you know, that the new world has all these new cool things like corn and, you know, pineapples and tobacco. That's going to cause even more pressure to create even more trade routes. And then you get mercantilism and triangular trade."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And first, you know, you have the Columbian Exchange, Columbus, remember? You know, kind of the Columbian Exchange of finding out, you know, that the new world has all these new cool things like corn and, you know, pineapples and tobacco. That's going to cause even more pressure to create even more trade routes. And then you get mercantilism and triangular trade. Triangular trade is when these European powerhouses go to Africa and through the Middle Passage capture and take as human hostages, really, tens of millions of black Africans into the new world. Why? So they can take those raw materials."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you get mercantilism and triangular trade. Triangular trade is when these European powerhouses go to Africa and through the Middle Passage capture and take as human hostages, really, tens of millions of black Africans into the new world. Why? So they can take those raw materials. Now, does the people that get the raw materials, whether it's the slaves or the colonists, do they get to enjoy the fruits of that labor? No. The governments in Europe and the joint stock companies that are kind of controlled by the government want those raw materials back."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So they can take those raw materials. Now, does the people that get the raw materials, whether it's the slaves or the colonists, do they get to enjoy the fruits of that labor? No. The governments in Europe and the joint stock companies that are kind of controlled by the government want those raw materials back. This is triangular trade, right? We go to Africa, we go to the raw materials in the new world, and then they want that stuff back. They want that cotton, they want that tobacco, they want those raw materials so they can manufacture them over here."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "The governments in Europe and the joint stock companies that are kind of controlled by the government want those raw materials back. This is triangular trade, right? We go to Africa, we go to the raw materials in the new world, and then they want that stuff back. They want that cotton, they want that tobacco, they want those raw materials so they can manufacture them over here. Now, this is still not capitalism, though, because the government is really controlling it. It's still, I mean, it's getting closer. We have kind of a concept of supply and demand now."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "They want that cotton, they want that tobacco, they want those raw materials so they can manufacture them over here. Now, this is still not capitalism, though, because the government is really controlling it. It's still, I mean, it's getting closer. We have kind of a concept of supply and demand now. You know, you get the stuff that's worth something, what people want, scarcity. I don't bring you back dirt. You're like, look at all the dirt I got from the new world."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "We have kind of a concept of supply and demand now. You know, you get the stuff that's worth something, what people want, scarcity. I don't bring you back dirt. You're like, look at all the dirt I got from the new world. People are like, yeah, you're dirty. But when I bring back those raw materials that make their eyes light up, obviously that's why I'm doing it. So we're ready to move on."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "You're like, look at all the dirt I got from the new world. People are like, yeah, you're dirty. But when I bring back those raw materials that make their eyes light up, obviously that's why I'm doing it. So we're ready to move on. This is a sweeping generalization. I feel bad doing it. But we have the general idea of traditional economies and how trade, they're going to develop into more trade-based, market-based economies, going into the Colombian exchange, triangular trade, mercantilism."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So we're ready to move on. This is a sweeping generalization. I feel bad doing it. But we have the general idea of traditional economies and how trade, they're going to develop into more trade-based, market-based economies, going into the Colombian exchange, triangular trade, mercantilism. And really, we're starting to get close to capitalism, and then we'll move on from there. So I'm going to go find Adam Smith. Yo, Adam!"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But we have the general idea of traditional economies and how trade, they're going to develop into more trade-based, market-based economies, going into the Colombian exchange, triangular trade, mercantilism. And really, we're starting to get close to capitalism, and then we'll move on from there. So I'm going to go find Adam Smith. Yo, Adam! Adam! All right. So basically, the big change is going to occur kind of in the late 1700s and early 1800s, and fundamentally because we're going to have revolutions."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Yo, Adam! Adam! All right. So basically, the big change is going to occur kind of in the late 1700s and early 1800s, and fundamentally because we're going to have revolutions. We have the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Glorious Revolution in the 1600s in England. And basically what's occurring at this point is we don't have colonies anymore. So we don't have, you know, triangular trade."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So basically, the big change is going to occur kind of in the late 1700s and early 1800s, and fundamentally because we're going to have revolutions. We have the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Glorious Revolution in the 1600s in England. And basically what's occurring at this point is we don't have colonies anymore. So we don't have, you know, triangular trade. I can't go to America and take raw materials because America is going to say, what the hell are you doing here? You're not American. And the same thing would be true with other places that we're colonizing."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So we don't have, you know, triangular trade. I can't go to America and take raw materials because America is going to say, what the hell are you doing here? You're not American. And the same thing would be true with other places that we're colonizing. And even in Latin America, as you would have a widespread rash of revolutions and Simone Bolivar and all that good stuff. Gravy. But the point is, is that now we're going to take government out of the picture."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And the same thing would be true with other places that we're colonizing. And even in Latin America, as you would have a widespread rash of revolutions and Simone Bolivar and all that good stuff. Gravy. But the point is, is that now we're going to take government out of the picture. See, government really controlled mercantilism and triangular trade for the benefit of their governments, for their people and their countries. Nationalism, imperialism is led by countries, not by people. Now the difference becomes that people are going to be the masters of their own destiny, in a sense."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But the point is, is that now we're going to take government out of the picture. See, government really controlled mercantilism and triangular trade for the benefit of their governments, for their people and their countries. Nationalism, imperialism is led by countries, not by people. Now the difference becomes that people are going to be the masters of their own destiny, in a sense. So I need you to know who Adam Smith is. Adam Smith is the philosophical founder of capitalism. He wrote a book."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the difference becomes that people are going to be the masters of their own destiny, in a sense. So I need you to know who Adam Smith is. Adam Smith is the philosophical founder of capitalism. He wrote a book. If I say he wrote a book, it's not because I want you to read the book. It's because the book is going to be on the exam. And that book is called The Wealth of Nations."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "He wrote a book. If I say he wrote a book, it's not because I want you to read the book. It's because the book is going to be on the exam. And that book is called The Wealth of Nations. And what Adam Smith argues for is a system of capitalism, of supply and demand, based on laissez-faire. Laissez-faire literally means hands off in French. So when you say laissez-faire, I can't help it."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And that book is called The Wealth of Nations. And what Adam Smith argues for is a system of capitalism, of supply and demand, based on laissez-faire. Laissez-faire literally means hands off in French. So when you say laissez-faire, I can't help it. My arms automatically go up in the air. Every time I say laissez-faire, laissez-faire, laissez-faire, my hands go up because that's what it means. The concept is get the government out of the picture."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So when you say laissez-faire, I can't help it. My arms automatically go up in the air. Every time I say laissez-faire, laissez-faire, laissez-faire, my hands go up because that's what it means. The concept is get the government out of the picture. Because government is obtrusive when it comes to economic growth. Analogy, like in medicine, like in biology, right? You have blood in your veins, right?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "The concept is get the government out of the picture. Because government is obtrusive when it comes to economic growth. Analogy, like in medicine, like in biology, right? You have blood in your veins, right? The blood runs and you're healthy. What happens when you get a clot? When something blocks the blood flow in a vein?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "You have blood in your veins, right? The blood runs and you're healthy. What happens when you get a clot? When something blocks the blood flow in a vein? All the growth stops and you die. So Adam Smith would argue that the government is the clot. And that every time the government tries to do something, even in the name of goodness, like a regulation, or I ban something for a safety measure, or I'm trying to clean up pollution, I want to help the children, I want to raise the minimum wage, I want to do something to make life better for the people, that gets in the way of that business growing."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "When something blocks the blood flow in a vein? All the growth stops and you die. So Adam Smith would argue that the government is the clot. And that every time the government tries to do something, even in the name of goodness, like a regulation, or I ban something for a safety measure, or I'm trying to clean up pollution, I want to help the children, I want to raise the minimum wage, I want to do something to make life better for the people, that gets in the way of that business growing. So basically he argues for a laissez-faire type of system where the government just allows for entrepreneurship and for businesses to grow. And that, according to Adam Smith, is going to create a middle class, it's going to create a trickle-down effect, you're going to have more jobs, and people will be the masters of their own destiny. The government's not going to get in the way of anybody."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And that every time the government tries to do something, even in the name of goodness, like a regulation, or I ban something for a safety measure, or I'm trying to clean up pollution, I want to help the children, I want to raise the minimum wage, I want to do something to make life better for the people, that gets in the way of that business growing. So basically he argues for a laissez-faire type of system where the government just allows for entrepreneurship and for businesses to grow. And that, according to Adam Smith, is going to create a middle class, it's going to create a trickle-down effect, you're going to have more jobs, and people will be the masters of their own destiny. The government's not going to get in the way of anybody. So that's basically what we have in England and the United States in the early 1800s, or mid-late 1800s. We have a system of laissez-faire. So I've already kind of said the positive."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "The government's not going to get in the way of anybody. So that's basically what we have in England and the United States in the early 1800s, or mid-late 1800s. We have a system of laissez-faire. So I've already kind of said the positive. The positive is you do get economic growth, and you do get benefits to society, whether it's a railroad or it's new hospitals, or it's whatever it is, it's good because it creates jobs and it creates an infrastructure, and that's how societies are built. The bad part is that if the government is doing laissez-faire, then they're not going to be able to help people that are getting hurt by capitalism. This is capitalism, okay, laissez-faire."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So I've already kind of said the positive. The positive is you do get economic growth, and you do get benefits to society, whether it's a railroad or it's new hospitals, or it's whatever it is, it's good because it creates jobs and it creates an infrastructure, and that's how societies are built. The bad part is that if the government is doing laissez-faire, then they're not going to be able to help people that are getting hurt by capitalism. This is capitalism, okay, laissez-faire. So if, for instance, let's say you're five years old and your father made you get a job in London, and you're working for the mill or whatever, you're five years old. So go ahead, come up to me, five-year-old. I'll be the government."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "This is capitalism, okay, laissez-faire. So if, for instance, let's say you're five years old and your father made you get a job in London, and you're working for the mill or whatever, you're five years old. So go ahead, come up to me, five-year-old. I'll be the government. You ready? Laissez-faire. What's that, Johnny?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll be the government. You ready? Laissez-faire. What's that, Johnny? You don't like working in the mill? Your little hand's hurt all day long? You want to go to school?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "What's that, Johnny? You don't like working in the mill? Your little hand's hurt all day long? You want to go to school? Man, I wish I could help you, Johnny, so much, but I can't because my hands are up in the air. Laissez-faire. So, Johnny, I wish you well."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "You want to go to school? Man, I wish I could help you, Johnny, so much, but I can't because my hands are up in the air. Laissez-faire. So, Johnny, I wish you well. Now get out of here. That's the negative, and not just with child labor, but pollution and safety regulations. Look, big businesses, and this is the other negative, is once you get rid of your competition, once you get rid of the guy who's competing against you, let's say I'm..."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So, Johnny, I wish you well. Now get out of here. That's the negative, and not just with child labor, but pollution and safety regulations. Look, big businesses, and this is the other negative, is once you get rid of your competition, once you get rid of the guy who's competing against you, let's say I'm... I hate the fast food thing. Hugh's a vegetarian. How could I do this?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Look, big businesses, and this is the other negative, is once you get rid of your competition, once you get rid of the guy who's competing against you, let's say I'm... I hate the fast food thing. Hugh's a vegetarian. How could I do this? Let's say I have a comb store, the Hugh's Comb Store, even though I don't really use one, right? And I want to be the biggest comb store in the world, and I already have some capital. I'm already doing all right for myself."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "How could I do this? Let's say I have a comb store, the Hugh's Comb Store, even though I don't really use one, right? And I want to be the biggest comb store in the world, and I already have some capital. I'm already doing all right for myself. Well, Johnny over there, that little five-year-old, he grew up and he started a comb store with his pennies that he saved from his job at the mill. So what am I going to do? Do I want Johnny to succeed?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm already doing all right for myself. Well, Johnny over there, that little five-year-old, he grew up and he started a comb store with his pennies that he saved from his job at the mill. So what am I going to do? Do I want Johnny to succeed? Hell no. He's my competition. Who got more money right now?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Do I want Johnny to succeed? Hell no. He's my competition. Who got more money right now? So what do I do? How do I put Johnny out of business? Let's say you're a consumer and you're looking to go get a comb."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Who got more money right now? So what do I do? How do I put Johnny out of business? Let's say you're a consumer and you're looking to go get a comb. I don't want you to go where? You're not going to go to Johnny's. So how do I get you to come to my store?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's say you're a consumer and you're looking to go get a comb. I don't want you to go where? You're not going to go to Johnny's. So how do I get you to come to my store? How about buy one, get five free? That'll do it, won't it? Now, am I going to make a giant capitalistic profit off that?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So how do I get you to come to my store? How about buy one, get five free? That'll do it, won't it? Now, am I going to make a giant capitalistic profit off that? Probably not, right? But Johnny's screwed. And once Johnny closes his comb store?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, am I going to make a giant capitalistic profit off that? Probably not, right? But Johnny's screwed. And once Johnny closes his comb store? Combs. $5,000. That's the problem of monopolization."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And once Johnny closes his comb store? Combs. $5,000. That's the problem of monopolization. And then you're going to get trusts and corporations and huge business entities that have lots of capital. You hear it? Capitalism, capital, you get it?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "That's the problem of monopolization. And then you're going to get trusts and corporations and huge business entities that have lots of capital. You hear it? Capitalism, capital, you get it? All right, let's move on. I'm going to go find Karl Marx. He's somewhere in Germany and he's probably dead."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Capitalism, capital, you get it? All right, let's move on. I'm going to go find Karl Marx. He's somewhere in Germany and he's probably dead. So I'm going to have to dig him up and bring him back. I'll be right back. Karl Marx, here he is."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "He's somewhere in Germany and he's probably dead. So I'm going to have to dig him up and bring him back. I'll be right back. Karl Marx, here he is. Just kidding. Karl Marx is the kind of philosophical founder of socialism, command economic systems, communism. His book is The Communist Manifesto."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Karl Marx, here he is. Just kidding. Karl Marx is the kind of philosophical founder of socialism, command economic systems, communism. His book is The Communist Manifesto. He wrote Das Kapital, about money, the capital. And he has a different way of looking at this. So rather than laissez-faire, when the government isn't doing anything, he's going to be complete hands down."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "His book is The Communist Manifesto. He wrote Das Kapital, about money, the capital. And he has a different way of looking at this. So rather than laissez-faire, when the government isn't doing anything, he's going to be complete hands down. We're the government in the name of the people, because remember, according to him, or according to philosophy and that idea, is that the government is the people. So the government is going to own everything and control everything, command the economy, in order to make life better for everybody. What's the root of communism?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So rather than laissez-faire, when the government isn't doing anything, he's going to be complete hands down. We're the government in the name of the people, because remember, according to him, or according to philosophy and that idea, is that the government is the people. So the government is going to own everything and control everything, command the economy, in order to make life better for everybody. What's the root of communism? Do you know it? Do you know it? Say half the word."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "What's the root of communism? Do you know it? Do you know it? Say half the word. Commune. A commune, which they had in China, they had commune economic systems to do the Great Leap Forward, is the first thing I think of as naked hippies. Because hippies would go to communes and they would share the food and share the wealth and share the other stuff that they did."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Say half the word. Commune. A commune, which they had in China, they had commune economic systems to do the Great Leap Forward, is the first thing I think of as naked hippies. Because hippies would go to communes and they would share the food and share the wealth and share the other stuff that they did. That's commune, right, communism. That everybody owns everything. So the example in history, of course, would be the Soviet Union."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Because hippies would go to communes and they would share the food and share the wealth and share the other stuff that they did. That's commune, right, communism. That everybody owns everything. So the example in history, of course, would be the Soviet Union. 1917, the Russian Revolution, right? You get out of World War I. Lenin's not so much command. He did command a lot of the economy, but Vladimir Lenin also allowed for private businesses."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So the example in history, of course, would be the Soviet Union. 1917, the Russian Revolution, right? You get out of World War I. Lenin's not so much command. He did command a lot of the economy, but Vladimir Lenin also allowed for private businesses. A lot of people don't know that. So he had a more mixed economic system. But Stalin, with his five-year plan, that's complete communism."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "He did command a lot of the economy, but Vladimir Lenin also allowed for private businesses. A lot of people don't know that. So he had a more mixed economic system. But Stalin, with his five-year plan, that's complete communism. And totalitarianism, because he's not elected. So you're going to have the government saying, you're going to work there, you're going to live on the collective farm, and you're going to produce 200 tons of steel this month or else. And that's got lots of negative attributes, because the guy doesn't want to do the job, so you're going to have faking it and corruption and famine, and it's going to be all messed up."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But Stalin, with his five-year plan, that's complete communism. And totalitarianism, because he's not elected. So you're going to have the government saying, you're going to work there, you're going to live on the collective farm, and you're going to produce 200 tons of steel this month or else. And that's got lots of negative attributes, because the guy doesn't want to do the job, so you're going to have faking it and corruption and famine, and it's going to be all messed up. And Mao in China as well, with his great leap forward. He had a commune rather than a collective system. But nevertheless, people are forced to live somewhere and do a job in order to make it better for everybody when it's really not."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's got lots of negative attributes, because the guy doesn't want to do the job, so you're going to have faking it and corruption and famine, and it's going to be all messed up. And Mao in China as well, with his great leap forward. He had a commune rather than a collective system. But nevertheless, people are forced to live somewhere and do a job in order to make it better for everybody when it's really not. So that's command, that's communism. Just do the hand thing. Laissez faire."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But nevertheless, people are forced to live somewhere and do a job in order to make it better for everybody when it's really not. So that's command, that's communism. Just do the hand thing. Laissez faire. Right? Command. Raaah!"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Laissez faire. Right? Command. Raaah! That's the concept. So really the last term we want to give you, as we've gone way over, is mixed systems, because that's really what everybody has today. When people say the United States or England or these Western European countries are capitalistic, I laugh, because that would be complete laissez faire."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Raaah! That's the concept. So really the last term we want to give you, as we've gone way over, is mixed systems, because that's really what everybody has today. When people say the United States or England or these Western European countries are capitalistic, I laugh, because that would be complete laissez faire. Absolutely. We have minimum wages and pollution laws and safety regulations and all kinds of government hands-down regulation kinds of things. Look at regulation."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "When people say the United States or England or these Western European countries are capitalistic, I laugh, because that would be complete laissez faire. Absolutely. We have minimum wages and pollution laws and safety regulations and all kinds of government hands-down regulation kinds of things. Look at regulation. Basically laissez faire. You do what you want. Start a business, start a restaurant, start a comb store."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Look at regulation. Basically laissez faire. You do what you want. Start a business, start a restaurant, start a comb store. I ain't going to gain your weight too much. You're going to pay your worker a little bit more sometimes. You're going to clean up that air that you're polluting."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Start a business, start a restaurant, start a comb store. I ain't going to gain your weight too much. You're going to pay your worker a little bit more sometimes. You're going to clean up that air that you're polluting. See the regulation? Like I'm changing the temperature on a dial. That's kind of a mixed system."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "You're going to clean up that air that you're polluting. See the regulation? Like I'm changing the temperature on a dial. That's kind of a mixed system. And we have Social Security and food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid. We have lots of ways the government interferes with the economy in order to make sure that everybody's living at a basic level, that old people are not eating cat food and children aren't starving in the streets and that kind of stuff. Very few pure systems today."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "That's kind of a mixed system. And we have Social Security and food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid. We have lots of ways the government interferes with the economy in order to make sure that everybody's living at a basic level, that old people are not eating cat food and children aren't starving in the streets and that kind of stuff. Very few pure systems today. Cuba's pretty close to being a pure command system, but even China, the reds, the nation of communism, they have banks and free markets. My God, Donald Trump makes his shirts over there. Ha, I said it."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Very few pure systems today. Cuba's pretty close to being a pure command system, but even China, the reds, the nation of communism, they have banks and free markets. My God, Donald Trump makes his shirts over there. Ha, I said it. So there you go. Economic systems. Make sure you have traditional down."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Ha, I said it. So there you go. Economic systems. Make sure you have traditional down. Maybe you're going to use Neolithic concepts or the Nile or Egyptians or Mesoamerica. Trade systems, which you're getting closer to market systems through maybe you're going to do the Abbasid dynasty with the Middle East or you're going to talk a little bit about how feudalism ran into the Colombian exchange and then triangular trade and that economic system. And then you're going to move into industrialization."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Make sure you have traditional down. Maybe you're going to use Neolithic concepts or the Nile or Egyptians or Mesoamerica. Trade systems, which you're getting closer to market systems through maybe you're going to do the Abbasid dynasty with the Middle East or you're going to talk a little bit about how feudalism ran into the Colombian exchange and then triangular trade and that economic system. And then you're going to move into industrialization. And when you get there, you go get Adam for me, all right? Adam Smith, the wealth of? Did you say?"}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you're going to move into industrialization. And when you get there, you go get Adam for me, all right? Adam Smith, the wealth of? Did you say? Do you know it? The wealth of nations, laissez faire. And I hope that every time you hear that, laissez faire, that you do that so you make sure that you get the question right."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Did you say? Do you know it? The wealth of nations, laissez faire. And I hope that every time you hear that, laissez faire, that you do that so you make sure that you get the question right. Command systems are the opposite of laissez faire, hands down. And mixed systems are basically what we have today. Do what you want, $3 an hour."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And I hope that every time you hear that, laissez faire, that you do that so you make sure that you get the question right. Command systems are the opposite of laissez faire, hands down. And mixed systems are basically what we have today. Do what you want, $3 an hour. I don't think so. How about $7? That's mixed economic systems."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Do what you want, $3 an hour. I don't think so. How about $7? That's mixed economic systems. So good for us. See you later. Alligator, bye-bye."}, {"video_title": "World Economic Systems in About Twenty Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "That's mixed economic systems. So good for us. See you later. Alligator, bye-bye. Where attention goes, energy flows, which means always do it 100%. I really think this is a bad idea. Marge, I agree with you in theory."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We finished the last video with the assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, March 15th, 44 BCE. And you might remember, it was done by factions opposed to Julius Caesar, who thought that one, he had gotten too much power, but even more, he was using that power to, in a lot of ways, at least from their point of view, undermine their authority, that he was a populist. And as a populist, he was undermining the power of the aristocracy. And so they get together and they assassinate him. Now you can imagine that all sorts of turmoil emerges from that. At the time of the assassination, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony are co-consuls. You might remember Mark Antony from the previous video, one of Julius Caesar's generals in Gaul."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so they get together and they assassinate him. Now you can imagine that all sorts of turmoil emerges from that. At the time of the assassination, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony are co-consuls. You might remember Mark Antony from the previous video, one of Julius Caesar's generals in Gaul. He was also put in charge of the Italian peninsula when Julius Caesar went to go and take on his opponents, take on Pompey in Greece. And so Mark Antony is the remaining consul, and he says, well, what do I do? Do I immediately try to punish these conspirators?"}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might remember Mark Antony from the previous video, one of Julius Caesar's generals in Gaul. He was also put in charge of the Italian peninsula when Julius Caesar went to go and take on his opponents, take on Pompey in Greece. And so Mark Antony is the remaining consul, and he says, well, what do I do? Do I immediately try to punish these conspirators? In particular, you have Brutus, Brutus and Cassius, who are considered two of the leaders of the conspiracy. And he decides, instead of putting the Senate into further turmoil, he tries to have a little bit of a compromise and doesn't immediately punish them. And they're able to go from Rome and then go to the east, where they are the de facto leaders of the eastern provinces."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Do I immediately try to punish these conspirators? In particular, you have Brutus, Brutus and Cassius, who are considered two of the leaders of the conspiracy. And he decides, instead of putting the Senate into further turmoil, he tries to have a little bit of a compromise and doesn't immediately punish them. And they're able to go from Rome and then go to the east, where they are the de facto leaders of the eastern provinces. But then in 43 BCE, things get a little bit more interesting. Julius Caesar, in his will, he declares that his nephew, Octavian, or will be shortly known as Octavian, who's 18 years old at the time of the death on the Ides of March, that he is, that he, in his will, should be his adopted son. And so makes him the natural heir of Julius Caesar."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they're able to go from Rome and then go to the east, where they are the de facto leaders of the eastern provinces. But then in 43 BCE, things get a little bit more interesting. Julius Caesar, in his will, he declares that his nephew, Octavian, or will be shortly known as Octavian, who's 18 years old at the time of the death on the Ides of March, that he is, that he, in his will, should be his adopted son. And so makes him the natural heir of Julius Caesar. Now, Antony, who's also one of Julius Caesar's right-hand men throughout, and is one of his strong supporters as he came to power, he also, in a lot of ways, could have claimed, well, I have some rights here to some of the power that Julius Caesar has gotten. And then there was a third figure, Lepidus. And this is a picture of him right over here."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so makes him the natural heir of Julius Caesar. Now, Antony, who's also one of Julius Caesar's right-hand men throughout, and is one of his strong supporters as he came to power, he also, in a lot of ways, could have claimed, well, I have some rights here to some of the power that Julius Caesar has gotten. And then there was a third figure, Lepidus. And this is a picture of him right over here. This is actually a picture of the three. This is Mark Antony, this is Octavian, and this is Lepidus. And Lepidus was also a significant supporter of Julius Caesar."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is a picture of him right over here. This is actually a picture of the three. This is Mark Antony, this is Octavian, and this is Lepidus. And Lepidus was also a significant supporter of Julius Caesar. So the three of them get together, and this is Lepidus's timeline right over here. Each of these timelines show the lifespans of these characters, so you can see when they were born and when they died to get a sense of their ages and when they happened to pass away. And so these three characters get together, and they form a triumvirate."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Lepidus was also a significant supporter of Julius Caesar. So the three of them get together, and this is Lepidus's timeline right over here. Each of these timelines show the lifespans of these characters, so you can see when they were born and when they died to get a sense of their ages and when they happened to pass away. And so these three characters get together, and they form a triumvirate. And this triumvirate is called the Second Triumvirate, because you might have remembered the First Triumvirate between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. And that was an informal agreement. This one is actually, gets legal backing."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so these three characters get together, and they form a triumvirate. And this triumvirate is called the Second Triumvirate, because you might have remembered the First Triumvirate between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. And that was an informal agreement. This one is actually, gets legal backing. And not only do they form this triumvirate, but they're given incredibly powerful power over the Roman Republic. And they decide to go after the conspirators. So in 68, sorry, so in 42, I don't know what my brain is doing, in 43, the triumvirate is formed."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This one is actually, gets legal backing. And not only do they form this triumvirate, but they're given incredibly powerful power over the Roman Republic. And they decide to go after the conspirators. So in 68, sorry, so in 42, I don't know what my brain is doing, in 43, the triumvirate is formed. And so in 42, they eventually are able to meet the conspirators who killed Julius Caesar, and they meet them at the Battle of Philippi, which is right over, let me do this in color you can see, the Battle of Philippi, where they're able to defeat the conspirators. And so after the defeat of the conspirators, they essentially divide the republic, although it really is an empire, they divide the republic between them. Antony, Mark Antony, he becomes the ruler, the de facto ruler of the East."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in 68, sorry, so in 42, I don't know what my brain is doing, in 43, the triumvirate is formed. And so in 42, they eventually are able to meet the conspirators who killed Julius Caesar, and they meet them at the Battle of Philippi, which is right over, let me do this in color you can see, the Battle of Philippi, where they're able to defeat the conspirators. And so after the defeat of the conspirators, they essentially divide the republic, although it really is an empire, they divide the republic between them. Antony, Mark Antony, he becomes the ruler, the de facto ruler of the East. Mark Antony becomes the de facto ruler of the East, and then he actually is the nominal ruler over Gaul as well, but then he puts someone else in charge there. And as we'll see over the course of this 17, this tumultuous 17 year period, Mark Antony really has a lot of his control and influence in the East. But they've essentially split the empire between the three of them."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Antony, Mark Antony, he becomes the ruler, the de facto ruler of the East. Mark Antony becomes the de facto ruler of the East, and then he actually is the nominal ruler over Gaul as well, but then he puts someone else in charge there. And as we'll see over the course of this 17, this tumultuous 17 year period, Mark Antony really has a lot of his control and influence in the East. But they've essentially split the empire between the three of them. And right at that split, Octavian doesn't get so much of the empire, but we'll see that'll change shortly where he's able to be in control of the western half of the empire in a matter of a few years. So after that, then in 41, and this is where Cleopatra enters into the picture, and she always makes this a little bit more colorful, Mark Antony decides that he wants to meet with Cleopatra. So he is now leading the East, he starts leading it from Athens, then he moves where he governs from to Ephesus, and he calls Cleopatra, and he already knows her, he's met her several times, to come meet him here in Tarsus."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But they've essentially split the empire between the three of them. And right at that split, Octavian doesn't get so much of the empire, but we'll see that'll change shortly where he's able to be in control of the western half of the empire in a matter of a few years. So after that, then in 41, and this is where Cleopatra enters into the picture, and she always makes this a little bit more colorful, Mark Antony decides that he wants to meet with Cleopatra. So he is now leading the East, he starts leading it from Athens, then he moves where he governs from to Ephesus, and he calls Cleopatra, and he already knows her, he's met her several times, to come meet him here in Tarsus. And here in Tarsus, and then they go back to Alexandria, a romance starts between Mark Antony and Cleopatra, one of the most famous romances in all of history. Remember, this is the same Cleopatra who had a romance and a child, likely, through Julius Caesar. And Mark Antony and Cleopatra will actually have three children together, two of which were conceived in this time period right over here, this period of around 41 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So he is now leading the East, he starts leading it from Athens, then he moves where he governs from to Ephesus, and he calls Cleopatra, and he already knows her, he's met her several times, to come meet him here in Tarsus. And here in Tarsus, and then they go back to Alexandria, a romance starts between Mark Antony and Cleopatra, one of the most famous romances in all of history. Remember, this is the same Cleopatra who had a romance and a child, likely, through Julius Caesar. And Mark Antony and Cleopatra will actually have three children together, two of which were conceived in this time period right over here, this period of around 41 BCE. So this is where we are on the timeline, right over there. But then in 40 BCE, the Parthians invade. And you might remember the Parthians, this is another very significant, you really can consider them a peer empire to the Romans."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Mark Antony and Cleopatra will actually have three children together, two of which were conceived in this time period right over here, this period of around 41 BCE. So this is where we are on the timeline, right over there. But then in 40 BCE, the Parthians invade. And you might remember the Parthians, this is another very significant, you really can consider them a peer empire to the Romans. On this map, you're only seeing the very left, or the most westward tip of the Parthian Empire. They had control of, when you remember the Achaemenid Empire, the Seleucid Empire, of most of Persia. They are a significant empire, that was really a check on ancient Rome."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you might remember the Parthians, this is another very significant, you really can consider them a peer empire to the Romans. On this map, you're only seeing the very left, or the most westward tip of the Parthian Empire. They had control of, when you remember the Achaemenid Empire, the Seleucid Empire, of most of Persia. They are a significant empire, that was really a check on ancient Rome. And so they decide to invade, they decide to invade. And the Romans already have trouble with the Parthians. You might remember Crassus, one of the first three triumvirs, members of the triumvirate."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They are a significant empire, that was really a check on ancient Rome. And so they decide to invade, they decide to invade. And the Romans already have trouble with the Parthians. You might remember Crassus, one of the first three triumvirs, members of the triumvirate. He went and, while fighting the Parthians, that's where he was killed. And so the Romans have had some interest in going after them, and now you have the Parthians who are taking it to the Romans. They've taken it on the offense."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might remember Crassus, one of the first three triumvirs, members of the triumvirate. He went and, while fighting the Parthians, that's where he was killed. And so the Romans have had some interest in going after them, and now you have the Parthians who are taking it to the Romans. They've taken it on the offense. So Antony, he goes from his, when he finds out about this, and he's apparently in charge of the east, so it's a bit of an embarrassment for him. He goes to Tyre, which is the remaining significant holding that the Romans have. While he's in Tyre, he finds out that his wife, he does have a wife, so this thing that he has with Cleopatra is really an affair."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They've taken it on the offense. So Antony, he goes from his, when he finds out about this, and he's apparently in charge of the east, so it's a bit of an embarrassment for him. He goes to Tyre, which is the remaining significant holding that the Romans have. While he's in Tyre, he finds out that his wife, he does have a wife, so this thing that he has with Cleopatra is really an affair. His wife is embroiled in a civil war with Octavian. And the civil war, and you'll see there's a general issue throughout the, especially the later stages of the Roman Republic, and even the Roman Empire, that as Rome expands, it needs these armies. And one of the things that they promise these soldiers are, hey, after you serve, when you're a veteran, we're gonna give you some land so you can be a nice farmer or at least landlord."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "While he's in Tyre, he finds out that his wife, he does have a wife, so this thing that he has with Cleopatra is really an affair. His wife is embroiled in a civil war with Octavian. And the civil war, and you'll see there's a general issue throughout the, especially the later stages of the Roman Republic, and even the Roman Empire, that as Rome expands, it needs these armies. And one of the things that they promise these soldiers are, hey, after you serve, when you're a veteran, we're gonna give you some land so you can be a nice farmer or at least landlord. Other people might do the farming, and you can have slaves and all the rest. Now, in order to keep doing that, you keep needing new land. So Octavian, in order to make some of these veterans happy, was giving away land, some of which was already, I guess you could say, owned by existing Romans."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And one of the things that they promise these soldiers are, hey, after you serve, when you're a veteran, we're gonna give you some land so you can be a nice farmer or at least landlord. Other people might do the farming, and you can have slaves and all the rest. Now, in order to keep doing that, you keep needing new land. So Octavian, in order to make some of these veterans happy, was giving away land, some of which was already, I guess you could say, owned by existing Romans. And so Mark Antony's wife was using that, really, as an excuse to try to vie for power. And just to be clear, even though there was this triumvirate between Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus, things were tense from the beginning between Antony and Octavian. Both of them, both of them saw themselves as natural heirs to Julius Caesar."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So Octavian, in order to make some of these veterans happy, was giving away land, some of which was already, I guess you could say, owned by existing Romans. And so Mark Antony's wife was using that, really, as an excuse to try to vie for power. And just to be clear, even though there was this triumvirate between Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus, things were tense from the beginning between Antony and Octavian. Both of them, both of them saw themselves as natural heirs to Julius Caesar. Antony says, hey, this young little 18-year-old upstart, what has he done to deserve this empire? I've been beside Julius Caesar the entire time. Octavian's here saying, hey, I am now officially Julius Caesar's adopted son."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Both of them, both of them saw themselves as natural heirs to Julius Caesar. Antony says, hey, this young little 18-year-old upstart, what has he done to deserve this empire? I've been beside Julius Caesar the entire time. Octavian's here saying, hey, I am now officially Julius Caesar's adopted son. He takes on the name Caesar. I am the rightful heir to Julius Caesar's power. And so sitting here in Tyre, Antony decides, okay, let me go take on Octavian."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Octavian's here saying, hey, I am now officially Julius Caesar's adopted son. He takes on the name Caesar. I am the rightful heir to Julius Caesar's power. And so sitting here in Tyre, Antony decides, okay, let me go take on Octavian. So he decides to go and lay siege to Brandeisium in order to defend his wife, even though he obviously didn't care too much about his wife's honor. And so over there, they're essentially at loggerheads. He tries to go into the civil war."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so sitting here in Tyre, Antony decides, okay, let me go take on Octavian. So he decides to go and lay siege to Brandeisium in order to defend his wife, even though he obviously didn't care too much about his wife's honor. And so over there, they're essentially at loggerheads. He tries to go into the civil war. His wife, Antony's wife dies. Octavian and Antony decide, okay, maybe we should not be fighting each other so much. And so they decide once again to be friends."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He tries to go into the civil war. His wife, Antony's wife dies. Octavian and Antony decide, okay, maybe we should not be fighting each other so much. And so they decide once again to be friends. And then they really, at that point, decide to split the empire more formally between east and west, where in the triumvirate, you have Mark Antony still getting the east. You have Octavian being in control of the west, including the Italian peninsula. And then Lepidus gets Africa."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so they decide once again to be friends. And then they really, at that point, decide to split the empire more formally between east and west, where in the triumvirate, you have Mark Antony still getting the east. You have Octavian being in control of the west, including the Italian peninsula. And then Lepidus gets Africa. And you have Lepidus getting Africa right over here. So I'll leave you with that. There's a little moment of, it looks like a little bit of peace between Mark Antony and Octavian."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then Lepidus gets Africa. And you have Lepidus getting Africa right over here. So I'll leave you with that. There's a little moment of, it looks like a little bit of peace between Mark Antony and Octavian. But as we'll see in the next video, it's about to get a lot worse. The big picture from here is that they were able to take care of the conspirators, but now they're starting to squabble. The triumvirate is starting to squabble, especially Mark Antony and Octavian."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a little moment of, it looks like a little bit of peace between Mark Antony and Octavian. But as we'll see in the next video, it's about to get a lot worse. The big picture from here is that they were able to take care of the conspirators, but now they're starting to squabble. The triumvirate is starting to squabble, especially Mark Antony and Octavian. Lepidus was always kind of the, I guess you could say the third wheel here, was always between Antony and Octavian. Cleopatra has now, has a romantic relationship with Antony. She's aligned with Antony."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The triumvirate is starting to squabble, especially Mark Antony and Octavian. Lepidus was always kind of the, I guess you could say the third wheel here, was always between Antony and Octavian. Cleopatra has now, has a romantic relationship with Antony. She's aligned with Antony. At the same time, remember Cleopatra, she's considered the richest woman in the world at this time. She is the pharaoh of Egypt. And remember, Egypt, even though the people were Egyptian, Cleopatra is part of the Ptolemaic Diocese."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "She's aligned with Antony. At the same time, remember Cleopatra, she's considered the richest woman in the world at this time. She is the pharaoh of Egypt. And remember, Egypt, even though the people were Egyptian, Cleopatra is part of the Ptolemaic Diocese. She is Greek. But what makes her interesting is that she takes on a lot of the trappings and she learns to speak Egyptian. So she's actually quite popular from a, I guess relatively speaking terms, with the Egyptian people."}, {"video_title": "Ides of March spark a civil war World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And remember, Egypt, even though the people were Egyptian, Cleopatra is part of the Ptolemaic Diocese. She is Greek. But what makes her interesting is that she takes on a lot of the trappings and she learns to speak Egyptian. So she's actually quite popular from a, I guess relatively speaking terms, with the Egyptian people. And the other thing to keep in mind is you have these Parthians. These Parthians have just laid another insult on the Romans right over here when they invaded Syria and were able to take over this territory. And this is especially annoying to Mark Antony, who's supposed to be in charge of the east."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in particular, we see here the life of Buddha, and the actual dates of Buddha's life are under some debate, but we can see that his life and his teachings were roughly 150 to 200 years before the establishment of the Maurya Empire, which lasts for another 150 or so years. And this is important to keep in mind, because as we'll see, Buddhism has a strong influence on the Maurya Empire, and maybe just as important, the Maurya Empire has a very large influence on spreading Buddhism in a very significant way. So let's zoom in on what the Indian subcontinent looked like near the end of the fourth century BCE. So in most of North India, you have control by the Nanda Empire, which had its capital at the city Pataliputra, which was in the region or the kingdom of Magadha, which is this ancient region that has been the seed of power in North India for some time. You also have other kingdoms, like Kalinga. You have several kingdoms in South India as well. There are accounts of a kingdom potentially quite powerful in Bengal named the Ganga Hriday."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in most of North India, you have control by the Nanda Empire, which had its capital at the city Pataliputra, which was in the region or the kingdom of Magadha, which is this ancient region that has been the seed of power in North India for some time. You also have other kingdoms, like Kalinga. You have several kingdoms in South India as well. There are accounts of a kingdom potentially quite powerful in Bengal named the Ganga Hriday. You also might remember, in our videos on Alexander the Great, that it was around this time, around 326, that Alexander came and conquered much of modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and was at the borders of the Nanda Empire in India. And you might also remember that that was about the time that Alexander the Great and his soldiers decided to stop. They were tired."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There are accounts of a kingdom potentially quite powerful in Bengal named the Ganga Hriday. You also might remember, in our videos on Alexander the Great, that it was around this time, around 326, that Alexander came and conquered much of modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and was at the borders of the Nanda Empire in India. And you might also remember that that was about the time that Alexander the Great and his soldiers decided to stop. They were tired. Some accounts are that they were fearful of trying to conquer another empire, especially that far from home. So it was also around the time that Alexander the Great decided to turn back and leave the region under the control of some of his governors and generals. And it was in that context that the Maurya Empire emerges."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were tired. Some accounts are that they were fearful of trying to conquer another empire, especially that far from home. So it was also around the time that Alexander the Great decided to turn back and leave the region under the control of some of his governors and generals. And it was in that context that the Maurya Empire emerges. And the actual events of how it emerges are still shrouded in history a little bit. But what eventually happens is a conqueror by the name of Chandragupta Maurya is able to conquer the Nanda Empire, and then not just the Nanda Empire, but as Alexander the Great retreats, he's able to conquer some of the territory formerly conquered by Alexander the Great. And so this here is a statue of what Chandragupta Maurya may have looked like."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it was in that context that the Maurya Empire emerges. And the actual events of how it emerges are still shrouded in history a little bit. But what eventually happens is a conqueror by the name of Chandragupta Maurya is able to conquer the Nanda Empire, and then not just the Nanda Empire, but as Alexander the Great retreats, he's able to conquer some of the territory formerly conquered by Alexander the Great. And so this here is a statue of what Chandragupta Maurya may have looked like. And you can see by within a decade of establishing the empire, it had conquered most of the Nanda Empire and had even reclaimed a significant amount of land from the Greeks, from what would eventually become the Seleucid Empire. Remember, Seleucus was one of Alexander's generals who essentially sets up a dynasty in Persia, the Middle East, after the death of Alexander. And Chandragupta Maurya actually fights several battles with Seleucus and is victorious."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so this here is a statue of what Chandragupta Maurya may have looked like. And you can see by within a decade of establishing the empire, it had conquered most of the Nanda Empire and had even reclaimed a significant amount of land from the Greeks, from what would eventually become the Seleucid Empire. Remember, Seleucus was one of Alexander's generals who essentially sets up a dynasty in Persia, the Middle East, after the death of Alexander. And Chandragupta Maurya actually fights several battles with Seleucus and is victorious. And he actually marries one of Seleucus's daughters. But this is what essentially establishes the Maurya, sometimes referred to as the Mauryan Empire. Now, Chandragupta Maurya, in 297, or roughly in 297, he decides to become a more devout Jain."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Chandragupta Maurya actually fights several battles with Seleucus and is victorious. And he actually marries one of Seleucus's daughters. But this is what essentially establishes the Maurya, sometimes referred to as the Mauryan Empire. Now, Chandragupta Maurya, in 297, or roughly in 297, he decides to become a more devout Jain. And in other videos, we'll talk about Mahavira and the Jain religion. But he essentially becomes an ascetic and leaves the kingdom, or the empire, in the hands of his son, Bindusara. Now, Bindusara is able to conquer more of India."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Chandragupta Maurya, in 297, or roughly in 297, he decides to become a more devout Jain. And in other videos, we'll talk about Mahavira and the Jain religion. But he essentially becomes an ascetic and leaves the kingdom, or the empire, in the hands of his son, Bindusara. Now, Bindusara is able to conquer more of India. In particular, he starts growing the empire into the south. But Bindusara is not able to conquer the kingdom of Kalinga. Bindusara dies in around 273 or 272 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Bindusara is able to conquer more of India. In particular, he starts growing the empire into the south. But Bindusara is not able to conquer the kingdom of Kalinga. Bindusara dies in around 273 or 272 BCE. And then a civil war erupts for who should take charge. And the civil war is essentially amongst the sons of Bindusara. But the son who is victorious ends up being Ashoka."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Bindusara dies in around 273 or 272 BCE. And then a civil war erupts for who should take charge. And the civil war is essentially amongst the sons of Bindusara. But the son who is victorious ends up being Ashoka. Now, Ashoka is one of, if not the most significant historical character in the history of India. So Ashoka is able to take power roughly around 270 BCE after, as legend has it, a fairly bloody civil war. Early in his life, he's viewed as a potentially cruel figure killing many of his brothers in order to come to power."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the son who is victorious ends up being Ashoka. Now, Ashoka is one of, if not the most significant historical character in the history of India. So Ashoka is able to take power roughly around 270 BCE after, as legend has it, a fairly bloody civil war. Early in his life, he's viewed as a potentially cruel figure killing many of his brothers in order to come to power. And he is set on conquering the kingdom of Kalinga. So in 262, 261, he has a significant war and he's able to successfully conquer the kingdom of Kalinga which is this area right over here. Now, that ends up, according to historical records and really Ashoka's own accounts, ends up becoming a significant turning point in the life of Ashoka and potentially in the life of India or the world."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Early in his life, he's viewed as a potentially cruel figure killing many of his brothers in order to come to power. And he is set on conquering the kingdom of Kalinga. So in 262, 261, he has a significant war and he's able to successfully conquer the kingdom of Kalinga which is this area right over here. Now, that ends up, according to historical records and really Ashoka's own accounts, ends up becoming a significant turning point in the life of Ashoka and potentially in the life of India or the world. Because here are his direct accounts of his feelings about what happened in Kalinga. And we get this account from what are known as Ashoka Edicts. As the Maurya Empire expanded under Ashoka and had peace and prosperity, he put his edicts throughout the empire on what are often known as Ashoka Pillars where he wrote his beliefs and the things that he did."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, that ends up, according to historical records and really Ashoka's own accounts, ends up becoming a significant turning point in the life of Ashoka and potentially in the life of India or the world. Because here are his direct accounts of his feelings about what happened in Kalinga. And we get this account from what are known as Ashoka Edicts. As the Maurya Empire expanded under Ashoka and had peace and prosperity, he put his edicts throughout the empire on what are often known as Ashoka Pillars where he wrote his beliefs and the things that he did. He would also write them on rocks and stone throughout the empire. But this is the one where he talks about the conquering of Kalinga. And it's pretty interesting."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As the Maurya Empire expanded under Ashoka and had peace and prosperity, he put his edicts throughout the empire on what are often known as Ashoka Pillars where he wrote his beliefs and the things that he did. He would also write them on rocks and stone throughout the empire. But this is the one where he talks about the conquering of Kalinga. And it's pretty interesting. Beloved of the gods, King Piyadasi, and he refers to himself as Beloved of the gods, King Piyadasi, conquered the Kalingas eight years after his coronation. So you see he was coronated roughly in 270, he conquers roughly in 262. 150,000 were deported, 100,000 were killed, and many more died from other causes."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's pretty interesting. Beloved of the gods, King Piyadasi, and he refers to himself as Beloved of the gods, King Piyadasi, conquered the Kalingas eight years after his coronation. So you see he was coronated roughly in 270, he conquers roughly in 262. 150,000 were deported, 100,000 were killed, and many more died from other causes. After the Kalingas had been conquered, Beloved of the gods came to feel, he's talking about himself, Beloved of the gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the dharma. So dharma is the same word that we use today, dharma. And dharma, you can view it as the cosmic order of things."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "150,000 were deported, 100,000 were killed, and many more died from other causes. After the Kalingas had been conquered, Beloved of the gods came to feel, he's talking about himself, Beloved of the gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the dharma. So dharma is the same word that we use today, dharma. And dharma, you can view it as the cosmic order of things. It also, to a Buddhist, refers to the teachings of Buddha, or the Buddhist religion. So Beloved of the gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the dharma, a love for the dharma, and for the instruction in dharma. Now Beloved of the gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And dharma, you can view it as the cosmic order of things. It also, to a Buddhist, refers to the teachings of Buddha, or the Buddhist religion. So Beloved of the gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the dharma, a love for the dharma, and for the instruction in dharma. Now Beloved of the gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas. So this is really interesting. You don't have a lot of conquerors, especially in ancient history, after killing several hundred thousand, or maybe being responsible for the death of several hundred thousand, for feeling remorse about it, and writing about it. And so not only is this profound becoming from a conqueror, but it also reminds us how bloody some of these ancient wars were."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now Beloved of the gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas. So this is really interesting. You don't have a lot of conquerors, especially in ancient history, after killing several hundred thousand, or maybe being responsible for the death of several hundred thousand, for feeling remorse about it, and writing about it. And so not only is this profound becoming from a conqueror, but it also reminds us how bloody some of these ancient wars were. But this is a turning point for him. He turns to Buddhism, and he really then becomes anti-violence, not just towards humans, but even towards animals. He becomes a devoted Buddhist, and sponsors Buddhist temples throughout his empire."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so not only is this profound becoming from a conqueror, but it also reminds us how bloody some of these ancient wars were. But this is a turning point for him. He turns to Buddhism, and he really then becomes anti-violence, not just towards humans, but even towards animals. He becomes a devoted Buddhist, and sponsors Buddhist temples throughout his empire. He sends Buddhist missionaries throughout the world, and is viewed as one of the main people responsible for the spread of Buddhism from Europe all the way to the Far East. We already talked about his Edicts of Ashoka. He started doing a bunch of public works projects, digging of wells, hospitals, and public gardens, education, including for women."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He becomes a devoted Buddhist, and sponsors Buddhist temples throughout his empire. He sends Buddhist missionaries throughout the world, and is viewed as one of the main people responsible for the spread of Buddhism from Europe all the way to the Far East. We already talked about his Edicts of Ashoka. He started doing a bunch of public works projects, digging of wells, hospitals, and public gardens, education, including for women. During his reign, you have the maximum extent of any empire that ever ruled over India, 50% larger than the modern-day country of India. There were roughly 50 million people under the Mauryan Empire under his rule. Now, eventually, after his death, the empire goes under weaker and weaker rulers, and by about 184, 185 BCE, it falls to another less significant dynasty in the whole scope of history."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He started doing a bunch of public works projects, digging of wells, hospitals, and public gardens, education, including for women. During his reign, you have the maximum extent of any empire that ever ruled over India, 50% larger than the modern-day country of India. There were roughly 50 million people under the Mauryan Empire under his rule. Now, eventually, after his death, the empire goes under weaker and weaker rulers, and by about 184, 185 BCE, it falls to another less significant dynasty in the whole scope of history. But just to appreciate what a big deal Ashoka is in the scope of history, here is a quote by H.G. Wells from his outline of history. Ashoka worked for the real needs of men."}, {"video_title": "Chandragupta, Ashoka and the Maurya Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, eventually, after his death, the empire goes under weaker and weaker rulers, and by about 184, 185 BCE, it falls to another less significant dynasty in the whole scope of history. But just to appreciate what a big deal Ashoka is in the scope of history, here is a quote by H.G. Wells from his outline of history. Ashoka worked for the real needs of men. Amidst the tens of thousands of names of monarchs that crowd the columns of history, the name of Ashoka or Ashoka shines, and shines almost alone a star. From the Volga to Japan, his name is still honored, a lot because of his spread of Buddhism. More living men cherish his memory today than have ever heard the name of Constantine or Charlemagne."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We're now going to talk about the beginnings of one of the most important religions in human history, and even today, the largest religion on Earth, and that, of course, is Christianity. And the central figure in Christianity is Jesus Christ. And the term Christ is given to him, it is Greek for savior, for messiah, because his early followers view him as the prophesied messiah, savior for the Jewish people, and his followers today view him as the savior, the messiah for all humankind. So you have over two billion Christians who view him central to their faith, who view him as their God, but above and beyond that, you also have over a billion Muslims who view him as a significant prophet. Now, just to get some context on the life and times of Jesus, most of the accounts we have of him come from the first four books of the New Testament of the Bible, called the Gospel of Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Luke, Gospel of John, sometimes it's the Gospel according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John. And the term gospel today often refers to the idea of the life and teaching of Jesus Christ, so you could view it as the life and teaching of Jesus Christ according to Matthew, according to Mark, according to Luke, according to John, but it really comes from Old English for good news. Good news."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So you have over two billion Christians who view him central to their faith, who view him as their God, but above and beyond that, you also have over a billion Muslims who view him as a significant prophet. Now, just to get some context on the life and times of Jesus, most of the accounts we have of him come from the first four books of the New Testament of the Bible, called the Gospel of Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Luke, Gospel of John, sometimes it's the Gospel according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John. And the term gospel today often refers to the idea of the life and teaching of Jesus Christ, so you could view it as the life and teaching of Jesus Christ according to Matthew, according to Mark, according to Luke, according to John, but it really comes from Old English for good news. Good news. And there's a related term, evangel, you might have heard evangelical or evangelize, also referring to good news. Now, the reason why it was considered good news is his message, then we're gonna have some examples of it in a few minutes, really talks about this idea that the poor have the kingdom of heaven waiting for them, that there's this forgiving God that you can have a close connection with. And for a lot of people, remember, this was in the time of the Roman Empire, most people were downtrodden, there was slavery, people were poor, and this idea that even the poor could go to the kingdom of heaven and in some ways have better access to it than the rich and the powerful was good news to a lot of people."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Good news. And there's a related term, evangel, you might have heard evangelical or evangelize, also referring to good news. Now, the reason why it was considered good news is his message, then we're gonna have some examples of it in a few minutes, really talks about this idea that the poor have the kingdom of heaven waiting for them, that there's this forgiving God that you can have a close connection with. And for a lot of people, remember, this was in the time of the Roman Empire, most people were downtrodden, there was slavery, people were poor, and this idea that even the poor could go to the kingdom of heaven and in some ways have better access to it than the rich and the powerful was good news to a lot of people. Now, it's worth noting that these gospels were written several decades after the, depending what you view, the death and or ascension of Jesus Christ according to Christian belief. As you can see, Jesus was born slightly before the year one. Most historians put his birth at around four to six BCE, before the common era, and they put his death around 30 to 33 CE in the common era."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And for a lot of people, remember, this was in the time of the Roman Empire, most people were downtrodden, there was slavery, people were poor, and this idea that even the poor could go to the kingdom of heaven and in some ways have better access to it than the rich and the powerful was good news to a lot of people. Now, it's worth noting that these gospels were written several decades after the, depending what you view, the death and or ascension of Jesus Christ according to Christian belief. As you can see, Jesus was born slightly before the year one. Most historians put his birth at around four to six BCE, before the common era, and they put his death around 30 to 33 CE in the common era. You could also use the original terms, before Christ, and Anno Domini in the year of our Lord, our modern calendar system really uses the original view of the birth of Jesus as where we start, Anno Domini versus before Christ, or the common era versus before the common era. Now, it's interesting that it turns out that Jesus was likely born slightly before, slightly before the purported, the original view on the birth of Christ. Now, his birth would have been right around the time, or it would have been under the reign of Emperor Augustus, as we talk about in other videos, and his death would have been under the reign of Emperor Tiberius."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Most historians put his birth at around four to six BCE, before the common era, and they put his death around 30 to 33 CE in the common era. You could also use the original terms, before Christ, and Anno Domini in the year of our Lord, our modern calendar system really uses the original view of the birth of Jesus as where we start, Anno Domini versus before Christ, or the common era versus before the common era. Now, it's interesting that it turns out that Jesus was likely born slightly before, slightly before the purported, the original view on the birth of Christ. Now, his birth would have been right around the time, or it would have been under the reign of Emperor Augustus, as we talk about in other videos, and his death would have been under the reign of Emperor Tiberius. And these gospels, Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John, these are written during really hard times for the Jewish people and for the early Christians. You have the Jewish rebellion, where the second temple is destroyed by Rome. You have the significant Christian persecution, especially by folks like Emperor Nero, where he blames the fire in Rome on Christians, and then he just essentially kills them for fun, for, you know, just really just to purge them, to persecute them."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, his birth would have been right around the time, or it would have been under the reign of Emperor Augustus, as we talk about in other videos, and his death would have been under the reign of Emperor Tiberius. And these gospels, Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John, these are written during really hard times for the Jewish people and for the early Christians. You have the Jewish rebellion, where the second temple is destroyed by Rome. You have the significant Christian persecution, especially by folks like Emperor Nero, where he blames the fire in Rome on Christians, and then he just essentially kills them for fun, for, you know, just really just to purge them, to persecute them. And just to understand where all of this takes place, the life and times of Jesus takes place, it is in the Roman Empire. We're on the eastern edge of it, at the eastern Mediterranean, right over here. This would be modern-day Israel and Palestine, for the most part."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the significant Christian persecution, especially by folks like Emperor Nero, where he blames the fire in Rome on Christians, and then he just essentially kills them for fun, for, you know, just really just to purge them, to persecute them. And just to understand where all of this takes place, the life and times of Jesus takes place, it is in the Roman Empire. We're on the eastern edge of it, at the eastern Mediterranean, right over here. This would be modern-day Israel and Palestine, for the most part. This is a zoomed-in version. And Jesus is born in Bethlehem. And this is a scene."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This would be modern-day Israel and Palestine, for the most part. This is a zoomed-in version. And Jesus is born in Bethlehem. And this is a scene. I'm gonna show you a lot of paintings. As you can imagine, he's a figure that has inspired a lot of paintings. This is a figure of the three magi visiting and giving their gifts to the infant Jesus."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is a scene. I'm gonna show you a lot of paintings. As you can imagine, he's a figure that has inspired a lot of paintings. This is a figure of the three magi visiting and giving their gifts to the infant Jesus. Magi, famously the Zoroastrian priests, coming from Persia to visit Jesus, according to biblical accounts. And he is raised in Nazareth, and that's why he's oftentimes referred to as Jesus of Nazareth. And the Gospels don't talk a lot about his early life."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is a figure of the three magi visiting and giving their gifts to the infant Jesus. Magi, famously the Zoroastrian priests, coming from Persia to visit Jesus, according to biblical accounts. And he is raised in Nazareth, and that's why he's oftentimes referred to as Jesus of Nazareth. And the Gospels don't talk a lot about his early life. They start to talk a lot about his life once he hits his late 20s or early 30s. And the first really significant account, after his famous birth to the Virgin Mary, his purported father, he obviously, Joseph was Mary's husband, but that the Holy Ghost, or God, was the actual father, making this a virgin birth. But after that, the first significant event is really his baptism by John the Baptist."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Gospels don't talk a lot about his early life. They start to talk a lot about his life once he hits his late 20s or early 30s. And the first really significant account, after his famous birth to the Virgin Mary, his purported father, he obviously, Joseph was Mary's husband, but that the Holy Ghost, or God, was the actual father, making this a virgin birth. But after that, the first significant event is really his baptism by John the Baptist. John the Baptist was another preacher, prophetic figure of that time, a significant one. He had a lot of followers. And he was baptizing people in the Jordan River, right in that region."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But after that, the first significant event is really his baptism by John the Baptist. John the Baptist was another preacher, prophetic figure of that time, a significant one. He had a lot of followers. And he was baptizing people in the Jordan River, right in that region. This is Jordan River right over here. And this is a depiction of the famous baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. And famously, John the Baptist said, no, you should be baptizing me."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he was baptizing people in the Jordan River, right in that region. This is Jordan River right over here. And this is a depiction of the famous baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. And famously, John the Baptist said, no, you should be baptizing me. But then after, he said, no, no, you baptize me. And after Jesus was baptized, famously, kind of the sun shines on Jesus, and God speaks that this is my son, according to, once again, biblical accounts. And John the Baptist, shortly after that, gets arrested by King Herod of Galilee."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And famously, John the Baptist said, no, you should be baptizing me. But then after, he said, no, no, you baptize me. And after Jesus was baptized, famously, kind of the sun shines on Jesus, and God speaks that this is my son, according to, once again, biblical accounts. And John the Baptist, shortly after that, gets arrested by King Herod of Galilee. Remember, Galilee is the home region of Jesus, where he will eventually do most of his preaching. And after that, Jesus starts to really go full into effect in his ministry. And while he's doing that, he's performing all of these miracles."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And John the Baptist, shortly after that, gets arrested by King Herod of Galilee. Remember, Galilee is the home region of Jesus, where he will eventually do most of his preaching. And after that, Jesus starts to really go full into effect in his ministry. And while he's doing that, he's performing all of these miracles. He's healing people, turning water into wine, walking on water, bringing people back from the dead. And this is, of course, according to biblical accounts. You can decide if you believe these or not."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And while he's doing that, he's performing all of these miracles. He's healing people, turning water into wine, walking on water, bringing people back from the dead. And this is, of course, according to biblical accounts. You can decide if you believe these or not. And he does most of that in Galilee, and eventually, he makes his way down to Jerusalem to meet his fate. He tells, according to the gospel, his followers, his disciples, and there's 12 in particular that are called out, but he has many, many more than that, that, look, I am going to meet my fate there, but I'm doing it willingly. But more than his miracles, it's interesting to look at some of what he preached."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You can decide if you believe these or not. And he does most of that in Galilee, and eventually, he makes his way down to Jerusalem to meet his fate. He tells, according to the gospel, his followers, his disciples, and there's 12 in particular that are called out, but he has many, many more than that, that, look, I am going to meet my fate there, but I'm doing it willingly. But more than his miracles, it's interesting to look at some of what he preached. And this might give you a little bit of a sense why many people would have called this good news. So this is from the Gospel of Matthew that I'm gonna quote right over here. And this first part comes from his Sermon of the Mount."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But more than his miracles, it's interesting to look at some of what he preached. And this might give you a little bit of a sense why many people would have called this good news. So this is from the Gospel of Matthew that I'm gonna quote right over here. And this first part comes from his Sermon of the Mount. Or Sermon of, well, he goes to the top of a mountain, and he gives this sermon. And, blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this first part comes from his Sermon of the Mount. Or Sermon of, well, he goes to the top of a mountain, and he gives this sermon. And, blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God. So all of that, if you're a peasant, if you're someone with not a lot, you're downtrodden, hard life, you're like, look, blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. You could view this as good news. Ye have heard that it was said, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God. So all of that, if you're a peasant, if you're someone with not a lot, you're downtrodden, hard life, you're like, look, blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. You could view this as good news. Ye have heard that it was said, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. But I say unto you, resist not him that is evil, but whosoever smited thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. Even in modern times, this is not an easy way, this is not an easy way to live. Someone who's doing something to you, don't try to seek revenge."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Ye have heard that it was said, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. But I say unto you, resist not him that is evil, but whosoever smited thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. Even in modern times, this is not an easy way, this is not an easy way to live. Someone who's doing something to you, don't try to seek revenge. And this is a very different tone than a lot of what you might get in the Old Testament. Ye have heard that it was said, thou shalt love thy neighbor and hate thine enemy. But I say unto you, love your enemies and pray for them that persecute you."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Someone who's doing something to you, don't try to seek revenge. And this is a very different tone than a lot of what you might get in the Old Testament. Ye have heard that it was said, thou shalt love thy neighbor and hate thine enemy. But I say unto you, love your enemies and pray for them that persecute you. Once again, not an easy thing to do, and even in modern terms, you could view this as a very forward, a very advanced way of thinking about the world. He also, beyond this idea of kind of embracing even your enemies and not seeking revenge, and that the poor can have access to this kingdom of heaven, he really also liked to take it to the hypocrites, especially those who viewed themselves as the bearers of the religion. In particular, he picks on the Pharisees, which was a sect of Jews at the time who viewed themselves very ritualistic."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But I say unto you, love your enemies and pray for them that persecute you. Once again, not an easy thing to do, and even in modern terms, you could view this as a very forward, a very advanced way of thinking about the world. He also, beyond this idea of kind of embracing even your enemies and not seeking revenge, and that the poor can have access to this kingdom of heaven, he really also liked to take it to the hypocrites, especially those who viewed themselves as the bearers of the religion. In particular, he picks on the Pharisees, which was a sect of Jews at the time who viewed themselves very ritualistic. Remember, Jesus himself is a Jewish preacher. He's a Jewish teacher. He is viewed as a rabbi himself."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In particular, he picks on the Pharisees, which was a sect of Jews at the time who viewed themselves very ritualistic. Remember, Jesus himself is a Jewish preacher. He's a Jewish teacher. He is viewed as a rabbi himself. And when ye pray, ye shall not be as the hypocrites, for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and in the corners of the street that they may be seen of men. So these hypocrites, they pray just so other people can see how religious they are. Verily I say unto you, they have received their war."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is viewed as a rabbi himself. And when ye pray, ye shall not be as the hypocrites, for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and in the corners of the street that they may be seen of men. So these hypocrites, they pray just so other people can see how religious they are. Verily I say unto you, they have received their war. They've already gotten the credit for people for praying. But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thine inner chamber, and having shut thy door, pray to thy father who is in secret, and thy father who seeth in secret shall recompense thee. So don't make a big deal about your prayer."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Verily I say unto you, they have received their war. They've already gotten the credit for people for praying. But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thine inner chamber, and having shut thy door, pray to thy father who is in secret, and thy father who seeth in secret shall recompense thee. So don't make a big deal about your prayer. Do it in private, and then have this personal connection with God. Now it's worth noting that even though he preached a lot about kingdom of heaven for the poor, that prayer is a private thing, that you shouldn't try to seek revenge, you should be very conciliatory to your enemies, he did take a strong stance on what he was preaching. He did say, look, you gotta be with me if you wanna enter into this kingdom of heaven."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So don't make a big deal about your prayer. Do it in private, and then have this personal connection with God. Now it's worth noting that even though he preached a lot about kingdom of heaven for the poor, that prayer is a private thing, that you shouldn't try to seek revenge, you should be very conciliatory to your enemies, he did take a strong stance on what he was preaching. He did say, look, you gotta be with me if you wanna enter into this kingdom of heaven. He took some strong stances that this isn't gonna be an easy thing, and this is gonna cause a lot of tension. This is one quote that you could view that way, once again, from the Gospel of Matthew. Think not that I came to send peace on earth."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He did say, look, you gotta be with me if you wanna enter into this kingdom of heaven. He took some strong stances that this isn't gonna be an easy thing, and this is gonna cause a lot of tension. This is one quote that you could view that way, once again, from the Gospel of Matthew. Think not that I came to send peace on earth. I came not to send peace, but a sword. For I came to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother. I would interpret this as saying, this is gonna cause a lot of divisiveness."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Think not that I came to send peace on earth. I came not to send peace, but a sword. For I came to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother. I would interpret this as saying, this is gonna cause a lot of divisiveness. And the daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law, and a man's foes shall be they of his own household. He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me, and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. And he that doth not take his cross and follow after me is not worthy of me."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I would interpret this as saying, this is gonna cause a lot of divisiveness. And the daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law, and a man's foes shall be they of his own household. He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me, and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. And he that doth not take his cross and follow after me is not worthy of me. He that findeth his life shall lose it, and he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it. So he takes a pretty strong stance that, look, you really need to follow me, but if you follow me, there's some very, I guess you could say good things that are waiting for you. But eventually he does make his way."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he that doth not take his cross and follow after me is not worthy of me. He that findeth his life shall lose it, and he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it. So he takes a pretty strong stance that, look, you really need to follow me, but if you follow me, there's some very, I guess you could say good things that are waiting for you. But eventually he does make his way. He tells his, there's other, you know, these miracles he's performing. This is the famous Transfiguration of Christ where he makes it apparent to his followers. He kind of becomes luminescent, and he becomes apparent to his followers, his disciples, that he truly is the son of God."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But eventually he does make his way. He tells his, there's other, you know, these miracles he's performing. This is the famous Transfiguration of Christ where he makes it apparent to his followers. He kind of becomes luminescent, and he becomes apparent to his followers, his disciples, that he truly is the son of God. And then he makes his way, now this is now the year, depending on whether you think it's 30, 31, 32, 33 CE, he makes his way to Jerusalem to meet his fate that he's already prophesied to his followers that this is gonna be a tough fate, that he's going to meet, he's gonna die there. And this is a very important week in Christianity. It's referred to passion, referred to as Passion Week."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He kind of becomes luminescent, and he becomes apparent to his followers, his disciples, that he truly is the son of God. And then he makes his way, now this is now the year, depending on whether you think it's 30, 31, 32, 33 CE, he makes his way to Jerusalem to meet his fate that he's already prophesied to his followers that this is gonna be a tough fate, that he's going to meet, he's gonna die there. And this is a very important week in Christianity. It's referred to passion, referred to as Passion Week. And the term passion has a different connotation. It really means the suffering of Christ. This is the week that he suffers."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's referred to passion, referred to as Passion Week. And the term passion has a different connotation. It really means the suffering of Christ. This is the week that he suffers. It's the week that he gets crucified and resurrected. So he goes to Jerusalem on Sunday, and this is around the time of Passover, a very important religious period for the Jewish people. And he comes to Jerusalem the time of, near Passover."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is the week that he suffers. It's the week that he gets crucified and resurrected. So he goes to Jerusalem on Sunday, and this is around the time of Passover, a very important religious period for the Jewish people. And he comes to Jerusalem the time of, near Passover. That Sunday that he comes is now celebrated as Palm Sunday. This is imagery of it where he's coming and some people are greeting him to Jerusalem as kind of a king, they're laying down these palms before his path. Then this is the famous, where he goes to the main temple at Jerusalem, and he cleanses it of the money changers."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And he comes to Jerusalem the time of, near Passover. That Sunday that he comes is now celebrated as Palm Sunday. This is imagery of it where he's coming and some people are greeting him to Jerusalem as kind of a king, they're laying down these palms before his path. Then this is the famous, where he goes to the main temple at Jerusalem, and he cleanses it of the money changers. He's like, hey, by doing these money transactions here, you are defiling the temple. Then on Thursday of that week, he has the famous Last Supper. Some people believe this is the Passover Seder, most historians don't think it is, but he's meeting with his 12 disciples, and he's saying, one of you is going to betray me, and it's Judas Iscariot who does."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Then this is the famous, where he goes to the main temple at Jerusalem, and he cleanses it of the money changers. He's like, hey, by doing these money transactions here, you are defiling the temple. Then on Thursday of that week, he has the famous Last Supper. Some people believe this is the Passover Seder, most historians don't think it is, but he's meeting with his 12 disciples, and he's saying, one of you is going to betray me, and it's Judas Iscariot who does. And he goes to the religious court, and he says, hey, I have this guy who you guys don't like. Remember, this whole time that Jesus is doing his ministry, he's really, he's sticking it in a lot of ways. He's calling out these Pharisees and these religious officials as hypocrites."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some people believe this is the Passover Seder, most historians don't think it is, but he's meeting with his 12 disciples, and he's saying, one of you is going to betray me, and it's Judas Iscariot who does. And he goes to the religious court, and he says, hey, I have this guy who you guys don't like. Remember, this whole time that Jesus is doing his ministry, he's really, he's sticking it in a lot of ways. He's calling out these Pharisees and these religious officials as hypocrites. He's getting all of these followers. A lot of these traditionalists are saying, this guy is blaspheming. He's saying he's the son of God."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's calling out these Pharisees and these religious officials as hypocrites. He's getting all of these followers. A lot of these traditionalists are saying, this guy is blaspheming. He's saying he's the son of God. He's saying all of these things. He's doing these miracles on the Sabbath when you're not supposed to be doing anything. And so Judas Iscariot goes to the Sanhedrin and says, hey, I have this guy, come and get him."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's saying he's the son of God. He's saying all of these things. He's doing these miracles on the Sabbath when you're not supposed to be doing anything. And so Judas Iscariot goes to the Sanhedrin and says, hey, I have this guy, come and get him. And they get Jesus, and this is the famous trial of Jesus by the Sanhedrin. And they say, hey, you've been saying all of these things. We think you're blaspheming."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so Judas Iscariot goes to the Sanhedrin and says, hey, I have this guy, come and get him. And they get Jesus, and this is the famous trial of Jesus by the Sanhedrin. And they say, hey, you've been saying all of these things. We think you're blaspheming. And Jesus stays silent for the most part. So they deem him guilty, and they hand him over to the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. And they say, hey, this guy's trying to create an insurrection against Rome, which the Romans take very seriously."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We think you're blaspheming. And Jesus stays silent for the most part. So they deem him guilty, and they hand him over to the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. And they say, hey, this guy's trying to create an insurrection against Rome, which the Romans take very seriously. And in the Bible, it looks, they have him seeming somewhat reluctantly saying, oh, okay, do we really need to do this? But then he says, all right, if that's the way y'all want it, and so the Romans crucify Jesus. And this is what is now viewed as Good Friday, the crucifixion of Jesus."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they say, hey, this guy's trying to create an insurrection against Rome, which the Romans take very seriously. And in the Bible, it looks, they have him seeming somewhat reluctantly saying, oh, okay, do we really need to do this? But then he says, all right, if that's the way y'all want it, and so the Romans crucify Jesus. And this is what is now viewed as Good Friday, the crucifixion of Jesus. And then on Sunday, and this was predicted by Jesus to his followers, he is resurrected. He leaves the tomb where he was. And this is a very important week."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is what is now viewed as Good Friday, the crucifixion of Jesus. And then on Sunday, and this was predicted by Jesus to his followers, he is resurrected. He leaves the tomb where he was. And this is a very important week. You have Palm Sunday, you have Good Friday, and then you have the resurrection. And then another very, very important event to Christians is 40 days after the resurrection. So after 40 days, he's, over that 40 days after the resurrection, he's seen by his followers, he's seen by many people, he continues to preach."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is a very important week. You have Palm Sunday, you have Good Friday, and then you have the resurrection. And then another very, very important event to Christians is 40 days after the resurrection. So after 40 days, he's, over that 40 days after the resurrection, he's seen by his followers, he's seen by many people, he continues to preach. And then you have the ascension, where he goes to the kingdom of heaven. Now I'm gonna leave you with a quote by a famous Christian historian. And it's a fascinating one."}, {"video_title": "Jesus Christ and Christianity World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So after 40 days, he's, over that 40 days after the resurrection, he's seen by his followers, he's seen by many people, he continues to preach. And then you have the ascension, where he goes to the kingdom of heaven. Now I'm gonna leave you with a quote by a famous Christian historian. And it's a fascinating one. It says, and it's very clear, because we already just talked about the crucifixion, and you see a cross at every church. Christianity is the only major religion to have as its central event the humiliation of its God. That's Dr. Bruce Shelley."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "This time it's the Harappan civilization, better known as the Indus River Valley civilization. And if you think the Egyptians were mysterious, wait till you hear about these guys. So let's giddy up for the learning and get her done right now. Alright guys, why don't we start with geography one on one so you know on earth where we're talking about. And if we're talking about the Indus River Valley civilization, you probably want to know where the Indus River is. Not only the Indus River, but you also have the Ganges River and all of the tributaries that flow from the northern mountains into the Arabian Sea. So the area of the world is today the border between India and Pakistan."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright guys, why don't we start with geography one on one so you know on earth where we're talking about. And if we're talking about the Indus River Valley civilization, you probably want to know where the Indus River is. Not only the Indus River, but you also have the Ganges River and all of the tributaries that flow from the northern mountains into the Arabian Sea. So the area of the world is today the border between India and Pakistan. You should know from the map that India is kind of the belly of the east. If you go to the northeast, you're going to run into China. And if you go to the west of India through Pakistan, you're in Iran, the gateway to the Middle East."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So the area of the world is today the border between India and Pakistan. You should know from the map that India is kind of the belly of the east. If you go to the northeast, you're going to run into China. And if you go to the west of India through Pakistan, you're in Iran, the gateway to the Middle East. But this area of the world is very special if you want to grow food. You have a very fertile plain that runs around these tributaries and these rivers. And you also have very predictable weather."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you go to the west of India through Pakistan, you're in Iran, the gateway to the Middle East. But this area of the world is very special if you want to grow food. You have a very fertile plain that runs around these tributaries and these rivers. And you also have very predictable weather. It's awesome when you don't have the weather channel and you know the weather. So you have the wet monsoons coming off the Arabian Sea, and that's from June to September. And then from October to May, you have dry monsoons that are coming off the mountaintops, kind of bringing that dry wind across the plains."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And you also have very predictable weather. It's awesome when you don't have the weather channel and you know the weather. So you have the wet monsoons coming off the Arabian Sea, and that's from June to September. And then from October to May, you have dry monsoons that are coming off the mountaintops, kind of bringing that dry wind across the plains. So farmers were able to figure out these patterns. And not only are they going to be the master of agriculture, but they're going to be able to master those rivers as well. And that's a very important feature, having access to water in that part of the world."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And then from October to May, you have dry monsoons that are coming off the mountaintops, kind of bringing that dry wind across the plains. So farmers were able to figure out these patterns. And not only are they going to be the master of agriculture, but they're going to be able to master those rivers as well. And that's a very important feature, having access to water in that part of the world. You're also surrounded by mountains. It's nice to have mountains when you don't want to be invaded and such. So you have the Himalayan mountains to the north, you have the Hindu Kush mountains to the north, and you have the Karakoram mountains to the north, which is going to give you a very good wall of defense."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's a very important feature, having access to water in that part of the world. You're also surrounded by mountains. It's nice to have mountains when you don't want to be invaded and such. So you have the Himalayan mountains to the north, you have the Hindu Kush mountains to the north, and you have the Karakoram mountains to the north, which is going to give you a very good wall of defense. And I even have some more good news, kids. You have the Arabian Sea. All of these rivers flow into the Arabian Sea, which is going to give the Indus River Valley Civilization access to that water, and eventually access to the Persian Gulf, which is access to Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So you have the Himalayan mountains to the north, you have the Hindu Kush mountains to the north, and you have the Karakoram mountains to the north, which is going to give you a very good wall of defense. And I even have some more good news, kids. You have the Arabian Sea. All of these rivers flow into the Arabian Sea, which is going to give the Indus River Valley Civilization access to that water, and eventually access to the Persian Gulf, which is access to Mesopotamia. They're going to be like friends and such. So now that you know the very basics about the geography of that area, let's look at the beginnings of the roots of the Indus River Valley Civilization. Here we go."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "All of these rivers flow into the Arabian Sea, which is going to give the Indus River Valley Civilization access to that water, and eventually access to the Persian Gulf, which is access to Mesopotamia. They're going to be like friends and such. So now that you know the very basics about the geography of that area, let's look at the beginnings of the roots of the Indus River Valley Civilization. Here we go. So let's start with the big picture, which is I really don't know the big picture, because the Harappan civilization doesn't have a writing system that we have figured out to be able to read yet. It's undeciphered. There is no Rosetta Stone."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Here we go. So let's start with the big picture, which is I really don't know the big picture, because the Harappan civilization doesn't have a writing system that we have figured out to be able to read yet. It's undeciphered. There is no Rosetta Stone. Go Google Rosetta Stone. So the biggest thing I do know about the Harappan civilization, the Indus River Valley Civilization, is I don't know as much about that civilization as I know about Egypt and Mesopotamia. And that simply is because that civilization, the Indus River Valley Civilization, disappeared from the face of the earth around 1500 BCE."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "There is no Rosetta Stone. Go Google Rosetta Stone. So the biggest thing I do know about the Harappan civilization, the Indus River Valley Civilization, is I don't know as much about that civilization as I know about Egypt and Mesopotamia. And that simply is because that civilization, the Indus River Valley Civilization, disappeared from the face of the earth around 1500 BCE. So there's very little evidence that we know of other than what archaeologists have found. And what they have found is thousands, more than a thousand cities, and they've excavated over a hundred, and that's over a 1500 mile radius. So most of the villages are going to pop up on the Indus River Valley, but they're going to go as far south to the Arabian Sea, and they're going to go miles to the west as well."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And that simply is because that civilization, the Indus River Valley Civilization, disappeared from the face of the earth around 1500 BCE. So there's very little evidence that we know of other than what archaeologists have found. And what they have found is thousands, more than a thousand cities, and they've excavated over a hundred, and that's over a 1500 mile radius. So most of the villages are going to pop up on the Indus River Valley, but they're going to go as far south to the Arabian Sea, and they're going to go miles to the west as well. And these cities had complex urban centers. They had walls. They had citadels."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So most of the villages are going to pop up on the Indus River Valley, but they're going to go as far south to the Arabian Sea, and they're going to go miles to the west as well. And these cities had complex urban centers. They had walls. They had citadels. They had plumbing systems. Write that down. They had toilets."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They had citadels. They had plumbing systems. Write that down. They had toilets. Nobody had toilets until like the 1800s. It's crazy how far advanced that these people were. And we also know that these people are not the same people that are living there today."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They had toilets. Nobody had toilets until like the 1800s. It's crazy how far advanced that these people were. And we also know that these people are not the same people that are living there today. They're not Indians. They're not Pakistanians in terms of their heritage and where they came from. Most likely, they came from the Caucasus areas that are north of all of those mountains we talked about."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And we also know that these people are not the same people that are living there today. They're not Indians. They're not Pakistanians in terms of their heritage and where they came from. Most likely, they came from the Caucasus areas that are north of all of those mountains we talked about. There's evidence as far back as 7000 BCE, which is like the beginning of the Neolithic era, right? That they were extracting their teeth and filling cavities, that they were domesticating animals and growing food. But for whatever reason, these northern people came through the passes that the mountains gave them into this valley, and they figured out quite quickly that this was the place that you want to settle because the land is just so fertile."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Most likely, they came from the Caucasus areas that are north of all of those mountains we talked about. There's evidence as far back as 7000 BCE, which is like the beginning of the Neolithic era, right? That they were extracting their teeth and filling cavities, that they were domesticating animals and growing food. But for whatever reason, these northern people came through the passes that the mountains gave them into this valley, and they figured out quite quickly that this was the place that you want to settle because the land is just so fertile. So we do know around 3500 BCE, as the Egyptians were building their pyramids, these people were setting the first stones for their city walls in these villages that are going to pop up along the Indus River and all of those tributes and into that fertile plain that we talked about. Harappa and Mohenjidaro are the two biggest archaeological dig cities that they have found, and what they have found is pretty incredible. All of the cities were laid out in the same grid structure, unlike the other cities, which were really jumbled and not planned out very well."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But for whatever reason, these northern people came through the passes that the mountains gave them into this valley, and they figured out quite quickly that this was the place that you want to settle because the land is just so fertile. So we do know around 3500 BCE, as the Egyptians were building their pyramids, these people were setting the first stones for their city walls in these villages that are going to pop up along the Indus River and all of those tributes and into that fertile plain that we talked about. Harappa and Mohenjidaro are the two biggest archaeological dig cities that they have found, and what they have found is pretty incredible. All of the cities were laid out in the same grid structure, unlike the other cities, which were really jumbled and not planned out very well. This was basically a half mile by a mile with a grid, and the grid set up residential buildings, work environments, a citadel for defense or what we think might be religious purposes. In Mohenjidaro, they found what was called the Great Bath, which was built near the citadel where it is thought that people either cleansed their souls or baptized or in holy ceremonies, and that's one characteristic of that society that is going to cross over into Hindu culture. People still bathe themselves and cleanse their spirits in the Ganges River to this day, but other than that connection, there's not as many connections that we can find with the present civilization that exists in India, with this ancient civilization that existed way back when."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "All of the cities were laid out in the same grid structure, unlike the other cities, which were really jumbled and not planned out very well. This was basically a half mile by a mile with a grid, and the grid set up residential buildings, work environments, a citadel for defense or what we think might be religious purposes. In Mohenjidaro, they found what was called the Great Bath, which was built near the citadel where it is thought that people either cleansed their souls or baptized or in holy ceremonies, and that's one characteristic of that society that is going to cross over into Hindu culture. People still bathe themselves and cleanse their spirits in the Ganges River to this day, but other than that connection, there's not as many connections that we can find with the present civilization that exists in India, with this ancient civilization that existed way back when. We do know that there were less social divisions than in other civilizations, because the city basically had residential homes that kind of all look the same. We also know that there were hundreds of toys found. These people had time to make dice for children and dolls and all sorts of different games, so they obviously had some recreational time, as well as sculptures that are just incredible."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "People still bathe themselves and cleanse their spirits in the Ganges River to this day, but other than that connection, there's not as many connections that we can find with the present civilization that exists in India, with this ancient civilization that existed way back when. We do know that there were less social divisions than in other civilizations, because the city basically had residential homes that kind of all look the same. We also know that there were hundreds of toys found. These people had time to make dice for children and dolls and all sorts of different games, so they obviously had some recreational time, as well as sculptures that are just incredible. Nobody thought that there was the art of dancing in 3000 BCE, yet we have found these sculptures in mold of dancers. We don't know much about the religious beliefs other than they used lots of different figures. They had thousands of seals when they would trade, and they're eventually going to trade with Mesopotamia, which is incredible."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "These people had time to make dice for children and dolls and all sorts of different games, so they obviously had some recreational time, as well as sculptures that are just incredible. Nobody thought that there was the art of dancing in 3000 BCE, yet we have found these sculptures in mold of dancers. We don't know much about the religious beliefs other than they used lots of different figures. They had thousands of seals when they would trade, and they're eventually going to trade with Mesopotamia, which is incredible. And they're going to have thousands of different animal seals that they're going to be using to mark their items that are being sold. They did grow cotton, they had a lot of food sources, but they didn't have a lot of copper, a lot of iron, a lot of tin, so they would travel through the Arabian Sea up to the Persian Gulf in order to trade with Mesopotamia, and there's artifacts of both civilizations in both civilizations, so we know that to be true today. They have found a lot of artifacts that show that they had some type of goddess worship or fertility worship, and this guy pops up on a lot of their seals and their artifacts as well."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They had thousands of seals when they would trade, and they're eventually going to trade with Mesopotamia, which is incredible. And they're going to have thousands of different animal seals that they're going to be using to mark their items that are being sold. They did grow cotton, they had a lot of food sources, but they didn't have a lot of copper, a lot of iron, a lot of tin, so they would travel through the Arabian Sea up to the Persian Gulf in order to trade with Mesopotamia, and there's artifacts of both civilizations in both civilizations, so we know that to be true today. They have found a lot of artifacts that show that they had some type of goddess worship or fertility worship, and this guy pops up on a lot of their seals and their artifacts as well. It looks like a man, and he's sort of in a lotus position, which might carry into yoga and the Hindu culture, but he's fending off two animals, showing that in a sense he is tamed nature. So they obviously had some very powerful religious beliefs, and it's thought by most archaeologists and historians that the leader of the society, or leaders of the society, had some sort of divinity or religious characteristics that gave them power. But other than that, we don't know a lot about their governmental systems, other than they must have been very intricate in order to build these cities with similar grid layouts across a thousand miles of land."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They have found a lot of artifacts that show that they had some type of goddess worship or fertility worship, and this guy pops up on a lot of their seals and their artifacts as well. It looks like a man, and he's sort of in a lotus position, which might carry into yoga and the Hindu culture, but he's fending off two animals, showing that in a sense he is tamed nature. So they obviously had some very powerful religious beliefs, and it's thought by most archaeologists and historians that the leader of the society, or leaders of the society, had some sort of divinity or religious characteristics that gave them power. But other than that, we don't know a lot about their governmental systems, other than they must have been very intricate in order to build these cities with similar grid layouts across a thousand miles of land. We also know that they didn't have a lot of weapons. In all of the archaeological digs, very few weapons existed, especially any type of advanced weapons for that time period. They probably felt pretty safe."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But other than that, we don't know a lot about their governmental systems, other than they must have been very intricate in order to build these cities with similar grid layouts across a thousand miles of land. We also know that they didn't have a lot of weapons. In all of the archaeological digs, very few weapons existed, especially any type of advanced weapons for that time period. They probably felt pretty safe. They were probably pretty peaceful people, and maybe that's going to be their undoing at the end. So at the end of the day, we need to understand that they mastered the water. Not only did they have this great bath to cleanse in, but they developed very intricate walls and canal systems in order to fill giant pools of water surrounding the city, so they had access to this water all year long."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They probably felt pretty safe. They were probably pretty peaceful people, and maybe that's going to be their undoing at the end. So at the end of the day, we need to understand that they mastered the water. Not only did they have this great bath to cleanse in, but they developed very intricate walls and canal systems in order to fill giant pools of water surrounding the city, so they had access to this water all year long. Not only would they use it for internal reasons, but they would also use it as an irrigation system for the fields in order to always have water to grow food. It's actually pretty incredible. So at the end of the day, this civilization, which is going to last for over 500, 600 years, is going to slowly start to disappear."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Not only did they have this great bath to cleanse in, but they developed very intricate walls and canal systems in order to fill giant pools of water surrounding the city, so they had access to this water all year long. Not only would they use it for internal reasons, but they would also use it as an irrigation system for the fields in order to always have water to grow food. It's actually pretty incredible. So at the end of the day, this civilization, which is going to last for over 500, 600 years, is going to slowly start to disappear. So why don't we take a look at what made them go away. All right, guys, so all good things must come to an end. That includes the Harappa civilization."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So at the end of the day, this civilization, which is going to last for over 500, 600 years, is going to slowly start to disappear. So why don't we take a look at what made them go away. All right, guys, so all good things must come to an end. That includes the Harappa civilization. Again, they're run about 2500 BCE to about 1750 BCE, a good 750 years, but slowly they're going to be wiped off the map over about a 250 year period, we think, somewhere around 1750 and 1500 BCE. And there are three possibilities. The first possibility is that there was just a giant earthquake, and not only would that kill lots of people, but that could have literally moved the river."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "That includes the Harappa civilization. Again, they're run about 2500 BCE to about 1750 BCE, a good 750 years, but slowly they're going to be wiped off the map over about a 250 year period, we think, somewhere around 1750 and 1500 BCE. And there are three possibilities. The first possibility is that there was just a giant earthquake, and not only would that kill lots of people, but that could have literally moved the river. And if you move the source of all life, you're no longer the master of your own domain. So they must have had to pick up their stuff and kind of move along the road there. You also have the possibility of invasion."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The first possibility is that there was just a giant earthquake, and not only would that kill lots of people, but that could have literally moved the river. And if you move the source of all life, you're no longer the master of your own domain. So they must have had to pick up their stuff and kind of move along the road there. You also have the possibility of invasion. To the north, you have the Caucasus region. There were a lot of nomadic tribes and warriors. They could have came through the different passes and just invaded."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You also have the possibility of invasion. To the north, you have the Caucasus region. There were a lot of nomadic tribes and warriors. They could have came through the different passes and just invaded. And they didn't have any weapons, so that would have been a pretty easy fight. Maybe they just picked up their stuff and they got out down the road there. And then the third possibility is that they just overgrew stuff."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They could have came through the different passes and just invaded. And they didn't have any weapons, so that would have been a pretty easy fight. Maybe they just picked up their stuff and they got out down the road there. And then the third possibility is that they just overgrew stuff. Is overgrew a word, overgraze, something like that. They used the land too hardcore. And eventually stuff stopped growing, so they picked up their stuff and they moved along."}, {"video_title": "The Indus River Valley Civilization Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And then the third possibility is that they just overgrew stuff. Is overgrew a word, overgraze, something like that. They used the land too hardcore. And eventually stuff stopped growing, so they picked up their stuff and they moved along. So guys, we're going to wrap it up right now. Thanks for watching a little bit of the hip-hues history. Make sure that if you haven't checked out down in the description below, there's lots of fun links for you to click."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today things are going to get a little bit confusing because we're going to talk about revolution and independence in Latin America. It's a bit confusing because 1. Latin America is big, 2. It's very diverse, 3. Napoleon makes everything complicated, and 4. As we've seen in the past, sometimes revolutions turn out not to be that revolutionary. Witness for instance the New England Revolution, who instead of like trying to form new and better governments are always just kicking balls around like all the other soccer teams."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "It's very diverse, 3. Napoleon makes everything complicated, and 4. As we've seen in the past, sometimes revolutions turn out not to be that revolutionary. Witness for instance the New England Revolution, who instead of like trying to form new and better governments are always just kicking balls around like all the other soccer teams. Right, so before independence, Latin American society was characterized by three institutions that exercised control over the population. The first was the Spanish crown, or if you were Brazilian, the Portuguese crown. So as far as Spain was concerned, the job of the colonies was to produce revenue in the form of a 20% tax on everything that was called the Royal Fifth."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Witness for instance the New England Revolution, who instead of like trying to form new and better governments are always just kicking balls around like all the other soccer teams. Right, so before independence, Latin American society was characterized by three institutions that exercised control over the population. The first was the Spanish crown, or if you were Brazilian, the Portuguese crown. So as far as Spain was concerned, the job of the colonies was to produce revenue in the form of a 20% tax on everything that was called the Royal Fifth. So government administration was pervasive and relatively efficient because it had to be in order to collect its Royal Fifth. Then there was the Catholic Church. Even more than royal officials, the church exercised influence over people's everyday lives."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "So as far as Spain was concerned, the job of the colonies was to produce revenue in the form of a 20% tax on everything that was called the Royal Fifth. So government administration was pervasive and relatively efficient because it had to be in order to collect its Royal Fifth. Then there was the Catholic Church. Even more than royal officials, the church exercised influence over people's everyday lives. I mean, the church even controlled time. The church bells tolled out the hours and they mandated a seven-day work week so that people could go to church on Sunday. And finally, there was patriarchy."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Even more than royal officials, the church exercised influence over people's everyday lives. I mean, the church even controlled time. The church bells tolled out the hours and they mandated a seven-day work week so that people could go to church on Sunday. And finally, there was patriarchy. In Latin America, like much of the world, husbands had complete control over their wives and any extra or premarital scoodily-pooping was severely punished. I mean, when it was the women doing the illicit scoodily-pooping, men could basically get up to whatever. This was mainly about property rights because illegitimate children could inherit their father's property, but it was constructed to be about, you know, purity."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "And finally, there was patriarchy. In Latin America, like much of the world, husbands had complete control over their wives and any extra or premarital scoodily-pooping was severely punished. I mean, when it was the women doing the illicit scoodily-pooping, men could basically get up to whatever. This was mainly about property rights because illegitimate children could inherit their father's property, but it was constructed to be about, you know, purity. To get a sense of how patriarchy shaped Latin American lives, take a gander at Sor Juana In\u00e9s de la Cruz, whose name I'm actually abbreviating. A child prodigy who spoke five languages by the age of 16, de la Cruz wanted to disguise herself as a boy so she could attend university, but she was forbidden to do so. Still, she wrote plays and poetry, she studied math and natural science, and for being one of the leading minds of the 17th century, she was widely attacked and eventually forced to abandon her work and sell all 4,000 of her books."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "This was mainly about property rights because illegitimate children could inherit their father's property, but it was constructed to be about, you know, purity. To get a sense of how patriarchy shaped Latin American lives, take a gander at Sor Juana In\u00e9s de la Cruz, whose name I'm actually abbreviating. A child prodigy who spoke five languages by the age of 16, de la Cruz wanted to disguise herself as a boy so she could attend university, but she was forbidden to do so. Still, she wrote plays and poetry, she studied math and natural science, and for being one of the leading minds of the 17th century, she was widely attacked and eventually forced to abandon her work and sell all 4,000 of her books. That's a shame because she had a great mind, once writing that Aristotle would have written more if he'd done any cooking. Couple other things. First, Latin America led the world in transculturation, or cultural blending."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Still, she wrote plays and poetry, she studied math and natural science, and for being one of the leading minds of the 17th century, she was widely attacked and eventually forced to abandon her work and sell all 4,000 of her books. That's a shame because she had a great mind, once writing that Aristotle would have written more if he'd done any cooking. Couple other things. First, Latin America led the world in transculturation, or cultural blending. A new and distinct Latin American culture emerged mixing 1. whites from Spain called peninsulares, 2. whites born in the Americas called creoles, 3. Native Americans, and 4. African slaves."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "First, Latin America led the world in transculturation, or cultural blending. A new and distinct Latin American culture emerged mixing 1. whites from Spain called peninsulares, 2. whites born in the Americas called creoles, 3. Native Americans, and 4. African slaves. This blending of cultures may be most obvious when looking at Native American and African influences on Christianity. The Virgin of Guadalupe, for instance, was still called Tenatzin, the indigenous earth goddess, by Indians, and the profusion of blood in Mexican iconography recalls the Aztec use of blood in ritual. But transculturation pervaded Latin American life, from food to secular music to fashion."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "African slaves. This blending of cultures may be most obvious when looking at Native American and African influences on Christianity. The Virgin of Guadalupe, for instance, was still called Tenatzin, the indigenous earth goddess, by Indians, and the profusion of blood in Mexican iconography recalls the Aztec use of blood in ritual. But transculturation pervaded Latin American life, from food to secular music to fashion. Somewhat related, Latin America had a great deal of racial diversity and a rigid social hierarchy to match. There were four basic racial categories, white, black, mestizo, a mix of white and American Indian, and mulatto, a mix of white and black. We try not to use that word anymore because it's offensive, but that's the word they used."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "But transculturation pervaded Latin American life, from food to secular music to fashion. Somewhat related, Latin America had a great deal of racial diversity and a rigid social hierarchy to match. There were four basic racial categories, white, black, mestizo, a mix of white and American Indian, and mulatto, a mix of white and black. We try not to use that word anymore because it's offensive, but that's the word they used. And from the 16th century on, Latin America had a huge diversity of mixed race people and there were constant attempts to classify them and divide them into castes. You can see some of these in so-called casta paintings, which attempted to establish in a very weird and enlightenment-y way all the possible racial combinations. But of course, that's not how race works, as evidenced by the fact that successful people of lower racial castes could become legally white by being granted gracias al sacar."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "We try not to use that word anymore because it's offensive, but that's the word they used. And from the 16th century on, Latin America had a huge diversity of mixed race people and there were constant attempts to classify them and divide them into castes. You can see some of these in so-called casta paintings, which attempted to establish in a very weird and enlightenment-y way all the possible racial combinations. But of course, that's not how race works, as evidenced by the fact that successful people of lower racial castes could become legally white by being granted gracias al sacar. So by 1800, on the eve of Latin America's independence movements, roughly a quarter of people were mixed race. Alright, now let's have us some revolutions. How should we organize this, Stan?"}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "But of course, that's not how race works, as evidenced by the fact that successful people of lower racial castes could become legally white by being granted gracias al sacar. So by 1800, on the eve of Latin America's independence movements, roughly a quarter of people were mixed race. Alright, now let's have us some revolutions. How should we organize this, Stan? Let's begin with Latin America's most successful country as defined by quality of soccer team. So Brazil, he said as thousands of Argentines booed him, is obviously different because it was ruled not by Spain, but by Portugal. But like a lot of revolutions in Latin America, it was fairly conservative."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "How should we organize this, Stan? Let's begin with Latin America's most successful country as defined by quality of soccer team. So Brazil, he said as thousands of Argentines booed him, is obviously different because it was ruled not by Spain, but by Portugal. But like a lot of revolutions in Latin America, it was fairly conservative. The Creoles wanted to maintain their privilege while also achieving independence from the Peninsulares. And also like a lot of Latin American revolutions, it featured Napoleon. Freakin' Napoleon."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "But like a lot of revolutions in Latin America, it was fairly conservative. The Creoles wanted to maintain their privilege while also achieving independence from the Peninsulares. And also like a lot of Latin American revolutions, it featured Napoleon. Freakin' Napoleon. You're everywhere. He's behind me, isn't he? Gah!"}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Freakin' Napoleon. You're everywhere. He's behind me, isn't he? Gah! So when Napoleon took over Portugal in 1807, the entire Portuguese royal family and their royal court decamped to Brazil. And it turned out, they loved Brazil. King Jo\u00e3o loved Brazil so much, off topic, but do you think that J. Wow named herself after King Jo\u00e3o?"}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Gah! So when Napoleon took over Portugal in 1807, the entire Portuguese royal family and their royal court decamped to Brazil. And it turned out, they loved Brazil. King Jo\u00e3o loved Brazil so much, off topic, but do you think that J. Wow named herself after King Jo\u00e3o? I mean, does she have that kind of historical sensibility? I think she does. So King Jo\u00e3o's life in Rio was so good that even after Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he just kinda stayed in Brazil."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "King Jo\u00e3o loved Brazil so much, off topic, but do you think that J. Wow named herself after King Jo\u00e3o? I mean, does she have that kind of historical sensibility? I think she does. So King Jo\u00e3o's life in Rio was so good that even after Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he just kinda stayed in Brazil. And then by 1820, the Portuguese in Portugal were like, hey, maybe you should come back and like, you know, govern us, King of Portugal. So in 1821, he reluctantly returned to Lisbon, leaving his son, Prince Pedro, behind. Meanwhile, Brazilian Creoles were organizing themselves around the idea that they were culturally different from Portugal, and they eventually formed a Brazilian party."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "So King Jo\u00e3o's life in Rio was so good that even after Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he just kinda stayed in Brazil. And then by 1820, the Portuguese in Portugal were like, hey, maybe you should come back and like, you know, govern us, King of Portugal. So in 1821, he reluctantly returned to Lisbon, leaving his son, Prince Pedro, behind. Meanwhile, Brazilian Creoles were organizing themselves around the idea that they were culturally different from Portugal, and they eventually formed a Brazilian party. No, Stan, not that kind of party. Come on. Yes."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Meanwhile, Brazilian Creoles were organizing themselves around the idea that they were culturally different from Portugal, and they eventually formed a Brazilian party. No, Stan, not that kind of party. Come on. Yes. That kind. A Brazilian party to lobby for independence. Then in 1822, they convinced Prince Pedro of boring old Portugal that he should just become King Pedro of sexy, big Brazil."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Yes. That kind. A Brazilian party to lobby for independence. Then in 1822, they convinced Prince Pedro of boring old Portugal that he should just become King Pedro of sexy, big Brazil. So Pedro declared Brazil an independent constitutional monarchy with himself as king. As a result, Brazil achieved independence without much bloodshed and managed to hold on to that social hierarchy with the plantation owners on top. And that explains why Brazil was the last new world country to abolish slavery, not fully abandoning it until 1888."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Then in 1822, they convinced Prince Pedro of boring old Portugal that he should just become King Pedro of sexy, big Brazil. So Pedro declared Brazil an independent constitutional monarchy with himself as king. As a result, Brazil achieved independence without much bloodshed and managed to hold on to that social hierarchy with the plantation owners on top. And that explains why Brazil was the last new world country to abolish slavery, not fully abandoning it until 1888. Right, so even when Napoleon wasn't forcing Portuguese royals into an awesome exile, he was still messing with Latin America. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So Latin America's independence movements began not with Brazil, but in Mexico, when Napoleon put his brother on the Spanish throne in 1808."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "And that explains why Brazil was the last new world country to abolish slavery, not fully abandoning it until 1888. Right, so even when Napoleon wasn't forcing Portuguese royals into an awesome exile, he was still messing with Latin America. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So Latin America's independence movements began not with Brazil, but in Mexico, when Napoleon put his brother on the Spanish throne in 1808. Napoleon wanted to institute the liberal principles of the French Revolution, which angered the ruling elite of the Peninsulares in what was then called New Spain. They were aristocrats, and they just wanted to go back to some good old-fashioned divine-right monarchy with a strong church. So the Mexican Creoles, seeking to expand their own power at the expense of the Peninsular elite, saw an opportunity here."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "So Latin America's independence movements began not with Brazil, but in Mexico, when Napoleon put his brother on the Spanish throne in 1808. Napoleon wanted to institute the liberal principles of the French Revolution, which angered the ruling elite of the Peninsulares in what was then called New Spain. They were aristocrats, and they just wanted to go back to some good old-fashioned divine-right monarchy with a strong church. So the Mexican Creoles, seeking to expand their own power at the expense of the Peninsular elite, saw an opportunity here. They affirmed their loyalty to the new king, who was French even though he was the king of Spain. I told you this was complicated. Then a massive peasant uprising began, led by a renegade priest, Padre Hidalgo, and supported by the Creoles because it was aimed at the Peninsulares, even though they weren't actually the ones who supported Spain."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Mexican Creoles, seeking to expand their own power at the expense of the Peninsular elite, saw an opportunity here. They affirmed their loyalty to the new king, who was French even though he was the king of Spain. I told you this was complicated. Then a massive peasant uprising began, led by a renegade priest, Padre Hidalgo, and supported by the Creoles because it was aimed at the Peninsulares, even though they weren't actually the ones who supported Spain. This was further complicated by the fact that to the mestizo peasants led by Hidalgo, Creoles and Peninsulares looked and acted basically identical. They were both white and imperious, so the peasants often attacked the Creoles, who were technically on their side in trying to overthrow the ruling Peninsulares. Even though it had tens of thousands of supporters, this first peasant uprising petered out."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Then a massive peasant uprising began, led by a renegade priest, Padre Hidalgo, and supported by the Creoles because it was aimed at the Peninsulares, even though they weren't actually the ones who supported Spain. This was further complicated by the fact that to the mestizo peasants led by Hidalgo, Creoles and Peninsulares looked and acted basically identical. They were both white and imperious, so the peasants often attacked the Creoles, who were technically on their side in trying to overthrow the ruling Peninsulares. Even though it had tens of thousands of supporters, this first peasant uprising petered out. But a second peasant revolt, led by another priest, Father Morales, was much more revolutionary. In 1813, he declared independence, and the revolt lasted until his death in 1815. But since he was a mestizo, he didn't gain much Creole support, so revolutionary fervor in Mexico began to fade... until 1820, when Spain, which was now under the rule of a Spanish rather than a French king, had a real liberal revolution with a new constitution that limited the power of the church."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Even though it had tens of thousands of supporters, this first peasant uprising petered out. But a second peasant revolt, led by another priest, Father Morales, was much more revolutionary. In 1813, he declared independence, and the revolt lasted until his death in 1815. But since he was a mestizo, he didn't gain much Creole support, so revolutionary fervor in Mexico began to fade... until 1820, when Spain, which was now under the rule of a Spanish rather than a French king, had a real liberal revolution with a new constitution that limited the power of the church. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So in the wake of Spain's liberalizing movements, the Mexican elites who had previously supported Spain switched sides and made common cause with the Creoles in the hopes that they could somehow hold on to their privileges. And pushing for independence together, things went very well."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "But since he was a mestizo, he didn't gain much Creole support, so revolutionary fervor in Mexico began to fade... until 1820, when Spain, which was now under the rule of a Spanish rather than a French king, had a real liberal revolution with a new constitution that limited the power of the church. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So in the wake of Spain's liberalizing movements, the Mexican elites who had previously supported Spain switched sides and made common cause with the Creoles in the hopes that they could somehow hold on to their privileges. And pushing for independence together, things went very well. The Creole general Iturbide and the rebel mestizo commander Guerrero joined forces and won independence with most of the Peninsulares returning to Spain. Iturbide, the whiter of the two generals, became king of Mexico in 1822. Remember, this was a revolution essentially against representative government."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "And pushing for independence together, things went very well. The Creole general Iturbide and the rebel mestizo commander Guerrero joined forces and won independence with most of the Peninsulares returning to Spain. Iturbide, the whiter of the two generals, became king of Mexico in 1822. Remember, this was a revolution essentially against representative government. But that didn't work out, and within a year he was overthrown by the military and a republic was declared. Popular sovereignty was sort of victorious, but without much benefit to the peasants who actually made independence possible. This alliance between conservative land-owning elites and the army, especially in the face of calls for land reform or economic justice, would happen over and over again in Latin America for the next century and a half."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember, this was a revolution essentially against representative government. But that didn't work out, and within a year he was overthrown by the military and a republic was declared. Popular sovereignty was sort of victorious, but without much benefit to the peasants who actually made independence possible. This alliance between conservative land-owning elites and the army, especially in the face of calls for land reform or economic justice, would happen over and over again in Latin America for the next century and a half. But before we come to any conclusions, let's discuss one last revolution. So Venezuela had a cadre of well-trained Creole revolutionaries who by 1811 had formed a revolutionary junta that seized power in Caracas and formed a republic. But the interior of Venezuela was home to mixed-race cowboys called llaneros who supported the king."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "This alliance between conservative land-owning elites and the army, especially in the face of calls for land reform or economic justice, would happen over and over again in Latin America for the next century and a half. But before we come to any conclusions, let's discuss one last revolution. So Venezuela had a cadre of well-trained Creole revolutionaries who by 1811 had formed a revolutionary junta that seized power in Caracas and formed a republic. But the interior of Venezuela was home to mixed-race cowboys called llaneros who supported the king. They kept the Caracas revolutionaries from extending their power inland, and that is where Simone Bolivar, el libertador, enters the picture. Bolivar realized that the only way to overcome the various class divisions, like the one between the Caracas Creoles and the llaneros, was to appeal to a common sense of South American-ness. I mean, after all, the one thing that almost all South Americans had in common?"}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "But the interior of Venezuela was home to mixed-race cowboys called llaneros who supported the king. They kept the Caracas revolutionaries from extending their power inland, and that is where Simone Bolivar, el libertador, enters the picture. Bolivar realized that the only way to overcome the various class divisions, like the one between the Caracas Creoles and the llaneros, was to appeal to a common sense of South American-ness. I mean, after all, the one thing that almost all South Americans had in common? They were born in South America, not Spain. So then, partly through shows of toughness that included, like, crossing flooded plains and going without sleep, Bolivar convinced the llaneros to give up fighting for Spain and start fighting against them. He quickly captured the vice-regal capital at Bogota, and by 1822 his forces had taken Caracas and Quito."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, after all, the one thing that almost all South Americans had in common? They were born in South America, not Spain. So then, partly through shows of toughness that included, like, crossing flooded plains and going without sleep, Bolivar convinced the llaneros to give up fighting for Spain and start fighting against them. He quickly captured the vice-regal capital at Bogota, and by 1822 his forces had taken Caracas and Quito. Hold on, hold on. Lest I be attacked by Argentines who are already upset about what I said about their really good soccer team, I want to make one thing clear. Argentina's general, Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, was also vital to the defeat of the Spanish."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "He quickly captured the vice-regal capital at Bogota, and by 1822 his forces had taken Caracas and Quito. Hold on, hold on. Lest I be attacked by Argentines who are already upset about what I said about their really good soccer team, I want to make one thing clear. Argentina's general, Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, was also vital to the defeat of the Spanish. He led expeditions against the Spanish in Chile and also a really important one in Lima. And then in December of 1824, at the Battle of Ayacucho, the last Spanish viceroy was finally captured and all of Latin America was free from Spain. Oh, it's time for the open letter?"}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Argentina's general, Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, was also vital to the defeat of the Spanish. He led expeditions against the Spanish in Chile and also a really important one in Lima. And then in December of 1824, at the Battle of Ayacucho, the last Spanish viceroy was finally captured and all of Latin America was free from Spain. Oh, it's time for the open letter? That's a chair, Stan, but it's not THE chair. An Open Letter to Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, llanero!"}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's time for the open letter? That's a chair, Stan, but it's not THE chair. An Open Letter to Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, llanero! I wonder if his hips swivel when I wind him up. Context is everything. They do."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, llanero! I wonder if his hips swivel when I wind him up. Context is everything. They do. Hey there, cowboy. Dear Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, First, you had fantastic mutton chops. It's as if you're some kind of handsome Martin Van Buren."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "They do. Hey there, cowboy. Dear Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, First, you had fantastic mutton chops. It's as if you're some kind of handsome Martin Van Buren. You are a man of immense accomplishments, but those accomplishments have been richly rewarded. I mean, you have a country named after you. Not to mention two different currencies."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "It's as if you're some kind of handsome Martin Van Buren. You are a man of immense accomplishments, but those accomplishments have been richly rewarded. I mean, you have a country named after you. Not to mention two different currencies. But for my purposes, the most important thing you ever did was die. You may not know this, Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, but when I am not a world history teacher sitting next to a fake fireplace, I am a novelist. And your last words, Dammit, how will I ever get out of this labyrinth, feature prominently in my first novel, Looking for Alaska."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Not to mention two different currencies. But for my purposes, the most important thing you ever did was die. You may not know this, Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, but when I am not a world history teacher sitting next to a fake fireplace, I am a novelist. And your last words, Dammit, how will I ever get out of this labyrinth, feature prominently in my first novel, Looking for Alaska. Except it turns out those weren't your last words. Your last words were probably, Jos\u00e9, bring the luggage. But I decided to use your fancy, romantic, inaccurate last words."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "And your last words, Dammit, how will I ever get out of this labyrinth, feature prominently in my first novel, Looking for Alaska. Except it turns out those weren't your last words. Your last words were probably, Jos\u00e9, bring the luggage. But I decided to use your fancy, romantic, inaccurate last words. It's called artistic license. Put that in your luggage. Anyway, fantastic life."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "But I decided to use your fancy, romantic, inaccurate last words. It's called artistic license. Put that in your luggage. Anyway, fantastic life. I just wish you'd nailed it a little bit better with your last words. Best wishes, John Green. So by 1825, almost the entire Western Hemisphere, with a few exceptions in the Caribbean, was free from European rule."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Anyway, fantastic life. I just wish you'd nailed it a little bit better with your last words. Best wishes, John Green. So by 1825, almost the entire Western Hemisphere, with a few exceptions in the Caribbean, was free from European rule. Oh, right, and Canada. I'm just kidding, Canadians. It's so easy to make fun of you because you're so nice."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "So by 1825, almost the entire Western Hemisphere, with a few exceptions in the Caribbean, was free from European rule. Oh, right, and Canada. I'm just kidding, Canadians. It's so easy to make fun of you because you're so nice. And so I tease you and then you're like, oh, thanks for noticing that we exist. It's my pleasure. Anyway, this is pretty remarkable, especially when you consider that most of this territory had been under Spanish or Portuguese control for almost 300 years."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "It's so easy to make fun of you because you're so nice. And so I tease you and then you're like, oh, thanks for noticing that we exist. It's my pleasure. Anyway, this is pretty remarkable, especially when you consider that most of this territory had been under Spanish or Portuguese control for almost 300 years. The most revolutionary thing about these independence movements were that they enshrined the idea of so-called popular sovereignty in the New World. Never again would Latin America be under the permanent control of a European power, and the relatively quick division of Latin America into individual states, despite Bolivar's pan-South American dream, showed how quickly the people in these regions developed a sense of themselves as nations distinct from Europe and from each other. This division into nation-states prefigures what would happen to Europe in the mid-19th century, and in that sense, Latin America is the leader of 19th century world history."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Anyway, this is pretty remarkable, especially when you consider that most of this territory had been under Spanish or Portuguese control for almost 300 years. The most revolutionary thing about these independence movements were that they enshrined the idea of so-called popular sovereignty in the New World. Never again would Latin America be under the permanent control of a European power, and the relatively quick division of Latin America into individual states, despite Bolivar's pan-South American dream, showed how quickly the people in these regions developed a sense of themselves as nations distinct from Europe and from each other. This division into nation-states prefigures what would happen to Europe in the mid-19th century, and in that sense, Latin America is the leader of 19th century world history. And Latin American history presages another key theme in modern life, multiculturalism. And all of that makes Latin America sound very modern, but in a number of ways, Latin American independence wasn't terribly revolutionary. First, while the Peninsulares were gone, the rigid social hierarchy with the wealthy Creoles at the top remained."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "This division into nation-states prefigures what would happen to Europe in the mid-19th century, and in that sense, Latin America is the leader of 19th century world history. And Latin American history presages another key theme in modern life, multiculturalism. And all of that makes Latin America sound very modern, but in a number of ways, Latin American independence wasn't terribly revolutionary. First, while the Peninsulares were gone, the rigid social hierarchy with the wealthy Creoles at the top remained. Second, whereas revolutions in both France and America weakened the power of the established church, in Latin America, the Catholic Church remained very powerful in people's everyday lives. And then there is the patriarchy. Although there were many women who took up arms in the struggle for independence, including Juana Azurduy, who led a cavalry charge against Spanish forces in Bolivia, patriarchy remained strong in Latin America."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "First, while the Peninsulares were gone, the rigid social hierarchy with the wealthy Creoles at the top remained. Second, whereas revolutions in both France and America weakened the power of the established church, in Latin America, the Catholic Church remained very powerful in people's everyday lives. And then there is the patriarchy. Although there were many women who took up arms in the struggle for independence, including Juana Azurduy, who led a cavalry charge against Spanish forces in Bolivia, patriarchy remained strong in Latin America. Feminist ideas like those of Mary Wollstonecraft would have to wait. Women weren't allowed to vote in national elections in Mexico until 1953, and Peru didn't extend voting rights to women until 1955. Also, Latin America's revolutionary wars were long and bloody."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Although there were many women who took up arms in the struggle for independence, including Juana Azurduy, who led a cavalry charge against Spanish forces in Bolivia, patriarchy remained strong in Latin America. Feminist ideas like those of Mary Wollstonecraft would have to wait. Women weren't allowed to vote in national elections in Mexico until 1953, and Peru didn't extend voting rights to women until 1955. Also, Latin America's revolutionary wars were long and bloody. 425,000 people died in Mexico's War for Independence. And they didn't always lead to stability. Venezuela, for instance, experienced war for much of the 19th century, leading to as many as a million deaths."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, Latin America's revolutionary wars were long and bloody. 425,000 people died in Mexico's War for Independence. And they didn't always lead to stability. Venezuela, for instance, experienced war for much of the 19th century, leading to as many as a million deaths. And it's important to note that fighting for freedom doesn't always lead to freedom. The past two centuries in Latin America have seen many military dictatorships that protect private property at the expense of egalitarian governance. Freedom, independence, and autonomy are complicated terms that mean different things to different people at different times."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Venezuela, for instance, experienced war for much of the 19th century, leading to as many as a million deaths. And it's important to note that fighting for freedom doesn't always lead to freedom. The past two centuries in Latin America have seen many military dictatorships that protect private property at the expense of egalitarian governance. Freedom, independence, and autonomy are complicated terms that mean different things to different people at different times. So too with the word revolutionary. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Freedom, independence, and autonomy are complicated terms that mean different things to different people at different times. So too with the word revolutionary. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Location change because I forgot to record the credits and my shirt matches the wall. Probably should have thought about that one a little bit harder. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll see you next week. Location change because I forgot to record the credits and my shirt matches the wall. Probably should have thought about that one a little bit harder. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is ably interned by Meredith Danko and it's written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was giant squid of anger."}, {"video_title": "Latin American Revolutions Crash Course World History #31.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is ably interned by Meredith Danko and it's written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was giant squid of anger. If you want to suggest a future Phrase of the Week or guess it this week so you can do so in comments where you can also ask questions that will be answered by our team of historians. Look at the beautiful Crash Course poster available now at DFTBA.com, link in the video description. Thanks for watching and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We talk about in other videos, the Middle Ages refers to that roughly 1,000 year period of time in Europe from the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 until we get to about 1,000 years later with the emergence of the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration. And we associate it with knights in shining armor and their coat of chivalry, with kings in castles surrounded by moats. And we also associate it with the feudal system, which is how most of Europe was governed during the Middle Ages. Now, many of you are probably familiar with some of the key actors within the feudal system. At the top, you would have a king. Now, the king would rule over a kingdom. Now, this is not so easy to govern, especially during the Middle Ages, and the king might owe many people things, especially people who helped the king come to power, helped him depose the previous king or to conquer this land."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, many of you are probably familiar with some of the key actors within the feudal system. At the top, you would have a king. Now, the king would rule over a kingdom. Now, this is not so easy to govern, especially during the Middle Ages, and the king might owe many people things, especially people who helped the king come to power, helped him depose the previous king or to conquer this land. And so in exchange for that and to help govern, he might grant land or feasts to other people. And the key currency in the Middle Ages under the feudal system is land, and land in exchange for loyalty and service. So this whole thing is a kingdom."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, this is not so easy to govern, especially during the Middle Ages, and the king might owe many people things, especially people who helped the king come to power, helped him depose the previous king or to conquer this land. And so in exchange for that and to help govern, he might grant land or feasts to other people. And the key currency in the Middle Ages under the feudal system is land, and land in exchange for loyalty and service. So this whole thing is a kingdom. Now, right over here, this is a duchy, and a duchy will be controlled by a duke. I guess they didn't call it ducky because that just doesn't sound as serious. So the king might grant a duchy, a duchy to a duke, and in exchange, the duke would provide loyalty, pledge their fealty."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this whole thing is a kingdom. Now, right over here, this is a duchy, and a duchy will be controlled by a duke. I guess they didn't call it ducky because that just doesn't sound as serious. So the king might grant a duchy, a duchy to a duke, and in exchange, the duke would provide loyalty, pledge their fealty. If the kingdom is threatened, the duke will fight alongside the king, would provide their own troops. If the king wants to go conquer other territories, same thing, and also provide the king with taxes, which might be in the form of coinage, depending on what time and region we are in the Middle Ages, or it might be in the form of a percentage of the agricultural production from this duchy. Now, the terminology here is that the duke would be one of the king's vassals or would be vassal to the king."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So the king might grant a duchy, a duchy to a duke, and in exchange, the duke would provide loyalty, pledge their fealty. If the kingdom is threatened, the duke will fight alongside the king, would provide their own troops. If the king wants to go conquer other territories, same thing, and also provide the king with taxes, which might be in the form of coinage, depending on what time and region we are in the Middle Ages, or it might be in the form of a percentage of the agricultural production from this duchy. Now, the terminology here is that the duke would be one of the king's vassals or would be vassal to the king. Now, a duchy tends to be a fairly large amount of territory. In medieval England, a duke was the highest title of nobility. There's variations on duke."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the terminology here is that the duke would be one of the king's vassals or would be vassal to the king. Now, a duchy tends to be a fairly large amount of territory. In medieval England, a duke was the highest title of nobility. There's variations on duke. Now, the duke might have his own manner or might even have multiple manners that he rules directly over, that has his own serfs or free peasants working that land, providing output, which helps generate some of the tax revenue that goes to the king or provides some of the necessities for the duke's own household. But the rest of the duchy, they might subdivide further and they would be lord over their own vassals. So, for example, this piece of land right over here, this duke might provide it to someone else, let's say a count, in which case this would be called a county, and that is where we get our modern term, county, and this count would be vassal to the duke, and the duke would be the lord of the count, and then the count can then be the lord of someone else, of their vassals, and this goes on and on and on all the way until you get down to the level of the serfs and the peasants who are actually doing the work."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's variations on duke. Now, the duke might have his own manner or might even have multiple manners that he rules directly over, that has his own serfs or free peasants working that land, providing output, which helps generate some of the tax revenue that goes to the king or provides some of the necessities for the duke's own household. But the rest of the duchy, they might subdivide further and they would be lord over their own vassals. So, for example, this piece of land right over here, this duke might provide it to someone else, let's say a count, in which case this would be called a county, and that is where we get our modern term, county, and this count would be vassal to the duke, and the duke would be the lord of the count, and then the count can then be the lord of someone else, of their vassals, and this goes on and on and on all the way until you get down to the level of the serfs and the peasants who are actually doing the work. But the main idea here is is that in exchange for land, the king gave this duke a duchy, or maybe the king's father gave this duke's father this duchy, and so this grant of land, this is called a fief, a critical term in the feudal system. This county here, this is a fief. In exchange for that, the vassal gives the lord resources, taxes, and loyalty."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So, for example, this piece of land right over here, this duke might provide it to someone else, let's say a count, in which case this would be called a county, and that is where we get our modern term, county, and this count would be vassal to the duke, and the duke would be the lord of the count, and then the count can then be the lord of someone else, of their vassals, and this goes on and on and on all the way until you get down to the level of the serfs and the peasants who are actually doing the work. But the main idea here is is that in exchange for land, the king gave this duke a duchy, or maybe the king's father gave this duke's father this duchy, and so this grant of land, this is called a fief, a critical term in the feudal system. This county here, this is a fief. In exchange for that, the vassal gives the lord resources, taxes, and loyalty. Now, the way I drew it here, it seems quite organized and clean, but the reality of it, it isn't that clean. Sometimes, a kingdom might directly, some parts of it might be subdivided into duchies, some of it might be divided into a county that is independent of any duchy. You might have another duchy right over here that is not subdivided into counties."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In exchange for that, the vassal gives the lord resources, taxes, and loyalty. Now, the way I drew it here, it seems quite organized and clean, but the reality of it, it isn't that clean. Sometimes, a kingdom might directly, some parts of it might be subdivided into duchies, some of it might be divided into a county that is independent of any duchy. You might have another duchy right over here that is not subdivided into counties. You might have one count that is more powerful than another count, or one count that might even be more powerful than a duke someplace else, so it can actually be quite chaotic and hard to keep track of, and this isn't all of the players. I mentioned some of the titles of nobility like duke and count, and then below count, you might have a baron. In England, the equivalent of count was an earl who still presided over a county, and their wife was a countess."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might have another duchy right over here that is not subdivided into counties. You might have one count that is more powerful than another count, or one count that might even be more powerful than a duke someplace else, so it can actually be quite chaotic and hard to keep track of, and this isn't all of the players. I mentioned some of the titles of nobility like duke and count, and then below count, you might have a baron. In England, the equivalent of count was an earl who still presided over a county, and their wife was a countess. And when I say preside, they had almost full control over it. They would even give justice over the people who happened to be within their fiefdom. Now, I started this video showing a picture of a knight on horseback, and knights are probably one of the strongest association with medieval times, so many of you are probably thinking, where do knights fit into this?"}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In England, the equivalent of count was an earl who still presided over a county, and their wife was a countess. And when I say preside, they had almost full control over it. They would even give justice over the people who happened to be within their fiefdom. Now, I started this video showing a picture of a knight on horseback, and knights are probably one of the strongest association with medieval times, so many of you are probably thinking, where do knights fit into this? A knight refers to slightly different things depending on what region you are in or what time period within the Middle Ages, but it generally refers to a mounted soldier, someone skilled in fighting, someone who might have nice armor, but over time, it became a prestigious title that was given by a monarch or by a lord in exchange for service, oftentimes military service. You might have a knight who is granted a fief from, say, this count right over here, and say they might be lord of their own manor, they might have their own serfs who are not quite slaves, but they're bonded laborers who cannot leave and don't have a lot of rights working the field. You might have other knights who got the title but did not get the land, and to complicate things further, any of these characters can have multiple titles."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, I started this video showing a picture of a knight on horseback, and knights are probably one of the strongest association with medieval times, so many of you are probably thinking, where do knights fit into this? A knight refers to slightly different things depending on what region you are in or what time period within the Middle Ages, but it generally refers to a mounted soldier, someone skilled in fighting, someone who might have nice armor, but over time, it became a prestigious title that was given by a monarch or by a lord in exchange for service, oftentimes military service. You might have a knight who is granted a fief from, say, this count right over here, and say they might be lord of their own manor, they might have their own serfs who are not quite slaves, but they're bonded laborers who cannot leave and don't have a lot of rights working the field. You might have other knights who got the title but did not get the land, and to complicate things further, any of these characters can have multiple titles. For example, this duke might also be knighted. Now, it's worth noting that these titles of nobility, duke, count, baron, earl, these tended to be hereditary. You would pass it down from one generation to the next as long as the next generation pledged fealty to their lord."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might have other knights who got the title but did not get the land, and to complicate things further, any of these characters can have multiple titles. For example, this duke might also be knighted. Now, it's worth noting that these titles of nobility, duke, count, baron, earl, these tended to be hereditary. You would pass it down from one generation to the next as long as the next generation pledged fealty to their lord. The title knight, however, was given for service and did not tend to be passed down from generation to generation, and to be clear, these still aren't all the actors here. You also have the church, which during medieval times was a very powerful institution. At the top of the church, you had the Bishop of Rome, also known as the pope, and you had their bishops in significant regions."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You would pass it down from one generation to the next as long as the next generation pledged fealty to their lord. The title knight, however, was given for service and did not tend to be passed down from generation to generation, and to be clear, these still aren't all the actors here. You also have the church, which during medieval times was a very powerful institution. At the top of the church, you had the Bishop of Rome, also known as the pope, and you had their bishops in significant regions. You also had monastic orders, where you might have an abbot who is the head of a monastery, where you have monks who, as part of that monastery, are praying, they might be farming, they might be copying texts, and there was also power dynamics between these, and as we're about to see, you can even have these non-religious figures pledging fealty to religious figures. So just to get a sense of what these pledges of fealty were like, you have a vassal in this homage ceremony, homage, or sometimes said homage, and it really comes from the French word homme, which refers to man, so he is pledging to be his lord's man. So this would be the lord right over here, and this is an actual pledge given by Bernard Aton, Viscount of Carcassonne, in the year 1110 in France."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "At the top of the church, you had the Bishop of Rome, also known as the pope, and you had their bishops in significant regions. You also had monastic orders, where you might have an abbot who is the head of a monastery, where you have monks who, as part of that monastery, are praying, they might be farming, they might be copying texts, and there was also power dynamics between these, and as we're about to see, you can even have these non-religious figures pledging fealty to religious figures. So just to get a sense of what these pledges of fealty were like, you have a vassal in this homage ceremony, homage, or sometimes said homage, and it really comes from the French word homme, which refers to man, so he is pledging to be his lord's man. So this would be the lord right over here, and this is an actual pledge given by Bernard Aton, Viscount of Carcassonne, in the year 1110 in France. In the name of the lord I, Bernard Aton, and I apologize for my pronunciation, Viscount of Carcassonne, in the presence of my sons, and he goes on and lists his sons, nobles, and of many other honorable men who have come to the monastery of Saint-Marie of Grasse, since Lord Leo, abbot of the said monastery, has asked me, in the presence of all those above mentioned, to acknowledge to him the fealty and homage, or homage, for the castles, manors, and places which the patrons, my ancestors, held from him and his predecessors, and from the said monastery as a fief, and which I ought to hold as they held. I have made to the lord, abbot, Leo, acknowledgement and homage as I ought to do. So in this case, the lord is an abbot, is a religious figure, is the head of a monastery, and the vassal is a viscount."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this would be the lord right over here, and this is an actual pledge given by Bernard Aton, Viscount of Carcassonne, in the year 1110 in France. In the name of the lord I, Bernard Aton, and I apologize for my pronunciation, Viscount of Carcassonne, in the presence of my sons, and he goes on and lists his sons, nobles, and of many other honorable men who have come to the monastery of Saint-Marie of Grasse, since Lord Leo, abbot of the said monastery, has asked me, in the presence of all those above mentioned, to acknowledge to him the fealty and homage, or homage, for the castles, manors, and places which the patrons, my ancestors, held from him and his predecessors, and from the said monastery as a fief, and which I ought to hold as they held. I have made to the lord, abbot, Leo, acknowledgement and homage as I ought to do. So in this case, the lord is an abbot, is a religious figure, is the head of a monastery, and the vassal is a viscount. You can kind of view them as vice count. And notice, he's pledging fealty to the abbot. And in this case, it looks like Bernard Aton's ancestors were already vassals to the abbot, and so this is really renewing it, and so that the viscount could essentially keep his fief."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in this case, the lord is an abbot, is a religious figure, is the head of a monastery, and the vassal is a viscount. You can kind of view them as vice count. And notice, he's pledging fealty to the abbot. And in this case, it looks like Bernard Aton's ancestors were already vassals to the abbot, and so this is really renewing it, and so that the viscount could essentially keep his fief. Now to appreciate how complicated this could get, here on the timeline you see when Henry II lived, and as you can see, he had many titles. He was eventually king of England. You can see southern England up here."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in this case, it looks like Bernard Aton's ancestors were already vassals to the abbot, and so this is really renewing it, and so that the viscount could essentially keep his fief. Now to appreciate how complicated this could get, here on the timeline you see when Henry II lived, and as you can see, he had many titles. He was eventually king of England. You can see southern England up here. He was duke of Normandy, duke of Aquitaine, which was interesting. He got that as a dowry when he marries Eleanor, whose previous husband was King Louis VII of France. He is count of Maine, Anjou, Turin."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You can see southern England up here. He was duke of Normandy, duke of Aquitaine, which was interesting. He got that as a dowry when he marries Eleanor, whose previous husband was King Louis VII of France. He is count of Maine, Anjou, Turin. And this is really interesting. He's a king of one kingdom, the kingdom of England, but he is also a duke and a count within another kingdom, the kingdom of France. But this gives you a sense of, to some degree, how chaotic the Middle Ages were."}, {"video_title": "Feudal system during the Middle Ages World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He is count of Maine, Anjou, Turin. And this is really interesting. He's a king of one kingdom, the kingdom of England, but he is also a duke and a count within another kingdom, the kingdom of France. But this gives you a sense of, to some degree, how chaotic the Middle Ages were. It wasn't well organized, like under the Roman Empire, or under ancient Persia, or even most nation states today. It was many different kingdoms organized into many different duchies and counties. There wasn't a very clear rhyme and reason, and positions and power constantly shifted depending on loyalty, wars, marriages, and inheritance."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But how much can we know about women, say, 2,000 years ago? So, when we talk about the lives of women in the classical period, sometimes we're tempted to compare it to the modern day, and that can cause some problems because that's not really a fair comparison. So, it's more useful to see how different women living in different societies in the same time period compare to one another. That can make their differences a lot more salient and give us a better idea. Of course, it's hard to know the history of women back then in general. We don't necessarily have all the best sources. But we can try to piece together some understanding of what their daily lives were like."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That can make their differences a lot more salient and give us a better idea. Of course, it's hard to know the history of women back then in general. We don't necessarily have all the best sources. But we can try to piece together some understanding of what their daily lives were like. And we have two points of reference here. One from Rome as it transitions from republic to empire, and another from Han China. So, let's look at the reference from Rome."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But we can try to piece together some understanding of what their daily lives were like. And we have two points of reference here. One from Rome as it transitions from republic to empire, and another from Han China. So, let's look at the reference from Rome. So, just for a little bit of context, this speech that we're gonna talk about, this occurs in 42 BCE. People might remember that in 44 BCE, you have Julius Caesar getting assassinated on the Ides of March, and it throws the Roman Empire into a civil war. And so, this speech is given during that civil war because civil wars, they're not just bloody, they're also expensive."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So, let's look at the reference from Rome. So, just for a little bit of context, this speech that we're gonna talk about, this occurs in 42 BCE. People might remember that in 44 BCE, you have Julius Caesar getting assassinated on the Ides of March, and it throws the Roman Empire into a civil war. And so, this speech is given during that civil war because civil wars, they're not just bloody, they're also expensive. And to fund that civil war, the triumvirs decide to tax the 1,400 wealthiest women. And Hortensia, who gives the speech, is one of those wealthy women. Hortensia says, Why should we pay taxes when we do not share in the offices, honors, military commands, nor in short, the government for which you fight between yourselves with such harmful results?"}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so, this speech is given during that civil war because civil wars, they're not just bloody, they're also expensive. And to fund that civil war, the triumvirs decide to tax the 1,400 wealthiest women. And Hortensia, who gives the speech, is one of those wealthy women. Hortensia says, Why should we pay taxes when we do not share in the offices, honors, military commands, nor in short, the government for which you fight between yourselves with such harmful results? You say, because it is wartime. When has there not been war? And when have women paid taxes?"}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Hortensia says, Why should we pay taxes when we do not share in the offices, honors, military commands, nor in short, the government for which you fight between yourselves with such harmful results? You say, because it is wartime. When has there not been war? And when have women paid taxes? By nature of their sex, women are absolved from paying taxes among all mankind. Our mothers did once rise superior to their sex and made contributions when you faced the loss of the empire and the city itself through the conflict with the Carthaginians. But they funded their contributions voluntarily from their jewelry, not from their landed property, their fields, their dowries, or their houses, without which it is impossible for free women to live."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And when have women paid taxes? By nature of their sex, women are absolved from paying taxes among all mankind. Our mothers did once rise superior to their sex and made contributions when you faced the loss of the empire and the city itself through the conflict with the Carthaginians. But they funded their contributions voluntarily from their jewelry, not from their landed property, their fields, their dowries, or their houses, without which it is impossible for free women to live. Let war with the Celts or Parthians come. We will not be inferior to our mothers when it is a question of common safety. But for civil wars, may we never contribute, nor aid you against each other."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But they funded their contributions voluntarily from their jewelry, not from their landed property, their fields, their dowries, or their houses, without which it is impossible for free women to live. Let war with the Celts or Parthians come. We will not be inferior to our mothers when it is a question of common safety. But for civil wars, may we never contribute, nor aid you against each other. We did not pay taxes to Caesar or to Pompey, nor did Marius ask us for contributions, nor Sina, nor Sulla, even though he was a tyrant over this country. And you say that you are reestablishing the republic. Wow, that was quite powerful."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But for civil wars, may we never contribute, nor aid you against each other. We did not pay taxes to Caesar or to Pompey, nor did Marius ask us for contributions, nor Sina, nor Sulla, even though he was a tyrant over this country. And you say that you are reestablishing the republic. Wow, that was quite powerful. And there's a lot of richness here. What's your takeaway? So it's interesting that she is saying that by nature of their sex, women are absolved from paying taxes."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Wow, that was quite powerful. And there's a lot of richness here. What's your takeaway? So it's interesting that she is saying that by nature of their sex, women are absolved from paying taxes. And it might seem like she's saying that women are weaker. But she's sort of speaking back to this requirement that they should use their property, because they're normally using jewelry, and they're normally using things that they don't necessarily need in order to fight off foreigners. And here she's really taking issue with having to use her livelihood to support a civil war."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So it's interesting that she is saying that by nature of their sex, women are absolved from paying taxes. And it might seem like she's saying that women are weaker. But she's sort of speaking back to this requirement that they should use their property, because they're normally using jewelry, and they're normally using things that they don't necessarily need in order to fight off foreigners. And here she's really taking issue with having to use her livelihood to support a civil war. And she's sort of taking them to task on this, that they're worse than the tyrants for asking this of her. And the other thing that jumps out of this, it comes out of the first few statements, why should we pay taxes when we do not share in the offices, honors, military commands, nor in short, the government? So she's making very clear, women don't get to participate, why should we fund this war?"}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And here she's really taking issue with having to use her livelihood to support a civil war. And she's sort of taking them to task on this, that they're worse than the tyrants for asking this of her. And the other thing that jumps out of this, it comes out of the first few statements, why should we pay taxes when we do not share in the offices, honors, military commands, nor in short, the government? So she's making very clear, women don't get to participate, why should we fund this war? I also like this part, you say because it is wartime. When has there not been war? That's a really good point, because Rome, especially at that point, was continuously conquering other peoples, continuously at war, sometimes a civil war, sometimes an external war."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So she's making very clear, women don't get to participate, why should we fund this war? I also like this part, you say because it is wartime. When has there not been war? That's a really good point, because Rome, especially at that point, was continuously conquering other peoples, continuously at war, sometimes a civil war, sometimes an external war. Sure, and I think it's interesting how she's pointing to that disparity between the things that men have and women don't have. And she's just trying to say, well, if that's how it's going to be, then we should also be exempt from taxation. And I think that's an interesting way to voice concerns."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That's a really good point, because Rome, especially at that point, was continuously conquering other peoples, continuously at war, sometimes a civil war, sometimes an external war. Sure, and I think it's interesting how she's pointing to that disparity between the things that men have and women don't have. And she's just trying to say, well, if that's how it's going to be, then we should also be exempt from taxation. And I think that's an interesting way to voice concerns. And while this might seem very primitive to our modern sensibilities, it's really powerful that a woman is taking these government officials to task and being so outspoken and quite scathing in the way she does this. I also like the second part right over here, where she is citing that our mothers once also stepped up. And she's referring to during the Second Punic War and Hannibal was running amok on the Italian peninsula and even threatening Rome itself, that the women of Rome, especially the wealthy women of Rome, did step up and pay taxes."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I think that's an interesting way to voice concerns. And while this might seem very primitive to our modern sensibilities, it's really powerful that a woman is taking these government officials to task and being so outspoken and quite scathing in the way she does this. I also like the second part right over here, where she is citing that our mothers once also stepped up. And she's referring to during the Second Punic War and Hannibal was running amok on the Italian peninsula and even threatening Rome itself, that the women of Rome, especially the wealthy women of Rome, did step up and pay taxes. So based on this, Sal, what do you think we can learn about Roman women and their lives at this time period? Well, as we pointed out, even in this speech, she cites some direct reference to not having equality to men. But on the other hand, she has stormed the Triumvir's Tribunal."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And she's referring to during the Second Punic War and Hannibal was running amok on the Italian peninsula and even threatening Rome itself, that the women of Rome, especially the wealthy women of Rome, did step up and pay taxes. So based on this, Sal, what do you think we can learn about Roman women and their lives at this time period? Well, as we pointed out, even in this speech, she cites some direct reference to not having equality to men. But on the other hand, she has stormed the Triumvir's Tribunal. I think this is the first time that women were, well, they weren't even allowed there, they just went there. And she's sticking it to the Triumvir's pretty strongly. She's saying, let war with the Celts or Parthians come."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But on the other hand, she has stormed the Triumvir's Tribunal. I think this is the first time that women were, well, they weren't even allowed there, they just went there. And she's sticking it to the Triumvir's pretty strongly. She's saying, let war with the Celts or Parthians come. We will not be inferior to our mothers. We're willing to step up if it's a war with external parties. But for civil wars, may we never contribute nor aid you against each other."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "She's saying, let war with the Celts or Parthians come. We will not be inferior to our mothers. We're willing to step up if it's a war with external parties. But for civil wars, may we never contribute nor aid you against each other. They're saying, hey, if you wanna fight yourself, that's your problem. And she's even telling them, and you say that you are reestablishing the Republic. So she's questioning the three most powerful people in the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But for civil wars, may we never contribute nor aid you against each other. They're saying, hey, if you wanna fight yourself, that's your problem. And she's even telling them, and you say that you are reestablishing the Republic. So she's questioning the three most powerful people in the Roman Empire. She's questioning their very intention. So it does show, at least culturally, even if officially women do not have a strong role, at least these elite women do have enough comfort to be able to go to the three most powerful in the Roman Empire and stick it to them. Yeah, and this is, while this might not seem like a big deal to us now, we have to sort of avoid that comparison, like I said."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So she's questioning the three most powerful people in the Roman Empire. She's questioning their very intention. So it does show, at least culturally, even if officially women do not have a strong role, at least these elite women do have enough comfort to be able to go to the three most powerful in the Roman Empire and stick it to them. Yeah, and this is, while this might not seem like a big deal to us now, we have to sort of avoid that comparison, like I said. And if we compare it to some other societies around the same time, this is quite remarkable for a woman to enter a public institution. And again, she is an elite woman, but let's compare it to say Athenian women, even elite women in Athens, were not likely to have any involvement in the political institutions, were a lot more likely to just remain in the private sphere, were not likely to be as educated as Roman women. And so the fact that Hortensia can actually enter into the space and be so outspoken is sort of evidence of the fact that Roman women had a degree more freedom than other women who were their contemporaries in other societies."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, and this is, while this might not seem like a big deal to us now, we have to sort of avoid that comparison, like I said. And if we compare it to some other societies around the same time, this is quite remarkable for a woman to enter a public institution. And again, she is an elite woman, but let's compare it to say Athenian women, even elite women in Athens, were not likely to have any involvement in the political institutions, were a lot more likely to just remain in the private sphere, were not likely to be as educated as Roman women. And so the fact that Hortensia can actually enter into the space and be so outspoken is sort of evidence of the fact that Roman women had a degree more freedom than other women who were their contemporaries in other societies. Absolutely. And let's continue that comparison. We can go about 100, 150 years further in the future from Hortensia's speech."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so the fact that Hortensia can actually enter into the space and be so outspoken is sort of evidence of the fact that Roman women had a degree more freedom than other women who were their contemporaries in other societies. Absolutely. And let's continue that comparison. We can go about 100, 150 years further in the future from Hortensia's speech. And let's also go to the other side of, almost the other side of the world. We'll go to Eastern Asia, where we are in the Eastern Han Dynasty. So here we have some text from Ban Zhao, who was a female historian, astronomer, mathematician, Confucian philosopher, co-author of the history, the official history book of Han."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We can go about 100, 150 years further in the future from Hortensia's speech. And let's also go to the other side of, almost the other side of the world. We'll go to Eastern Asia, where we are in the Eastern Han Dynasty. So here we have some text from Ban Zhao, who was a female historian, astronomer, mathematician, Confucian philosopher, co-author of the history, the official history book of Han. And it's from her Lessons for Women. So Ban Zhao says, let a woman modestly yield to others. Let her respect others."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So here we have some text from Ban Zhao, who was a female historian, astronomer, mathematician, Confucian philosopher, co-author of the history, the official history book of Han. And it's from her Lessons for Women. So Ban Zhao says, let a woman modestly yield to others. Let her respect others. Let her put others first, herself last. Lay the girl baby at birth below the bed to plainly indicate that she is lowly and weak, and should regard it as her primary duty to humble herself before others. A husband can marry twice, but his wife must never remarry, just as heaven cannot be disobeyed, so the wife cannot keep away from her husband."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Let her respect others. Let her put others first, herself last. Lay the girl baby at birth below the bed to plainly indicate that she is lowly and weak, and should regard it as her primary duty to humble herself before others. A husband can marry twice, but his wife must never remarry, just as heaven cannot be disobeyed, so the wife cannot keep away from her husband. Man is honored for strength. A woman is beautiful on account of her gentleness. So what's your take on that?"}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "A husband can marry twice, but his wife must never remarry, just as heaven cannot be disobeyed, so the wife cannot keep away from her husband. Man is honored for strength. A woman is beautiful on account of her gentleness. So what's your take on that? So this is very much in line with the Confucian ideal of womanhood. And that's very much about a woman being very submissive to her male relatives, and for her to stay very modest within the power framework of her society, and to stay pretty much within her own household, and to cultivate a life that is meant to create comfort for the men in her family and her children, and not much more than that. Yeah, I could not imagine anyone who read this and took it seriously as viewing a lesson for themselves as storming the triumvirate tribunals, even if they are an elite woman in imperial China."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So what's your take on that? So this is very much in line with the Confucian ideal of womanhood. And that's very much about a woman being very submissive to her male relatives, and for her to stay very modest within the power framework of her society, and to stay pretty much within her own household, and to cultivate a life that is meant to create comfort for the men in her family and her children, and not much more than that. Yeah, I could not imagine anyone who read this and took it seriously as viewing a lesson for themselves as storming the triumvirate tribunals, even if they are an elite woman in imperial China. Certainly, but I think there's an important thing to remember, and that this kind of document shows a sort of prescriptive approach to women's lives. And that doesn't necessarily mean that women did live this way. I mean, the fact that Ban Zhao herself is writing this is sort of ironic, because she's a woman who is putting herself out there and writing things, and not staying in the private sphere."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, I could not imagine anyone who read this and took it seriously as viewing a lesson for themselves as storming the triumvirate tribunals, even if they are an elite woman in imperial China. Certainly, but I think there's an important thing to remember, and that this kind of document shows a sort of prescriptive approach to women's lives. And that doesn't necessarily mean that women did live this way. I mean, the fact that Ban Zhao herself is writing this is sort of ironic, because she's a woman who is putting herself out there and writing things, and not staying in the private sphere. So that's sort of a strange contradiction there. But also, women who had a lot of wealth were likely to become educated like her. And also, it sort of depended on their generation."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, the fact that Ban Zhao herself is writing this is sort of ironic, because she's a woman who is putting herself out there and writing things, and not staying in the private sphere. So that's sort of a strange contradiction there. But also, women who had a lot of wealth were likely to become educated like her. And also, it sort of depended on their generation. Older women were likely to have inheritances, property, just like their Roman counterparts, and they were more likely to engage in trade. And we can find this out by looking at other documents, like wills and so forth. So we can sort of see a tension between the sort of prescriptive Confucian ideals and how women actually lived."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And also, it sort of depended on their generation. Older women were likely to have inheritances, property, just like their Roman counterparts, and they were more likely to engage in trade. And we can find this out by looking at other documents, like wills and so forth. So we can sort of see a tension between the sort of prescriptive Confucian ideals and how women actually lived. And in a lot of ways, having wealth allowed women to buy their way out of these constrictive practices and ideas about women. I definitely agree with that irony. It's quite thick here, because she's telling other women to indicate that she is lowly and weak, but Ban Zhao herself, as I mentioned, she's a historian, astronomer, mathematician, Confucian philosopher."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So we can sort of see a tension between the sort of prescriptive Confucian ideals and how women actually lived. And in a lot of ways, having wealth allowed women to buy their way out of these constrictive practices and ideas about women. I definitely agree with that irony. It's quite thick here, because she's telling other women to indicate that she is lowly and weak, but Ban Zhao herself, as I mentioned, she's a historian, astronomer, mathematician, Confucian philosopher. She co-wrote one of the official histories of the Han Empire. She's more prominent and has done more than the great majority of men in her time. So she's clearly not lowly and weak."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's quite thick here, because she's telling other women to indicate that she is lowly and weak, but Ban Zhao herself, as I mentioned, she's a historian, astronomer, mathematician, Confucian philosopher. She co-wrote one of the official histories of the Han Empire. She's more prominent and has done more than the great majority of men in her time. So she's clearly not lowly and weak. So the irony is quite thick. Certainly. It's interesting to look at these things, because like you said, it gives us a sense of the difference, right?"}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So she's clearly not lowly and weak. So the irony is quite thick. Certainly. It's interesting to look at these things, because like you said, it gives us a sense of the difference, right? Like there seems to be quite a different culture at play between Rome and China at this time. And so making that kind of comparison gives us a lot more information about women's lives than simply saying that there's a sort of a single history for all women of this time period. And that's simply not the case."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's interesting to look at these things, because like you said, it gives us a sense of the difference, right? Like there seems to be quite a different culture at play between Rome and China at this time. And so making that kind of comparison gives us a lot more information about women's lives than simply saying that there's a sort of a single history for all women of this time period. And that's simply not the case. As we can see, there are huge differences between the civilizations. Certainly even within civilizations, there can be huge differences. Yes, both of the examples we looked at have been very elite women."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's simply not the case. As we can see, there are huge differences between the civilizations. Certainly even within civilizations, there can be huge differences. Yes, both of the examples we looked at have been very elite women. We're talking about women well within the top 1%. If you went to more average women, their situation would have been very different. Certainly."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Yes, both of the examples we looked at have been very elite women. We're talking about women well within the top 1%. If you went to more average women, their situation would have been very different. Certainly. So this idea that women are supposed to have a nice home full of family and stay within that, well, only wealthy women can really live up to that. Because if you have to leave the house to make a living, you might not be able to sort of create this idyllic household full of children and spend all your time managing that. So that's an important difference as well."}, {"video_title": "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Certainly. So this idea that women are supposed to have a nice home full of family and stay within that, well, only wealthy women can really live up to that. Because if you have to leave the house to make a living, you might not be able to sort of create this idyllic household full of children and spend all your time managing that. So that's an important difference as well. Thanks, Iman. This was really valuable. That's a belle."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So in this lecture, we're going to frame it out, we're going to chop it up, and we're going to serve it up on a battle organ. So let's go get her done right now. So let's start with the big idea first. The big idea is that the Treaty of Versailles, which is the treaty with Germany at the end of World War I at the Paris Peace Conference, is going to severely punish Germany. Like after they lost, they're going to lose big time. We're going to punch them in the face like a thousand times. First they're going to take guilt, we're going to take their land away, we're going to make them pay, we're going to make their army like this big, and really we're going to, in a sense, punish them so harshly that Adolf Hitler is going to be able to use that energy and that sense of German nationalism and pride to really use that to rise himself to power and really start World War II."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The big idea is that the Treaty of Versailles, which is the treaty with Germany at the end of World War I at the Paris Peace Conference, is going to severely punish Germany. Like after they lost, they're going to lose big time. We're going to punch them in the face like a thousand times. First they're going to take guilt, we're going to take their land away, we're going to make them pay, we're going to make their army like this big, and really we're going to, in a sense, punish them so harshly that Adolf Hitler is going to be able to use that energy and that sense of German nationalism and pride to really use that to rise himself to power and really start World War II. So a lot of historians would point to the fact that the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the war with Germany at the end of World War I, is really one of the direct causes for World War II. So now that you can hang your hat on a big idea, let's backdrop a little bit and then take a look at the treaty. Of course you know Armistice Day."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "First they're going to take guilt, we're going to take their land away, we're going to make them pay, we're going to make their army like this big, and really we're going to, in a sense, punish them so harshly that Adolf Hitler is going to be able to use that energy and that sense of German nationalism and pride to really use that to rise himself to power and really start World War II. So a lot of historians would point to the fact that the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the war with Germany at the end of World War I, is really one of the direct causes for World War II. So now that you can hang your hat on a big idea, let's backdrop a little bit and then take a look at the treaty. Of course you know Armistice Day. All school children know Armistice Day, and of course Armistice Day is the beginning of the peace at the end of World War I, at least the fighting stops. That's November 11, 1918. The Treaty of Versailles, which is specifically with the Allied powers and Germany, isn't going to go into effect until June 1919."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Of course you know Armistice Day. All school children know Armistice Day, and of course Armistice Day is the beginning of the peace at the end of World War I, at least the fighting stops. That's November 11, 1918. The Treaty of Versailles, which is specifically with the Allied powers and Germany, isn't going to go into effect until June 1919. That's more than six months after the fighting stopped. So it's a rather lengthy conference to nail down these points of peace, I guess that's what you would say. And it's actually five years to the day that Archduke Ferdinand was shot, which started World War I."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The Treaty of Versailles, which is specifically with the Allied powers and Germany, isn't going to go into effect until June 1919. That's more than six months after the fighting stopped. So it's a rather lengthy conference to nail down these points of peace, I guess that's what you would say. And it's actually five years to the day that Archduke Ferdinand was shot, which started World War I. So, five, cinco, five years after World War I starts, it's kind of officially over, at least with Germany, with the Treaty of Versailles. So it's going to be the big three that are really going to dictate the terms of this treaty. Russia signed a treaty with Germany in 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which really gave lots of land to Germany."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's actually five years to the day that Archduke Ferdinand was shot, which started World War I. So, five, cinco, five years after World War I starts, it's kind of officially over, at least with Germany, with the Treaty of Versailles. So it's going to be the big three that are really going to dictate the terms of this treaty. Russia signed a treaty with Germany in 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which really gave lots of land to Germany. About one third of Russia was given over, about three fourths of their factories and their railroads. About 20 million people ended up in German hands. So the Russians aren't really part of this process anymore."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Russia signed a treaty with Germany in 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which really gave lots of land to Germany. About one third of Russia was given over, about three fourths of their factories and their railroads. About 20 million people ended up in German hands. So the Russians aren't really part of this process anymore. And Germany is certainly not going to be let into the door. And them not being part of this process is going to be part of the anger that they feel. You know, they might primarily be responsible for World War I, but there's some other actors as well."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Russians aren't really part of this process anymore. And Germany is certainly not going to be let into the door. And them not being part of this process is going to be part of the anger that they feel. You know, they might primarily be responsible for World War I, but there's some other actors as well. Austria had a big part of this, Russia had a humongous part of this, and France certainly was ready to be mobilized for war in order to garner some of the land they lost in the 19th century. So there's a lot of blame to go around, but Germany, they're not going to be let into negotiations. The big three, of course, are going to be Woodrow Wilson with his 14 points coming across the Atlantic Ocean."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, they might primarily be responsible for World War I, but there's some other actors as well. Austria had a big part of this, Russia had a humongous part of this, and France certainly was ready to be mobilized for war in order to garner some of the land they lost in the 19th century. So there's a lot of blame to go around, but Germany, they're not going to be let into negotiations. The big three, of course, are going to be Woodrow Wilson with his 14 points coming across the Atlantic Ocean. Why did I do a British accent? From the United States, we have George Clementaux from France, and he's probably the angriest of the bunch. You have to remember that France shares a border with Germany."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The big three, of course, are going to be Woodrow Wilson with his 14 points coming across the Atlantic Ocean. Why did I do a British accent? From the United States, we have George Clementaux from France, and he's probably the angriest of the bunch. You have to remember that France shares a border with Germany. Most of the Western front has fought in France. They lost like one fifth of their adult male population. They're really angered."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You have to remember that France shares a border with Germany. Most of the Western front has fought in France. They lost like one fifth of their adult male population. They're really angered. They don't want to be invaded anymore. And you have David Lloyd George from the UK, the prime minister, and he's really looking for more of a safe peace. They have a huge economic investment in Germany as a trading partner."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They're really angered. They don't want to be invaded anymore. And you have David Lloyd George from the UK, the prime minister, and he's really looking for more of a safe peace. They have a huge economic investment in Germany as a trading partner. He wants things to kind of go back to the way they were, but at the same time, you know, we don't want this to happen again. And then you have the big bubble boy living in the bubble of idealism, Woodrow Wilson, coming from the United States, the Democratic president with his 14 points. And it's just a real partisan effort on Woodrow Wilson's part."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They have a huge economic investment in Germany as a trading partner. He wants things to kind of go back to the way they were, but at the same time, you know, we don't want this to happen again. And then you have the big bubble boy living in the bubble of idealism, Woodrow Wilson, coming from the United States, the Democratic president with his 14 points. And it's just a real partisan effort on Woodrow Wilson's part. There are no Republicans in his posse that go over to the Paris Peace Conference, and that's going to probably be one of his problems down the road when he needs Republican support from Henry Cabot Lodge and the Senate in order to get the Treaty of Versailles ratified in the United States. But you can see that these three guys have different objectives going in, but they're in control of this ballgame, and they're going to dictate the terms. There was a time really where the Germans were thinking about, you know, nixing this treaty, not signing it, and seeing if they could fight off a land invasion."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's just a real partisan effort on Woodrow Wilson's part. There are no Republicans in his posse that go over to the Paris Peace Conference, and that's going to probably be one of his problems down the road when he needs Republican support from Henry Cabot Lodge and the Senate in order to get the Treaty of Versailles ratified in the United States. But you can see that these three guys have different objectives going in, but they're in control of this ballgame, and they're going to dictate the terms. There was a time really where the Germans were thinking about, you know, nixing this treaty, not signing it, and seeing if they could fight off a land invasion. But at the end of the day, they're just too weak, and they're going to be forced to have to sign it. And of course, like we said before, that German anger is going to result in one Adolf Hitler. I would put a side note, because there are some historians that point out, with the rise of fascism and Mussolini in Italy, who was part of, you know, our allied powers in World War I, and they still had a problem with fascism and Mussolini."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "There was a time really where the Germans were thinking about, you know, nixing this treaty, not signing it, and seeing if they could fight off a land invasion. But at the end of the day, they're just too weak, and they're going to be forced to have to sign it. And of course, like we said before, that German anger is going to result in one Adolf Hitler. I would put a side note, because there are some historians that point out, with the rise of fascism and Mussolini in Italy, who was part of, you know, our allied powers in World War I, and they still had a problem with fascism and Mussolini. But at the end of the day, the treaty is still really, really harsh. So let's take a look at some of the different terms of the treaty, and then we'll see if we can't wrap this up. Article 231."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "I would put a side note, because there are some historians that point out, with the rise of fascism and Mussolini in Italy, who was part of, you know, our allied powers in World War I, and they still had a problem with fascism and Mussolini. But at the end of the day, the treaty is still really, really harsh. So let's take a look at some of the different terms of the treaty, and then we'll see if we can't wrap this up. Article 231. Write that down. If you're doing an essay, you've got to put Article 231, because that's the Gilt Clause. That's the part of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany that says, you're bad."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Article 231. Write that down. If you're doing an essay, you've got to put Article 231, because that's the Gilt Clause. That's the part of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany that says, you're bad. You're the one who did it. You're the one who started it. It's all your darn fault."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "That's the part of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany that says, you're bad. You're the one who did it. You're the one who started it. It's all your darn fault. And that war guilt is really going to be a slight in the sense of German nationalism, which is really strong. They're really going to be angry about this. And again, we're going to keep saying it."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "It's all your darn fault. And that war guilt is really going to be a slight in the sense of German nationalism, which is really strong. They're really going to be angry about this. And again, we're going to keep saying it. Adolf Hitler. He's going to be the one that's going to be able to tap into that energy of the German people to bring himself to power in the 19th century. Number two on the list is loss of territory."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And again, we're going to keep saying it. Adolf Hitler. He's going to be the one that's going to be able to tap into that energy of the German people to bring himself to power in the 19th century. Number two on the list is loss of territory. They already are going to lose all that territory that they had gained with the treaty with Russia. That's going to be really going to be, you know, going to Poland. But they're also going to lose about 25,000 square miles, the majority of that being ceded to Poland and some of that going to France."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Number two on the list is loss of territory. They already are going to lose all that territory that they had gained with the treaty with Russia. That's going to be really going to be, you know, going to Poland. But they're also going to lose about 25,000 square miles, the majority of that being ceded to Poland and some of that going to France. And we're going to talk about the demilitarization zone that goes on in the Rhineland. But France, they wanted either their borders to go all the way to the Rhineland, or they at least wanted a new buffer state between them and Germany. But they are going to get demilitarization of the Rhineland, something like 30 or 40 miles east into Germany."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But they're also going to lose about 25,000 square miles, the majority of that being ceded to Poland and some of that going to France. And we're going to talk about the demilitarization zone that goes on in the Rhineland. But France, they wanted either their borders to go all the way to the Rhineland, or they at least wanted a new buffer state between them and Germany. But they are going to get demilitarization of the Rhineland, something like 30 or 40 miles east into Germany. And they're also going to acquire some mineral-rich land in Western Germany that's going to be ceded to France. The League of Nations colonial mandates. We'll talk about the League of Nations in a few minutes here."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But they are going to get demilitarization of the Rhineland, something like 30 or 40 miles east into Germany. And they're also going to acquire some mineral-rich land in Western Germany that's going to be ceded to France. The League of Nations colonial mandates. We'll talk about the League of Nations in a few minutes here. But there are going to be colonial mandates which are going to force Germany to basically give up their sovereignty over these colonies that they have around the world. They have colonies in Africa. They have colonies in the West Indies."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "We'll talk about the League of Nations in a few minutes here. But there are going to be colonial mandates which are going to force Germany to basically give up their sovereignty over these colonies that they have around the world. They have colonies in Africa. They have colonies in the West Indies. They have colonies all over the place. So they're going to be split up. And guess who's going to get them?"}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "They have colonies in the West Indies. They have colonies all over the place. So they're going to be split up. And guess who's going to get them? The majority are going to go to France. It's going to go to Belgium. It's going to go to Japan, who was another ally there."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And guess who's going to get them? The majority are going to go to France. It's going to go to Belgium. It's going to go to Japan, who was another ally there. So they're basically going to take some of the prize possessions of Germany away. And again, the Germans are like, oh, we're really angry. And they have Hutlers going to be like, yeah, follow me."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "It's going to go to Japan, who was another ally there. So they're basically going to take some of the prize possessions of Germany away. And again, the Germans are like, oh, we're really angry. And they have Hutlers going to be like, yeah, follow me. So military restrictions is a huge deal. We're going to make their army so small, you're going to have to do this. Just look at it."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And they have Hutlers going to be like, yeah, follow me. So military restrictions is a huge deal. We're going to make their army so small, you're going to have to do this. Just look at it. It's going to be so tiny. They actually capped the army at 100,000 men. The Navy severely limited."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "Just look at it. It's going to be so tiny. They actually capped the army at 100,000 men. The Navy severely limited. No more submarines. No Air Force. No planes."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The Navy severely limited. No more submarines. No Air Force. No planes. No arms trading. No conscription. And we're also going to basically create a buffer about 30, 40 miles east of the Rhineland where we're going to actually occupy that part of Germany for about 15 years to make sure that they're going to pay the reparations, which we're going to talk about in a second."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "No planes. No arms trading. No conscription. And we're also going to basically create a buffer about 30, 40 miles east of the Rhineland where we're going to actually occupy that part of Germany for about 15 years to make sure that they're going to pay the reparations, which we're going to talk about in a second. And they're going to keep this demilitarization thing going. But again, the German sense of nationalism, that love of their militarism, remember like, you know, Bismarck and all this kind of jazz. You know, Hitler's going to tap into that energy."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And we're also going to basically create a buffer about 30, 40 miles east of the Rhineland where we're going to actually occupy that part of Germany for about 15 years to make sure that they're going to pay the reparations, which we're going to talk about in a second. And they're going to keep this demilitarization thing going. But again, the German sense of nationalism, that love of their militarism, remember like, you know, Bismarck and all this kind of jazz. You know, Hitler's going to tap into that energy. Every time I say Hitler, drink, unless you're a kid. Then you got to have like a milkshake or something. I'm going to say it a lot."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, Hitler's going to tap into that energy. Every time I say Hitler, drink, unless you're a kid. Then you got to have like a milkshake or something. I'm going to say it a lot. War reparations. You know, we've all seen these kind of films of little kids with wheelbarrows filled with money going to buy bread because of the war reparations that were put on the back of the German people. In today's dollars, it's about a half a trillion dollars, about $500 billion."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm going to say it a lot. War reparations. You know, we've all seen these kind of films of little kids with wheelbarrows filled with money going to buy bread because of the war reparations that were put on the back of the German people. In today's dollars, it's about a half a trillion dollars, about $500 billion. The Germans actually only paid back about $50 billion of that. And a lot of that was through the printing of money, which created that hyper superinflation that made bread worth a wheelbarrow of money. But they did take about $20 billion in real money, like gold and assets, right away in order to pay for that occupation in the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland and to pay back some of the costs that the Allied powers had spent fighting this war with Germany."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "In today's dollars, it's about a half a trillion dollars, about $500 billion. The Germans actually only paid back about $50 billion of that. And a lot of that was through the printing of money, which created that hyper superinflation that made bread worth a wheelbarrow of money. But they did take about $20 billion in real money, like gold and assets, right away in order to pay for that occupation in the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland and to pay back some of the costs that the Allied powers had spent fighting this war with Germany. But again, you know, that economic depression that occurs and the blame that goes on, we haven't talked about the blame that Hitler was specifically going to put on the Jews that live in Germany, but that's definitely going to happen in relation to them not winning World War I. The strikes that went on were blamed on the Jews, and the economy was blamed on the Jews as well. And again, you know how that works."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "But they did take about $20 billion in real money, like gold and assets, right away in order to pay for that occupation in the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland and to pay back some of the costs that the Allied powers had spent fighting this war with Germany. But again, you know, that economic depression that occurs and the blame that goes on, we haven't talked about the blame that Hitler was specifically going to put on the Jews that live in Germany, but that's definitely going to happen in relation to them not winning World War I. The strikes that went on were blamed on the Jews, and the economy was blamed on the Jews as well. And again, you know how that works. Hitler's going to use that. He's going to rise to power. He's going to go to World War II."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And again, you know how that works. Hitler's going to use that. He's going to rise to power. He's going to go to World War II. I'm done saying it. I'm done saying it. So the last thing that we'll talk about is actually part one of the Treaty of Versailles."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "He's going to go to World War II. I'm done saying it. I'm done saying it. So the last thing that we'll talk about is actually part one of the Treaty of Versailles. It was part of all of the treaties signed at the end of World War I, which is the creation of the League of Nations. And it's quite ironic, because Woodrow Wilson, who invented the idea of the League of Nations, you know, kind of a United Nations body that would solve world problems to avoid going into something like World War I again, is going to be really the linchpin that is going to get the Germans to sign that treaty. The Germans had signed the armistice on the concept of the 14 points, that this would be a peaceful peace, that they'd be able to regain some type of autonomy and power in their country."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "So the last thing that we'll talk about is actually part one of the Treaty of Versailles. It was part of all of the treaties signed at the end of World War I, which is the creation of the League of Nations. And it's quite ironic, because Woodrow Wilson, who invented the idea of the League of Nations, you know, kind of a United Nations body that would solve world problems to avoid going into something like World War I again, is going to be really the linchpin that is going to get the Germans to sign that treaty. The Germans had signed the armistice on the concept of the 14 points, that this would be a peaceful peace, that they'd be able to regain some type of autonomy and power in their country. And of course, we've talked about all these ways that we're socking it to them, we're punching them in the face. So the Treaty of Versailles is like the one piece of hope, right? The Germans will belong to this, that they'll be able to regain their sense of dignity, honor, nationalism, and the League of Nations will be this fair entity that will be able to take care of Germany and the rest of the world as well."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The Germans had signed the armistice on the concept of the 14 points, that this would be a peaceful peace, that they'd be able to regain some type of autonomy and power in their country. And of course, we've talked about all these ways that we're socking it to them, we're punching them in the face. So the Treaty of Versailles is like the one piece of hope, right? The Germans will belong to this, that they'll be able to regain their sense of dignity, honor, nationalism, and the League of Nations will be this fair entity that will be able to take care of Germany and the rest of the world as well. And of course, that's not going to happen when Woodrow Wilson brings that Treaty of Versailles back to the United States Senate. You remember American politics, he needs two-thirds of a majority of the Senate to ratify that treaty, and it was a partisan effort. There were no Republicans over in the land of Paris when this was going on."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "The Germans will belong to this, that they'll be able to regain their sense of dignity, honor, nationalism, and the League of Nations will be this fair entity that will be able to take care of Germany and the rest of the world as well. And of course, that's not going to happen when Woodrow Wilson brings that Treaty of Versailles back to the United States Senate. You remember American politics, he needs two-thirds of a majority of the Senate to ratify that treaty, and it was a partisan effort. There were no Republicans over in the land of Paris when this was going on. So there's a lot of fear that specifically Article 10 of the League of Nations charter, which basically would say that the League of Nations could bring the United States into a war without congressional approval, is going to be a non-starter. But mostly Republicans, they're going to say, no way, are we going to give up our autonomy of our self-interest to these European war fighters? That's just silly."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "There were no Republicans over in the land of Paris when this was going on. So there's a lot of fear that specifically Article 10 of the League of Nations charter, which basically would say that the League of Nations could bring the United States into a war without congressional approval, is going to be a non-starter. But mostly Republicans, they're going to say, no way, are we going to give up our autonomy of our self-interest to these European war fighters? That's just silly. So Woodrow Wilson, who came up with the League of Nations, and the League of Nations goes into the Treaty of Versailles and the Germans are all excited about it, now the United States, probably the premier world power after World War I, is not going to be a part of it. And that is going to be one of the big reasons it's going to fail. And again, Adolf Hitler is going to rise to power and take us into World War II."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "That's just silly. So Woodrow Wilson, who came up with the League of Nations, and the League of Nations goes into the Treaty of Versailles and the Germans are all excited about it, now the United States, probably the premier world power after World War I, is not going to be a part of it. And that is going to be one of the big reasons it's going to fail. And again, Adolf Hitler is going to rise to power and take us into World War II. Ha! So what do you know? We grew your brain."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "And again, Adolf Hitler is going to rise to power and take us into World War II. Ha! So what do you know? We grew your brain. We prepared you for the test. We prepared you for life. Giddy up for the learning."}, {"video_title": "The Treaty of Versailles Explained.m4a", "Sentence": "We grew your brain. We prepared you for the test. We prepared you for life. Giddy up for the learning. If you haven't subscribed to Hippie History, it's fun, it's funky, it's fast, and of course it's free. All you got to do is click the red button right there and hook a brother up. I always say it guys, where attention goes, energy flows."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In future videos, we're going to go into a lot more depth on a lot of these events and ideas, but this one is to give you context on the big picture. And just to start, let's begin with the name Greece. It turns out that the Greeks do not call where they live Greece, neither did the ancient Greeks. They called it Elas, Elas, Elas. Elas, Elas, and the word Elas comes from Elin. So this comes from Elin, which is this legendary figure who is viewed as a progenitor of the Greek people. You could kind of view him as the father of the Greek people, and it's not well established in the historical record when Elin actually existed, but this is where we get the name Elas from."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They called it Elas, Elas, Elas. Elas, Elas, and the word Elas comes from Elin. So this comes from Elin, which is this legendary figure who is viewed as a progenitor of the Greek people. You could kind of view him as the father of the Greek people, and it's not well established in the historical record when Elin actually existed, but this is where we get the name Elas from. And it's very important, do not confuse this Elin, who was a man, with Helen of Troy. Helen of Troy was a different person. When I was a child and I heard about Hellenic things or the Hellenic period or the Hellenes, I was like, oh, maybe that's something to do with Helen of Troy."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You could kind of view him as the father of the Greek people, and it's not well established in the historical record when Elin actually existed, but this is where we get the name Elas from. And it's very important, do not confuse this Elin, who was a man, with Helen of Troy. Helen of Troy was a different person. When I was a child and I heard about Hellenic things or the Hellenic period or the Hellenes, I was like, oh, maybe that's something to do with Helen of Troy. No, that's referring to the Greek progenitor Elin. And so that's where the word Elas comes from and ideas like Hellenes, which is the Greek people, or Hellenic, which is referring to something that is Greek, or the Hellenistic period, which we'll talk about in many videos from now, which is this period of Greek influence, not just over Greece and the Anatolian Peninsula, but over Persia and over Egypt. So with that out of the way, let's now talk about the big arc of history of ancient Greece."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "When I was a child and I heard about Hellenic things or the Hellenic period or the Hellenes, I was like, oh, maybe that's something to do with Helen of Troy. No, that's referring to the Greek progenitor Elin. And so that's where the word Elas comes from and ideas like Hellenes, which is the Greek people, or Hellenic, which is referring to something that is Greek, or the Hellenistic period, which we'll talk about in many videos from now, which is this period of Greek influence, not just over Greece and the Anatolian Peninsula, but over Persia and over Egypt. So with that out of the way, let's now talk about the big arc of history of ancient Greece. And it's believed that the Greek Peninsula has been settled by human beings for thousands and thousands of years. And as time goes on, we'll hopefully understand more and more about them. But my timeline right over here starts with Mycenaean Greece which is, or it starts with the end of Mycenaean Greece."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So with that out of the way, let's now talk about the big arc of history of ancient Greece. And it's believed that the Greek Peninsula has been settled by human beings for thousands and thousands of years. And as time goes on, we'll hopefully understand more and more about them. But my timeline right over here starts with Mycenaean Greece which is, or it starts with the end of Mycenaean Greece. In other videos, we might talk more about the Mycenaean Empire. And as that empire falls, we enter into the Greek Dark Ages. And the reason why it's called the Dark Ages is there's not a lot of historical record of this period, roughly between 1100 BCE and 800 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But my timeline right over here starts with Mycenaean Greece which is, or it starts with the end of Mycenaean Greece. In other videos, we might talk more about the Mycenaean Empire. And as that empire falls, we enter into the Greek Dark Ages. And the reason why it's called the Dark Ages is there's not a lot of historical record of this period, roughly between 1100 BCE and 800 BCE. Now there's one event, and I'll kind of say that with a slight emphasis or a question, that is worth noting here. I have Trojan War question mark around 1200 BCE. Once again, there's not a strong historic record for the Trojan War, but it is a famous war that was chronicled by Homer, and even Homer, we don't know if he really existed or whether he was an entire literary tradition, but it was chronicled in the Iliad, in the aftermath, in the Odyssey."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the reason why it's called the Dark Ages is there's not a lot of historical record of this period, roughly between 1100 BCE and 800 BCE. Now there's one event, and I'll kind of say that with a slight emphasis or a question, that is worth noting here. I have Trojan War question mark around 1200 BCE. Once again, there's not a strong historic record for the Trojan War, but it is a famous war that was chronicled by Homer, and even Homer, we don't know if he really existed or whether he was an entire literary tradition, but it was chronicled in the Iliad, in the aftermath, in the Odyssey. And once again, this was chronicled many hundreds of years later. And even Homer is a semi-legendary figure. But when people talk about the Trojan Wars or you see movies about it, we're talking about something that if it happened the way it happened, it's on the order of 1200 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Once again, there's not a strong historic record for the Trojan War, but it is a famous war that was chronicled by Homer, and even Homer, we don't know if he really existed or whether he was an entire literary tradition, but it was chronicled in the Iliad, in the aftermath, in the Odyssey. And once again, this was chronicled many hundreds of years later. And even Homer is a semi-legendary figure. But when people talk about the Trojan Wars or you see movies about it, we're talking about something that if it happened the way it happened, it's on the order of 1200 BCE. Now as we exit the Greek Dark Ages, that's when we start to have some of the institutions that really, that we now identify with the ancient Greeks get established. You have the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle of Delphi, often known, or Pythia, often known as the Oracle of Delphi."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But when people talk about the Trojan Wars or you see movies about it, we're talking about something that if it happened the way it happened, it's on the order of 1200 BCE. Now as we exit the Greek Dark Ages, that's when we start to have some of the institutions that really, that we now identify with the ancient Greeks get established. You have the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle of Delphi, often known, or Pythia, often known as the Oracle of Delphi. This is where leaders of the Greek city-states went for direction to understand what was likely to happen, to get prophecies. And this institution, the Oracle at Delphi, lasts through this entire period I have on my timeline into Roman rule for over 1,000 years, where the Oracle of Delphi is a very, very prominent figure in influencing Greek leaders. At around the same time, you also have the Olympic Games, where they are held at Olympia, where people compete to show their athletic prowess."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Oracle of Delphi, often known, or Pythia, often known as the Oracle of Delphi. This is where leaders of the Greek city-states went for direction to understand what was likely to happen, to get prophecies. And this institution, the Oracle at Delphi, lasts through this entire period I have on my timeline into Roman rule for over 1,000 years, where the Oracle of Delphi is a very, very prominent figure in influencing Greek leaders. At around the same time, you also have the Olympic Games, where they are held at Olympia, where people compete to show their athletic prowess. And this ancient Olympic Games, once again, it continues on for over 1,000 years. Our modern Olympics are just kind of a flash in the pan, which, and it was obviously modeled after the ancient Olympics, compared to how long this lasted. Now, when most people think of Greece, they're actually talking about classical Greece."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "At around the same time, you also have the Olympic Games, where they are held at Olympia, where people compete to show their athletic prowess. And this ancient Olympic Games, once again, it continues on for over 1,000 years. Our modern Olympics are just kind of a flash in the pan, which, and it was obviously modeled after the ancient Olympics, compared to how long this lasted. Now, when most people think of Greece, they're actually talking about classical Greece. So this is the classical period right over here. And we're gonna do videos on a lot of these events, but it's roughly the period between the Persian invasions that were successfully put off and the rise of Alexander and the fall of Alexander. And that's where you have all of these ideas of Greek democracy really kind of coming to the surface."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, when most people think of Greece, they're actually talking about classical Greece. So this is the classical period right over here. And we're gonna do videos on a lot of these events, but it's roughly the period between the Persian invasions that were successfully put off and the rise of Alexander and the fall of Alexander. And that's where you have all of these ideas of Greek democracy really kind of coming to the surface. Pericles, the Stratagos of Athens, who had the influence to really help democracy flourish under his leadership or during his leadership. You have the Acropolis and the Parthenon, these famous icons of Greek culture being established. But once again, this is in this period."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's where you have all of these ideas of Greek democracy really kind of coming to the surface. Pericles, the Stratagos of Athens, who had the influence to really help democracy flourish under his leadership or during his leadership. You have the Acropolis and the Parthenon, these famous icons of Greek culture being established. But once again, this is in this period. That's in this period right over here. This is also the period that we associate with the famous Greek philosophers. These lines right over here are the lives of Socrates and Plato, who was Socrates' student, established the famous academy."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But once again, this is in this period. That's in this period right over here. This is also the period that we associate with the famous Greek philosophers. These lines right over here are the lives of Socrates and Plato, who was Socrates' student, established the famous academy. Aristotle, who was Plato's student and famous tutor of Alexander the Great. Now as I mentioned, you had these city states. And the ones that are worth mentioning, or all of them are worth mentioning, but I have in this diagram the most significant city states of ancient Greece that you'll hear a lot about."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "These lines right over here are the lives of Socrates and Plato, who was Socrates' student, established the famous academy. Aristotle, who was Plato's student and famous tutor of Alexander the Great. Now as I mentioned, you had these city states. And the ones that are worth mentioning, or all of them are worth mentioning, but I have in this diagram the most significant city states of ancient Greece that you'll hear a lot about. We talked about the Oracle at Delphi, the Olympic Games at Olympia. A lot of the conversation tends to focus around Sparta and around Athens. And then you'll also hear a lot about Corinth and Thebes."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the ones that are worth mentioning, or all of them are worth mentioning, but I have in this diagram the most significant city states of ancient Greece that you'll hear a lot about. We talked about the Oracle at Delphi, the Olympic Games at Olympia. A lot of the conversation tends to focus around Sparta and around Athens. And then you'll also hear a lot about Corinth and Thebes. Sparta is famous for its militaristic society. It's often glorified, but it's also worth noting that they were significant slave owners at different parts in Spartan history. They had somewhere between seven and 20 slaves for every Spartan."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you'll also hear a lot about Corinth and Thebes. Sparta is famous for its militaristic society. It's often glorified, but it's also worth noting that they were significant slave owners at different parts in Spartan history. They had somewhere between seven and 20 slaves for every Spartan. Athens is famous for its philosophy. It's famous for the birthplace of democracy. It's famous for its art."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They had somewhere between seven and 20 slaves for every Spartan. Athens is famous for its philosophy. It's famous for the birthplace of democracy. It's famous for its art. It's famous for its architecture. Actually, all of these areas are famous for its architecture. But it's also worth noting that during the Golden Age and you have the Athenian Empire, they were also pretty brutal in putting down rebellion and in some ways subjugating different people."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's famous for its art. It's famous for its architecture. Actually, all of these areas are famous for its architecture. But it's also worth noting that during the Golden Age and you have the Athenian Empire, they were also pretty brutal in putting down rebellion and in some ways subjugating different people. So it depends how you want to view things. And we're gonna have a lot of videos on all of these things. But at that time, we talk about these city states, even though they shared a common language and common culture, they went to the Olympic, they sent folks to the Olympic Games, they went to the Oracle of Delphi, they were independent states."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But it's also worth noting that during the Golden Age and you have the Athenian Empire, they were also pretty brutal in putting down rebellion and in some ways subjugating different people. So it depends how you want to view things. And we're gonna have a lot of videos on all of these things. But at that time, we talk about these city states, even though they shared a common language and common culture, they went to the Olympic, they sent folks to the Olympic Games, they went to the Oracle of Delphi, they were independent states. And it wasn't until you have Philip of Macedonia in the fourth century right over here where he starts to really unify these Greek city states. And it culminates with his son, Alexander the Great. And Alexander the Great not only unifies Greece, but he takes over the Persian Empire and really kind of with his death, and he has a very short life, he ushers in the Hellenistic period where you have Greek culture influencing that entire region, not only Greece, not only what was the Persian Empire, the Middle East, Egypt, that whole region gets influenced by Greek culture."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But at that time, we talk about these city states, even though they shared a common language and common culture, they went to the Olympic, they sent folks to the Olympic Games, they went to the Oracle of Delphi, they were independent states. And it wasn't until you have Philip of Macedonia in the fourth century right over here where he starts to really unify these Greek city states. And it culminates with his son, Alexander the Great. And Alexander the Great not only unifies Greece, but he takes over the Persian Empire and really kind of with his death, and he has a very short life, he ushers in the Hellenistic period where you have Greek culture influencing that entire region, not only Greece, not only what was the Persian Empire, the Middle East, Egypt, that whole region gets influenced by Greek culture. And Greece, I guess you could say at the end, finally gets under Roman control and it depends which date you wanna use it. In the middle of the second century BCE is when Greece itself falls to Rome, but then other parts of, I guess you could say, the Hellenistic world finally succumb to Rome, for example, Ptolemaic Egypt in the first century BCE. But even then, even when it becomes part of the Roman Empire, it influences the Roman Empire very, very, very heavily."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Alexander the Great not only unifies Greece, but he takes over the Persian Empire and really kind of with his death, and he has a very short life, he ushers in the Hellenistic period where you have Greek culture influencing that entire region, not only Greece, not only what was the Persian Empire, the Middle East, Egypt, that whole region gets influenced by Greek culture. And Greece, I guess you could say at the end, finally gets under Roman control and it depends which date you wanna use it. In the middle of the second century BCE is when Greece itself falls to Rome, but then other parts of, I guess you could say, the Hellenistic world finally succumb to Rome, for example, Ptolemaic Egypt in the first century BCE. But even then, even when it becomes part of the Roman Empire, it influences the Roman Empire very, very, very heavily. Now, other things that you will hear us talk about when we discuss the Greeks, besides the democracy and the philosophy, we're gonna talk a lot about wars. And it's worth noting what Greek warriors looked like. So this is a depiction of hoplites, which are Greek citizen soldiers in ancient Greece."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But even then, even when it becomes part of the Roman Empire, it influences the Roman Empire very, very, very heavily. Now, other things that you will hear us talk about when we discuss the Greeks, besides the democracy and the philosophy, we're gonna talk a lot about wars. And it's worth noting what Greek warriors looked like. So this is a depiction of hoplites, which are Greek citizen soldiers in ancient Greece. And you'll also hear about a phalanx. A phalanx is the formation where they walked or they marched very tightly together. And when archers came, they would put all their shields up and they'd almost be like this armored tank."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is a depiction of hoplites, which are Greek citizen soldiers in ancient Greece. And you'll also hear about a phalanx. A phalanx is the formation where they walked or they marched very tightly together. And when archers came, they would put all their shields up and they'd almost be like this armored tank. And it was a very effective method of warfare. Another word that you will hear associated with Sparta and those slaves is helots. Those were the names of those slaves."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And when archers came, they would put all their shields up and they'd almost be like this armored tank. And it was a very effective method of warfare. Another word that you will hear associated with Sparta and those slaves is helots. Those were the names of those slaves. And they weren't owned by individuals. They were actually owned by the state. Now, some of the other cities here, Corinth will come up a lot."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Those were the names of those slaves. And they weren't owned by individuals. They were actually owned by the state. Now, some of the other cities here, Corinth will come up a lot. It has a very strategic location in the Ithmus of Corinth. Notice to get from the mainland, or I guess into the Peloponnesian Peninsula, you have to go through this Ithmus. Thebes right here was a significant rival to Athens."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, some of the other cities here, Corinth will come up a lot. It has a very strategic location in the Ithmus of Corinth. Notice to get from the mainland, or I guess into the Peloponnesian Peninsula, you have to go through this Ithmus. Thebes right here was a significant rival to Athens. At different periods of Greek history, it was the dominant city. Now, the last thing I wanna mention is there's just a ton of culture that comes from the Greeks and a lot of words that we even use today. For example, the word draconian, which is used for something that's very harsh."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Thebes right here was a significant rival to Athens. At different periods of Greek history, it was the dominant city. Now, the last thing I wanna mention is there's just a ton of culture that comes from the Greeks and a lot of words that we even use today. For example, the word draconian, which is used for something that's very harsh. Well, that comes from Draco's Law, which came in the 7th century BCE from Athens. He composed, he was an Athenian legislator who composed a very harsh series of laws, and that's where the word draconian comes from. When people say something is Spartan, they kind of imagine it's something that's very basic or you just have the necessities."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "For example, the word draconian, which is used for something that's very harsh. Well, that comes from Draco's Law, which came in the 7th century BCE from Athens. He composed, he was an Athenian legislator who composed a very harsh series of laws, and that's where the word draconian comes from. When people say something is Spartan, they kind of imagine it's something that's very basic or you just have the necessities. And it comes from the idea of Spartan culture that they really, everything revolved around military necessity. Even the word laconic, which means someone who doesn't, you know, says just enough to get their meaning across, it comes from the region where Sparta is, Laconia. The Spartans were famous for their kind of very terse speech, famously when Philip of Macedon was threatening the Spartans and he's saying, if you don't come onto my side, I'm going to do this and that to you."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "When people say something is Spartan, they kind of imagine it's something that's very basic or you just have the necessities. And it comes from the idea of Spartan culture that they really, everything revolved around military necessity. Even the word laconic, which means someone who doesn't, you know, says just enough to get their meaning across, it comes from the region where Sparta is, Laconia. The Spartans were famous for their kind of very terse speech, famously when Philip of Macedon was threatening the Spartans and he's saying, if you don't come onto my side, I'm going to do this and that to you. If you don't become part of my kingdom, my empire, I'm going to do this to your city, I'm going to do that to your people. And the Spartans' famous reply was, if, which is kind of a good example of laconic speech with that one word they were able to convey a lot. So I'm going to leave you there."}, {"video_title": "Overview of ancient Greece World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Spartans were famous for their kind of very terse speech, famously when Philip of Macedon was threatening the Spartans and he's saying, if you don't come onto my side, I'm going to do this and that to you. If you don't become part of my kingdom, my empire, I'm going to do this to your city, I'm going to do that to your people. And the Spartans' famous reply was, if, which is kind of a good example of laconic speech with that one word they were able to convey a lot. So I'm going to leave you there. In the next few videos, we're going to go into some depth on this. But it's important to realize that when people talk about ancient Greece, they're talking about a large span of history. And most of what we associate with ancient Greece, the Acropolis, the Parthenon, the Persian Wars, the great Greek philosophers, most of that is associated with the classical period, often associated with the Golden Age, which is right around there."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in a previous video, we talk about the Xia Dynasty, which we're not sure whether it exists because we don't have a lot of historical documentation. But based on legend, it apparently emerged around 2100, 2200 BCE, so we're talking about over 4,000 years ago, and lasted until the emergence of the Shang Dynasty in 1600 BCE. Now the Shang Dynasty, you could view as the first real historical dynasty because we have artifacts, we have archeological evidence, we even have writing, the famous oracle bones of the Shang Dynasty that were used to make decisions to prognosticate about the future. And what's interesting about this writing on these oracle bones that are over 3,000 years old is that modern Chinese script has actually evolved from this over 3,000 year old writing. Also in that Shang Dynasty, we see major bronze artifacts. And once again, it's the first real historical evidence we see of a reasonably large geographic area being unified around the Yellow and the Yangtze River. Now in that video on the Shang Dynasty, we talk about how it eventually falls in 1046 BCE, and it falls to the Zhou Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And what's interesting about this writing on these oracle bones that are over 3,000 years old is that modern Chinese script has actually evolved from this over 3,000 year old writing. Also in that Shang Dynasty, we see major bronze artifacts. And once again, it's the first real historical evidence we see of a reasonably large geographic area being unified around the Yellow and the Yangtze River. Now in that video on the Shang Dynasty, we talk about how it eventually falls in 1046 BCE, and it falls to the Zhou Dynasty. And the Zhou Dynasty, they defeat the last Shang Emperor, Di Xin, at the Battle of Muyi in 1046. And based on their view of things or current historical accounts, Di Xin became a corrupt ruler, he was under the influence of his consort, and the Zhous say, hey, the reason why we were able to defeat them and overthrow them and establish a new dynasty is because of the mandate of heaven. The mandate of heaven is this idea that will be incorporated by the Zhou Dynasty and then becomes part of Chinese culture and tradition for thousands of years after that."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in that video on the Shang Dynasty, we talk about how it eventually falls in 1046 BCE, and it falls to the Zhou Dynasty. And the Zhou Dynasty, they defeat the last Shang Emperor, Di Xin, at the Battle of Muyi in 1046. And based on their view of things or current historical accounts, Di Xin became a corrupt ruler, he was under the influence of his consort, and the Zhous say, hey, the reason why we were able to defeat them and overthrow them and establish a new dynasty is because of the mandate of heaven. The mandate of heaven is this idea that will be incorporated by the Zhou Dynasty and then becomes part of Chinese culture and tradition for thousands of years after that. Heaven in this sense is not a place in the clouds that some might imagine in a Western tradition. It's really, you could view it as a guiding force of the universe. And it's this idea that if leaders become incapable, they become correct, that this guiding force of the universe will throw them out and put more capable leaders in power."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The mandate of heaven is this idea that will be incorporated by the Zhou Dynasty and then becomes part of Chinese culture and tradition for thousands of years after that. Heaven in this sense is not a place in the clouds that some might imagine in a Western tradition. It's really, you could view it as a guiding force of the universe. And it's this idea that if leaders become incapable, they become correct, that this guiding force of the universe will throw them out and put more capable leaders in power. And so King Wu of Zhou, who defeats Di Xin at the Battle of Muyi, he invokes this mandate of heaven and will continue to be invoked throughout the Zhou Dynasty. Now, the Zhou Dynasty is going to be a very long-lasting dynasty, but it is not centralized. It can be described as kind of a feudal system."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's this idea that if leaders become incapable, they become correct, that this guiding force of the universe will throw them out and put more capable leaders in power. And so King Wu of Zhou, who defeats Di Xin at the Battle of Muyi, he invokes this mandate of heaven and will continue to be invoked throughout the Zhou Dynasty. Now, the Zhou Dynasty is going to be a very long-lasting dynasty, but it is not centralized. It can be described as kind of a feudal system. There's multiple kingdoms who have allegiance to the Zhous, and at multiple times, they have different degrees of autonomy and of power. Now, the Zhou Dynasty is generally divided into the Western Zhou, when the capital's in the west, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, when the capital moves to the east. Now, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, this period right over here between 770 BCE and 476 BCE, often known as the spring and autumn periods, this is often referred to as a significant period of philosophical golden age in China."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It can be described as kind of a feudal system. There's multiple kingdoms who have allegiance to the Zhous, and at multiple times, they have different degrees of autonomy and of power. Now, the Zhou Dynasty is generally divided into the Western Zhou, when the capital's in the west, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, when the capital moves to the east. Now, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, this period right over here between 770 BCE and 476 BCE, often known as the spring and autumn periods, this is often referred to as a significant period of philosophical golden age in China. It was the time of Confucius. It was the time of Lao Tzu, who comes up with the Dao or the core of the Dao philosophy. So a lot of major philosophical underpinnings of even modern China start to emerge in this time."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, this period right over here between 770 BCE and 476 BCE, often known as the spring and autumn periods, this is often referred to as a significant period of philosophical golden age in China. It was the time of Confucius. It was the time of Lao Tzu, who comes up with the Dao or the core of the Dao philosophy. So a lot of major philosophical underpinnings of even modern China start to emerge in this time. Now, at the latter half of the Eastern Zhou period, you have the Warring States period, and that's where you see these dotted lines, and the Zhou Dynasty, which was already very decentralized, becomes even more fragmented, and China really doesn't get well unified again until 221 BCE. In 221 BCE, you have the emergence of the Qin Dynasty, and even though the Qin Dynasty is very short-lived, it only lasts a few decades, it's significant in that it's the first really strong central dynasty. It's often referred to as the first imperial dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So a lot of major philosophical underpinnings of even modern China start to emerge in this time. Now, at the latter half of the Eastern Zhou period, you have the Warring States period, and that's where you see these dotted lines, and the Zhou Dynasty, which was already very decentralized, becomes even more fragmented, and China really doesn't get well unified again until 221 BCE. In 221 BCE, you have the emergence of the Qin Dynasty, and even though the Qin Dynasty is very short-lived, it only lasts a few decades, it's significant in that it's the first really strong central dynasty. It's often referred to as the first imperial dynasty. As we mentioned about the Zhous, very decentralized, this feudal system, but the Qin Dynasty under Qin Shi Huang Di, or sometimes Qin Shi Huang, he is a very strong ruler. He sets up this legalistic government, very strict legal codes. He really oppressed his opponents in significant ways, but the byproduct of that is he was able to really unify China."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's often referred to as the first imperial dynasty. As we mentioned about the Zhous, very decentralized, this feudal system, but the Qin Dynasty under Qin Shi Huang Di, or sometimes Qin Shi Huang, he is a very strong ruler. He sets up this legalistic government, very strict legal codes. He really oppressed his opponents in significant ways, but the byproduct of that is he was able to really unify China. Now, other things that he did, the Great Wall of China, which didn't just get built by him, but there were already walls that were being erected throughout China at this time, he started to unify these walls, and then break down the walls that were within his empire, and so he's often credited as really starting the formation of what we now call the Great Wall of China, which was kept being built and improved upon by later generations, later dynasties. The other thing that he's well-known for is establishing this centralized bureaucracy that has, where the civil servants are able to earn their spots based on taking exams. This would last for several thousand years in China."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He really oppressed his opponents in significant ways, but the byproduct of that is he was able to really unify China. Now, other things that he did, the Great Wall of China, which didn't just get built by him, but there were already walls that were being erected throughout China at this time, he started to unify these walls, and then break down the walls that were within his empire, and so he's often credited as really starting the formation of what we now call the Great Wall of China, which was kept being built and improved upon by later generations, later dynasties. The other thing that he's well-known for is establishing this centralized bureaucracy that has, where the civil servants are able to earn their spots based on taking exams. This would last for several thousand years in China. Now, as I mentioned, the Qin Dynasty would be short-lived, but then it would be followed by one of the most significant dynasties in Chinese history that really takes the work of the Qin, but makes it a little bit more moderate, and the Han Dynasty is often referred to by Chinese historians as the Golden Age of China. It's a time where Confucian philosophy really becomes dominant. You have significant advances in math, science, and technology."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This would last for several thousand years in China. Now, as I mentioned, the Qin Dynasty would be short-lived, but then it would be followed by one of the most significant dynasties in Chinese history that really takes the work of the Qin, but makes it a little bit more moderate, and the Han Dynasty is often referred to by Chinese historians as the Golden Age of China. It's a time where Confucian philosophy really becomes dominant. You have significant advances in math, science, and technology. This is an image of the nine chapters on the mathematical art, where ideas like Gaussian elimination and Cramer's rule, things that wouldn't be explored in Europe for over a thousand years, are documented during Han China. You have the famous paper-making emerge during Han China, and as you can see, it lasts for over 400 years. There's a brief period right over here where you have the Qin Dynasty gets established, and that separates the Western Han from the Eastern Han, but this is a significant period of development of Chinese philosophy, Chinese writing, Chinese technology that lasts even until today."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have significant advances in math, science, and technology. This is an image of the nine chapters on the mathematical art, where ideas like Gaussian elimination and Cramer's rule, things that wouldn't be explored in Europe for over a thousand years, are documented during Han China. You have the famous paper-making emerge during Han China, and as you can see, it lasts for over 400 years. There's a brief period right over here where you have the Qin Dynasty gets established, and that separates the Western Han from the Eastern Han, but this is a significant period of development of Chinese philosophy, Chinese writing, Chinese technology that lasts even until today. And to get an appreciation of the Confucian philosophy, remember, Confucian lived over several hundred years before the Han Dynasty, but this is when it really becomes the philosophy, or even you could think of the religion of China. I'll leave you with a few quotes from Confucius, and I'll do a whole video on him later on, but these are some of my favorite. Real knowledge is to know the extent of one's ignorance, and this is a version of the Golden Rule."}, {"video_title": "Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's a brief period right over here where you have the Qin Dynasty gets established, and that separates the Western Han from the Eastern Han, but this is a significant period of development of Chinese philosophy, Chinese writing, Chinese technology that lasts even until today. And to get an appreciation of the Confucian philosophy, remember, Confucian lived over several hundred years before the Han Dynasty, but this is when it really becomes the philosophy, or even you could think of the religion of China. I'll leave you with a few quotes from Confucius, and I'll do a whole video on him later on, but these are some of my favorite. Real knowledge is to know the extent of one's ignorance, and this is a version of the Golden Rule. Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire. And to put into context, these ideas of Confucius, the writing, the mathematics that was developed there, it was the civil service, these continue on for several thousand years, and this was during the time, just to think about what else was going on in the world, this was at the time of the Roman Empire. And so it is interesting that at the time of the Qin and then Han Dynasties, where you first have this real centralized empire, that was right around the time that Rome itself was also becoming centralized, and it's interesting to think about what was it about that period of history where you have these two significant empires starting to really emerge, and they weren't completely isolated."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Might be a duke. And you could keep going down this. Maybe you have a count. Maybe you have a baron. And you could keep going down this chain of nobility where one noble is pledging fealty to the king, is a king's vassal, but then they are lord of another vassal. And you keep going all the way down until you get to a plot of land where the actual work might occur. And that term is often referred to as a manor."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Maybe you have a baron. And you could keep going down this chain of nobility where one noble is pledging fealty to the king, is a king's vassal, but then they are lord of another vassal. And you keep going all the way down until you get to a plot of land where the actual work might occur. And that term is often referred to as a manor. And a manor just doesn't happen at the bottom of this pyramid. A duke can have a manor, and they can split up the rest of their duchy and give sections of it to form counties that could be led by counts. But what we're going to focus on in this video is the manor itself, because that's where life in a medieval community actually takes place."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that term is often referred to as a manor. And a manor just doesn't happen at the bottom of this pyramid. A duke can have a manor, and they can split up the rest of their duchy and give sections of it to form counties that could be led by counts. But what we're going to focus on in this video is the manor itself, because that's where life in a medieval community actually takes place. And the work on a manor is done essentially by the lowest rung of the ladder. And that is both free peasants and also by serfs. To get a sense of what a medieval manor could have looked like, here's a picture."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But what we're going to focus on in this video is the manor itself, because that's where life in a medieval community actually takes place. And the work on a manor is done essentially by the lowest rung of the ladder. And that is both free peasants and also by serfs. To get a sense of what a medieval manor could have looked like, here's a picture. This would have been a particularly fancy manor right over here. This is a ducal manor. So this would have been the manor of a duke."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "To get a sense of what a medieval manor could have looked like, here's a picture. This would have been a particularly fancy manor right over here. This is a ducal manor. So this would have been the manor of a duke. So it could be something like that right over here. And in this picture, you see the manor house, which in this case is the duke's castle. In many medieval communities were the highest ranking of the nobility, right beneath the king."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this would have been the manor of a duke. So it could be something like that right over here. And in this picture, you see the manor house, which in this case is the duke's castle. In many medieval communities were the highest ranking of the nobility, right beneath the king. And so we see these people actually working the field. And we don't know from looking at them, some of them might be free peasants. Maybe this gentleman right over here is a free peasant."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In many medieval communities were the highest ranking of the nobility, right beneath the king. And so we see these people actually working the field. And we don't know from looking at them, some of them might be free peasants. Maybe this gentleman right over here is a free peasant. And this person right over here is a serf. And the word serf comes from the Latin for service, the same word that eventually gives us words like servant. And there's some place in between a free peasant and a slave."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Maybe this gentleman right over here is a free peasant. And this person right over here is a serf. And the word serf comes from the Latin for service, the same word that eventually gives us words like servant. And there's some place in between a free peasant and a slave. They are bonded to the lord of the manor. In this case, it would be a duke, but you could go down this hierarchy. You could have a manor where the lord is a baron or the lord is a knight or the lord is just someone who is very wealthy and somehow got access to a fiefdom."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's some place in between a free peasant and a slave. They are bonded to the lord of the manor. In this case, it would be a duke, but you could go down this hierarchy. You could have a manor where the lord is a baron or the lord is a knight or the lord is just someone who is very wealthy and somehow got access to a fiefdom. So the serfs are bonded to the land. They can't leave without their permission. They are allowed to cultivate certain tracts of land themselves, but they also have to work for their lord."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You could have a manor where the lord is a baron or the lord is a knight or the lord is just someone who is very wealthy and somehow got access to a fiefdom. So the serfs are bonded to the land. They can't leave without their permission. They are allowed to cultivate certain tracts of land themselves, but they also have to work for their lord. So they might help plant crops and harvest crops in the lord's land as well. And they also give a percentage of everything that they grow or everything that they do to the actual lord. And if the lord needs to go into war, they might have to be soldiers in that war."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They are allowed to cultivate certain tracts of land themselves, but they also have to work for their lord. So they might help plant crops and harvest crops in the lord's land as well. And they also give a percentage of everything that they grow or everything that they do to the actual lord. And if the lord needs to go into war, they might have to be soldiers in that war. You might be wondering, well, that sounds pretty bad. It sounds similar to being a slave. One of the key differences is that a serf actually can accumulate things on their own."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And if the lord needs to go into war, they might have to be soldiers in that war. You might be wondering, well, that sounds pretty bad. It sounds similar to being a slave. One of the key differences is that a serf actually can accumulate things on their own. They can actually own property. Now, another term or sometimes a subcategorization of serf in the Middle Ages is the term villain. And I know what you're thinking."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "One of the key differences is that a serf actually can accumulate things on their own. They can actually own property. Now, another term or sometimes a subcategorization of serf in the Middle Ages is the term villain. And I know what you're thinking. You have heard that term before. The villain today means a bad guy. But the term originally comes from the Roman Empire when Diocletian, the famous emperor who persecuted Christians, he also, because they were having trouble getting labor in rural villas, he began to decree that certain people had to work in the villas."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I know what you're thinking. You have heard that term before. The villain today means a bad guy. But the term originally comes from the Roman Empire when Diocletian, the famous emperor who persecuted Christians, he also, because they were having trouble getting labor in rural villas, he began to decree that certain people had to work in the villas. And so someone who was compelled to work at a villa was called a villain. And so they were bonded to the land. They were a type of serf."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the term originally comes from the Roman Empire when Diocletian, the famous emperor who persecuted Christians, he also, because they were having trouble getting labor in rural villas, he began to decree that certain people had to work in the villas. And so someone who was compelled to work at a villa was called a villain. And so they were bonded to the land. They were a type of serf. Now, the fact that villain in English, it means someone who is bad, it gives you an idea how in a lot of languages, in a lot of cultures, the notion of being captive or bonded and poor gets associated with being bad, which seems very contrary to our modern view of the world. Now, to get a top-level view of what a manor might look like, we don't know what type of manor this is in particular, but the manor house here seems a little bit more humble than this ducal manor right over here. This could be a, maybe a baron's manor house."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were a type of serf. Now, the fact that villain in English, it means someone who is bad, it gives you an idea how in a lot of languages, in a lot of cultures, the notion of being captive or bonded and poor gets associated with being bad, which seems very contrary to our modern view of the world. Now, to get a top-level view of what a manor might look like, we don't know what type of manor this is in particular, but the manor house here seems a little bit more humble than this ducal manor right over here. This could be a, maybe a baron's manor house. Now, the manor often had a village. This is where the serfs or the free peasants might live, keep their homes. And then you see the land that is cultivated collectively by this community, not just the actors that we've just talked about."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This could be a, maybe a baron's manor house. Now, the manor often had a village. This is where the serfs or the free peasants might live, keep their homes. And then you see the land that is cultivated collectively by this community, not just the actors that we've just talked about. You might also have a church or a monastery on that manor right over here. And these strips of land, they might have different crops and the output of those crops go to different people. The one common factor is the lord of the manor might get all of the crops from some of these strips, while on the other strips, they get the taxation, so they'll get a certain percentage from the crops there."}, {"video_title": "Manorialism and serfs World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you see the land that is cultivated collectively by this community, not just the actors that we've just talked about. You might also have a church or a monastery on that manor right over here. And these strips of land, they might have different crops and the output of those crops go to different people. The one common factor is the lord of the manor might get all of the crops from some of these strips, while on the other strips, they get the taxation, so they'll get a certain percentage from the crops there. But all of the work is done by the serfs and the free peasants, and possibly, if this is a monastery and there are some monks at the monastery. Now, one interesting thing is why you often see in these manor maps these long strips of land. And our resident agricultural expert at Khan Academy, David Reinstrom, says it's because the medieval plows, once you got going, you didn't wanna turn them around."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have many of Timur's descendants with their own kingdoms, especially in Central Asia. In 1483, in the Central Asian city of Andijan, now part of Eastern Uzbekistan, you have one of Timur's grandsons, two great-grandsons born Babur. And at the age of 12, Babur takes the throne of Fergana after the death of his father. Now over the next few decades, he tries to consolidate control. He tries to take control of Samarkand, loses control, and then of Fergana, and keeps repeatedly losing control. Early in the 16th century, he is able to take Kabul, but then decides to focus on India instead of Central Asia. In 1526, famously with the use of cannons, which had not been used in a significant way in the Indian subcontinent until that time, Babur was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate and come to power in northern India."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now over the next few decades, he tries to consolidate control. He tries to take control of Samarkand, loses control, and then of Fergana, and keeps repeatedly losing control. Early in the 16th century, he is able to take Kabul, but then decides to focus on India instead of Central Asia. In 1526, famously with the use of cannons, which had not been used in a significant way in the Indian subcontinent until that time, Babur was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate and come to power in northern India. And you can see in this blue-gray color, this is the territory that Babur was able to rule over until his death in 1530. Mogul is just the Persian word for Mongol. Remember, Babur is a descendant of Timur, who is a Turco-Mongolian conqueror."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1526, famously with the use of cannons, which had not been used in a significant way in the Indian subcontinent until that time, Babur was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate and come to power in northern India. And you can see in this blue-gray color, this is the territory that Babur was able to rule over until his death in 1530. Mogul is just the Persian word for Mongol. Remember, Babur is a descendant of Timur, who is a Turco-Mongolian conqueror. On his mother's side, he claims descendancy from Genghis Khan, but Persian is the language of his court, and so it significantly increases the Persian influence in north Indian culture. After his death, his son Humayun comes to power. Humayun has difficulty retaining power."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember, Babur is a descendant of Timur, who is a Turco-Mongolian conqueror. On his mother's side, he claims descendancy from Genghis Khan, but Persian is the language of his court, and so it significantly increases the Persian influence in north Indian culture. After his death, his son Humayun comes to power. Humayun has difficulty retaining power. He has various family rivalries to contend with, and eventually he is dethroned by the Pashtun Suri dynasty. He goes to the Safavids and with their help is able to retake control, but then trips on stairs and dies, and then his son Akbar comes to power. Now, Akbar is perhaps most famous of all of the Mughal rulers."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Humayun has difficulty retaining power. He has various family rivalries to contend with, and eventually he is dethroned by the Pashtun Suri dynasty. He goes to the Safavids and with their help is able to retake control, but then trips on stairs and dies, and then his son Akbar comes to power. Now, Akbar is perhaps most famous of all of the Mughal rulers. As you can see, he's able to rule over India for some time. As just mentioned, Humayun essentially had to reconquer, retake the throne, and his hold on power was relatively weak, but now Akbar is able to expand the territory that you see in this light purple mauve color. He's able to increase the central authority, and perhaps most importantly, he tries to unify India culturally."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Akbar is perhaps most famous of all of the Mughal rulers. As you can see, he's able to rule over India for some time. As just mentioned, Humayun essentially had to reconquer, retake the throne, and his hold on power was relatively weak, but now Akbar is able to expand the territory that you see in this light purple mauve color. He's able to increase the central authority, and perhaps most importantly, he tries to unify India culturally. The Mughals are Muslim and are relatively tolerant up through Akbar and to some degree, Jahangir of other religions, but Akbar takes a very pluralistic approach. He's famous for holding court with religious scholars throughout the empire, and even trying to merge the religions, creating what some would consider a religion of his own that would later be called din-i-ilahi, the religion of God. Many Jain and Hindu principles appeal to him."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's able to increase the central authority, and perhaps most importantly, he tries to unify India culturally. The Mughals are Muslim and are relatively tolerant up through Akbar and to some degree, Jahangir of other religions, but Akbar takes a very pluralistic approach. He's famous for holding court with religious scholars throughout the empire, and even trying to merge the religions, creating what some would consider a religion of his own that would later be called din-i-ilahi, the religion of God. Many Jain and Hindu principles appeal to him. He becomes a vegetarian. He bans the slaughtering of cows. At his death in 1605, his son Jahangir comes to power."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Many Jain and Hindu principles appeal to him. He becomes a vegetarian. He bans the slaughtering of cows. At his death in 1605, his son Jahangir comes to power. Historians consider Jahangir to be relatively tolerant like Akbar, and to continue the interest in the sciences and the arts that you saw in the Mughal court under Akbar, but he's a little bit more controversial. As we talked about in the Sikhism video, he famously tortures and executes Guru Arjan. Some would say it was because Guru Arjan was siding with Jahangir's son who was trying to rebel."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "At his death in 1605, his son Jahangir comes to power. Historians consider Jahangir to be relatively tolerant like Akbar, and to continue the interest in the sciences and the arts that you saw in the Mughal court under Akbar, but he's a little bit more controversial. As we talked about in the Sikhism video, he famously tortures and executes Guru Arjan. Some would say it was because Guru Arjan was siding with Jahangir's son who was trying to rebel. Others would say that it was because Guru Arjan was getting a following in Punjab and that Jahangir was insecure of his own hold on power and decided to execute Guru Arjan, but he is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan, who becomes decisively less tolerant. His reign, however, is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture with the crowning achievement, arguably, the Taj Mahal, which is a mausoleum that he commissions in the 1630s to house the body of his dead wife. As you can see here, it's housed in Agra, and Agra and Delhi, at various points during the Mughal Empire, are the capital."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some would say it was because Guru Arjan was siding with Jahangir's son who was trying to rebel. Others would say that it was because Guru Arjan was getting a following in Punjab and that Jahangir was insecure of his own hold on power and decided to execute Guru Arjan, but he is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan, who becomes decisively less tolerant. His reign, however, is known as the golden age of Mughal architecture with the crowning achievement, arguably, the Taj Mahal, which is a mausoleum that he commissions in the 1630s to house the body of his dead wife. As you can see here, it's housed in Agra, and Agra and Delhi, at various points during the Mughal Empire, are the capital. There's a few moments when it is at Lahore. He is eventually imprisoned by his son, Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb is considered a very strong and authoritarian ruler."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As you can see here, it's housed in Agra, and Agra and Delhi, at various points during the Mughal Empire, are the capital. There's a few moments when it is at Lahore. He is eventually imprisoned by his son, Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb is considered a very strong and authoritarian ruler. You can see here that he is able to expand the territory of the Mughal Empire well into South India. At its maximum extent, the Mughal Empire is now rivaling the amount of territory that was controlled by the Maurya Empire roughly 2,000 years before this time. Despite being the last truly strong Mughal emperor, he's also known as the least tolerant of the emperors."}, {"video_title": "Mughal rule in India 1450 - Present World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Aurangzeb is considered a very strong and authoritarian ruler. You can see here that he is able to expand the territory of the Mughal Empire well into South India. At its maximum extent, the Mughal Empire is now rivaling the amount of territory that was controlled by the Maurya Empire roughly 2,000 years before this time. Despite being the last truly strong Mughal emperor, he's also known as the least tolerant of the emperors. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, he's succeeded by weaker and weaker Mughal rulers. The 18th century, you see a significant decline in the power of the Mughals, the territory they have. Delhi is famously sacked by Nader Shah, the Persian conqueror."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Muhammad, as we talked about, was born roughly in 570 and dies in 632. And on this timeline here, the white period is before, according to Muslim traditions, that he started having the revelations from God. And the brown period is when he's having these revelations and he's starting to be the leader of this nascent Muslim community. Now what we see here in this dark brown is what was in control of this Muslim community at the time of Muhammad's death. And you see, even by that period, they had control of a good chunk of the Arabian Peninsula. And what's particularly surprising is how fast Islam spread shortly after that. The next period, after Muhammad dies, the leadership of the community, of the ummah, goes to the caliphs."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now what we see here in this dark brown is what was in control of this Muslim community at the time of Muhammad's death. And you see, even by that period, they had control of a good chunk of the Arabian Peninsula. And what's particularly surprising is how fast Islam spread shortly after that. The next period, after Muhammad dies, the leadership of the community, of the ummah, goes to the caliphs. And this actually becomes a contentious issue that we'll talk about in other videos. It's the seed of the eventual schism between the Sunnis and the Shias. But this next period, the Rashidun, or the rightly guided caliphs, caliph means successors, essentially successors to Muhammad."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The next period, after Muhammad dies, the leadership of the community, of the ummah, goes to the caliphs. And this actually becomes a contentious issue that we'll talk about in other videos. It's the seed of the eventual schism between the Sunnis and the Shias. But this next period, the Rashidun, or the rightly guided caliphs, caliph means successors, essentially successors to Muhammad. Under these four caliphs, you see Islam spread from as far west as Tunisia and Egypt all the way through Persia. And keep in mind, this is spreading, overtaking, conquering what used to be controlled by very powerful empires, the Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, taking territory from them here, and then Sassanid Persia, taking territory from them, and this is less than 30 years. And then it spreads even more."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But this next period, the Rashidun, or the rightly guided caliphs, caliph means successors, essentially successors to Muhammad. Under these four caliphs, you see Islam spread from as far west as Tunisia and Egypt all the way through Persia. And keep in mind, this is spreading, overtaking, conquering what used to be controlled by very powerful empires, the Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, taking territory from them here, and then Sassanid Persia, taking territory from them, and this is less than 30 years. And then it spreads even more. During the next caliphate, which is now dynastic, the Umayyad Caliphate, by the end of the 13th century, the Umayyad Caliphate, by the end of that, at 750 CE, you see Islam has now spread or conquered from modern day Spain and Portugal all the way to modern day India and Pakistan. And we could continue this narrative, and we will continue to talk about it in future videos, but what's really interesting is to think about how and why it was able to spread this rapidly. There's very few instances in history where we see this type of an empire form this quickly."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then it spreads even more. During the next caliphate, which is now dynastic, the Umayyad Caliphate, by the end of the 13th century, the Umayyad Caliphate, by the end of that, at 750 CE, you see Islam has now spread or conquered from modern day Spain and Portugal all the way to modern day India and Pakistan. And we could continue this narrative, and we will continue to talk about it in future videos, but what's really interesting is to think about how and why it was able to spread this rapidly. There's very few instances in history where we see this type of an empire form this quickly. And to get some context on that, we have this text here from the American historian Ira Lapidus' book Islamic Societies to the 19th Century. And Ira Lapidus writes, the expansion of Islam involved different factors in different regions. In North Africa, Anatolia, the Balkans, and India."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's very few instances in history where we see this type of an empire form this quickly. And to get some context on that, we have this text here from the American historian Ira Lapidus' book Islamic Societies to the 19th Century. And Ira Lapidus writes, the expansion of Islam involved different factors in different regions. In North Africa, Anatolia, the Balkans, and India. So these are regions that we aren't showing in this map. Those happen later on, but they're left outside of the period depicted in this map. It was carried out by nomadic Arab or Turkish conquerors."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In North Africa, Anatolia, the Balkans, and India. So these are regions that we aren't showing in this map. Those happen later on, but they're left outside of the period depicted in this map. It was carried out by nomadic Arab or Turkish conquerors. And so that is a similar form method that we're talking about, though, in this map. In the Indian Ocean and West Africa, it spread by peaceful contacts among merchants or through the preaching of missionaries. In some cases, the diffusion of Islam depended on its adoption by local ruling families."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It was carried out by nomadic Arab or Turkish conquerors. And so that is a similar form method that we're talking about, though, in this map. In the Indian Ocean and West Africa, it spread by peaceful contacts among merchants or through the preaching of missionaries. In some cases, the diffusion of Islam depended on its adoption by local ruling families. In others, it appealed to urban classes of the population, or tribal communities. The question of why people convert to Islam has always generated intense feeling. Earlier generations of European scholars believed that conversion to Islam were made by the point of the sword, and that conquered peoples were given the choice of conversion or death."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In some cases, the diffusion of Islam depended on its adoption by local ruling families. In others, it appealed to urban classes of the population, or tribal communities. The question of why people convert to Islam has always generated intense feeling. Earlier generations of European scholars believed that conversion to Islam were made by the point of the sword, and that conquered peoples were given the choice of conversion or death. So a lot of, according to Ira Lapidus, these early European scholars viewed it analogous to things like the Spanish Inquisition, or some aspects of the Crusades, or some of what we saw in the New World on Quistodors, where it really was convert or die. But according to Lapidus, it is now apparent that conversion by force, while not unknown in Muslim communities, so in Muslim countries, so there was some forced conversion, but according to Lapidus, was in fact rare. Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Earlier generations of European scholars believed that conversion to Islam were made by the point of the sword, and that conquered peoples were given the choice of conversion or death. So a lot of, according to Ira Lapidus, these early European scholars viewed it analogous to things like the Spanish Inquisition, or some aspects of the Crusades, or some of what we saw in the New World on Quistodors, where it really was convert or die. But according to Lapidus, it is now apparent that conversion by force, while not unknown in Muslim communities, so in Muslim countries, so there was some forced conversion, but according to Lapidus, was in fact rare. Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. In most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together. And other sources I've looked at do hint at these early caliphates weren't that interested in conversion. They were clearly Muslim, and they were also Arab-dominated, and they liked having this elite Arab Muslim ruling class, and they weren't that interested in spreading the religion, and only when we get into the Abbasid Caliphate, where it becomes more multicultural and more Muslim and less Arab-focused, that you start to have more and more conversions."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. In most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together. And other sources I've looked at do hint at these early caliphates weren't that interested in conversion. They were clearly Muslim, and they were also Arab-dominated, and they liked having this elite Arab Muslim ruling class, and they weren't that interested in spreading the religion, and only when we get into the Abbasid Caliphate, where it becomes more multicultural and more Muslim and less Arab-focused, that you start to have more and more conversions. And the sources I've seen have, by the end of the Umayyad dynasty, only about 10 to 30% of the conquered people convert to Islam, but much more convert during what's often referred to as the Golden Age of Islam, when Islam is collecting the works of the ancient Greeks and the Chinese and the Hindus and getting scholars from all around the world under the Abbasid dynasty. Now, when Lapidus talks about, in most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together, he's referring to these ideas that, well, maybe for some people it just appealed to them. And you have to remember, people weren't going from being independent to being subjugated in most cases."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were clearly Muslim, and they were also Arab-dominated, and they liked having this elite Arab Muslim ruling class, and they weren't that interested in spreading the religion, and only when we get into the Abbasid Caliphate, where it becomes more multicultural and more Muslim and less Arab-focused, that you start to have more and more conversions. And the sources I've seen have, by the end of the Umayyad dynasty, only about 10 to 30% of the conquered people convert to Islam, but much more convert during what's often referred to as the Golden Age of Islam, when Islam is collecting the works of the ancient Greeks and the Chinese and the Hindus and getting scholars from all around the world under the Abbasid dynasty. Now, when Lapidus talks about, in most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together, he's referring to these ideas that, well, maybe for some people it just appealed to them. And you have to remember, people weren't going from being independent to being subjugated in most cases. Even before the conquest of Islam, they were probably subjugated by a king or part of an empire, like the Byzantine Empire or the Persian Empire. And so they're really switching from one conqueror to another, and oftentimes people are hopeful that the new conqueror might be better than the last. Oftentimes they're proven wrong."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you have to remember, people weren't going from being independent to being subjugated in most cases. Even before the conquest of Islam, they were probably subjugated by a king or part of an empire, like the Byzantine Empire or the Persian Empire. And so they're really switching from one conqueror to another, and oftentimes people are hopeful that the new conqueror might be better than the last. Oftentimes they're proven wrong. Sometimes it might actually be the case. And so there might have been some support that allowed it to spread this quickly. And there's also worldly motives."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Oftentimes they're proven wrong. Sometimes it might actually be the case. And so there might have been some support that allowed it to spread this quickly. And there's also worldly motives. If there's a Muslim ruling class, and if you wanna be associated with that ruling class, that might be a worldly motivation in order to actually convert. Now, the other thing that we do know about these early Muslim empires and many of the Muslim empires is they did have this notion of dhimmi status. And dhimmi is referring to the idea of protected persons."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's also worldly motives. If there's a Muslim ruling class, and if you wanna be associated with that ruling class, that might be a worldly motivation in order to actually convert. Now, the other thing that we do know about these early Muslim empires and many of the Muslim empires is they did have this notion of dhimmi status. And dhimmi is referring to the idea of protected persons. And it's often referred to as people of the book, but it included Jews, Christians, that Islam, according to Islamic tradition, follows in the same tradition of. But then when you eventually have Muslim conquest of India, included Hindus and Buddhists, Hindus and Buddhists as well. And it also included Zoroastrians, who the early Muslims considered to be monotheistic."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And dhimmi is referring to the idea of protected persons. And it's often referred to as people of the book, but it included Jews, Christians, that Islam, according to Islamic tradition, follows in the same tradition of. But then when you eventually have Muslim conquest of India, included Hindus and Buddhists, Hindus and Buddhists as well. And it also included Zoroastrians, who the early Muslims considered to be monotheistic. And the idea of dhimmi status is that they would have protected rights. They would have the same property, contract rights, but different political rights. The Muslim ruling class definitely had better political rights."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it also included Zoroastrians, who the early Muslims considered to be monotheistic. And the idea of dhimmi status is that they would have protected rights. They would have the same property, contract rights, but different political rights. The Muslim ruling class definitely had better political rights. And they would pay a different tax than what the Muslims actually paid. Now, in order to get context from a religious point of view, you can look at some of the religious texts of Islam, especially the Quran and even the Hadith, which are the secondhand accounts of the life and practices of Muhammad. And there you get an interesting perspective."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Muslim ruling class definitely had better political rights. And they would pay a different tax than what the Muslims actually paid. Now, in order to get context from a religious point of view, you can look at some of the religious texts of Islam, especially the Quran and even the Hadith, which are the secondhand accounts of the life and practices of Muhammad. And there you get an interesting perspective. And so on the side of religious tolerance, you have excerpts like this. There shall be no compulsion in acceptance of the religion unto you your religion and unto my religion. And from an ethnic point of view, there also seems to be a sense of non-superiority of one ethnicity over another."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And there you get an interesting perspective. And so on the side of religious tolerance, you have excerpts like this. There shall be no compulsion in acceptance of the religion unto you your religion and unto my religion. And from an ethnic point of view, there also seems to be a sense of non-superiority of one ethnicity over another. Indeed, there's no superiority of an Arab over a non-Arab, nor of a non-Arab over an Arab, nor of a white over a black, nor a black over a white, except by piety towards God. And this is from Muhammad's farewell sermon, this given by the Hadith, the life and sayings of Muhammad. Now, on the other hand, there definitely are more militant portions of the Quran."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And from an ethnic point of view, there also seems to be a sense of non-superiority of one ethnicity over another. Indeed, there's no superiority of an Arab over a non-Arab, nor of a non-Arab over an Arab, nor of a white over a black, nor a black over a white, except by piety towards God. And this is from Muhammad's farewell sermon, this given by the Hadith, the life and sayings of Muhammad. Now, on the other hand, there definitely are more militant portions of the Quran. One of the most quoted excerpts is this one. And fight in the way of God those who fight you, but transgress not the limits. Truly God likes not the transgressors."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, on the other hand, there definitely are more militant portions of the Quran. One of the most quoted excerpts is this one. And fight in the way of God those who fight you, but transgress not the limits. Truly God likes not the transgressors. And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you. And persecution is worse than killing. And do not fight them at the sacred mosque until they fight you there."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Truly God likes not the transgressors. And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you. And persecution is worse than killing. And do not fight them at the sacred mosque until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers. And if they cease, then indeed, God is forgiving and merciful."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And do not fight them at the sacred mosque until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers. And if they cease, then indeed, God is forgiving and merciful. Fight them until there is no persecution and until worship is acknowledged to be for God. But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors. So a critical view of this is saying, look, this is clearly advocating to kill other people and fight those who are considered to be disbelievers."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And if they cease, then indeed, God is forgiving and merciful. Fight them until there is no persecution and until worship is acknowledged to be for God. But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors. So a critical view of this is saying, look, this is clearly advocating to kill other people and fight those who are considered to be disbelievers. That's clearly a critical view of this. And you will not see this type of language, for example, in more pacifist notions of, say, the Gospels. And it's definitely not the notion, the modern notion that we have of passive resistance or peaceful resistance in the notion of a Gandhi or a Martin Luther King."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So a critical view of this is saying, look, this is clearly advocating to kill other people and fight those who are considered to be disbelievers. That's clearly a critical view of this. And you will not see this type of language, for example, in more pacifist notions of, say, the Gospels. And it's definitely not the notion, the modern notion that we have of passive resistance or peaceful resistance in the notion of a Gandhi or a Martin Luther King. Now, those who would defend or see a little bit more nuance here would say, look, you've got to, this is not talking about killing disbelievers arbitrarily. This is talking about killing those who are persecuting you. And they would say, look, this revelation is believed, according to Islamic tradition, to have come down when the Muslims were actively being persecuted by Muhammad's tribe, the Quraysh."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's definitely not the notion, the modern notion that we have of passive resistance or peaceful resistance in the notion of a Gandhi or a Martin Luther King. Now, those who would defend or see a little bit more nuance here would say, look, you've got to, this is not talking about killing disbelievers arbitrarily. This is talking about killing those who are persecuting you. And they would say, look, this revelation is believed, according to Islamic tradition, to have come down when the Muslims were actively being persecuted by Muhammad's tribe, the Quraysh. They were in Medina. They were essentially in exile. And they were in fear for their lives, for Muhammad's own life."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they would say, look, this revelation is believed, according to Islamic tradition, to have come down when the Muslims were actively being persecuted by Muhammad's tribe, the Quraysh. They were in Medina. They were essentially in exile. And they were in fear for their lives, for Muhammad's own life. The Quraysh had attempted to kill him. They were torturing and killing that early Muslim community. And in that context, they're saying, and fight the way of God, those who fight you."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And they were in fear for their lives, for Muhammad's own life. The Quraysh had attempted to kill him. They were torturing and killing that early Muslim community. And in that context, they're saying, and fight the way of God, those who fight you. So it's really out of defense, trying not to be persecuted. But transgress not the limits. And even there, there are rules of law here, or rules of engagement."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in that context, they're saying, and fight the way of God, those who fight you. So it's really out of defense, trying not to be persecuted. But transgress not the limits. And even there, there are rules of law here, or rules of engagement. And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you. And persecution is worse than killing. And so this is creating a moral hierarchy that is very debatable, especially in modern times."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And even there, there are rules of law here, or rules of engagement. And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you. And persecution is worse than killing. And so this is creating a moral hierarchy that is very debatable, especially in modern times. Is persecution worse than killing? And do not fight them at the sacred mosque. So this really seems to be referring to the Quraysh."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so this is creating a moral hierarchy that is very debatable, especially in modern times. Is persecution worse than killing? And do not fight them at the sacred mosque. So this really seems to be referring to the Quraysh. Because remember, they're fighting over this notion of what even should happen at the sacred mosque until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them, such as a recompense for the disbelievers. And if they cease, then indeed, God is forgiving and merciful."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this really seems to be referring to the Quraysh. Because remember, they're fighting over this notion of what even should happen at the sacred mosque until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them, such as a recompense for the disbelievers. And if they cease, then indeed, God is forgiving and merciful. So to some degree, those who would see the nuance in this passage, they say, hey, look, this is talking about killing those who persecute you. But it actually seems to be a little bit more conciliatory than, remember, the Quran is, according to Islamic tradition, built on the traditions of the Old Testament and on Christian traditions. And especially relative to the Old Testament, which tends to be much more absolute when someone is disliked by God, they just, whole cities or peoples are destroyed or killed."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And if they cease, then indeed, God is forgiving and merciful. So to some degree, those who would see the nuance in this passage, they say, hey, look, this is talking about killing those who persecute you. But it actually seems to be a little bit more conciliatory than, remember, the Quran is, according to Islamic tradition, built on the traditions of the Old Testament and on Christian traditions. And especially relative to the Old Testament, which tends to be much more absolute when someone is disliked by God, they just, whole cities or peoples are destroyed or killed. Or God might command his prophets and the leadership to kill other people just because they disbelieve God in the Old Testament. People who would defend this passage or see nuance here says, look, this is about being persecuted and fighting persecution. And even if those persecutors stop, then don't seek revenge."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And especially relative to the Old Testament, which tends to be much more absolute when someone is disliked by God, they just, whole cities or peoples are destroyed or killed. Or God might command his prophets and the leadership to kill other people just because they disbelieve God in the Old Testament. People who would defend this passage or see nuance here says, look, this is about being persecuted and fighting persecution. And even if those persecutors stop, then don't seek revenge. And if they cease, then indeed, God is forgiving and merciful. And there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors. So I'll leave it to you to decide."}, {"video_title": "Spread of Islam part 3 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And even if those persecutors stop, then don't seek revenge. And if they cease, then indeed, God is forgiving and merciful. And there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors. So I'll leave it to you to decide. I encourage you to look up your own primary resources, look up different translations. One of the tricky things of not just the Quran, but including the Bible, which is believed to first be written in Aramaic, or the Old Testament, the Torah, written in Hebrew, is that the translation itself can also give you various nuance. But make your own decisions about what you think is, or your own judgments of what we've talked about in this video."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's just start with a general framework. So the first question is, what is an empire? A broad definition of an empire is when one group has control over a fairly diverse population. One group has control over another group that might have different linguistic practices, different culture. That's when it is considered an empire. Well, what's the general framework for how empires tend to form? Well, let's say that I am a ruler and I control this territory right over here."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "One group has control over another group that might have different linguistic practices, different culture. That's when it is considered an empire. Well, what's the general framework for how empires tend to form? Well, let's say that I am a ruler and I control this territory right over here. And either through my charisma, my military tactics, maybe I have a new weapon, some political intrigue, some weak neighbors, I'm able to conquer some more territory right over here. What does that do for me? As I expand, this gives me more land and more people to rule over."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, let's say that I am a ruler and I control this territory right over here. And either through my charisma, my military tactics, maybe I have a new weapon, some political intrigue, some weak neighbors, I'm able to conquer some more territory right over here. What does that do for me? As I expand, this gives me more land and more people to rule over. And I can tax that land and people to have more wealth and larger armies. And so these two things are pretty good ingredients to be able to take on even more of my neighbors and expand even further. And so you might say, well, why doesn't that process just keep on going on indefinitely?"}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As I expand, this gives me more land and more people to rule over. And I can tax that land and people to have more wealth and larger armies. And so these two things are pretty good ingredients to be able to take on even more of my neighbors and expand even further. And so you might say, well, why doesn't that process just keep on going on indefinitely? Well, it does go pretty far. You see these various empires are quite large, especially when you consider the technology of the time, the communications ability of the time. But at some point, you might have weak leadership."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you might say, well, why doesn't that process just keep on going on indefinitely? Well, it does go pretty far. You see these various empires are quite large, especially when you consider the technology of the time, the communications ability of the time. But at some point, you might have weak leadership. You might have trouble controlling these large and spread out empires, especially if you can't communicate, if you can't get good information. But now let's dive a little bit deeper into the four empires we just referred to. So let's start with the Cemetery of Persia, founded in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But at some point, you might have weak leadership. You might have trouble controlling these large and spread out empires, especially if you can't communicate, if you can't get good information. But now let's dive a little bit deeper into the four empires we just referred to. So let's start with the Cemetery of Persia, founded in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great. This is so far in the past that most of our accounts of how Cyrus comes to power come from the Greeks who were not friends with the Persians. They were famous rivals. But one thing comes clear in the narrative, which is that Cyrus the Great was considered a very strong and effective leader."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's start with the Cemetery of Persia, founded in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great. This is so far in the past that most of our accounts of how Cyrus comes to power come from the Greeks who were not friends with the Persians. They were famous rivals. But one thing comes clear in the narrative, which is that Cyrus the Great was considered a very strong and effective leader. So I would definitely put leadership there. He starts off as a relatively minor king subject to, you could say, the emperor of Medes, who is his grandfather, and he's able to overthrow him. But because of his military leadership, his ability to bring people into the fold, he was known as being tolerant of the people he would rule over, that that all helped him control and expand a large empire."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But one thing comes clear in the narrative, which is that Cyrus the Great was considered a very strong and effective leader. So I would definitely put leadership there. He starts off as a relatively minor king subject to, you could say, the emperor of Medes, who is his grandfather, and he's able to overthrow him. But because of his military leadership, his ability to bring people into the fold, he was known as being tolerant of the people he would rule over, that that all helped him control and expand a large empire. So I would say leadership is definitely first for Cyrus the Great, and then I would say culture would be part of it. Now let's think about Maurya India. Maurya India was founded by Chandragupta Maurya."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But because of his military leadership, his ability to bring people into the fold, he was known as being tolerant of the people he would rule over, that that all helped him control and expand a large empire. So I would say leadership is definitely first for Cyrus the Great, and then I would say culture would be part of it. Now let's think about Maurya India. Maurya India was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. And here, once again, I would say leadership was a major factor. He was aided by his political advisor, Chanakya, who's famous in Indian history for his strategic thinking. Chandragupta Maurya, legend has it, met Alexander the Great when he came into the Indus."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Maurya India was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. And here, once again, I would say leadership was a major factor. He was aided by his political advisor, Chanakya, who's famous in Indian history for his strategic thinking. Chandragupta Maurya, legend has it, met Alexander the Great when he came into the Indus. But once Alexander the Great left, there was a power vacuum. You could say that that power vacuum helped the Maurya Empire be founded. It's similar to the notion of having weaker neighbors once Alexander the Great left."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Chandragupta Maurya, legend has it, met Alexander the Great when he came into the Indus. But once Alexander the Great left, there was a power vacuum. You could say that that power vacuum helped the Maurya Empire be founded. It's similar to the notion of having weaker neighbors once Alexander the Great left. And so Han China, Han China is interesting. The first emperors of Han China aren't the ones to first unify China. That happens under the Qin Dynasty, Q-I-N, Qin Dynasty, that preceded the Han Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's similar to the notion of having weaker neighbors once Alexander the Great left. And so Han China, Han China is interesting. The first emperors of Han China aren't the ones to first unify China. That happens under the Qin Dynasty, Q-I-N, Qin Dynasty, that preceded the Han Dynasty. And they were able to do that by being very strong, very authoritarian, very centralized. But once the Qin Emperor dies, it leaves a clear power vacuum. And then you have a succession battle, but eventually the Han Dynasty is formed."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "That happens under the Qin Dynasty, Q-I-N, Qin Dynasty, that preceded the Han Dynasty. And they were able to do that by being very strong, very authoritarian, very centralized. But once the Qin Emperor dies, it leaves a clear power vacuum. And then you have a succession battle, but eventually the Han Dynasty is formed. And one of the ways that the Han Dynasty is able to keep power, despite not being as authoritarian as the Qin, is that they revitalize Confucianism and use that ideology and use that culture in order to more unify the Chinese people. The Roman Empire we study in some detail. It's hard to pin a date on exactly when it becomes an empire."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you have a succession battle, but eventually the Han Dynasty is formed. And one of the ways that the Han Dynasty is able to keep power, despite not being as authoritarian as the Qin, is that they revitalize Confucianism and use that ideology and use that culture in order to more unify the Chinese people. The Roman Empire we study in some detail. It's hard to pin a date on exactly when it becomes an empire. On this timeline, this first period right over here is when we have the Roman Kingdom. Then you have the Roman Republic. And then you have the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's hard to pin a date on exactly when it becomes an empire. On this timeline, this first period right over here is when we have the Roman Kingdom. Then you have the Roman Republic. And then you have the Roman Empire. And so you could debate when it actually becomes an empire. Even when it was an early kingdom, it was conquering neighboring people on the Italian Peninsula. And at that time period, it might have felt like an empire, because those people might have felt different."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you have the Roman Empire. And so you could debate when it actually becomes an empire. Even when it was an early kingdom, it was conquering neighboring people on the Italian Peninsula. And at that time period, it might have felt like an empire, because those people might have felt different. As time passed and they were under a unified state, under a unified kingdom, they probably felt more similar. But then when they conquered even more territory, that might have felt more and more like an empire. But what is clear is even as we get into the late Republic period, it was an empire."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And at that time period, it might have felt like an empire, because those people might have felt different. As time passed and they were under a unified state, under a unified kingdom, they probably felt more similar. But then when they conquered even more territory, that might have felt more and more like an empire. But what is clear is even as we get into the late Republic period, it was an empire. Julius Caesar famously conquered Gaul, these Germanic peoples, before coming back and essentially taking control to be succeeded by the first official Roman Empire after a long and bloody civil war, Augustus Caesar. These other three empires happened relatively quickly. We're talking within a period of less than 50 years."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But what is clear is even as we get into the late Republic period, it was an empire. Julius Caesar famously conquered Gaul, these Germanic peoples, before coming back and essentially taking control to be succeeded by the first official Roman Empire after a long and bloody civil war, Augustus Caesar. These other three empires happened relatively quickly. We're talking within a period of less than 50 years. While the Roman Empire took hundreds of years to form. And so it's hard to ascribe the empire to any one leader. You could say that there was a culture of expansion."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We're talking within a period of less than 50 years. While the Roman Empire took hundreds of years to form. And so it's hard to ascribe the empire to any one leader. You could say that there was a culture of expansion. One could make the argument that they were more technologically sophisticated than some of their neighbors, especially when it came to military might. And as it expanded, it definitely was able to take advantage of weak neighbors. So now let's just take a step back."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You could say that there was a culture of expansion. One could make the argument that they were more technologically sophisticated than some of their neighbors, especially when it came to military might. And as it expanded, it definitely was able to take advantage of weak neighbors. So now let's just take a step back. What we've done in this exercise is a rough approximation of the various dimensions that might lead to an empire rising. It's by no means comprehensive. And I suggest for you to think about what dimensions would you add to this?"}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So now let's just take a step back. What we've done in this exercise is a rough approximation of the various dimensions that might lead to an empire rising. It's by no means comprehensive. And I suggest for you to think about what dimensions would you add to this? Maybe you could add a political dimension, or maybe that's captured by leadership. Maybe you would add an economic dimension, how much wealth a nation has. And as we go forward in history, we're gonna see different weights on these different dimensions for how important they are for empire formation."}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And I suggest for you to think about what dimensions would you add to this? Maybe you could add a political dimension, or maybe that's captured by leadership. Maybe you would add an economic dimension, how much wealth a nation has. And as we go forward in history, we're gonna see different weights on these different dimensions for how important they are for empire formation. Especially as we get closer and closer to modern times, technology increases as a factor in terms of creating an empire. Ideology plays a significant role in empires based on religion, but we also have empires based on economic ideology, communism versus capitalism, and on political ideology. And does an empire have to be strict control?"}, {"video_title": "Comparison Rise of empires World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And as we go forward in history, we're gonna see different weights on these different dimensions for how important they are for empire formation. Especially as we get closer and closer to modern times, technology increases as a factor in terms of creating an empire. Ideology plays a significant role in empires based on religion, but we also have empires based on economic ideology, communism versus capitalism, and on political ideology. And does an empire have to be strict control? Can you have a cultural empire without necessarily having direct control over people? So I will leave you with these questions. They're fascinating questions to think about within the context of these empires, but also as we study all of world history."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "We have the Byzantine Empire continuing to lose territory. Remember, in the seventh century, as Islam expanded out of Arabia, it quickly overran much of the territory in the Holy Land that at the time was controlled by the Byzantines, Byzantine being another word for the Eastern Roman Empire. By the time of this map, Islam had been in control of the Middle East, the Holy Land, North Africa, and even a good chunk of the Iberian Peninsula for several hundred years, as much as over 400 years. As we get closer to this time period, you have the Seljuk Turks continuing to eat in to the Byzantine Empire and taking most of the Anatolian Peninsula. Also at this time, remember, we are in the High Middle Ages, which is a time when especially Western Europe is on the rise. There's increased agricultural productivity. The population is increasing."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "As we get closer to this time period, you have the Seljuk Turks continuing to eat in to the Byzantine Empire and taking most of the Anatolian Peninsula. Also at this time, remember, we are in the High Middle Ages, which is a time when especially Western Europe is on the rise. There's increased agricultural productivity. The population is increasing. And it's in this context that the emperor of the Byzantines, the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, looks for help. Emperor Alexios I sends a delegation, sends an ambassador to Pope Urban II, and he essentially asks for some mercenaries to help him retake some of Anatolia from the Muslims. Well, Pope Urban II sees an opportunity here."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "The population is increasing. And it's in this context that the emperor of the Byzantines, the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, looks for help. Emperor Alexios I sends a delegation, sends an ambassador to Pope Urban II, and he essentially asks for some mercenaries to help him retake some of Anatolia from the Muslims. Well, Pope Urban II sees an opportunity here. It's been roughly half a century since the Great Schism. He has his own internal struggles going on and struggles with some neighboring states. He sees this potentially as an opportunity to focus attention elsewhere."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, Pope Urban II sees an opportunity here. It's been roughly half a century since the Great Schism. He has his own internal struggles going on and struggles with some neighboring states. He sees this potentially as an opportunity to focus attention elsewhere. And so later that year, in November of 1095, he makes a sermon at Clermont in the Kingdom of France. There are varying accounts of his speech, but this is one of them. I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to purse, which is another way of saying to persuade, all people of whatever rank, foot soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians, so to the Byzantines, and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "He sees this potentially as an opportunity to focus attention elsewhere. And so later that year, in November of 1095, he makes a sermon at Clermont in the Kingdom of France. There are varying accounts of his speech, but this is one of them. I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to purse, which is another way of saying to persuade, all people of whatever rank, foot soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians, so to the Byzantines, and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. When he's talking about vile race, he's talking about the Muslims who have control of the Anatolian Peninsula and of the Holy Land. I say this to those who are present. It is meant also for those who are absent."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to purse, which is another way of saying to persuade, all people of whatever rank, foot soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians, so to the Byzantines, and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. When he's talking about vile race, he's talking about the Muslims who have control of the Anatolian Peninsula and of the Holy Land. I say this to those who are present. It is meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it. And according to this account, he goes on to say, all who die by the way, whether by land or by sea or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. So this is this idea of indulgences, where hey, you do something for me, I can forgive your sins."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "It is meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it. And according to this account, he goes on to say, all who die by the way, whether by land or by sea or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. So this is this idea of indulgences, where hey, you do something for me, I can forgive your sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. Oh, what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, once again he's talking about the Muslims, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ. Pope Urban II's speech has an impact larger than even he expects."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is this idea of indulgences, where hey, you do something for me, I can forgive your sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. Oh, what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, once again he's talking about the Muslims, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ. Pope Urban II's speech has an impact larger than even he expects. Throughout Western Europe, news of his speech, news of his call to go and retake the Holy Land to fight against this despised and base race, the Muslims, takes hold. And before the pope is even able to organize a formal army, you have someone by the name of Peter the Hermit lead what's called the People's Crusade in 1096. And this is often considered the first part of the First Crusade."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "Pope Urban II's speech has an impact larger than even he expects. Throughout Western Europe, news of his speech, news of his call to go and retake the Holy Land to fight against this despised and base race, the Muslims, takes hold. And before the pope is even able to organize a formal army, you have someone by the name of Peter the Hermit lead what's called the People's Crusade in 1096. And this is often considered the first part of the First Crusade. As they march through the Rhineland in what is now Germany, they massacre Jews, several thousand, calling them Christ killers on their way to the Holy Land. And this is a theme that you will see throughout the Crusades. Even though the Crusaders ostensibly were there to help the Byzantines, ostensibly to take back the Holy Land, as they travel through foreign lands, they often wreak a lot of havoc, even sometimes on the Byzantines themselves."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is often considered the first part of the First Crusade. As they march through the Rhineland in what is now Germany, they massacre Jews, several thousand, calling them Christ killers on their way to the Holy Land. And this is a theme that you will see throughout the Crusades. Even though the Crusaders ostensibly were there to help the Byzantines, ostensibly to take back the Holy Land, as they travel through foreign lands, they often wreak a lot of havoc, even sometimes on the Byzantines themselves. But the People's Crusade itself was very unsuccessful. By the time they got to the Anatolian Peninsula, remember, Peter the Hermit was leading, there were women, there were children, there were untrained peasants fighting. They were massacred by the Turks when they got to the Anatolian Peninsula."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "Even though the Crusaders ostensibly were there to help the Byzantines, ostensibly to take back the Holy Land, as they travel through foreign lands, they often wreak a lot of havoc, even sometimes on the Byzantines themselves. But the People's Crusade itself was very unsuccessful. By the time they got to the Anatolian Peninsula, remember, Peter the Hermit was leading, there were women, there were children, there were untrained peasants fighting. They were massacred by the Turks when they got to the Anatolian Peninsula. But eventually, the pope was able to organize a more formal, what eventually gets called First Crusade. And once again, it surpasses the pope's expectations and far surpasses Alexios, the Byzantine emperor's expectations, and is even a little bit frightening to him, where you have on the order of 100,000 soldiers coming from Western Europe, taking these various routes by both land and by sea. And in 1099, they are eventually able to take Jerusalem from the Muslims."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "They were massacred by the Turks when they got to the Anatolian Peninsula. But eventually, the pope was able to organize a more formal, what eventually gets called First Crusade. And once again, it surpasses the pope's expectations and far surpasses Alexios, the Byzantine emperor's expectations, and is even a little bit frightening to him, where you have on the order of 100,000 soldiers coming from Western Europe, taking these various routes by both land and by sea. And in 1099, they are eventually able to take Jerusalem from the Muslims. And both in their taking of Antioch and Jerusalem, most historical accounts say that it was quite bloody, with significant chunks of the cities being massacred. This is a later image of what it might have looked like when they conquered Jerusalem. And from that time period, through most of the 12th century, they maintain control of the Holy Land."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "And in 1099, they are eventually able to take Jerusalem from the Muslims. And both in their taking of Antioch and Jerusalem, most historical accounts say that it was quite bloody, with significant chunks of the cities being massacred. This is a later image of what it might have looked like when they conquered Jerusalem. And from that time period, through most of the 12th century, they maintain control of the Holy Land. This is what the map looks like in 1135, and you might notice some changes now. The Byzantine Empire has reconquered chunks of the Anatolian Peninsula, in particular the west and the north. And you see these blue regions here, which are known as Crusader kingdoms."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Crusades.m4a", "Sentence": "And from that time period, through most of the 12th century, they maintain control of the Holy Land. This is what the map looks like in 1135, and you might notice some changes now. The Byzantine Empire has reconquered chunks of the Anatolian Peninsula, in particular the west and the north. And you see these blue regions here, which are known as Crusader kingdoms. We can zoom in on these Crusader kingdoms or Crusader states. And what's interesting about them, even though these Western European Crusaders, and they weren't called Crusaders at first, but they wore a cross on their outfits and were eventually called Crusaders, even though their goal at first was apparently to help retake land for the Byzantines, when they were able to take the land, for the most part, they kept it. And they set up these Crusader states or these Crusader kingdoms that you see right over here that they're going to stay in control of for most of the 12th century."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In previous videos, we've talked about some of the major schools of thought that emerged at the end of the Zhou Dynasty, especially as we start to enter the Warring States period, the famous Hundred Schools of Thought and most prominent amongst them is Confucianism, started or based on the teachings of Confucius, who lived around 2,500 years ago, and it was all about how does a society live in harmony. Confucianism is based on a lot of teachings that were already part of Chinese culture and Confucius, one could say put them together, but put them together in a contextual way and made them more relevant. And you can see on this diagram, Confucianism was really focused on the ethical, but Confucius himself tried to apply some of his teachings into the more practical realm. Now out of that Hundred Schools of Thought, you also have Taoism that we talk about in other videos. Now Taoism is really based on this idea of the Tao or the way and we could do many videos on Taoism, but it's this idea of letting go and you could even think of it as going with the flow and a simplicity, a return to nature, freeing yourself from desires. And it was definitely more philosophical and more focused on the spiritual than Confucianism. Now in other videos we talk about legalism, which was a key part of the Qin Dynasty, which was the first real imperial dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now out of that Hundred Schools of Thought, you also have Taoism that we talk about in other videos. Now Taoism is really based on this idea of the Tao or the way and we could do many videos on Taoism, but it's this idea of letting go and you could even think of it as going with the flow and a simplicity, a return to nature, freeing yourself from desires. And it was definitely more philosophical and more focused on the spiritual than Confucianism. Now in other videos we talk about legalism, which was a key part of the Qin Dynasty, which was the first real imperial dynasty. China is named after the Qin Dynasty, but it was fairly harsh. It was really this idea that, hey, human beings really need strong leadership, sometimes harsh leadership, in order for society to actually work. Now the school of thought that we have here up at top, Buddhism is interesting because it did not emerge from that Hundred Schools of Thought period that we get at the end of the Zhou Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in other videos we talk about legalism, which was a key part of the Qin Dynasty, which was the first real imperial dynasty. China is named after the Qin Dynasty, but it was fairly harsh. It was really this idea that, hey, human beings really need strong leadership, sometimes harsh leadership, in order for society to actually work. Now the school of thought that we have here up at top, Buddhism is interesting because it did not emerge from that Hundred Schools of Thought period that we get at the end of the Zhou Dynasty. Buddhism emerges in India at around the same time, roughly 2,500 years ago with the teachings of Buddha, a Hindu prince who lived in northeast India, southern Nepal, and his teachings are, in some ways you could almost view as a reformation of Hinduism at the time, a return to the idea that someone, through meditation, through realization, can become one with, at least in Buddhism, the emptiness, nirvana, can escape from clinging to desires of this non-reality that we think we live in. Now we've talked about in previous videos how the Qin Dynasty was really based on this legalist philosophy. But the Han Dynasty is considered the Golden Age of China."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the school of thought that we have here up at top, Buddhism is interesting because it did not emerge from that Hundred Schools of Thought period that we get at the end of the Zhou Dynasty. Buddhism emerges in India at around the same time, roughly 2,500 years ago with the teachings of Buddha, a Hindu prince who lived in northeast India, southern Nepal, and his teachings are, in some ways you could almost view as a reformation of Hinduism at the time, a return to the idea that someone, through meditation, through realization, can become one with, at least in Buddhism, the emptiness, nirvana, can escape from clinging to desires of this non-reality that we think we live in. Now we've talked about in previous videos how the Qin Dynasty was really based on this legalist philosophy. But the Han Dynasty is considered the Golden Age of China. Now under the Han Dynasty, Confucianism really took hold and became the dominant philosophical structure of China, and to some degree would stay that way. Now at the end of the Han Dynasty, China goes into a chaotic period for several hundred years until we get to the sixth century when the Sui Dynasty is able to finally reunify China for the most part. And in that interim, Confucianism starts to give way to some degree to both Taoism and Buddhism, these things that are more focused on the spiritual, areas where Confucianism was not as interested."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Han Dynasty is considered the Golden Age of China. Now under the Han Dynasty, Confucianism really took hold and became the dominant philosophical structure of China, and to some degree would stay that way. Now at the end of the Han Dynasty, China goes into a chaotic period for several hundred years until we get to the sixth century when the Sui Dynasty is able to finally reunify China for the most part. And in that interim, Confucianism starts to give way to some degree to both Taoism and Buddhism, these things that are more focused on the spiritual, areas where Confucianism was not as interested. And what's interesting about Buddhism, even though it started in India, famously Ashoka in the third century BCE really becomes a patron of Buddhism and even sends missionaries out to spread it, and it comes to China via Central Asia and Southeast Asia, it really takes on a uniquely Chinese nature as it enters China. Really, it eventually evolves into Mahayana Buddhism. And under the Tang Dynasty, which is considered one of the high points of Chinese civilization, Buddhism is really able to take hold, especially in the early Tang Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in that interim, Confucianism starts to give way to some degree to both Taoism and Buddhism, these things that are more focused on the spiritual, areas where Confucianism was not as interested. And what's interesting about Buddhism, even though it started in India, famously Ashoka in the third century BCE really becomes a patron of Buddhism and even sends missionaries out to spread it, and it comes to China via Central Asia and Southeast Asia, it really takes on a uniquely Chinese nature as it enters China. Really, it eventually evolves into Mahayana Buddhism. And under the Tang Dynasty, which is considered one of the high points of Chinese civilization, Buddhism is really able to take hold, especially in the early Tang Dynasty. However, as we get into the late Tang Dynasty, Buddhism starts to get some pushback and even gets persecuted to some degree. People arguing that, hey, Buddhism is, it's a foreign belief system. In some ways, it's not concerned enough with social cohesion."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And under the Tang Dynasty, which is considered one of the high points of Chinese civilization, Buddhism is really able to take hold, especially in the early Tang Dynasty. However, as we get into the late Tang Dynasty, Buddhism starts to get some pushback and even gets persecuted to some degree. People arguing that, hey, Buddhism is, it's a foreign belief system. In some ways, it's not concerned enough with social cohesion. It's all about the individual through meditation trying to separate themselves from reality, becoming one with the emptiness. And so at around the same time, some would argue in reaction to the strength of Buddhism, you have a movement known as Neo-Confucianism, taking the central ideas of Confucius, but using some frameworks and terminology from Taoism and Buddhism. And there were many Neo-Confucian philosophers that began to emerge in the late Tang Dynasty, but it's really considered the Song Dynasty where Neo-Confucianism really takes hold."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In some ways, it's not concerned enough with social cohesion. It's all about the individual through meditation trying to separate themselves from reality, becoming one with the emptiness. And so at around the same time, some would argue in reaction to the strength of Buddhism, you have a movement known as Neo-Confucianism, taking the central ideas of Confucius, but using some frameworks and terminology from Taoism and Buddhism. And there were many Neo-Confucian philosophers that began to emerge in the late Tang Dynasty, but it's really considered the Song Dynasty where Neo-Confucianism really takes hold. And the most famous of the Neo-Confucian philosophers, sometimes ranked second to Confucius himself in terms of influence on Chinese philosophy, is Zhu Xi. He lived from 1130 to 1200, and he's most known for his, one could say, curation of Confucian texts. He famously curated the four books, Analects of Confucius, Mencius, or The Mencius, by Mencius, Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, written by Confucian followers."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And there were many Neo-Confucian philosophers that began to emerge in the late Tang Dynasty, but it's really considered the Song Dynasty where Neo-Confucianism really takes hold. And the most famous of the Neo-Confucian philosophers, sometimes ranked second to Confucius himself in terms of influence on Chinese philosophy, is Zhu Xi. He lived from 1130 to 1200, and he's most known for his, one could say, curation of Confucian texts. He famously curated the four books, Analects of Confucius, Mencius, or The Mencius, by Mencius, Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, written by Confucian followers. This curation of Confucian thought, shortly after Zhu Xi's life, it becomes the bedrock of the Chinese education system and the civil service examinations as we go through the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, all the way to the early 20th century. Now, he also wrote books on tradition and rituals, which are, in some ways, very Confucian because they're focused on the practical, they're focused on the family, they're focused on social cohesion. But he also dabbled in the more spiritual, wrote extensively about notions of Tai Chi, which is really a Taoist or even a pre-Taoist idea, thinking about what is the fundamental nature of the universe, and that Tai Chi itself is the great ultimate, sometimes represented by the yin-yang symbol."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He famously curated the four books, Analects of Confucius, Mencius, or The Mencius, by Mencius, Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, written by Confucian followers. This curation of Confucian thought, shortly after Zhu Xi's life, it becomes the bedrock of the Chinese education system and the civil service examinations as we go through the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, all the way to the early 20th century. Now, he also wrote books on tradition and rituals, which are, in some ways, very Confucian because they're focused on the practical, they're focused on the family, they're focused on social cohesion. But he also dabbled in the more spiritual, wrote extensively about notions of Tai Chi, which is really a Taoist or even a pre-Taoist idea, thinking about what is the fundamental nature of the universe, and that Tai Chi itself is the great ultimate, sometimes represented by the yin-yang symbol. Really, this is showing Tai Chi divided into this dualistic nature between yin and yang, how at the center of each or at the extreme of each, they become the other. He writes about qi, this life force or energy. And once again, these are ideas he takes from Taoism."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But he also dabbled in the more spiritual, wrote extensively about notions of Tai Chi, which is really a Taoist or even a pre-Taoist idea, thinking about what is the fundamental nature of the universe, and that Tai Chi itself is the great ultimate, sometimes represented by the yin-yang symbol. Really, this is showing Tai Chi divided into this dualistic nature between yin and yang, how at the center of each or at the extreme of each, they become the other. He writes about qi, this life force or energy. And once again, these are ideas he takes from Taoism. But in Neo-Confucian thought, there's this idea of you shouldn't just detach yourself from physical reality, you should study it. There's an order, there's a logic to the universe that could be understood. And because of the influence of the Neo-Confucians, especially their focus on belief in order and logic of the universe, it's no coincidence that the Sung Dynasty saw some of the major technological advancements, not just of China, but of the world, advancements that really put China at the technological forefront."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And once again, these are ideas he takes from Taoism. But in Neo-Confucian thought, there's this idea of you shouldn't just detach yourself from physical reality, you should study it. There's an order, there's a logic to the universe that could be understood. And because of the influence of the Neo-Confucians, especially their focus on belief in order and logic of the universe, it's no coincidence that the Sung Dynasty saw some of the major technological advancements, not just of China, but of the world, advancements that really put China at the technological forefront. Remember, Europe at this time is in the Middle Ages. The Middle East is under the Golden Age of Islam, but it's really the Chinese who are pushing the envelope here. Now just get a flavor of some of Zhu Zi's writing."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And because of the influence of the Neo-Confucians, especially their focus on belief in order and logic of the universe, it's no coincidence that the Sung Dynasty saw some of the major technological advancements, not just of China, but of the world, advancements that really put China at the technological forefront. Remember, Europe at this time is in the Middle Ages. The Middle East is under the Golden Age of Islam, but it's really the Chinese who are pushing the envelope here. Now just get a flavor of some of Zhu Zi's writing. Original mind is principle as derived from Tai Chi in itself, unmoved and perfectly good, while physical nature on the other hand is principle mixed with material force, qi. It is the aroused state involving both good and evil. The two natures, however, are always interfused, one the substance and the other function."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now just get a flavor of some of Zhu Zi's writing. Original mind is principle as derived from Tai Chi in itself, unmoved and perfectly good, while physical nature on the other hand is principle mixed with material force, qi. It is the aroused state involving both good and evil. The two natures, however, are always interfused, one the substance and the other function. So once again, even though he was Confucian, he was a Confucian philosopher, this is very Taoist in nature. And even this notion of talking about original mind is principle in itself, unmoved and perfectly good. This feels very Buddhist or even Hindu in its thinking."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The two natures, however, are always interfused, one the substance and the other function. So once again, even though he was Confucian, he was a Confucian philosopher, this is very Taoist in nature. And even this notion of talking about original mind is principle in itself, unmoved and perfectly good. This feels very Buddhist or even Hindu in its thinking. Now one could debate whether it was, to what degree it was influenced by Buddhism. It is a very central idea that all of reality, all of sentience is emergent from this atman, from this Brahman, from this original mind, emerges from the emptiness. But what makes it Neo-Confucian is beyond the metaphysical, beyond the philosophical, they bring it down to reality."}, {"video_title": "Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This feels very Buddhist or even Hindu in its thinking. Now one could debate whether it was, to what degree it was influenced by Buddhism. It is a very central idea that all of reality, all of sentience is emergent from this atman, from this Brahman, from this original mind, emerges from the emptiness. But what makes it Neo-Confucian is beyond the metaphysical, beyond the philosophical, they bring it down to reality. They bring it down to practical concerns. How does this affect how one governs? How does this affect how one should learn?"}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm wearing a Che shirt and it's July 26th so we have to do the Cuban Revolution. It must be done. Giddy up for the learning guys. Let's look at the causes of the revolution and the revolution itself. Here we go guys. Let's do it. Let's do a little bit of kind of Cuban backdropping."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's look at the causes of the revolution and the revolution itself. Here we go guys. Let's do it. Let's do a little bit of kind of Cuban backdropping. A little bit about the history of Cuba up to 1952 where Castro's going to start his own revolution. The first thing that you obviously want to understand, obviously if you don't know, is that Cuba was a colony of Spain for 400 years. That's why they all speak Spanish."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's do a little bit of kind of Cuban backdropping. A little bit about the history of Cuba up to 1952 where Castro's going to start his own revolution. The first thing that you obviously want to understand, obviously if you don't know, is that Cuba was a colony of Spain for 400 years. That's why they all speak Spanish. And you know, kind of a ruthless colony. They were using Cuba for their own benefit. By the 1860s the Spaniards only make up about 80% of the population."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's why they all speak Spanish. And you know, kind of a ruthless colony. They were using Cuba for their own benefit. By the 1860s the Spaniards only make up about 80% of the population. They control 90% of the wealth. So the Cubans begin to get nationalistic and they organize what's called the October Manifesto which reads very much like the Declaration of Independence. They're coming together."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "By the 1860s the Spaniards only make up about 80% of the population. They control 90% of the wealth. So the Cubans begin to get nationalistic and they organize what's called the October Manifesto which reads very much like the Declaration of Independence. They're coming together. They want to fight for freedom. And they launch a 10 year war against the Spaniards where they are ruthlessly crushed like a bug. And then it takes about another 20 years before they start doing this business again."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're coming together. They want to fight for freedom. And they launch a 10 year war against the Spaniards where they are ruthlessly crushed like a bug. And then it takes about another 20 years before they start doing this business again. Now in 1895 with Jose Marti, now with subtle U.S. backing. And it takes a few years before the United States really starts to get behind the independence movement. But by 1898 we got their back."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then it takes about another 20 years before they start doing this business again. Now in 1895 with Jose Marti, now with subtle U.S. backing. And it takes a few years before the United States really starts to get behind the independence movement. But by 1898 we got their back. We send the USS Maine into the Havana Harbor where on February 15, 1898 BOOM! It explodes. You can go watch another video about the controversy of whether that was our own doing or if it was the Spaniards doing."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But by 1898 we got their back. We send the USS Maine into the Havana Harbor where on February 15, 1898 BOOM! It explodes. You can go watch another video about the controversy of whether that was our own doing or if it was the Spaniards doing. But what this is going to mean is the Spanish-American War. Yellow journalism, jingoism, nationalism is running through the course of the veins of the American empire and we want ourselves some Cuba. Not that there weren't anti-imperialists and I think this is an important point to make."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You can go watch another video about the controversy of whether that was our own doing or if it was the Spaniards doing. But what this is going to mean is the Spanish-American War. Yellow journalism, jingoism, nationalism is running through the course of the veins of the American empire and we want ourselves some Cuba. Not that there weren't anti-imperialists and I think this is an important point to make. As we go into Cuba there's something called the Teller Amendment which is very democratic orientated that we're not going to control Cuba. That we're fighting for freedom. And then immediately after the war there's something called the Platt Amendment which is really kind of a puppet amendment."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Not that there weren't anti-imperialists and I think this is an important point to make. As we go into Cuba there's something called the Teller Amendment which is very democratic orientated that we're not going to control Cuba. That we're fighting for freedom. And then immediately after the war there's something called the Platt Amendment which is really kind of a puppet amendment. We're going to control Cuba. We're going to control who their leaders are. We're going to have the opportunity if we want for military intervention."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And then immediately after the war there's something called the Platt Amendment which is really kind of a puppet amendment. We're going to control Cuba. We're going to control who their leaders are. We're going to have the opportunity if we want for military intervention. We're going to get Guantanamo Bay out of the deal. So in a sense they've really been transferred from the Spanish empire to the American empire and they have a series of horrible dictators. It's horrible."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to have the opportunity if we want for military intervention. We're going to get Guantanamo Bay out of the deal. So in a sense they've really been transferred from the Spanish empire to the American empire and they have a series of horrible dictators. It's horrible. It really is horrible. And it really is like that up to the revolt of the sergeants in 1933 where Fulgencio Batista, I'll just call him Batista, how about that, really starts to garner power. He is a Cuban nationalist and now he has kind of overthrown the puppet regimes and he's kind of for the first time getting a democratically organized Cuba."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's horrible. It really is horrible. And it really is like that up to the revolt of the sergeants in 1933 where Fulgencio Batista, I'll just call him Batista, how about that, really starts to garner power. He is a Cuban nationalist and now he has kind of overthrown the puppet regimes and he's kind of for the first time getting a democratically organized Cuba. And he becomes president in 1940. And this is key because when Batista was president from 1940 to 1944 he had the support of the Communist Party, of all the progressive parties. And if you read the Cuban constitution from that period it is spectacular."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He is a Cuban nationalist and now he has kind of overthrown the puppet regimes and he's kind of for the first time getting a democratically organized Cuba. And he becomes president in 1940. And this is key because when Batista was president from 1940 to 1944 he had the support of the Communist Party, of all the progressive parties. And if you read the Cuban constitution from that period it is spectacular. It's all about democracy and liberalism and freedom and all of that good stuff. And then in 1944 Batista leaves Cuba for the United States and he kind of goes out to New York where he lived for a few years to kind of plot his next move. And he is thinking about coming back and running for election in 1952."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you read the Cuban constitution from that period it is spectacular. It's all about democracy and liberalism and freedom and all of that good stuff. And then in 1944 Batista leaves Cuba for the United States and he kind of goes out to New York where he lived for a few years to kind of plot his next move. And he is thinking about coming back and running for election in 1952. And that's really going to be the key year, 1952. Batista wants power again and the elections are coming up and now we're going to introduce you to him. So a little bit about Fidel before we dive into the revolution."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he is thinking about coming back and running for election in 1952. And that's really going to be the key year, 1952. Batista wants power again and the elections are coming up and now we're going to introduce you to him. So a little bit about Fidel before we dive into the revolution. Fidel is an interesting character because he doesn't grow up poor. He's not the child of a peasant. He's the child of really an upper class family."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So a little bit about Fidel before we dive into the revolution. Fidel is an interesting character because he doesn't grow up poor. He's not the child of a peasant. He's the child of really an upper class family. His mother wasn't married to his father but they owned a plantation, they worked with American corporations and they had a lot of money. And it was that money that sent Fidel as he was growing up to Jesuit school. He was a little bit of a rebel, he got kicked out of some schools and they end up sending him to Havana where he goes to one of the best schools in the country under the Jesuits."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's the child of really an upper class family. His mother wasn't married to his father but they owned a plantation, they worked with American corporations and they had a lot of money. And it was that money that sent Fidel as he was growing up to Jesuit school. He was a little bit of a rebel, he got kicked out of some schools and they end up sending him to Havana where he goes to one of the best schools in the country under the Jesuits. And he really develops at that period a moral compass about ethics and democracy and about how people should be living freely. And that propels him to be a lawyer and then to go into politics. And he wants to run for the legislature in Cuba in 1952."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He was a little bit of a rebel, he got kicked out of some schools and they end up sending him to Havana where he goes to one of the best schools in the country under the Jesuits. And he really develops at that period a moral compass about ethics and democracy and about how people should be living freely. And that propels him to be a lawyer and then to go into politics. And he wants to run for the legislature in Cuba in 1952. He's quite excited. He's doing the right thing here. He's going to change the system from the inside."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he wants to run for the legislature in Cuba in 1952. He's quite excited. He's doing the right thing here. He's going to change the system from the inside. And then Batista, realizing that he's not going to win the elections in 1952, organizes a military coup and takes over. And the U.S. backs this new administration. Cancel elections, kill democracy."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's going to change the system from the inside. And then Batista, realizing that he's not going to win the elections in 1952, organizes a military coup and takes over. And the U.S. backs this new administration. Cancel elections, kill democracy. It's, you know, not the old Batista. It's a new Batista. And this new Batista has aligned himself with American corporations, the American mafia, and now he has the support of the American government."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Cancel elections, kill democracy. It's, you know, not the old Batista. It's a new Batista. And this new Batista has aligned himself with American corporations, the American mafia, and now he has the support of the American government. And it's important to understand how much U.S. control there is in Cuba. 95% of all the oil, 80% of the utilities, 80% of all the cattle, 40% of all the sugar. It's all under our control."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And this new Batista has aligned himself with American corporations, the American mafia, and now he has the support of the American government. And it's important to understand how much U.S. control there is in Cuba. 95% of all the oil, 80% of the utilities, 80% of all the cattle, 40% of all the sugar. It's all under our control. And Batista's working with us, with the mob. There's no doubt that there's some huge mob figures that are working with Batista, giving him kickbacks, building casinos, and really making Havana into really a little paradise for American travelers and vacationers and gangsters. And Castro is disillusioned."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's all under our control. And Batista's working with us, with the mob. There's no doubt that there's some huge mob figures that are working with Batista, giving him kickbacks, building casinos, and really making Havana into really a little paradise for American travelers and vacationers and gangsters. And Castro is disillusioned. He's beyond disillusioned. This is exactly the opposite of what he thought should happen. And now that he can't change it from the inside, he's going to turn to revolutionary means."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And Castro is disillusioned. He's beyond disillusioned. This is exactly the opposite of what he thought should happen. And now that he can't change it from the inside, he's going to turn to revolutionary means. So let's look at now the revolution. Castro's mad. So when does the movement start?"}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now that he can't change it from the inside, he's going to turn to revolutionary means. So let's look at now the revolution. Castro's mad. So when does the movement start? The movement starts on July 26, 1953. Castro is not going to work within the system anymore after the canceling of the elections in 1952. He's going to turn to revolutionary means."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So when does the movement start? The movement starts on July 26, 1953. Castro is not going to work within the system anymore after the canceling of the elections in 1952. He's going to turn to revolutionary means. And 123 guys are going to storm what was the Mankata barracks on July 26, giving the name the 26th of July Movement. And these guys did so well not. They got completely crushed."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's going to turn to revolutionary means. And 123 guys are going to storm what was the Mankata barracks on July 26, giving the name the 26th of July Movement. And these guys did so well not. They got completely crushed. Completely crushed. Most of them were executed and killed on the spot. But Castro and his brother Raul are quite lucky."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They got completely crushed. Completely crushed. Most of them were executed and killed on the spot. But Castro and his brother Raul are quite lucky. They're going to get a ticket to Mexico thanks to the Jesuits. Remember, Castro went to Jesuit schools. He knows a lot of the Jesuit community."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But Castro and his brother Raul are quite lucky. They're going to get a ticket to Mexico thanks to the Jesuits. Remember, Castro went to Jesuit schools. He knows a lot of the Jesuit community. They're going to support and save him and get him out to Mexico where he is not done. Now in Mexico, him and his brother Raul and Che, Che Guevara from Argentina, are now going to start plotting their comeback. And that's going to happen on December 2, 1956."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He knows a lot of the Jesuit community. They're going to support and save him and get him out to Mexico where he is not done. Now in Mexico, him and his brother Raul and Che, Che Guevara from Argentina, are now going to start plotting their comeback. And that's going to happen on December 2, 1956. They spent about two, two and a half years in Mexico. But now they're coming back. They're coming back with 82 guys on a big old wooden boat called the Gramma."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's going to happen on December 2, 1956. They spent about two, two and a half years in Mexico. But now they're coming back. They're coming back with 82 guys on a big old wooden boat called the Gramma. And that's going to land on December 2, 1956. But unfortunately for them, their boat was spotted. And Batista, his army, is awaiting these guys."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're coming back with 82 guys on a big old wooden boat called the Gramma. And that's going to land on December 2, 1956. But unfortunately for them, their boat was spotted. And Batista, his army, is awaiting these guys. And out of the 82, 60 of them were killed. There were only 22 that survived that initial assault. And Batista made a critical error because rather than pushing him to the sea, Castro, where he could have destroyed him, he pushed him into the Sierra Mastro mountains where he thought they would get eaten up by the mountains and disappear forever, where anything but that could be true."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And Batista, his army, is awaiting these guys. And out of the 82, 60 of them were killed. There were only 22 that survived that initial assault. And Batista made a critical error because rather than pushing him to the sea, Castro, where he could have destroyed him, he pushed him into the Sierra Mastro mountains where he thought they would get eaten up by the mountains and disappear forever, where anything but that could be true. What Castro does is he organizes a guerrilla movement from the mountains, getting local peasant support, growing his numbers from 22 to about 300. These guys had about 300 guys in the revolution. People think it's thousands and tens of thousands."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And Batista made a critical error because rather than pushing him to the sea, Castro, where he could have destroyed him, he pushed him into the Sierra Mastro mountains where he thought they would get eaten up by the mountains and disappear forever, where anything but that could be true. What Castro does is he organizes a guerrilla movement from the mountains, getting local peasant support, growing his numbers from 22 to about 300. These guys had about 300 guys in the revolution. People think it's thousands and tens of thousands. It was 300. Batista thought it was more. And that was probably, you know, one of his critical errors was overestimating their numbers."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "People think it's thousands and tens of thousands. It was 300. Batista thought it was more. And that was probably, you know, one of his critical errors was overestimating their numbers. But these 300 guys are going to create a lot of havoc in those mountains. And by 1957, Castro pretty much has control over those mountains. And Batista has a lot of other problems."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that was probably, you know, one of his critical errors was overestimating their numbers. But these 300 guys are going to create a lot of havoc in those mountains. And by 1957, Castro pretty much has control over those mountains. And Batista has a lot of other problems. He has the Student Revolutionary Directorate, who is now an anti-communist group that is fighting him. Batista is really clamping down. He closed the University of Havana."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And Batista has a lot of other problems. He has the Student Revolutionary Directorate, who is now an anti-communist group that is fighting him. Batista is really clamping down. He closed the University of Havana. These guys, the Student Revolutionary people, actually stormed the palace in 1957, and they broadcast what was called the three minutes of truth to the whole nation. So it's not just Castro. It's other kinds of groups, democratic groups, liberal groups, that are fighting Batista."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He closed the University of Havana. These guys, the Student Revolutionary people, actually stormed the palace in 1957, and they broadcast what was called the three minutes of truth to the whole nation. So it's not just Castro. It's other kinds of groups, democratic groups, liberal groups, that are fighting Batista. And his big problem is now that he's clamping down and he's executing people in the streets and he's doing anything he can to hold power, he's turning the United States slowly against him. 1958 is a big year because that is where he's going to launch Operation Verano. This is Batista's, you know, going to take out Castro movement in the mountains."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's other kinds of groups, democratic groups, liberal groups, that are fighting Batista. And his big problem is now that he's clamping down and he's executing people in the streets and he's doing anything he can to hold power, he's turning the United States slowly against him. 1958 is a big year because that is where he's going to launch Operation Verano. This is Batista's, you know, going to take out Castro movement in the mountains. And it fails. There's two battles, the Battle of La Plata and the Battle of Las Mercedes. The Battle of Las Mercedes in July of 1958, they had Castro cornered."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This is Batista's, you know, going to take out Castro movement in the mountains. And it fails. There's two battles, the Battle of La Plata and the Battle of Las Mercedes. The Battle of Las Mercedes in July of 1958, they had Castro cornered. They could have killed him. They could have caught him. But Castro at that point asked for a ceasefire."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Battle of Las Mercedes in July of 1958, they had Castro cornered. They could have killed him. They could have caught him. But Castro at that point asked for a ceasefire. For some reason, Batista granted him the ceasefire and he was able to escape the clutches of the Batista army. And at that point, he launches his own assault. On August 21, 1958, Castro starts coming out of the mountains and he starts to join with these other groups and starts taking towns one at a time."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But Castro at that point asked for a ceasefire. For some reason, Batista granted him the ceasefire and he was able to escape the clutches of the Batista army. And at that point, he launches his own assault. On August 21, 1958, Castro starts coming out of the mountains and he starts to join with these other groups and starts taking towns one at a time. A really interesting character, and you can research this guy, is a guy by the name of William Morgan, who was a huge commander in Castro's army. He was an American, a guy from Toledo, who went to fight for the revolution. He said, how can I be free when other people are not free?"}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "On August 21, 1958, Castro starts coming out of the mountains and he starts to join with these other groups and starts taking towns one at a time. A really interesting character, and you can research this guy, is a guy by the name of William Morgan, who was a huge commander in Castro's army. He was an American, a guy from Toledo, who went to fight for the revolution. He said, how can I be free when other people are not free? I'm going to clarify this again. These guys were not seen as a communist at that point. They were seen as freedom fighters, as people that were trying to overthrow a dictator."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He said, how can I be free when other people are not free? I'm going to clarify this again. These guys were not seen as a communist at that point. They were seen as freedom fighters, as people that were trying to overthrow a dictator. So now with their combined forces, the Battle of Santa Clara is on December 31st of 1958. When that falls, Batista takes off to the Dominican Republic and the army basically lays down their weapons as Castro and Che, his brother Raul, William Morgan, these guys, the Student Revolutionary Directorate, march into Havana on January 1st of 1959. And that's a day, guys."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They were seen as freedom fighters, as people that were trying to overthrow a dictator. So now with their combined forces, the Battle of Santa Clara is on December 31st of 1958. When that falls, Batista takes off to the Dominican Republic and the army basically lays down their weapons as Castro and Che, his brother Raul, William Morgan, these guys, the Student Revolutionary Directorate, march into Havana on January 1st of 1959. And that's a day, guys. That's the day. Now Castro is going to take over. He's going to anoint the first president, Manuel Leo."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's a day, guys. That's the day. Now Castro is going to take over. He's going to anoint the first president, Manuel Leo. And in 1959, he's going to actually come to the United States and he's going to say, you know, I know that the world thinks that we're communists. I can't say it any more clearly. We are not communists."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's going to anoint the first president, Manuel Leo. And in 1959, he's going to actually come to the United States and he's going to say, you know, I know that the world thinks that we're communists. I can't say it any more clearly. We are not communists. And at that point, stuff's going to happen. And I'm just a little bit too tired to keep going into it. So I'm going to stop here."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We are not communists. And at that point, stuff's going to happen. And I'm just a little bit too tired to keep going into it. So I'm going to stop here. But I think that I'm going to turn to my friend, the groovy historian, to take over this huge Cuban football, because this is really not the end. This is the beginning. So let me see if I can get him on the phone, convince him maybe to tell a little bit of story to keep this video going and giddy up for more learning."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I'm going to stop here. But I think that I'm going to turn to my friend, the groovy historian, to take over this huge Cuban football, because this is really not the end. This is the beginning. So let me see if I can get him on the phone, convince him maybe to tell a little bit of story to keep this video going and giddy up for more learning. So let me grab my phone. All right, we're going to do it. We're calling the groovy historian."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So let me see if I can get him on the phone, convince him maybe to tell a little bit of story to keep this video going and giddy up for more learning. So let me grab my phone. All right, we're going to do it. We're calling the groovy historian. We're calling Landon. He's from the over there in Great Britain. Hey, groovy historian, man."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're calling the groovy historian. We're calling Landon. He's from the over there in Great Britain. Hey, groovy historian, man. It's Tepuz. How are you, brother? Oh, hip."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey, groovy historian, man. It's Tepuz. How are you, brother? Oh, hip. How are you doing? I'm doing good. It's July 26."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, hip. How are you doing? I'm doing good. It's July 26. You know what that means, right? Oh, is it? It's the Cuban Revolution today."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's July 26. You know what that means, right? Oh, is it? It's the Cuban Revolution today. Oh, wow. I'm really groovily excited. Oh, viva la revolution."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the Cuban Revolution today. Oh, wow. I'm really groovily excited. Oh, viva la revolution. And I just caught a Cuban Revolution video. And I got a problem, man. I'm going to tell you that I got all the way up to where the guys march into Havana."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, viva la revolution. And I just caught a Cuban Revolution video. And I got a problem, man. I'm going to tell you that I got all the way up to where the guys march into Havana. So like the revolution is now successful. And I'm so full of like democracy and freedom. I'm so excited."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm going to tell you that I got all the way up to where the guys march into Havana. So like the revolution is now successful. And I'm so full of like democracy and freedom. I'm so excited. But I know what's going to happen. And I was wondering if you'd finish my video. Sure, my problem, mate."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm so excited. But I know what's going to happen. And I was wondering if you'd finish my video. Sure, my problem, mate. I can do the second part of the video. It would be hip and groovy. It would be groovy hip."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Sure, my problem, mate. I can do the second part of the video. It would be hip and groovy. It would be groovy hip. Oh, OK. Yeah, definitely. We can make it a groovy hip start. So cut your video."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It would be groovy hip. Oh, OK. Yeah, definitely. We can make it a groovy hip start. So cut your video. Send me your video. I'll put your video in my video. And the world will be a little bit groovier and a little bit hipper."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So cut your video. Send me your video. I'll put your video in my video. And the world will be a little bit groovier and a little bit hipper. Yeah, why not? I think that's quite cool. Make it a groovy world."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the world will be a little bit groovier and a little bit hipper. Yeah, why not? I think that's quite cool. Make it a groovy world. All right, man. I'm really excited. So I'm going to go."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Make it a groovy world. All right, man. I'm really excited. So I'm going to go. I'm looking forward to you giving me your video. And we'll get it done. Thanks, bro."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I'm going to go. I'm looking forward to you giving me your video. And we'll get it done. Thanks, bro. All right. Definitely. I'll send it to you."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, bro. All right. Definitely. I'll send it to you. All right, man. Enjoy. Take care, bro."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll send it to you. All right, man. Enjoy. Take care, bro. We'll talk to you later. Hey there. This is the groovy story."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Take care, bro. We'll talk to you later. Hey there. This is the groovy story. Today I should be talking about when Fidel Castro takes power. But what is ever so interesting in the year 1958, Fidel Castro took power of the army. Then he entered into Havana in 1959 as a hero, while Basti lives as a traitor."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This is the groovy story. Today I should be talking about when Fidel Castro takes power. But what is ever so interesting in the year 1958, Fidel Castro took power of the army. Then he entered into Havana in 1959 as a hero, while Basti lives as a traitor. And basically, I've got a second part from when he took power, Fidel Castro. He was the prime minister in the year 1959, Fidel Castro. And he became the revolutionary leader of Cuba."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Then he entered into Havana in 1959 as a hero, while Basti lives as a traitor. And basically, I've got a second part from when he took power, Fidel Castro. He was the prime minister in the year 1959, Fidel Castro. And he became the revolutionary leader of Cuba. And he was such an economic and powerful leader, which he was the leader for the next 40 years as prime minister and presidency, which was ever so important and fiercely kept his power. During the 1959s and 1960s, he radically changed the ideas in Cuba, such as industry nationalized and collectivizing agriculture, which the first person he kicked out was his mother, who never forgave him. This literacy campaign."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he became the revolutionary leader of Cuba. And he was such an economic and powerful leader, which he was the leader for the next 40 years as prime minister and presidency, which was ever so important and fiercely kept his power. During the 1959s and 1960s, he radically changed the ideas in Cuba, such as industry nationalized and collectivizing agriculture, which the first person he kicked out was his mother, who never forgave him. This literacy campaign. Through the 1960s, Castro started the major speech, United Nations. He would eliminate illiteracy in Cuba. And he had 100,000 volunteers in a campaign for young to help between 10 and 19 to sign up alongside thousands of teachers and factory workers to eradicate literacy, as well to other teachers to read."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This literacy campaign. Through the 1960s, Castro started the major speech, United Nations. He would eliminate illiteracy in Cuba. And he had 100,000 volunteers in a campaign for young to help between 10 and 19 to sign up alongside thousands of teachers and factory workers to eradicate literacy, as well to other teachers to read. Castro also used exercise of promoting unity across the country through literacy, high education to many people who travel to rural areas to teach through some more important historical events that's happened. USA hatched a plan to topple Castro with in the year of 1961, approximately 1,500 Cuban exiles were trained and financed by the CIA, which was launched and the invasion of the Bay of the Pigs, which was known. But after this point, through the US invasion of Castro in Cuba, there was a secret deal with Soviet Union and Cuba, which was Nick of Ravish game in order to strong gun nuclear ties and military bases as well."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he had 100,000 volunteers in a campaign for young to help between 10 and 19 to sign up alongside thousands of teachers and factory workers to eradicate literacy, as well to other teachers to read. Castro also used exercise of promoting unity across the country through literacy, high education to many people who travel to rural areas to teach through some more important historical events that's happened. USA hatched a plan to topple Castro with in the year of 1961, approximately 1,500 Cuban exiles were trained and financed by the CIA, which was launched and the invasion of the Bay of the Pigs, which was known. But after this point, through the US invasion of Castro in Cuba, there was a secret deal with Soviet Union and Cuba, which was Nick of Ravish game in order to strong gun nuclear ties and military bases as well. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a very heightened point for you more political and military bases where America had their missiles in Turkey and Russia had their missiles in Cuba. So those proxy was an intensity. The base was spotted by US spy planes and as well, President Kennedy said a major threat to Soviet Union to remove the base and missiles from the island."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But after this point, through the US invasion of Castro in Cuba, there was a secret deal with Soviet Union and Cuba, which was Nick of Ravish game in order to strong gun nuclear ties and military bases as well. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a very heightened point for you more political and military bases where America had their missiles in Turkey and Russia had their missiles in Cuba. So those proxy was an intensity. The base was spotted by US spy planes and as well, President Kennedy said a major threat to Soviet Union to remove the base and missiles from the island. But nevertheless, the major frustration and people around the world held their breath and do through 30 days of negligence and cast so treat a pawn. But nevertheless, the peaceful resolution was reached. And this was a very important point of how far things are going in developing through the Cold War as well and Cuba."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The base was spotted by US spy planes and as well, President Kennedy said a major threat to Soviet Union to remove the base and missiles from the island. But nevertheless, the major frustration and people around the world held their breath and do through 30 days of negligence and cast so treat a pawn. But nevertheless, the peaceful resolution was reached. And this was a very important point of how far things are going in developing through the Cold War as well and Cuba. Cuba still continued gaining and receiving economical support for Soviet Union and as well, Cuba went around Latin America, Africa and held revolutions for many movements and Castro saw himself as the lead of the press people around the world, such as areas of South Africa, where he sent many troops in 1970 to support the communist forces in Angola, Ethiopia and Yemen. But now in the years in his 40s, where CIA had many attempts to assassinate him, including cigars, including plots, bombs, explosion, fungus and various other attempts, even poison and scuba diving attacks. Remember, he has 638 attempts on his life."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And this was a very important point of how far things are going in developing through the Cold War as well and Cuba. Cuba still continued gaining and receiving economical support for Soviet Union and as well, Cuba went around Latin America, Africa and held revolutions for many movements and Castro saw himself as the lead of the press people around the world, such as areas of South Africa, where he sent many troops in 1970 to support the communist forces in Angola, Ethiopia and Yemen. But now in the years in his 40s, where CIA had many attempts to assassinate him, including cigars, including plots, bombs, explosion, fungus and various other attempts, even poison and scuba diving attacks. Remember, he has 638 attempts on his life. But later, Cuba economically founded, there were many job sausages and houses. But through the 1980, five Cubans smashed their way into the Peruvian embassy. And after this aftermath, there was 10,000 Cubans which had amassed on consul seeking entry of Castro was angered when he saw this at this time, America had the strong influence of Cuba and the Cubans were going against their country and Castro said he opened up the port to let them go."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember, he has 638 attempts on his life. But later, Cuba economically founded, there were many job sausages and houses. But through the 1980, five Cubans smashed their way into the Peruvian embassy. And after this aftermath, there was 10,000 Cubans which had amassed on consul seeking entry of Castro was angered when he saw this at this time, America had the strong influence of Cuba and the Cubans were going against their country and Castro said he opened up the port to let them go. But however, through the collapse of Soviet Union in the 1990s, this threw Cuban economy into major chaos and Castro's adamant Cuba was to survive. But Cuba lost around 6 billion on the subsides from Soviet Union, which was evidently strong effects due to the sugar and oil Cuban factories exchange and agriculture. But nevertheless, he introduced restricted food supplies and Fidel Castro's legacy is ever so important because he's seen one of the most extraordinary and eccentric political figures of the 20th century, known as the world hero."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And after this aftermath, there was 10,000 Cubans which had amassed on consul seeking entry of Castro was angered when he saw this at this time, America had the strong influence of Cuba and the Cubans were going against their country and Castro said he opened up the port to let them go. But however, through the collapse of Soviet Union in the 1990s, this threw Cuban economy into major chaos and Castro's adamant Cuba was to survive. But Cuba lost around 6 billion on the subsides from Soviet Union, which was evidently strong effects due to the sugar and oil Cuban factories exchange and agriculture. But nevertheless, he introduced restricted food supplies and Fidel Castro's legacy is ever so important because he's seen one of the most extraordinary and eccentric political figures of the 20th century, known as the world hero. And even he helped anti imperialist efforts such as he's been seen with Nelson Mandela and he sent troops to help out in South African rebellion. So the interest is of these individual political ideologies and changes as you'll describe as influential world leader which was greatly respected and in Cuba and across the world for what his beliefs was. Hope you enjoyed this video guys."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But nevertheless, he introduced restricted food supplies and Fidel Castro's legacy is ever so important because he's seen one of the most extraordinary and eccentric political figures of the 20th century, known as the world hero. And even he helped anti imperialist efforts such as he's been seen with Nelson Mandela and he sent troops to help out in South African rebellion. So the interest is of these individual political ideologies and changes as you'll describe as influential world leader which was greatly respected and in Cuba and across the world for what his beliefs was. Hope you enjoyed this video guys. Well, it wasn't that groovy and hip. That's the worst English accent ever. Thanks groovy historian."}, {"video_title": "The Cuban Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hope you enjoyed this video guys. Well, it wasn't that groovy and hip. That's the worst English accent ever. Thanks groovy historian. If you guys haven't checked him out on YouTube, you can subscribe right now by clicking the big fat red button. That would be groovy. That would be hip."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But before talking about all of the things that he conquered, let's think about how he got started out, and in particular, how he's able to consolidate control over the empire that his father begins. So in the last video, we saw that exiting the Peloponnesian War, the Greeks were weak. Sparta and its allies, the Peloponnesian League, they had won, but the Greeks were ripe for being conquered, and they end up being conquered by Philip II, king of Macedonia, and he rules from Pella, and shortly after he becomes king, his son, his first son, Alexander is born, and Alexander is the son that Philip has with Olympias. Olympias is the daughter of the king of Melosia, which makes her Melosian, and not Macedonian, which is going to be somewhat important later on when Philip II dies. But the early part of Alexander's life is quite good, and he seems to be in favor with his father, Philip II. After all, Alexander seems like a decent heir to the throne. Early in his life, he gets from his father what is arguably the best tutor, for sure, of the time, probably the best tutor in human history, in Aristotle, and the way that his father convinces him to tutor Alexander when Alexander's 13, and he tutors him from when Alexander's about 13 to about 16, is Philip destroys Aristotle's village of Stagira as he conquers Greece, and Aristotle says, okay, sure, I'll tutor your son, but in exchange for that, why don't you rebuild my hometown and free all of the people who had been enslaved after the town was conquered?"}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Olympias is the daughter of the king of Melosia, which makes her Melosian, and not Macedonian, which is going to be somewhat important later on when Philip II dies. But the early part of Alexander's life is quite good, and he seems to be in favor with his father, Philip II. After all, Alexander seems like a decent heir to the throne. Early in his life, he gets from his father what is arguably the best tutor, for sure, of the time, probably the best tutor in human history, in Aristotle, and the way that his father convinces him to tutor Alexander when Alexander's 13, and he tutors him from when Alexander's about 13 to about 16, is Philip destroys Aristotle's village of Stagira as he conquers Greece, and Aristotle says, okay, sure, I'll tutor your son, but in exchange for that, why don't you rebuild my hometown and free all of the people who had been enslaved after the town was conquered? And so Philip agrees, Alexander gets a great tutor. There's also the stories of how Alexander carried favor with his father by taming the famous horse, Bucephalus, who Alexander will eventually ride into Asia as he conquers the Persian Empire and beyond, and Philip, very proud of his young son being able to conquer this seemingly untamable horse. As Philip conquers, as he conquers Greece, Alexander is alongside him, leading troops, showing him to be a capable military general, a capable leader."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Early in his life, he gets from his father what is arguably the best tutor, for sure, of the time, probably the best tutor in human history, in Aristotle, and the way that his father convinces him to tutor Alexander when Alexander's 13, and he tutors him from when Alexander's about 13 to about 16, is Philip destroys Aristotle's village of Stagira as he conquers Greece, and Aristotle says, okay, sure, I'll tutor your son, but in exchange for that, why don't you rebuild my hometown and free all of the people who had been enslaved after the town was conquered? And so Philip agrees, Alexander gets a great tutor. There's also the stories of how Alexander carried favor with his father by taming the famous horse, Bucephalus, who Alexander will eventually ride into Asia as he conquers the Persian Empire and beyond, and Philip, very proud of his young son being able to conquer this seemingly untamable horse. As Philip conquers, as he conquers Greece, Alexander is alongside him, leading troops, showing him to be a capable military general, a capable leader. So all seems to be working out well for Alexander until Philip takes what ends up being his seventh and last wife. Until then, Olympias was his favored wife, and Olympias is a bit of a character, at least from the point of historians. And you should take all of this with a grain of salt because many of these histories and these stories were written hundreds of years later, and so it's not clear how much was a true account versus how much was made up."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As Philip conquers, as he conquers Greece, Alexander is alongside him, leading troops, showing him to be a capable military general, a capable leader. So all seems to be working out well for Alexander until Philip takes what ends up being his seventh and last wife. Until then, Olympias was his favored wife, and Olympias is a bit of a character, at least from the point of historians. And you should take all of this with a grain of salt because many of these histories and these stories were written hundreds of years later, and so it's not clear how much was a true account versus how much was made up. But beyond Olympias not being Macedonian, she is from Melosia, she is also, according to Plutarch, part of the cult of Dionysus, and she worships snakes and potentially even sleeps with snakes, which is really off-putting to a lot of the Macedonians. And so when King Philip, around 337 or 338, finds a Macedonian to marry, and her name is Cleopatra, not the famous Cleopatra from history, we'll talk about her in a few hundred years, but you see here, Philip II, he takes his seventh wife, I don't list them all here, I only list Olympias here, who he marries in 357 BCE, and then they have Alexander, born Alexander III shortly thereafter the next year, they also have another daughter, Cleopatra once again, not the Cleopatra when people refer to it in history, but then around 337 or 338 BCE, he takes his seventh wife, and this seventh wife is also named Cleopatra, she is Macedonian, Philip renames her Eurydice after his mother, and so you can imagine, this is already a little bit threatening, because well what if this Cleopatra has a son, and she eventually does have a son, and now that son would be pure Macedonian, as opposed to Alexander, who is only half Macedonian. And this becomes quite pointed at the wedding of Philip and Cleopatra, the Macedonian Cleopatra, in 337 or 338 BCE, when we have this account, and once again, take all of this with a grain of salt, this is an account by Plutarch, that was written 400 years later, but Plutarch writes, at the wedding of Cleopatra, this is Cleopatra Eurydice, this is the Macedonian Cleopatra, the young one, whom Philip fell in love with and married, she being much too young for him, her uncle Attalus, and you see him on our little family tree here, this is Cleopatra's uncle Attalus, a Macedonian, her uncle Attalus, in his drink, desired the Macedonians would implore the gods to give them a lawful successor to the kingdom by his niece."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you should take all of this with a grain of salt because many of these histories and these stories were written hundreds of years later, and so it's not clear how much was a true account versus how much was made up. But beyond Olympias not being Macedonian, she is from Melosia, she is also, according to Plutarch, part of the cult of Dionysus, and she worships snakes and potentially even sleeps with snakes, which is really off-putting to a lot of the Macedonians. And so when King Philip, around 337 or 338, finds a Macedonian to marry, and her name is Cleopatra, not the famous Cleopatra from history, we'll talk about her in a few hundred years, but you see here, Philip II, he takes his seventh wife, I don't list them all here, I only list Olympias here, who he marries in 357 BCE, and then they have Alexander, born Alexander III shortly thereafter the next year, they also have another daughter, Cleopatra once again, not the Cleopatra when people refer to it in history, but then around 337 or 338 BCE, he takes his seventh wife, and this seventh wife is also named Cleopatra, she is Macedonian, Philip renames her Eurydice after his mother, and so you can imagine, this is already a little bit threatening, because well what if this Cleopatra has a son, and she eventually does have a son, and now that son would be pure Macedonian, as opposed to Alexander, who is only half Macedonian. And this becomes quite pointed at the wedding of Philip and Cleopatra, the Macedonian Cleopatra, in 337 or 338 BCE, when we have this account, and once again, take all of this with a grain of salt, this is an account by Plutarch, that was written 400 years later, but Plutarch writes, at the wedding of Cleopatra, this is Cleopatra Eurydice, this is the Macedonian Cleopatra, the young one, whom Philip fell in love with and married, she being much too young for him, her uncle Attalus, and you see him on our little family tree here, this is Cleopatra's uncle Attalus, a Macedonian, her uncle Attalus, in his drink, desired the Macedonians would implore the gods to give them a lawful successor to the kingdom by his niece. Let me underline that. Give them a lawful successor to the kingdom. You might be saying, wait, I thought Alexander was a lawful successor."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this becomes quite pointed at the wedding of Philip and Cleopatra, the Macedonian Cleopatra, in 337 or 338 BCE, when we have this account, and once again, take all of this with a grain of salt, this is an account by Plutarch, that was written 400 years later, but Plutarch writes, at the wedding of Cleopatra, this is Cleopatra Eurydice, this is the Macedonian Cleopatra, the young one, whom Philip fell in love with and married, she being much too young for him, her uncle Attalus, and you see him on our little family tree here, this is Cleopatra's uncle Attalus, a Macedonian, her uncle Attalus, in his drink, desired the Macedonians would implore the gods to give them a lawful successor to the kingdom by his niece. Let me underline that. Give them a lawful successor to the kingdom. You might be saying, wait, I thought Alexander was a lawful successor. Alexander's probably thinking the same thing. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, throwing it at Attalus' head, you villain, he said, what, am I then a bastard? Then Philip, Alexander's dad, taking Attalus' part, so he didn't take his son's side, he'd take the side of his in-laws, rose up and would have run his son through, but by good fortune for them both, either his over-hasty rage or the wine he had drunk made his foot slip so that he fell down on the floor, at which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You might be saying, wait, I thought Alexander was a lawful successor. Alexander's probably thinking the same thing. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, throwing it at Attalus' head, you villain, he said, what, am I then a bastard? Then Philip, Alexander's dad, taking Attalus' part, so he didn't take his son's side, he'd take the side of his in-laws, rose up and would have run his son through, but by good fortune for them both, either his over-hasty rage or the wine he had drunk made his foot slip so that he fell down on the floor, at which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him. See there, said he, the man who makes preparations to pass out of Europe into Asia, overturned in passing from one seat to another. So if this account by Plutarch is even vaguely true, it shows this real tension that is forming between Alexander and his father. And it's, of course, being goaded on, or likely to be goaded on, by his mother Olympias, who was the primary wife for a little bit, but now she's being pushed aside in favor of this Macedonian Cleopatra."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Then Philip, Alexander's dad, taking Attalus' part, so he didn't take his son's side, he'd take the side of his in-laws, rose up and would have run his son through, but by good fortune for them both, either his over-hasty rage or the wine he had drunk made his foot slip so that he fell down on the floor, at which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him. See there, said he, the man who makes preparations to pass out of Europe into Asia, overturned in passing from one seat to another. So if this account by Plutarch is even vaguely true, it shows this real tension that is forming between Alexander and his father. And it's, of course, being goaded on, or likely to be goaded on, by his mother Olympias, who was the primary wife for a little bit, but now she's being pushed aside in favor of this Macedonian Cleopatra. And so she actually goes into voluntary exile, Alexander follows her, and so things are quite tense. And they really come to a boiling point, or I guess everything gets released, a year or two later, when Olympias' other child, Cleopatra, the other Cleopatra, not Cleopatra Eurydice, and not the famous Cleopatra from history, she gets married to Olympias' brother. And so she's marrying her uncle."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's, of course, being goaded on, or likely to be goaded on, by his mother Olympias, who was the primary wife for a little bit, but now she's being pushed aside in favor of this Macedonian Cleopatra. And so she actually goes into voluntary exile, Alexander follows her, and so things are quite tense. And they really come to a boiling point, or I guess everything gets released, a year or two later, when Olympias' other child, Cleopatra, the other Cleopatra, not Cleopatra Eurydice, and not the famous Cleopatra from history, she gets married to Olympias' brother. And so she's marrying her uncle. And many strange things happen like this in the ancient world. This is 336 BCE, and this is the famous wedding where Philip II is assassinated by his bodyguard, who was likely Philip II's former lover. But once Philip II gets assassinated, you could imagine that many people are wanting to have a go at the throne, in particular, Alexander, aided by his mother Olympias."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so she's marrying her uncle. And many strange things happen like this in the ancient world. This is 336 BCE, and this is the famous wedding where Philip II is assassinated by his bodyguard, who was likely Philip II's former lover. But once Philip II gets assassinated, you could imagine that many people are wanting to have a go at the throne, in particular, Alexander, aided by his mother Olympias. And so immediately, there starts to be a consolidation of power. And the first way to consolidate power is to kill off all of the folks who might threaten you. And so Olympias and Alexander, and many historians give credit mainly to Olympias, some say Alexander was involved more or less, but they go on a killing spree."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But once Philip II gets assassinated, you could imagine that many people are wanting to have a go at the throne, in particular, Alexander, aided by his mother Olympias. And so immediately, there starts to be a consolidation of power. And the first way to consolidate power is to kill off all of the folks who might threaten you. And so Olympias and Alexander, and many historians give credit mainly to Olympias, some say Alexander was involved more or less, but they go on a killing spree. Europa is killed, Kerenes is killed. These are the children of Cleopatra Eurydice. At the time of this, we're talking 336, 335 BCE, these would have been, they would have been toddlers."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so Olympias and Alexander, and many historians give credit mainly to Olympias, some say Alexander was involved more or less, but they go on a killing spree. Europa is killed, Kerenes is killed. These are the children of Cleopatra Eurydice. At the time of this, we're talking 336, 335 BCE, these would have been, they would have been toddlers. They would have been two, at most, three years old. They're being killed. There are some accounts that Cleopatra is killed or she is forced to hang herself."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "At the time of this, we're talking 336, 335 BCE, these would have been, they would have been toddlers. They would have been two, at most, three years old. They're being killed. There are some accounts that Cleopatra is killed or she is forced to hang herself. There are some accounts that some combination of them are burned alive. Alexander goes after Attalus, the famous uncle who insulted him at the wedding party only a few years ago. He kills his cousin, Amintus, who might have had a claim to the throne."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There are some accounts that Cleopatra is killed or she is forced to hang herself. There are some accounts that some combination of them are burned alive. Alexander goes after Attalus, the famous uncle who insulted him at the wedding party only a few years ago. He kills his cousin, Amintus, who might have had a claim to the throne. Other princes, so this is this bloody, bloody period. So even though sometimes people glorify some of these rulers like Alexander the Great, that how they unified all of these people and they pushed culture throughout the world or however you wanna talk about it, they came to, they usually come to power in very brutal ways, and their conquering is also very brutal. No, we really shouldn't romanticize, oh, let's conquer other people."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He kills his cousin, Amintus, who might have had a claim to the throne. Other princes, so this is this bloody, bloody period. So even though sometimes people glorify some of these rulers like Alexander the Great, that how they unified all of these people and they pushed culture throughout the world or however you wanna talk about it, they came to, they usually come to power in very brutal ways, and their conquering is also very brutal. No, we really shouldn't romanticize, oh, let's conquer other people. A war is ugly, and when there's multiple factions coming to a throne, that is also ugly. So we are shortly after Philip II's death. Alexander, with the help of his mother, is able to consolidate power within his family, really secure his place as the king of the Macedonian or the Macedonian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "No, we really shouldn't romanticize, oh, let's conquer other people. A war is ugly, and when there's multiple factions coming to a throne, that is also ugly. So we are shortly after Philip II's death. Alexander, with the help of his mother, is able to consolidate power within his family, really secure his place as the king of the Macedonian or the Macedonian Empire. And so the next thing is is to secure his hold on the empire militarily. And you immediately start having rebellions to the north and west of Macedon or Macedon. And so in particular, the Illyrians, which is in modern-day Albania, so this region right over here, they start to revolt."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Alexander, with the help of his mother, is able to consolidate power within his family, really secure his place as the king of the Macedonian or the Macedonian Empire. And so the next thing is is to secure his hold on the empire militarily. And you immediately start having rebellions to the north and west of Macedon or Macedon. And so in particular, the Illyrians, which is in modern-day Albania, so this region right over here, they start to revolt. Alexander goes and makes a point of sieging the pass at Pelium. This is a very strategic location. But while he's there with his military forces, so while he's there with his military forces, you can imagine the other city-states of Greece, in particular Athens and Thebes, say, hey, now's our chance."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so in particular, the Illyrians, which is in modern-day Albania, so this region right over here, they start to revolt. Alexander goes and makes a point of sieging the pass at Pelium. This is a very strategic location. But while he's there with his military forces, so while he's there with his military forces, you can imagine the other city-states of Greece, in particular Athens and Thebes, say, hey, now's our chance. The king, King Philip, is dead. Alexander's out fighting with the Illyrians. Let's rise up and regain our independence."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But while he's there with his military forces, so while he's there with his military forces, you can imagine the other city-states of Greece, in particular Athens and Thebes, say, hey, now's our chance. The king, King Philip, is dead. Alexander's out fighting with the Illyrians. Let's rise up and regain our independence. And many of them thought that Alexander might have already died in a previous military campaign. And so you can imagine they were very surprised after Alexander took control through a siege at Pelium and is able to come down surprisingly quickly. He really makes his soldiers march hundreds of kilometers in a matter of weeks to come down and put down the rebellion from his point of view at Thebes."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's rise up and regain our independence. And many of them thought that Alexander might have already died in a previous military campaign. And so you can imagine they were very surprised after Alexander took control through a siege at Pelium and is able to come down surprisingly quickly. He really makes his soldiers march hundreds of kilometers in a matter of weeks to come down and put down the rebellion from his point of view at Thebes. And the Thebans refuse to stop rebelling. And so in retaliation, Alexander the Great completely destroys Thebes, this famous city of antiquity, this only few decades before this time, the leading city-state in all of Greece. And so he destroys Thebes, he enslaves its people."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great takes power World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He really makes his soldiers march hundreds of kilometers in a matter of weeks to come down and put down the rebellion from his point of view at Thebes. And the Thebans refuse to stop rebelling. And so in retaliation, Alexander the Great completely destroys Thebes, this famous city of antiquity, this only few decades before this time, the leading city-state in all of Greece. And so he destroys Thebes, he enslaves its people. But that's what allows him to essentially scare the rest of the city-states of Greece to come in line. He hasn't conquered Sparta, or his empire hasn't conquered Sparta, that'll happen soon, but the rest, but it really consolidates his power. And now we're talking 335 BCE, he's ready to think about doing what his father was planning and going off and trying to conquer Asia."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So what was the same between them, and then what changed over time? So let's just do a review. This is what things look like at around the year 400. As you can see from an administrative point of view, even though it was considered one empire, it was already being governed separately, the West being governed from Rome, the East being governed from Constantinople. And most historians mark the beginning of the Byzantine Empire with the rule of Constantine, who moves the capital to Byzantium. It gets renamed Constantinople. But as we've talked about in multiple videos, in 476, you have the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the West becomes fragmented, a bunch of various Germanic kingdoms, but the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople, continues."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As you can see from an administrative point of view, even though it was considered one empire, it was already being governed separately, the West being governed from Rome, the East being governed from Constantinople. And most historians mark the beginning of the Byzantine Empire with the rule of Constantine, who moves the capital to Byzantium. It gets renamed Constantinople. But as we've talked about in multiple videos, in 476, you have the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the West becomes fragmented, a bunch of various Germanic kingdoms, but the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople, continues. And once again, they did not call themselves the Byzantines. They called themselves the Romans. They called themselves the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as we've talked about in multiple videos, in 476, you have the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the West becomes fragmented, a bunch of various Germanic kingdoms, but the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople, continues. And once again, they did not call themselves the Byzantines. They called themselves the Romans. They called themselves the Roman Empire. It was only much, much later that historians tried to separate this period of the Roman Empire by calling it the Byzantine Empire. There is a bit of a resurgence under Justinian. He's able to capture significant portions of the West, including the Italian Peninsula."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They called themselves the Roman Empire. It was only much, much later that historians tried to separate this period of the Roman Empire by calling it the Byzantine Empire. There is a bit of a resurgence under Justinian. He's able to capture significant portions of the West, including the Italian Peninsula. But then over time, the Byzantine Empire contracts. Especially in the East, it has to contend with the spread of Islam. As we go even further in time, as we enter into the second millennium, we can see that the Muslim Turks make further inroads into the Byzantine Empire."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He's able to capture significant portions of the West, including the Italian Peninsula. But then over time, the Byzantine Empire contracts. Especially in the East, it has to contend with the spread of Islam. As we go even further in time, as we enter into the second millennium, we can see that the Muslim Turks make further inroads into the Byzantine Empire. Also during the Fourth Crusades, Western crusaders sack Constantinople. And we can go all the way to 1453, where all that was left at the time of the Byzantine Empire, or you could say the Eastern Roman Empire, is Constantinople. And in 1453, that also gets sacked by the Ottomans."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we go even further in time, as we enter into the second millennium, we can see that the Muslim Turks make further inroads into the Byzantine Empire. Also during the Fourth Crusades, Western crusaders sack Constantinople. And we can go all the way to 1453, where all that was left at the time of the Byzantine Empire, or you could say the Eastern Roman Empire, is Constantinople. And in 1453, that also gets sacked by the Ottomans. And that's the official end of the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire, which you can see continues on for another thousand years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Now with that review out of the way, let's think about how the Byzantine Empire was the same and different from the Roman Empire. So first let's think about the center of power."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in 1453, that also gets sacked by the Ottomans. And that's the official end of the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire, which you can see continues on for another thousand years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Now with that review out of the way, let's think about how the Byzantine Empire was the same and different from the Roman Empire. So first let's think about the center of power. Well, the Roman Empire is named after its seat of power during the great majority of its history. The seat of power of the Roman Empire is Rome. Near the end of the Western Roman Empire, it becomes Ravenna."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So first let's think about the center of power. Well, the Roman Empire is named after its seat of power during the great majority of its history. The seat of power of the Roman Empire is Rome. Near the end of the Western Roman Empire, it becomes Ravenna. And of course we talk about Constantine changing the capital to Byzantium, which eventually became Constantinople. And that's the official start of at least the roots of the Byzantine Empire, although Constantine was emperor of both. It's fair to say that Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire from its early days as a kingdom all the way until the first several centuries of the Common Era."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Near the end of the Western Roman Empire, it becomes Ravenna. And of course we talk about Constantine changing the capital to Byzantium, which eventually became Constantinople. And that's the official start of at least the roots of the Byzantine Empire, although Constantine was emperor of both. It's fair to say that Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire from its early days as a kingdom all the way until the first several centuries of the Common Era. The roots of the Byzantine Empire are with Constantine changing the capital, the seat of power of the combined empire, and moving it from Rome to Byzantium, which will eventually be called Constantinople. Now let's think about language. So the language of the Roman Empire is Latin."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's fair to say that Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire from its early days as a kingdom all the way until the first several centuries of the Common Era. The roots of the Byzantine Empire are with Constantine changing the capital, the seat of power of the combined empire, and moving it from Rome to Byzantium, which will eventually be called Constantinople. Now let's think about language. So the language of the Roman Empire is Latin. In the early days of the Byzantine Empire, Latin is used in conjunction with Greek, but over time it becomes more Greek. In fact, Heraclius in the seventh century makes Greek the official language of the Byzantine Empire. Now religion."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So the language of the Roman Empire is Latin. In the early days of the Byzantine Empire, Latin is used in conjunction with Greek, but over time it becomes more Greek. In fact, Heraclius in the seventh century makes Greek the official language of the Byzantine Empire. Now religion. For most of Roman history, their religion is the Roman Pantheon. Now near the end of what is called the Roman Empire, when Constantine comes around in the early fourth century, Christianity gets legalized, and Theodosius, who is the last emperor to rule over both East and West, he makes Christianity the official religion. Since the Eastern Roman Empire's roots, the Byzantine Empire's roots, are considered to be with Constantine, it has a Christian nature from the beginning, and it only becomes more and more Christian over time."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now religion. For most of Roman history, their religion is the Roman Pantheon. Now near the end of what is called the Roman Empire, when Constantine comes around in the early fourth century, Christianity gets legalized, and Theodosius, who is the last emperor to rule over both East and West, he makes Christianity the official religion. Since the Eastern Roman Empire's roots, the Byzantine Empire's roots, are considered to be with Constantine, it has a Christian nature from the beginning, and it only becomes more and more Christian over time. In other videos, we will talk about the eventual spiritual split between East and West, the Latin Christian Church and the Greek Christian Church, and they're going to diverge more and more as we go into the year 1054, when there's the official Great Schism. In terms of law, the Roman Empire has a long tradition of law, and I guess we could just call it the Roman Law. In fact, so profound has its influence been on Western civilization that many of our legal terms today come from Latin."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Since the Eastern Roman Empire's roots, the Byzantine Empire's roots, are considered to be with Constantine, it has a Christian nature from the beginning, and it only becomes more and more Christian over time. In other videos, we will talk about the eventual spiritual split between East and West, the Latin Christian Church and the Greek Christian Church, and they're going to diverge more and more as we go into the year 1054, when there's the official Great Schism. In terms of law, the Roman Empire has a long tradition of law, and I guess we could just call it the Roman Law. In fact, so profound has its influence been on Western civilization that many of our legal terms today come from Latin. What historians would consider the Byzantine Empire would continue Roman law. Much of it written in Latin. Justinian would famously try to reform Roman law, make it more consistent, make it more clear."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, so profound has its influence been on Western civilization that many of our legal terms today come from Latin. What historians would consider the Byzantine Empire would continue Roman law. Much of it written in Latin. Justinian would famously try to reform Roman law, make it more consistent, make it more clear. Justinian's Code. And you have the Emperor Leo III has the famous Ecloga. But as you have these revisions and these reformations of Roman law, they are more and more written in Greek than Latin, and they do have more and more of a Christian influence."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Justinian would famously try to reform Roman law, make it more consistent, make it more clear. Justinian's Code. And you have the Emperor Leo III has the famous Ecloga. But as you have these revisions and these reformations of Roman law, they are more and more written in Greek than Latin, and they do have more and more of a Christian influence. In terms of governance, especially under the Roman Empire, the notion of a province was the main subdivision under which the empire was governed. Once you have Emperor Diocletian come onto the scene, and this is shortly before the time of Constantine, he reformed it, and he set up what is known as a tetrarchy, where you had these two emperors of east and west, and then you would have, essentially, their subordinate emperors. But along with that, he redefined what a province is, so you had smaller provinces, which then would go into diocese, which would then go into prefects, which would then go into a tetrarch."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as you have these revisions and these reformations of Roman law, they are more and more written in Greek than Latin, and they do have more and more of a Christian influence. In terms of governance, especially under the Roman Empire, the notion of a province was the main subdivision under which the empire was governed. Once you have Emperor Diocletian come onto the scene, and this is shortly before the time of Constantine, he reformed it, and he set up what is known as a tetrarchy, where you had these two emperors of east and west, and then you would have, essentially, their subordinate emperors. But along with that, he redefined what a province is, so you had smaller provinces, which then would go into diocese, which would then go into prefects, which would then go into a tetrarch. Once you have the start of the Byzantine Empire, they would have elements of this. Constantine, and remember, Constantine wasn't only, the Byzantine wasn't only the emperor of the east. He was emperor of both east and west, but he got rid of the tetrarchy, but he kept Diocletian's notions of these smaller provinces going into diocese, going into prefects."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But along with that, he redefined what a province is, so you had smaller provinces, which then would go into diocese, which would then go into prefects, which would then go into a tetrarch. Once you have the start of the Byzantine Empire, they would have elements of this. Constantine, and remember, Constantine wasn't only, the Byzantine wasn't only the emperor of the east. He was emperor of both east and west, but he got rid of the tetrarchy, but he kept Diocletian's notions of these smaller provinces going into diocese, going into prefects. So you have that continuity, but then later on, in the mid-7th century, it was turned into more of a feudal theme system in the Byzantine Empire. Once again, this was under Heraclius, who also made Greek the official language. And the reason why I say it's feudal, it was comparable to the feudal system in Western Europe at the time, was that it provided land grants to local rulers in exchange for their military service and the ability for them to send resources up to the emperor."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He was emperor of both east and west, but he got rid of the tetrarchy, but he kept Diocletian's notions of these smaller provinces going into diocese, going into prefects. So you have that continuity, but then later on, in the mid-7th century, it was turned into more of a feudal theme system in the Byzantine Empire. Once again, this was under Heraclius, who also made Greek the official language. And the reason why I say it's feudal, it was comparable to the feudal system in Western Europe at the time, was that it provided land grants to local rulers in exchange for their military service and the ability for them to send resources up to the emperor. In terms of culture, you have many of the things that we associate with the Roman Empire. You have chariot racing. You have gladiator fights."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the reason why I say it's feudal, it was comparable to the feudal system in Western Europe at the time, was that it provided land grants to local rulers in exchange for their military service and the ability for them to send resources up to the emperor. In terms of culture, you have many of the things that we associate with the Roman Empire. You have chariot racing. You have gladiator fights. You have imperial birthdays. You have the Olympics, which carries over from the ancient Greeks. It actually lasts over 1,000 years as we go into the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have gladiator fights. You have imperial birthdays. You have the Olympics, which carries over from the ancient Greeks. It actually lasts over 1,000 years as we go into the Roman Empire. Some of these continue and some of them don't. So for example, the notion of chariot racing does, and famously Justinian is almost overthrown after a rowdy chariot race. You don't have the Olympics."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It actually lasts over 1,000 years as we go into the Roman Empire. Some of these continue and some of them don't. So for example, the notion of chariot racing does, and famously Justinian is almost overthrown after a rowdy chariot race. You don't have the Olympics. Theodosius felt that it wasn't in line with Christian tradition. But you did have things like imperial celebrations, imperial birthdays. So the Byzantine Empire definitely continued some of the traditions, but also eliminated others."}, {"video_title": "Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires AP US History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You don't have the Olympics. Theodosius felt that it wasn't in line with Christian tradition. But you did have things like imperial celebrations, imperial birthdays. So the Byzantine Empire definitely continued some of the traditions, but also eliminated others. So this is just a rough overview. I encourage you to think about it yourself. Are we missing any dimensions?"}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "I am using it within the context of satire, humor, and kid-friendliness. I am certain that you are a human being with capability, potential, and intelligence. If you are offended by my use of the word dummy, I apologize in advance. Hey! What's up guys? Hip Hughes History. We're going to do a lecture for you right now."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey! What's up guys? Hip Hughes History. We're going to do a lecture for you right now. But how to write an essay. Specifically, how to write what's called in New York State a DBQ essay or a document-based question essay. In other states, they give you the same types of essays."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to do a lecture for you right now. But how to write an essay. Specifically, how to write what's called in New York State a DBQ essay or a document-based question essay. In other states, they give you the same types of essays. Even on the AP exam, they give you all of these resources and then they ask you to write an essay about it. So, whether you're in New York State doing a Regents or you're working on other types of papers or essays that deal with primary resource and documentation, this is the right video lecture for you. No fancy green screen."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "In other states, they give you the same types of essays. Even on the AP exam, they give you all of these resources and then they ask you to write an essay about it. So, whether you're in New York State doing a Regents or you're working on other types of papers or essays that deal with primary resource and documentation, this is the right video lecture for you. No fancy green screen. No special effects. Just me yelling at you. Five things to help you pass your exam writing a DBQ essay."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "No fancy green screen. No special effects. Just me yelling at you. Five things to help you pass your exam writing a DBQ essay. Number one. Number one, guys, it's not a DBQ essay about documents. I ask this question to my kids every year."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "Five things to help you pass your exam writing a DBQ essay. Number one. Number one, guys, it's not a DBQ essay about documents. I ask this question to my kids every year. What is a DBQ essay about? And the kid goes, documents. And I go, no, you're wrong."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "I ask this question to my kids every year. What is a DBQ essay about? And the kid goes, documents. And I go, no, you're wrong. It's an essay about history, guys. It's an essay about the task. We're going to call it a peanut butter and jelly essay."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "And I go, no, you're wrong. It's an essay about history, guys. It's an essay about the task. We're going to call it a peanut butter and jelly essay. And what that means is that half of the essay or maybe even the majority of the essay is about the document's information. It's about the citations and the facts that you use, the quotes that you explain, the peanut butter that they give you the jar of. How you spread that peanut butter on depends on how well you do it, the grade you're going to get."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to call it a peanut butter and jelly essay. And what that means is that half of the essay or maybe even the majority of the essay is about the document's information. It's about the citations and the facts that you use, the quotes that you explain, the peanut butter that they give you the jar of. How you spread that peanut butter on depends on how well you do it, the grade you're going to get. But nevertheless, that's the peanut butter part of the essay. And then we'll talk a little bit about jelly, about the outside information, about what you bring to the table, the facts, the thematic ideas, the thesis themes that you bring into the exam. But using that peanut butter and that jelly is how you write that essay."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "How you spread that peanut butter on depends on how well you do it, the grade you're going to get. But nevertheless, that's the peanut butter part of the essay. And then we'll talk a little bit about jelly, about the outside information, about what you bring to the table, the facts, the thematic ideas, the thesis themes that you bring into the exam. But using that peanut butter and that jelly is how you write that essay. But the essay is by no means about the peanut butter. It's not about in document one, I read about document one, and I'm going to tell you what I read about document one. That's a bad grade right there."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "But using that peanut butter and that jelly is how you write that essay. But the essay is by no means about the peanut butter. It's not about in document one, I read about document one, and I'm going to tell you what I read about document one. That's a bad grade right there. So get it in your thick skulls, kiddies. It's not about the documents. Say it out loud, it's not about the documents."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "That's a bad grade right there. So get it in your thick skulls, kiddies. It's not about the documents. Say it out loud, it's not about the documents. Dots or die. I'm serious, dots or die trying. On the state exams in New York, they have little dots and they'll tell you what to do."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "Say it out loud, it's not about the documents. Dots or die. I'm serious, dots or die trying. On the state exams in New York, they have little dots and they'll tell you what to do. Discuss two groups and dot and discuss the conflict they had with other groups and I don't care what it says. I need you to do those dots or die trying. On the rubric and how we grade in New York and I'm sure in most states, you are given credit for attempting all of the dots."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "On the state exams in New York, they have little dots and they'll tell you what to do. Discuss two groups and dot and discuss the conflict they had with other groups and I don't care what it says. I need you to do those dots or die trying. On the rubric and how we grade in New York and I'm sure in most states, you are given credit for attempting all of the dots. So it's kind of like going to the carnival and they give you three balls and you have to knock the puppets down. Right? And you take the first one and you miss and you take the second one and maybe you knock one down and then you go, I don't know how to throw the third one, so I'll just walk away."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "On the rubric and how we grade in New York and I'm sure in most states, you are given credit for attempting all of the dots. So it's kind of like going to the carnival and they give you three balls and you have to knock the puppets down. Right? And you take the first one and you miss and you take the second one and maybe you knock one down and then you go, I don't know how to throw the third one, so I'll just walk away. You would never do that. You would never do that. You would throw the damn ball."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "And you take the first one and you miss and you take the second one and maybe you knock one down and then you go, I don't know how to throw the third one, so I'll just walk away. You would never do that. You would never do that. You would throw the damn ball. So whatever the dot says, you need to write something about that dot. If the dot says, for instance, I think we're getting out of focus. If the dot says, for instance, to, you know, why the monkey climb up the tree, you need to write."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "You would throw the damn ball. So whatever the dot says, you need to write something about that dot. If the dot says, for instance, I think we're getting out of focus. If the dot says, for instance, to, you know, why the monkey climb up the tree, you need to write. Let's take a look at why the monkey climbed up the tree. Perhaps it was because he was hungry. On the rubric, seriously, all right, right in the New York state in the category of a three, which is a mediocre essay at best."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "If the dot says, for instance, to, you know, why the monkey climb up the tree, you need to write. Let's take a look at why the monkey climbed up the tree. Perhaps it was because he was hungry. On the rubric, seriously, all right, right in the New York state in the category of a three, which is a mediocre essay at best. It says student addresses all dots in a limited way, tasks in a limited way. So dots are a die trying. If you skip a dot, it's a dumb thing to do and you should fail and you're going to live a miserable life."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "On the rubric, seriously, all right, right in the New York state in the category of a three, which is a mediocre essay at best. It says student addresses all dots in a limited way, tasks in a limited way. So dots are a die trying. If you skip a dot, it's a dumb thing to do and you should fail and you're going to live a miserable life. I'm just joking. You'll pass it next time. But right now, dots are a die trying."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "If you skip a dot, it's a dumb thing to do and you should fail and you're going to live a miserable life. I'm just joking. You'll pass it next time. But right now, dots are a die trying. Peanut butter and jelly, dots are a die trying. Peanut butter, specifically about the peanut butter guys, about how to use those documents. All right?"}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "But right now, dots are a die trying. Peanut butter and jelly, dots are a die trying. Peanut butter, specifically about the peanut butter guys, about how to use those documents. All right? We've already said it's a peanut butter and jelly essay. But when you are going to use a document, I need you to do three things. I need you to cite the document."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "All right? We've already said it's a peanut butter and jelly essay. But when you are going to use a document, I need you to do three things. I need you to cite the document. I need you to say the name of the document, the primary resource name. According to document number one, the Treaty of Versailles, we can clearly see. You need to cite the documents."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "I need you to cite the document. I need you to say the name of the document, the primary resource name. According to document number one, the Treaty of Versailles, we can clearly see. You need to cite the documents. That's what historians do. You bring it up and you go, this is the document I'm talking about. This is the name of the document, year it came from, the title of it, whatever."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "You need to cite the documents. That's what historians do. You bring it up and you go, this is the document I'm talking about. This is the name of the document, year it came from, the title of it, whatever. And then I need you to pick a strong quote or a strong feature in the cartoon or a statistic in the data chart. And I need you to state that because it relates to the answer. So looking at why the conflict started, we can clearly see when Adolf Hitler says in Mein Kampf, yada, yada, yada, yada, yada, using the quote means you need to explain it."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "This is the name of the document, year it came from, the title of it, whatever. And then I need you to pick a strong quote or a strong feature in the cartoon or a statistic in the data chart. And I need you to state that because it relates to the answer. So looking at why the conflict started, we can clearly see when Adolf Hitler says in Mein Kampf, yada, yada, yada, yada, yada, using the quote means you need to explain it. So for every document, the peanut butter side of things, you have three sentences at a minimum. Number one, you are introducing the peanut butter. Number two, you are specifically saying something like a quotation."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "So looking at why the conflict started, we can clearly see when Adolf Hitler says in Mein Kampf, yada, yada, yada, yada, yada, using the quote means you need to explain it. So for every document, the peanut butter side of things, you have three sentences at a minimum. Number one, you are introducing the peanut butter. Number two, you are specifically saying something like a quotation. And then you've got to follow it up by explaining. Perhaps what he meant was those three things are going to be the peanut butter part of the equation. And right away, if you know you need to use, let's say, three-quarters of the documents, I'll let you skip one, maybe two documents."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "Number two, you are specifically saying something like a quotation. And then you've got to follow it up by explaining. Perhaps what he meant was those three things are going to be the peanut butter part of the equation. And right away, if you know you need to use, let's say, three-quarters of the documents, I'll let you skip one, maybe two documents. But you should use most of those documents, at least more than half. Otherwise, you're a dead duck. But automatically, if there's ten documents, you use seven documents, you have 21 sentences just for the peanut butter."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "And right away, if you know you need to use, let's say, three-quarters of the documents, I'll let you skip one, maybe two documents. But you should use most of those documents, at least more than half. Otherwise, you're a dead duck. But automatically, if there's ten documents, you use seven documents, you have 21 sentences just for the peanut butter. I'm telling you, man, this is the way to do it. All right? Peanut butter and jelly."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "But automatically, if there's ten documents, you use seven documents, you have 21 sentences just for the peanut butter. I'm telling you, man, this is the way to do it. All right? Peanut butter and jelly. Let's look at the jelly. Where attention goes, energy flows. I like saying that, guys."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "Peanut butter and jelly. Let's look at the jelly. Where attention goes, energy flows. I like saying that, guys. The jelly. Okay. How to use the outside information."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "I like saying that, guys. The jelly. Okay. How to use the outside information. And this is tough if you don't know the history and you're really, you know, weak on memorizing facts and things like that. But O-I or die trying, guys. If you do not have jelly, if you do not have clear-cut examples of outside information, you're going to get a two."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "How to use the outside information. And this is tough if you don't know the history and you're really, you know, weak on memorizing facts and things like that. But O-I or die trying, guys. If you do not have jelly, if you do not have clear-cut examples of outside information, you're going to get a two. It doesn't matter what you do, you will get a two. P-U. I'm like a hip-hop master."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "If you do not have jelly, if you do not have clear-cut examples of outside information, you're going to get a two. It doesn't matter what you do, you will get a two. P-U. I'm like a hip-hop master. So what I need you to do is this. For each document, when you're answering the questions that go with that document, they don't do that in AP, but on the Regents, they'll give you a leading question. I need you to sit, close your eyes, and go to a place and brainstorm."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm like a hip-hop master. So what I need you to do is this. For each document, when you're answering the questions that go with that document, they don't do that in AP, but on the Regents, they'll give you a leading question. I need you to sit, close your eyes, and go to a place and brainstorm. Find some type of relationship to that document. Maybe you go back to the multiple choice if you have to, or maybe you come up with a concrete example from another course or from a science idea or hopefully from a historical idea. And I want you to write that on the side of the document because I know what you do when you do the peanut butter."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "I need you to sit, close your eyes, and go to a place and brainstorm. Find some type of relationship to that document. Maybe you go back to the multiple choice if you have to, or maybe you come up with a concrete example from another course or from a science idea or hopefully from a historical idea. And I want you to write that on the side of the document because I know what you do when you do the peanut butter. You take the document out and you're manipulating it, you're quoting it, you're using it. And if you have the jelly on the side of the document, they go together. So you can follow up your citation and explanation with the relatable outside information."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "And I want you to write that on the side of the document because I know what you do when you do the peanut butter. You take the document out and you're manipulating it, you're quoting it, you're using it. And if you have the jelly on the side of the document, they go together. So you can follow up your citation and explanation with the relatable outside information. So for instance, if I'm doing, I don't know, the 14 points or the League of Nations, the Treaty of Versailles idea, and I have that document that talks about maybe the League of Nations. And I know that that treaty was rejected by the U.S. Senate. I would write on the side of the document, Senate rejects."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "So you can follow up your citation and explanation with the relatable outside information. So for instance, if I'm doing, I don't know, the 14 points or the League of Nations, the Treaty of Versailles idea, and I have that document that talks about maybe the League of Nations. And I know that that treaty was rejected by the U.S. Senate. I would write on the side of the document, Senate rejects. So when I'm writing about that on a U.S. history exam and I say, look, if we take a look at the Treaty of Versailles, we can clearly see Woodrow Wilson's dream of the League of Nations and Europe adopting the League of Nations. I.e., unfortunately when that treaty was put in front of the Senate according to checks and balances of the U.S. Constitution, it was clearly rejected. OI jelly!"}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "I would write on the side of the document, Senate rejects. So when I'm writing about that on a U.S. history exam and I say, look, if we take a look at the Treaty of Versailles, we can clearly see Woodrow Wilson's dream of the League of Nations and Europe adopting the League of Nations. I.e., unfortunately when that treaty was put in front of the Senate according to checks and balances of the U.S. Constitution, it was clearly rejected. OI jelly! Touchdown! That's the formula, guys. That's the formula."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "OI jelly! Touchdown! That's the formula, guys. That's the formula. So I want you to brainstorm and I want you to write jelly on the side of your documents, as much outside information as you can. Technically, if you have one decent use of OI, we might be able to get you to a 3. And remember, out of a 5, a 3 is a 60."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "That's the formula. So I want you to brainstorm and I want you to write jelly on the side of your documents, as much outside information as you can. Technically, if you have one decent use of OI, we might be able to get you to a 3. And remember, out of a 5, a 3 is a 60. It's a D minus. I want you to get 4s and 5s. I want you to use lots of jelly."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "And remember, out of a 5, a 3 is a 60. It's a D minus. I want you to get 4s and 5s. I want you to use lots of jelly. But no jelly, no pass, no pass, no graduate, no graduate. Sad face. Alright, there you go."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "I want you to use lots of jelly. But no jelly, no pass, no pass, no graduate, no graduate. Sad face. Alright, there you go. So we're going to do one more with you and then we're going to leave you on your own because you've got a test to take. It's not just what's on the inside that counts. Appearances matter."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright, there you go. So we're going to do one more with you and then we're going to leave you on your own because you've got a test to take. It's not just what's on the inside that counts. Appearances matter. So I can't give you a million writing strategies. There's probably other videos for that. But I will tell you in a general format, if you can do a few things."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "Appearances matter. So I can't give you a million writing strategies. There's probably other videos for that. But I will tell you in a general format, if you can do a few things. If you can start with topic sentences. So, you know, if the dot says, for instance, talk about the negatives, and another dot says talk about the positives, that's really easy to do. You're going to put all of the negative documents in a paragraph."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "But I will tell you in a general format, if you can do a few things. If you can start with topic sentences. So, you know, if the dot says, for instance, talk about the negatives, and another dot says talk about the positives, that's really easy to do. You're going to put all of the negative documents in a paragraph. And you're going to start that paragraph by stating the dot. Let's first take a look at some of the negative aspects of industrialization. And then you can go through your formula."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "You're going to put all of the negative documents in a paragraph. And you're going to start that paragraph by stating the dot. Let's first take a look at some of the negative aspects of industrialization. And then you can go through your formula. One document which clearly expresses sight. We can see in the quote, quote, let me explain, explain, jelly. And then go to the next document that's negative."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "And then you can go through your formula. One document which clearly expresses sight. We can see in the quote, quote, let me explain, explain, jelly. And then go to the next document that's negative. Doing that kind of, you know, theme or dot orientated essay is not a laundry list. It's not scripted. You put it together and you get credit for that."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "And then go to the next document that's negative. Doing that kind of, you know, theme or dot orientated essay is not a laundry list. It's not scripted. You put it together and you get credit for that. If it doesn't look like at least four paragraphs, just go home. So make sure you have an opening that is more than three or four sentences. Same thing with an evaluation paragraph at the end."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "You put it together and you get credit for that. If it doesn't look like at least four paragraphs, just go home. So make sure you have an opening that is more than three or four sentences. Same thing with an evaluation paragraph at the end. And I can't go too far into that. But I would say that length counts, thematic sentences count, format counts. So there you go, guys."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "Same thing with an evaluation paragraph at the end. And I can't go too far into that. But I would say that length counts, thematic sentences count, format counts. So there you go, guys. I can't write this essay for you. But I'm hoping if you learn those five things, and let's say them out loud, that it's not about the documents, right? Dots or die trying that you are going to use those documents by citing and explaining and quoting."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "So there you go, guys. I can't write this essay for you. But I'm hoping if you learn those five things, and let's say them out loud, that it's not about the documents, right? Dots or die trying that you are going to use those documents by citing and explaining and quoting. You're going to make sure you have jelly or you're going to die trying. And you're going to pay attention to format. And you're going to try to make this look like a decent length essay."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "Dots or die trying that you are going to use those documents by citing and explaining and quoting. You're going to make sure you have jelly or you're going to die trying. And you're going to pay attention to format. And you're going to try to make this look like a decent length essay. I think that you should get fours. Maybe some of you out there will get fives. But if you fall to a three, you can pass your test."}, {"video_title": "5 Tips for Writing a Great DBQ Essay.m4a", "Sentence": "And you're going to try to make this look like a decent length essay. I think that you should get fours. Maybe some of you out there will get fives. But if you fall to a three, you can pass your test. If you fall to a two, I don't know what you're going to do. All right, I don't want to shout, and I don't like sauerkraut. I don't even like to bout, but Mr. Hughes is out."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History. In the next 10 to 15 minutes, we're going to take a look at, in a very broad kind of way, the French Revolution. This lecture is really designed for maybe a world history course, maybe a sophomore level high school student, an introductory course to that type of world history or European history. So I'm definitely not going to go into a lot of details and a lot of vocabulary. We're going to keep it tight. So multiple choice, thematic essay, we're going to try to give you enough. So I hope that your attention is geared and I hope that you're ready to go as we start by looking at five causes of the French Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I'm definitely not going to go into a lot of details and a lot of vocabulary. We're going to keep it tight. So multiple choice, thematic essay, we're going to try to give you enough. So I hope that your attention is geared and I hope that you're ready to go as we start by looking at five causes of the French Revolution. The first cause is absolute monarchy or absolute monarchism. And an absolute monarchy is basically what it sounds like. A monarch is a king, right?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I hope that your attention is geared and I hope that you're ready to go as we start by looking at five causes of the French Revolution. The first cause is absolute monarchy or absolute monarchism. And an absolute monarchy is basically what it sounds like. A monarch is a king, right? King-Queen system. And basically they rule the day. Their word is final and there's really nothing else up for discussion."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "A monarch is a king, right? King-Queen system. And basically they rule the day. Their word is final and there's really nothing else up for discussion. So France in 1789 was run under an absolute monarchy. Queen Marie Antoinette, King Louis XVI ruled the day. So you have very little connection between the people and their government, right?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Their word is final and there's really nothing else up for discussion. So France in 1789 was run under an absolute monarchy. Queen Marie Antoinette, King Louis XVI ruled the day. So you have very little connection between the people and their government, right? This is kind of the opposite of social contract. We'll go into that in a moment. But kind of in the states, in the United States and in most of the world today, we accept that there's a social contract between the people and their government."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So you have very little connection between the people and their government, right? This is kind of the opposite of social contract. We'll go into that in a moment. But kind of in the states, in the United States and in most of the world today, we accept that there's a social contract between the people and their government. That there is in a sense, I do chicken and egg concept in other course, in my US course, but basically the idea is what came first, the chicken or the egg? And the answer is always the chicken because you are the chickens, my friends. Can you say bok bok?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But kind of in the states, in the United States and in most of the world today, we accept that there's a social contract between the people and their government. That there is in a sense, I do chicken and egg concept in other course, in my US course, but basically the idea is what came first, the chicken or the egg? And the answer is always the chicken because you are the chickens, my friends. Can you say bok bok? The egg therefore becomes the government. And I don't know if you know a lot about bird biology, but I think that chickens need to have rooster sex in order to create eggs. That would be them kind of voting, consent of the governed, a social contract, right?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Can you say bok bok? The egg therefore becomes the government. And I don't know if you know a lot about bird biology, but I think that chickens need to have rooster sex in order to create eggs. That would be them kind of voting, consent of the governed, a social contract, right? That creates that government, right? So in France, in a monarchy system, right? It's the other way around."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That would be them kind of voting, consent of the governed, a social contract, right? That creates that government, right? So in France, in a monarchy system, right? It's the other way around. The egg has birthed the chicken, right? The egg came first and the chickens have nothing to say about what their government looks like. So absolute monarchism, that would be uno."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the other way around. The egg has birthed the chicken, right? The egg came first and the chickens have nothing to say about what their government looks like. So absolute monarchism, that would be uno. Reason number one for the French Revolution. Revolution. Number two."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So absolute monarchism, that would be uno. Reason number one for the French Revolution. Revolution. Number two. Number two is the estate system. We can kind of classify this maybe with a thematic sentence under social inequality, right? You've seen this in other parts of your course."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Number two. Number two is the estate system. We can kind of classify this maybe with a thematic sentence under social inequality, right? You've seen this in other parts of your course. Maybe it's the caste system, right? Or maybe it's the feudal system, which is really what this is about, the feudal system. And in France, people were broken up into three estates."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You've seen this in other parts of your course. Maybe it's the caste system, right? Or maybe it's the feudal system, which is really what this is about, the feudal system. And in France, people were broken up into three estates. The first estate, which compromised I think.05 of the population, was basically the clergy, the church, the Catholic church, the religious folks, the people that were way up on top. Amen. The second estate were the nobles."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And in France, people were broken up into three estates. The first estate, which compromised I think.05 of the population, was basically the clergy, the church, the Catholic church, the religious folks, the people that were way up on top. Amen. The second estate were the nobles. These are basically the landowners, the people with some momo, with some money, with power. And finally, everybody else. The third estate system was made up, and by the way, the second estate is 1.5% of the population, which leads, drum roll, 98% of the people in the third estate system, right?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The second estate were the nobles. These are basically the landowners, the people with some momo, with some money, with power. And finally, everybody else. The third estate system was made up, and by the way, the second estate is 1.5% of the population, which leads, drum roll, 98% of the people in the third estate system, right? And this would be not only the very, very poor, like the peasants and the serfs and the working and all that, but also what we call the bourgeoisie. That's from the Russian Revolution. But the bourgeoisie is basically like the middle class, the merchants and the artisans and the producers and the small business people."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The third estate system was made up, and by the way, the second estate is 1.5% of the population, which leads, drum roll, 98% of the people in the third estate system, right? And this would be not only the very, very poor, like the peasants and the serfs and the working and all that, but also what we call the bourgeoisie. That's from the Russian Revolution. But the bourgeoisie is basically like the middle class, the merchants and the artisans and the producers and the small business people. So everybody's lumped into that third estate system. So that's social inequality. And of course, the privileges go to the first two estates, and people in the third estate really have very few rights."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But the bourgeoisie is basically like the middle class, the merchants and the artisans and the producers and the small business people. So everybody's lumped into that third estate system. So that's social inequality. And of course, the privileges go to the first two estates, and people in the third estate really have very few rights. We'll talk about maybe taxes in the next part, but number one for the French Revolution, you have the absolute monarch, King Louis XVI. Reason number two, you have social inequality. And again, look at the vocab."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And of course, the privileges go to the first two estates, and people in the third estate really have very few rights. We'll talk about maybe taxes in the next part, but number one for the French Revolution, you have the absolute monarch, King Louis XVI. Reason number two, you have social inequality. And again, look at the vocab. It's the estate system. You want vocab? You want words that are going to be on the test?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And again, look at the vocab. It's the estate system. You want vocab? You want words that are going to be on the test? I got five bucks that's going to be on the test. I'm not going to pay you if I lose. Three estates."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You want words that are going to be on the test? I got five bucks that's going to be on the test. I'm not going to pay you if I lose. Three estates. Estate one, clergy. Estate two, nobles, right, rich. Estate three, not only the peasants and the serfs and the poor people, but the middle class."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Three estates. Estate one, clergy. Estate two, nobles, right, rich. Estate three, not only the peasants and the serfs and the poor people, but the middle class. And here's the word, ready? Bourgeoisie for the French Revolution. All right."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Estate three, not only the peasants and the serfs and the poor people, but the middle class. And here's the word, ready? Bourgeoisie for the French Revolution. All right. Reason number three for the French Revolution, we're looking at causes, folks. And the next one would be economic injustice, right? You're going to love this one."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "All right. Reason number three for the French Revolution, we're looking at causes, folks. And the next one would be economic injustice, right? You're going to love this one. The way the estate system was set up, right, let's look at America first, right? What determines the percent of taxes you pay? And in the United States, we have a progressive tax system, which means the more money you make, the more you can afford to pay, what happens to that percent of tax you pay?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You're going to love this one. The way the estate system was set up, right, let's look at America first, right? What determines the percent of taxes you pay? And in the United States, we have a progressive tax system, which means the more money you make, the more you can afford to pay, what happens to that percent of tax you pay? That's the 16th Amendment in the United States. It goes up. So if you're, you know, a multi-gillionaire, you're paying 33%, something like that."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And in the United States, we have a progressive tax system, which means the more money you make, the more you can afford to pay, what happens to that percent of tax you pay? That's the 16th Amendment in the United States. It goes up. So if you're, you know, a multi-gillionaire, you're paying 33%, something like that. And if you po-po, you might pay no taxes or 5% or 10%. So that we see as kind of economic, I don't want to say justice, but that, you know, we're comfortable with that system in order to pay for our programs. But before the French Revolution, the first and the second estate, this is how much they pay in taxes."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So if you're, you know, a multi-gillionaire, you're paying 33%, something like that. And if you po-po, you might pay no taxes or 5% or 10%. So that we see as kind of economic, I don't want to say justice, but that, you know, we're comfortable with that system in order to pay for our programs. But before the French Revolution, the first and the second estate, this is how much they pay in taxes. Can you see me? They don't pay taxes. Who pays all the taxes?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But before the French Revolution, the first and the second estate, this is how much they pay in taxes. Can you see me? They don't pay taxes. Who pays all the taxes? That's right, the serfs and the peasants and the bourgeoisie. So you know, that was like that for a long time, since the Middle Ages. The reason why it's a cause of the French Revolution is because in the 1780s, there was a humongous kind of food shortage problem."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Who pays all the taxes? That's right, the serfs and the peasants and the bourgeoisie. So you know, that was like that for a long time, since the Middle Ages. The reason why it's a cause of the French Revolution is because in the 1780s, there was a humongous kind of food shortage problem. There was, I'm not sure if it was weather or just depression, but we could just say food shortages. But people are clamoring for bread. And there's also, you know, there's a lot of tax burden because the French government is spending a lot of money."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The reason why it's a cause of the French Revolution is because in the 1780s, there was a humongous kind of food shortage problem. There was, I'm not sure if it was weather or just depression, but we could just say food shortages. But people are clamoring for bread. And there's also, you know, there's a lot of tax burden because the French government is spending a lot of money. They're going to war all the time. They're kind of wasting the people's money. So as soon as they have a deficit and they have run out of money, who are they going to tax?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's also, you know, there's a lot of tax burden because the French government is spending a lot of money. They're going to war all the time. They're kind of wasting the people's money. So as soon as they have a deficit and they have run out of money, who are they going to tax? Yeah, that's right, the popo. And you know, so now you're starving and the king comes and he's like, grease my palm, bro. So the third reason is social, I'm sorry, economic inequality."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So as soon as they have a deficit and they have run out of money, who are they going to tax? Yeah, that's right, the popo. And you know, so now you're starving and the king comes and he's like, grease my palm, bro. So the third reason is social, I'm sorry, economic inequality. And you're looking at that third estate, right, paying all of the taxes so the first and the second estate can live high on the hog. Oink, oink. Right?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So the third reason is social, I'm sorry, economic inequality. And you're looking at that third estate, right, paying all of the taxes so the first and the second estate can live high on the hog. Oink, oink. Right? So that would be reason number three for what is it? The French Revolution. I like to say a revolution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Right? So that would be reason number three for what is it? The French Revolution. I like to say a revolution. Okay, reason number four, and we probably could do a whole lecture on this, but it's the enlightenment, right? I always see the enlightenment in my mind kind of 1600s Europe as we're living in the dark ages and the enlightenment is really like the invention of the flashlight where now you, the people, can kind of look around and figure out for yourself, you know, logic and reason and what you're going to believe in. And it's not just the pope telling you what to believe in."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I like to say a revolution. Okay, reason number four, and we probably could do a whole lecture on this, but it's the enlightenment, right? I always see the enlightenment in my mind kind of 1600s Europe as we're living in the dark ages and the enlightenment is really like the invention of the flashlight where now you, the people, can kind of look around and figure out for yourself, you know, logic and reason and what you're going to believe in. And it's not just the pope telling you what to believe in. But during the enlightenment era in the 16 and 1700s, you had a lot of philosophers that wrote their ideas down that are going to influence the French, what? The French Revolution. So I'll just give you a few names."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's not just the pope telling you what to believe in. But during the enlightenment era in the 16 and 1700s, you had a lot of philosophers that wrote their ideas down that are going to influence the French, what? The French Revolution. So I'll just give you a few names. John Locke is one of them, social contract and natural rights, that you are born with natural rights. You are born a free man or a free woman. But what does the government do in France as soon as you're born?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I'll just give you a few names. John Locke is one of them, social contract and natural rights, that you are born with natural rights. You are born a free man or a free woman. But what does the government do in France as soon as you're born? They take away your rights and now we have the French Revolution. So like Locke would be an important concept with natural rights. Monascue is a name I've seen before on the task."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But what does the government do in France as soon as you're born? They take away your rights and now we have the French Revolution. So like Locke would be an important concept with natural rights. Monascue is a name I've seen before on the task. Checks and balances that government needs to be checked by the people and other branches of government. You have Rousseau, which is kind of the bill of rights that government should protect people's rights. Those are like the three big names that pop in my head right away."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Monascue is a name I've seen before on the task. Checks and balances that government needs to be checked by the people and other branches of government. You have Rousseau, which is kind of the bill of rights that government should protect people's rights. Those are like the three big names that pop in my head right away. But definitely the bigger answer is the enlightenment leads to the French Revolution. And there's other things involved in there. I mean you have, you know, Gutenberg's printing press way back and that allows for the ideas to be transferable to, you know, poor people or to people maybe not poor bourgeoisie people so their ideas can spread."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Those are like the three big names that pop in my head right away. But definitely the bigger answer is the enlightenment leads to the French Revolution. And there's other things involved in there. I mean you have, you know, Gutenberg's printing press way back and that allows for the ideas to be transferable to, you know, poor people or to people maybe not poor bourgeoisie people so their ideas can spread. So you kind of have this, you know, vacuum of ideas that are rolling around on the bottom and you're combining those other factors of, you know, social and economic equality, the monarchy and now those enlightenment ideas are going to kind of sweep people, you know, away. I don't want to go into another reason before I have to but I want to say American Revolution but I'm going to wait and I might just say that again in a second. So just to briefly summarize, we have one more reason."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean you have, you know, Gutenberg's printing press way back and that allows for the ideas to be transferable to, you know, poor people or to people maybe not poor bourgeoisie people so their ideas can spread. So you kind of have this, you know, vacuum of ideas that are rolling around on the bottom and you're combining those other factors of, you know, social and economic equality, the monarchy and now those enlightenment ideas are going to kind of sweep people, you know, away. I don't want to go into another reason before I have to but I want to say American Revolution but I'm going to wait and I might just say that again in a second. So just to briefly summarize, we have one more reason. I'm actually kind of cheat a little bit. Yeah, okay. So your four reasons we've done so far would be the absolute monarchy idea, kind of the social inequality idea with the estate system."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So just to briefly summarize, we have one more reason. I'm actually kind of cheat a little bit. Yeah, okay. So your four reasons we've done so far would be the absolute monarchy idea, kind of the social inequality idea with the estate system. You have the economic inequality, kind of the tax idea and the estates, you know, being supported by the third estate and now you have the enlightenment idea. So let me go get the fifth reason and I'll be right back and then we can have, yes we can do it, right my friends, we can do what? Reason number five."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So your four reasons we've done so far would be the absolute monarchy idea, kind of the social inequality idea with the estate system. You have the economic inequality, kind of the tax idea and the estates, you know, being supported by the third estate and now you have the enlightenment idea. So let me go get the fifth reason and I'll be right back and then we can have, yes we can do it, right my friends, we can do what? Reason number five. Reason number five is other revolutions. Previous to the French Revolution, 1600s, I think 1600s you have the Glorious Revolution and the kind of the ideas of the Magna Carta and the Parliament in England but even a better example and the one that I would use is just pull it out of the bag. It's the American Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Reason number five. Reason number five is other revolutions. Previous to the French Revolution, 1600s, I think 1600s you have the Glorious Revolution and the kind of the ideas of the Magna Carta and the Parliament in England but even a better example and the one that I would use is just pull it out of the bag. It's the American Revolution. We're only talking about 12, 13 years, right? 1776 is the American Revolution. 1789 is the French Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the American Revolution. We're only talking about 12, 13 years, right? 1776 is the American Revolution. 1789 is the French Revolution. So the ideas of the American Revolution absolutely influenced that third estate system, right? So Declaration of Independence, right? I call it the dear John, you know, you suck letter."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "1789 is the French Revolution. So the ideas of the American Revolution absolutely influenced that third estate system, right? So Declaration of Independence, right? I call it the dear John, you know, you suck letter. But basically the colonists saying to their ruler, the English government, that you know, you are not, you know, you are not our government through representation. There's no social contract, John Locke, no natural rights that are being really enshrined and being protected for us. The idea of Montesquieu and Roselle and Locke and all these Enlightenment ideas are really built into the American Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I call it the dear John, you know, you suck letter. But basically the colonists saying to their ruler, the English government, that you know, you are not, you know, you are not our government through representation. There's no social contract, John Locke, no natural rights that are being really enshrined and being protected for us. The idea of Montesquieu and Roselle and Locke and all these Enlightenment ideas are really built into the American Revolution. So if you were ever scared that we can't do it, my French friends, if you were ever worried that you can't overthrow the king, oh my God, you could never do that, not in a million years. Well, if you look at the American Revolution, a bunch of rag-tag colonists that were really being led by very rich people like Hamilton and Washington and those guys. Nevertheless, what do they do?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The idea of Montesquieu and Roselle and Locke and all these Enlightenment ideas are really built into the American Revolution. So if you were ever scared that we can't do it, my French friends, if you were ever worried that you can't overthrow the king, oh my God, you could never do that, not in a million years. Well, if you look at the American Revolution, a bunch of rag-tag colonists that were really being led by very rich people like Hamilton and Washington and those guys. Nevertheless, what do they do? They overthrew the most powerful, you know, army in the world pretty much, the British. So this is going to give the French, you know, the gusto, right? To go do it."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Nevertheless, what do they do? They overthrew the most powerful, you know, army in the world pretty much, the British. So this is going to give the French, you know, the gusto, right? To go do it. To do what? The French? They love it."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "To go do it. To do what? The French? They love it. The French Revolution. So there, you know, let's really quick, I'm almost walking off. Five reasons, right?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They love it. The French Revolution. So there, you know, let's really quick, I'm almost walking off. Five reasons, right? Number one, absolute monarchism. Number two, right? We have social inequality with the estate system."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Five reasons, right? Number one, absolute monarchism. Number two, right? We have social inequality with the estate system. Number three, economic inequality with the tax system. Number four, the light has gone on, the Enlightenment ideas. And finally, the example of the British, but more importantly, the American Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We have social inequality with the estate system. Number three, economic inequality with the tax system. Number four, the light has gone on, the Enlightenment ideas. And finally, the example of the British, but more importantly, the American Revolution. And now we're ready to go do the French Revolution. The three stages of the French Revolution. So the French Revolution is basically a few stages."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And finally, the example of the British, but more importantly, the American Revolution. And now we're ready to go do the French Revolution. The three stages of the French Revolution. So the French Revolution is basically a few stages. It's not really like the American Revolution. I mean, the American Revolution I would consider more of a top-down revolution where the people that already had power in America convinced the people on the bottom of the scale that this was the time. I think it's the other way around in the French Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So the French Revolution is basically a few stages. It's not really like the American Revolution. I mean, the American Revolution I would consider more of a top-down revolution where the people that already had power in America convinced the people on the bottom of the scale that this was the time. I think it's the other way around in the French Revolution. And in 1789, King Louis XVI really felt the pressure. So he called a grand meeting, it's called the Estates General, where all three estates were going to come together and they were going to solve these problems. But the real problem is nothing can be done without the agreement of two estates."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I think it's the other way around in the French Revolution. And in 1789, King Louis XVI really felt the pressure. So he called a grand meeting, it's called the Estates General, where all three estates were going to come together and they were going to solve these problems. But the real problem is nothing can be done without the agreement of two estates. And of course, the top two estates are never going to do anything for that third estate. So the third estate kind of just said, we're going to be independent. We're going to be the National Assembly."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But the real problem is nothing can be done without the agreement of two estates. And of course, the top two estates are never going to do anything for that third estate. So the third estate kind of just said, we're going to be independent. We're going to be the National Assembly. And this is called the Tentative Court Oath. We're the only ones elected by the people. So therefore we are the representatives of the people."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're going to be the National Assembly. And this is called the Tentative Court Oath. We're the only ones elected by the people. So therefore we are the representatives of the people. So they just kind of did that and they said they were going to do it. Because of that, the people got all riled up when the king wouldn't give up power. They stormed a prison to, I think, free debtors and just to kind of show their power."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So therefore we are the representatives of the people. So they just kind of did that and they said they were going to do it. Because of that, the people got all riled up when the king wouldn't give up power. They stormed a prison to, I think, free debtors and just to kind of show their power. They stormed the Bastille. And basically that's the first stage of the revolution. The king tried to do something."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They stormed a prison to, I think, free debtors and just to kind of show their power. They stormed the Bastille. And basically that's the first stage of the revolution. The king tried to do something. He didn't do anything with the Estates General meeting. Then the third estate declares themselves, you know, the National Assembly, the rulers. And the people rise up, they storm the Bastille, and we're ready for stage two."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The king tried to do something. He didn't do anything with the Estates General meeting. Then the third estate declares themselves, you know, the National Assembly, the rulers. And the people rise up, they storm the Bastille, and we're ready for stage two. So let's go do that. So the second phase is called the Great Fear. And the Great Fear is really kind of like retribution where the peasants and the poor people who really couldn't even afford bread at that point really rose up and they were attacking nobles and burning down castles and, you know, really kind of creating that fear in the upper class."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the people rise up, they storm the Bastille, and we're ready for stage two. So let's go do that. So the second phase is called the Great Fear. And the Great Fear is really kind of like retribution where the peasants and the poor people who really couldn't even afford bread at that point really rose up and they were attacking nobles and burning down castles and, you know, really kind of creating that fear in the upper class. Meanwhile, the National Assembly is doing things to create a limited monarchy government. One thing they did was they passed the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. And basically it looks a lot like kind of like our Bill of Rights where you would say like freedom of speech and freedom of religion and kind of those basic human rights or natural rights that we see from John Locke and the Declaration of Independence through Thomas Jefferson."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Great Fear is really kind of like retribution where the peasants and the poor people who really couldn't even afford bread at that point really rose up and they were attacking nobles and burning down castles and, you know, really kind of creating that fear in the upper class. Meanwhile, the National Assembly is doing things to create a limited monarchy government. One thing they did was they passed the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. And basically it looks a lot like kind of like our Bill of Rights where you would say like freedom of speech and freedom of religion and kind of those basic human rights or natural rights that we see from John Locke and the Declaration of Independence through Thomas Jefferson. But basically what occurred is that government, you know, wasn't really, really effective. You had a lot of chaos going on. And as the revolution, you know, the idea of the revolution got out of France, other European governments were kind of like, ehhh, because they don't want to be next, you know."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And basically it looks a lot like kind of like our Bill of Rights where you would say like freedom of speech and freedom of religion and kind of those basic human rights or natural rights that we see from John Locke and the Declaration of Independence through Thomas Jefferson. But basically what occurred is that government, you know, wasn't really, really effective. You had a lot of chaos going on. And as the revolution, you know, the idea of the revolution got out of France, other European governments were kind of like, ehhh, because they don't want to be next, you know. They want to support the king. They didn't love, you know, the French king. But they love the absolute idea of absolute what?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And as the revolution, you know, the idea of the revolution got out of France, other European governments were kind of like, ehhh, because they don't want to be next, you know. They want to support the king. They didn't love, you know, the French king. But they love the absolute idea of absolute what? Monarchism. So they start kind of getting ramped up like they're going to come save the French king. And basically the National Assembly goes to war with Europe."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But they love the absolute idea of absolute what? Monarchism. So they start kind of getting ramped up like they're going to come save the French king. And basically the National Assembly goes to war with Europe. We attack, I think they attack Prussia or Germany and the British. And, you know, they're going to go out bringing that revolution in their minds to the rest of Europe. They see this as a fire that's going to sweep across Europe taking down kings and queens all over and creating what they see as this kind of utopian democratic society."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And basically the National Assembly goes to war with Europe. We attack, I think they attack Prussia or Germany and the British. And, you know, they're going to go out bringing that revolution in their minds to the rest of Europe. They see this as a fire that's going to sweep across Europe taking down kings and queens all over and creating what they see as this kind of utopian democratic society. So that's stage two. Stage two is called the Great Fear. But out of that we do get the Declarations of Man and Citizen."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They see this as a fire that's going to sweep across Europe taking down kings and queens all over and creating what they see as this kind of utopian democratic society. So that's stage two. Stage two is called the Great Fear. But out of that we do get the Declarations of Man and Citizen. We do get a limited monarchy. We do get more social equality. But we also get a lot of houses being burned down."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But out of that we do get the Declarations of Man and Citizen. We do get a limited monarchy. We do get more social equality. But we also get a lot of houses being burned down. Stage three is the Reign of Terror. So in 1792, now that we're going to war with Europe, radicals take control of the National Assembly. They're elected in."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But we also get a lot of houses being burned down. Stage three is the Reign of Terror. So in 1792, now that we're going to war with Europe, radicals take control of the National Assembly. They're elected in. Radicals like Maximile Robespierre. And I'm probably saying this butchering his name up. But this guy is kind of the opposite of the king."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're elected in. Radicals like Maximile Robespierre. And I'm probably saying this butchering his name up. But this guy is kind of the opposite of the king. Where the king will kill you because he's got power and you've got none. Now the guy that didn't have any power has got power. And now what's he going to do?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But this guy is kind of the opposite of the king. Where the king will kill you because he's got power and you've got none. Now the guy that didn't have any power has got power. And now what's he going to do? Off with your head. Thousands of French people had the guillotine slice their necks off. Slice their heads off."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now what's he going to do? Off with your head. Thousands of French people had the guillotine slice their necks off. Slice their heads off. Including Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI as well as thousands and hundreds of nobles and landowners and clergy. All kinds of people. And that really is the Reign of Terror."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Slice their heads off. Including Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI as well as thousands and hundreds of nobles and landowners and clergy. All kinds of people. And that really is the Reign of Terror. This isn't the democracy that most people were hoping for. But nevertheless what occurs is eventually Robespierre himself becomes the victim of his own reign of terror. And that's stage three."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that really is the Reign of Terror. This isn't the democracy that most people were hoping for. But nevertheless what occurs is eventually Robespierre himself becomes the victim of his own reign of terror. And that's stage three. Really the most radical stage of the French Revolution. Off with your head. So stage four we're going to have the moderates return now."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's stage three. Really the most radical stage of the French Revolution. Off with your head. So stage four we're going to have the moderates return now. So let me go find a moderate. Someone who's not just completely a radical. He's right there."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So stage four we're going to have the moderates return now. So let me go find a moderate. Someone who's not just completely a radical. He's right there. Come here man. Get over here. So stage four is moderation."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He's right there. Come here man. Get over here. So stage four is moderation. And this is basically like 1795, 1794, 1799. And basically the moderates came in kind of promising to get the job done. To stop the riots and to lower the price of bread and to do the basic things that people want."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So stage four is moderation. And this is basically like 1795, 1794, 1799. And basically the moderates came in kind of promising to get the job done. To stop the riots and to lower the price of bread and to do the basic things that people want. You know, everybody loves freedom until you're hungry. And now it becomes kind of like that chant we see in Russia in 1917. Land peace and bread."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "To stop the riots and to lower the price of bread and to do the basic things that people want. You know, everybody loves freedom until you're hungry. And now it becomes kind of like that chant we see in Russia in 1917. Land peace and bread. What did the radicals bring France? They didn't bring the people bread. They didn't give them more property really."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Land peace and bread. What did the radicals bring France? They didn't bring the people bread. They didn't give them more property really. And they certainly didn't give them peace in this kind of European war that ends up not being a winner. So you have a very weak ineffectual government by 1799. This is the moderate government."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They didn't give them more property really. And they certainly didn't give them peace in this kind of European war that ends up not being a winner. So you have a very weak ineffectual government by 1799. This is the moderate government. So when you have a weak ineffectual government and people are hungry and there's riots and all this stuff, all you need is someone to kind of step in and take over. And this is really important. This general in 1799 kind of out of nowhere is going to come out of the blue."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This is the moderate government. So when you have a weak ineffectual government and people are hungry and there's riots and all this stuff, all you need is someone to kind of step in and take over. And this is really important. This general in 1799 kind of out of nowhere is going to come out of the blue. Napoleon, Napoleon coup d'etat in 1799. And in 1799 coup d'etat, he uses his military friends, his generals to overthrow the government and soon enough he's going to declare himself the emperor, right, the emperor of France. So let's just run through Napoleon really quick and then we're going to wish you a good day and you're going to get some questions right on what?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This general in 1799 kind of out of nowhere is going to come out of the blue. Napoleon, Napoleon coup d'etat in 1799. And in 1799 coup d'etat, he uses his military friends, his generals to overthrow the government and soon enough he's going to declare himself the emperor, right, the emperor of France. So let's just run through Napoleon really quick and then we're going to wish you a good day and you're going to get some questions right on what? The French Revolution. Napoleon. Napoleon."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's just run through Napoleon really quick and then we're going to wish you a good day and you're going to get some questions right on what? The French Revolution. Napoleon. Napoleon. So here's Napoleon just in a nutshell. I might have to do another lecture on Napoleon. But I've seen on the test, Napoleon always gets a few positives and then kind of the negatives."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Napoleon. So here's Napoleon just in a nutshell. I might have to do another lecture on Napoleon. But I've seen on the test, Napoleon always gets a few positives and then kind of the negatives. Excuse me. Napoleon passed something called the Napoleonic Code. And this is generally seen as a good thing from the French perspective."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But I've seen on the test, Napoleon always gets a few positives and then kind of the negatives. Excuse me. Napoleon passed something called the Napoleonic Code. And this is generally seen as a good thing from the French perspective. One thing he did was right away he basically gave people their rights and freedom of religion and freedom of speech and you can live the life that you want to live and that's all good. So he understood those ideals from the French Revolution, the ideas of human rights were really important to the people. He also created a public school system and education was always for the elite, for the first two estates."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is generally seen as a good thing from the French perspective. One thing he did was right away he basically gave people their rights and freedom of religion and freedom of speech and you can live the life that you want to live and that's all good. So he understood those ideals from the French Revolution, the ideas of human rights were really important to the people. He also created a public school system and education was always for the elite, for the first two estates. So to give the people free public education is going to give him a lot of power. People are going to trust Napoleon. And last but not least, he really invested most of the money in France into France itself."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "He also created a public school system and education was always for the elite, for the first two estates. So to give the people free public education is going to give him a lot of power. People are going to trust Napoleon. And last but not least, he really invested most of the money in France into France itself. Transportation systems, canals, new roads, these types of things. These are basic needs that people have. So now that we can afford bread and kids are going to school and I can pray the way I want, Napoleon's the man."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And last but not least, he really invested most of the money in France into France itself. Transportation systems, canals, new roads, these types of things. These are basic needs that people have. So now that we can afford bread and kids are going to school and I can pray the way I want, Napoleon's the man. But Napoleon is also really ambitious. He really wants not just to be the emperor of France, but the emperor probably of the world. And he's really successful at early on."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So now that we can afford bread and kids are going to school and I can pray the way I want, Napoleon's the man. But Napoleon is also really ambitious. He really wants not just to be the emperor of France, but the emperor probably of the world. And he's really successful at early on. In the early 1800s he took on basically all of Europe and beat them. The Germans, the Prussians, the Spaniards, everybody got beat by Napoleon. Except for two countries."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And he's really successful at early on. In the early 1800s he took on basically all of Europe and beat them. The Germans, the Prussians, the Spaniards, everybody got beat by Napoleon. Except for two countries. He could never get to England, damn English canal. So he couldn't get England, but more importantly he tried to get Russia. And if you're ever an emperor, don't invade Russia."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Except for two countries. He could never get to England, damn English canal. So he couldn't get England, but more importantly he tried to get Russia. And if you're ever an emperor, don't invade Russia. Very bad idea. It's really cold and really big. And what the Russians did under the Tsar was as they pulled back as Napoleon was coming, they would just pull back and throw matches."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you're ever an emperor, don't invade Russia. Very bad idea. It's really cold and really big. And what the Russians did under the Tsar was as they pulled back as Napoleon was coming, they would just pull back and throw matches. And it's called slash and burn or burn and slash, something like that. Or basically scorch and burn, I think that's what it is. You burn everything down."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And what the Russians did under the Tsar was as they pulled back as Napoleon was coming, they would just pull back and throw matches. And it's called slash and burn or burn and slash, something like that. Or basically scorch and burn, I think that's what it is. You burn everything down. So when the French army would get there, there'd be nothing there. And they'd be hungry. Basically just to end this really quick, Napoleon was deposed, I think 17, I want to say, I'm sorry, 1804, 1805."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You burn everything down. So when the French army would get there, there'd be nothing there. And they'd be hungry. Basically just to end this really quick, Napoleon was deposed, I think 17, I want to say, I'm sorry, 1804, 1805. He comes back really quick and tries to do it again. And he's defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. And that's the end of Napoleon."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Basically just to end this really quick, Napoleon was deposed, I think 17, I want to say, I'm sorry, 1804, 1805. He comes back really quick and tries to do it again. And he's defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. And that's the end of Napoleon. He was exiled and we're not going to hear from the little guy that holds his hand under his jacket like that anymore. So that's Napoleon. So really quick, let's just take a look at the effects of the French Revolution and then you can go watch like a music video."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's the end of Napoleon. He was exiled and we're not going to hear from the little guy that holds his hand under his jacket like that anymore. So that's Napoleon. So really quick, let's just take a look at the effects of the French Revolution and then you can go watch like a music video. All right, so we just want to look really quick at two big effects because if you're writing a thematic essay, you're looking for big ideas, right? Two big effects, one would be the spread of ideals of democracy. You know, even though it ended badly, the French Revolution is the first revolution inside the mainland of Europe where other European countries who are kind of sitting on top of each other are watching and that's going to influence them, right?"}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So really quick, let's just take a look at the effects of the French Revolution and then you can go watch like a music video. All right, so we just want to look really quick at two big effects because if you're writing a thematic essay, you're looking for big ideas, right? Two big effects, one would be the spread of ideals of democracy. You know, even though it ended badly, the French Revolution is the first revolution inside the mainland of Europe where other European countries who are kind of sitting on top of each other are watching and that's going to influence them, right? I mean, I know we had kind of limited monarchy in England, but England's up across the English Channel, but France is surrounded by countries. So those ideas are going to spread quite quickly. And that's probably a positive thing."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You know, even though it ended badly, the French Revolution is the first revolution inside the mainland of Europe where other European countries who are kind of sitting on top of each other are watching and that's going to influence them, right? I mean, I know we had kind of limited monarchy in England, but England's up across the English Channel, but France is surrounded by countries. So those ideas are going to spread quite quickly. And that's probably a positive thing. The other effect is the growth of nationalism. Before really Napoleon and the French Revolution, most people associated themselves with kind of their localities, like the cities that they came from. But with all the wars and, you know, Napoleon, countries come together to fight off that attack and that forms a sense of nationalism, that we're a nation rather than a city-state or a small town or a feudal sort of kingdom or whatever."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's probably a positive thing. The other effect is the growth of nationalism. Before really Napoleon and the French Revolution, most people associated themselves with kind of their localities, like the cities that they came from. But with all the wars and, you know, Napoleon, countries come together to fight off that attack and that forms a sense of nationalism, that we're a nation rather than a city-state or a small town or a feudal sort of kingdom or whatever. And that is, at the end of the day, going to lead to imperialism and other wars, World War I, and kind of clashes of nations, nationalism. In class I do this as nationalism. It's kind of a King Kong idea."}, {"video_title": "The French Revolution Explained World History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But with all the wars and, you know, Napoleon, countries come together to fight off that attack and that forms a sense of nationalism, that we're a nation rather than a city-state or a small town or a feudal sort of kingdom or whatever. And that is, at the end of the day, going to lead to imperialism and other wars, World War I, and kind of clashes of nations, nationalism. In class I do this as nationalism. It's kind of a King Kong idea. So that's the French Revolution in four or five stages. Looking at the big ideas, definitely get your vocab, like the Reign of Terror and, you know, the estate system and coup d'etat and Napoleonic Code, because you're probably going to see that on the exam. But for now, this is Mr. Hip Hughes saying goodbye, good luck and farewell."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about something that ought to be more controversial, the Renaissance. So you probably already know about the Renaissance, thanks to the work of noted Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael, but that isn't the whole story. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, what about Splinter? I think he was an architect. Ugh, me from the past, you're such an idiot. Splinter was a painter, sculptor, and an architect. He was quite a Renaissance rat."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "I think he was an architect. Ugh, me from the past, you're such an idiot. Splinter was a painter, sculptor, and an architect. He was quite a Renaissance rat. INTRO Right, so the story goes that the Renaissance saw the rebirth of European culture after the miserable Dark Ages, and that it ushered in the modern era of secularism, rationality, and individualism. And those are all on the list of things we like here at Crash Course. Mr. Green, I think you're forgetting Cool Ranch Doritos."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "He was quite a Renaissance rat. INTRO Right, so the story goes that the Renaissance saw the rebirth of European culture after the miserable Dark Ages, and that it ushered in the modern era of secularism, rationality, and individualism. And those are all on the list of things we like here at Crash Course. Mr. Green, I think you're forgetting Cool Ranch Doritos. Yeah, fair enough. Then what's so controversial? Well, the whole idea of a European Renaissance presupposes that Europe was like an island unto itself that was briefly enlightened when the Greeks were ascendant and then lost its way and then rediscovered its former European glory."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green, I think you're forgetting Cool Ranch Doritos. Yeah, fair enough. Then what's so controversial? Well, the whole idea of a European Renaissance presupposes that Europe was like an island unto itself that was briefly enlightened when the Greeks were ascendant and then lost its way and then rediscovered its former European glory. Furthermore, I'm going to argue that the Renaissance didn't even necessarily happen. But first, let's assume that it did. Essentially, the Renaissance was an efflorescence of arts, primarily visual but also to a lesser extent literary, and ideas in Europe that coincided with the rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, the whole idea of a European Renaissance presupposes that Europe was like an island unto itself that was briefly enlightened when the Greeks were ascendant and then lost its way and then rediscovered its former European glory. Furthermore, I'm going to argue that the Renaissance didn't even necessarily happen. But first, let's assume that it did. Essentially, the Renaissance was an efflorescence of arts, primarily visual but also to a lesser extent literary, and ideas in Europe that coincided with the rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture. It's easiest to see this in terms of visual art. Renaissance art tends to feature a focus on the human form, somewhat idealized, as Roman and especially Greek art had. And this classicizing is also rather apparent in the architecture of the Renaissance, which featured all sorts of Greek columns and triangular pediments and Roman arches and domes."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Essentially, the Renaissance was an efflorescence of arts, primarily visual but also to a lesser extent literary, and ideas in Europe that coincided with the rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture. It's easiest to see this in terms of visual art. Renaissance art tends to feature a focus on the human form, somewhat idealized, as Roman and especially Greek art had. And this classicizing is also rather apparent in the architecture of the Renaissance, which featured all sorts of Greek columns and triangular pediments and Roman arches and domes. In fact, looking at a Renaissance building, you might even be able to fool yourself into thinking you're looking at an actual Greek building if you sort of squint and ignore the fact that Greek buildings tend to be, you know, ruins. In addition to rediscovering, that is copying, Greek and Roman art, the Renaissance saw the rediscovery of Greek and Roman writings and their ideas. And that opened up a whole new world for scholars."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "And this classicizing is also rather apparent in the architecture of the Renaissance, which featured all sorts of Greek columns and triangular pediments and Roman arches and domes. In fact, looking at a Renaissance building, you might even be able to fool yourself into thinking you're looking at an actual Greek building if you sort of squint and ignore the fact that Greek buildings tend to be, you know, ruins. In addition to rediscovering, that is copying, Greek and Roman art, the Renaissance saw the rediscovery of Greek and Roman writings and their ideas. And that opened up a whole new world for scholars. Well, not a new world, actually, since the texts were more than a thousand years old. But you know what I mean. The scholars who examined, translated, and commented upon these writings were called humanists, which can be a little bit of a confusing term because it implies that they were concerned with, you know, humans rather than, say, the religious world."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "And that opened up a whole new world for scholars. Well, not a new world, actually, since the texts were more than a thousand years old. But you know what I mean. The scholars who examined, translated, and commented upon these writings were called humanists, which can be a little bit of a confusing term because it implies that they were concerned with, you know, humans rather than, say, the religious world. Which can add to the common but totally incorrect assumption that Renaissance writers and artists and scholars were, like, secretly not religious. That's a favorite area of speculation on the internet and in Dan Brown novels, but the truth is that Renaissance artists were religious. As evidence, let me present you with the fact that they painted the Madonna over and over and over and over and over and Stan!"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "The scholars who examined, translated, and commented upon these writings were called humanists, which can be a little bit of a confusing term because it implies that they were concerned with, you know, humans rather than, say, the religious world. Which can add to the common but totally incorrect assumption that Renaissance writers and artists and scholars were, like, secretly not religious. That's a favorite area of speculation on the internet and in Dan Brown novels, but the truth is that Renaissance artists were religious. As evidence, let me present you with the fact that they painted the Madonna over and over and over and over and over and Stan! Anyway, all humanism means is that these scholars studied what were called the humanities. Literature, philosophy, history. Today, of course, these areas of study are known as the so-called dark arts."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "As evidence, let me present you with the fact that they painted the Madonna over and over and over and over and over and Stan! Anyway, all humanism means is that these scholars studied what were called the humanities. Literature, philosophy, history. Today, of course, these areas of study are known as the so-called dark arts. What? Liberal arts. Oh, Stan, you're always making history less fun."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Today, of course, these areas of study are known as the so-called dark arts. What? Liberal arts. Oh, Stan, you're always making history less fun. I want to be a professor of the dark arts! It's a dark arts job. It's a dangerous position."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, Stan, you're always making history less fun. I want to be a professor of the dark arts! It's a dark arts job. It's a dangerous position. Yeah, I guess that's true. So, we'll stick with this. Right, so here at Crash Course we try not to focus too much on dates, but if I'm going to convince you that the Renaissance didn't actually happen, I should probably tell you, you know, when it didn't happen."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a dangerous position. Yeah, I guess that's true. So, we'll stick with this. Right, so here at Crash Course we try not to focus too much on dates, but if I'm going to convince you that the Renaissance didn't actually happen, I should probably tell you, you know, when it didn't happen. So, traditionally, the Renaissance is associated with the 15th and 16th centuries-ish. The Renaissance happened all across Europe, but we're going to focus on Italy because I want to and I own the video camera. Plus, Italy really spawned the Renaissance."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, so here at Crash Course we try not to focus too much on dates, but if I'm going to convince you that the Renaissance didn't actually happen, I should probably tell you, you know, when it didn't happen. So, traditionally, the Renaissance is associated with the 15th and 16th centuries-ish. The Renaissance happened all across Europe, but we're going to focus on Italy because I want to and I own the video camera. Plus, Italy really spawned the Renaissance. But was it about Italy that lent itself to Renaissance-ing? Was it the wine, the olives, the pasta, the plumbers, the relative permissiveness when it comes to the moral lassitude of their leaders? Well, let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Plus, Italy really spawned the Renaissance. But was it about Italy that lent itself to Renaissance-ing? Was it the wine, the olives, the pasta, the plumbers, the relative permissiveness when it comes to the moral lassitude of their leaders? Well, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Italy was primed for Renaissance for exactly one reason. Money. A society has to be super rich to support artists and elaborate building projects and to feed scholars who translate and comment on thousand-year-old documents."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Italy was primed for Renaissance for exactly one reason. Money. A society has to be super rich to support artists and elaborate building projects and to feed scholars who translate and comment on thousand-year-old documents. And the Italian city-states were very wealthy for two reasons. First, many city-states were mini-industrial powerhouses, each specializing in a particular industrial product, like Florence made cloth, Milan made arms. Second, the cities of Venice and Genoa got stinking rich from trade."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "A society has to be super rich to support artists and elaborate building projects and to feed scholars who translate and comment on thousand-year-old documents. And the Italian city-states were very wealthy for two reasons. First, many city-states were mini-industrial powerhouses, each specializing in a particular industrial product, like Florence made cloth, Milan made arms. Second, the cities of Venice and Genoa got stinking rich from trade. Genoa turned out a fair number of top-notch sailors, like, for instance, Christopher Columbus, but the Venetians became the richest city-state of all. As you'll remember from the Crusades, the Venetians were expert sailors, shipbuilders, and merchants, and as you'll remember from our discussions of Indian Ocean trade, they also had figured out ways to trade with Islamic empires, including the biggest economic power in the region, the Ottomans. Without trading with the Islamic world, especially in Pepper, Venice couldn't have afforded all those painters, nor would they have had money to pay for the incredibly fancy clothes they put on to pose for their fancy portraits."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Second, the cities of Venice and Genoa got stinking rich from trade. Genoa turned out a fair number of top-notch sailors, like, for instance, Christopher Columbus, but the Venetians became the richest city-state of all. As you'll remember from the Crusades, the Venetians were expert sailors, shipbuilders, and merchants, and as you'll remember from our discussions of Indian Ocean trade, they also had figured out ways to trade with Islamic empires, including the biggest economic power in the region, the Ottomans. Without trading with the Islamic world, especially in Pepper, Venice couldn't have afforded all those painters, nor would they have had money to pay for the incredibly fancy clothes they put on to pose for their fancy portraits. The clothes, the paint, the painters, enough food to get a double chin, all of that was paid for with money from trade with the Ottomans. I know I talk a lot about trade, but that's because it's so incredibly awesome, and it really does bind the world together. And while trade can lead to conflicts, on balance, it has been responsible for more peaceful contacts than violent ones, because, you know, death is bad for business."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Without trading with the Islamic world, especially in Pepper, Venice couldn't have afforded all those painters, nor would they have had money to pay for the incredibly fancy clothes they put on to pose for their fancy portraits. The clothes, the paint, the painters, enough food to get a double chin, all of that was paid for with money from trade with the Ottomans. I know I talk a lot about trade, but that's because it's so incredibly awesome, and it really does bind the world together. And while trade can lead to conflicts, on balance, it has been responsible for more peaceful contacts than violent ones, because, you know, death is bad for business. This was certainly the case in the Eastern Mediterranean, where the periods of trade-based diplomacy were longer and more frequent than periods of war, even though all we ever talk about is war, because it's very dramatic, which is why my brother Hank's favorite video game is called Assassin's Creed, not Some Venetian Guys Negotiate a Trade Treaty. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So here's another example of non-Europeans supporting the Renaissance."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "And while trade can lead to conflicts, on balance, it has been responsible for more peaceful contacts than violent ones, because, you know, death is bad for business. This was certainly the case in the Eastern Mediterranean, where the periods of trade-based diplomacy were longer and more frequent than periods of war, even though all we ever talk about is war, because it's very dramatic, which is why my brother Hank's favorite video game is called Assassin's Creed, not Some Venetian Guys Negotiate a Trade Treaty. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So here's another example of non-Europeans supporting the Renaissance. The Venetians exported textiles to the Ottomans. They were usually woven in other cities, like Florence, and the reason Florentine textiles were so valuable is because their color remained vibrant. That was because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was primarily found in Anatolia, in the Ottoman Empire."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "So here's another example of non-Europeans supporting the Renaissance. The Venetians exported textiles to the Ottomans. They were usually woven in other cities, like Florence, and the reason Florentine textiles were so valuable is because their color remained vibrant. That was because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was primarily found in Anatolia, in the Ottoman Empire. So to make the textiles the Ottomans craved, the Italians needed Ottoman alum, at least until 1460, when Giovanni di Castro, Pope Pius II's godson, discovered alum in Italy, in Tolfa. And he wrote to his godfather, the Pope, Today I bring you victory over the Turk. Every year they wring from the Christians more than 300,000 ducats for the alum, with which we dye wool various colors."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "That was because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was primarily found in Anatolia, in the Ottoman Empire. So to make the textiles the Ottomans craved, the Italians needed Ottoman alum, at least until 1460, when Giovanni di Castro, Pope Pius II's godson, discovered alum in Italy, in Tolfa. And he wrote to his godfather, the Pope, Today I bring you victory over the Turk. Every year they wring from the Christians more than 300,000 ducats for the alum, with which we dye wool various colors. But I have found seven mountains so rich in this material that they could supply seven worlds, if you will give orders to engage workmen, build furnaces, and smelt the ore, you will provide all Europe with alum, and the Turk will lose all his profits. Instead, they will accrue to you. So the Pope was like, heck yeah!"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Every year they wring from the Christians more than 300,000 ducats for the alum, with which we dye wool various colors. But I have found seven mountains so rich in this material that they could supply seven worlds, if you will give orders to engage workmen, build furnaces, and smelt the ore, you will provide all Europe with alum, and the Turk will lose all his profits. Instead, they will accrue to you. So the Pope was like, heck yeah! More importantly, he granted a monopoly on the mining rights of alum to a particular Florentine family, the Medicis. You know, the ones you always see painted. But vitally, Italian alum mines didn't bring victory over the Turks, or cause them to lose all their profits, just as mining and drilling at home never obviate the need for trade."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Pope was like, heck yeah! More importantly, he granted a monopoly on the mining rights of alum to a particular Florentine family, the Medicis. You know, the ones you always see painted. But vitally, Italian alum mines didn't bring victory over the Turks, or cause them to lose all their profits, just as mining and drilling at home never obviate the need for trade. Okay, one last way the Islamic world helped to create the European Renaissance, if indeed it happened, the Muslim world was the source of many of the writings that Renaissance scholars studied. For centuries, Muslim scholars have been working their way through ancient Greek writings, especially Ptolemy and Aristotle, who, despite being consistently wrong about everything, managed to be the jumping off point for thinking both in the Christian and Muslim worlds. And the fall of Constance in Opulence 1453 helped further spread Greek ideas because Byzantine scholars fled for Italy, taking their books with them, so we had the Ottomans to thank for that, too."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "But vitally, Italian alum mines didn't bring victory over the Turks, or cause them to lose all their profits, just as mining and drilling at home never obviate the need for trade. Okay, one last way the Islamic world helped to create the European Renaissance, if indeed it happened, the Muslim world was the source of many of the writings that Renaissance scholars studied. For centuries, Muslim scholars have been working their way through ancient Greek writings, especially Ptolemy and Aristotle, who, despite being consistently wrong about everything, managed to be the jumping off point for thinking both in the Christian and Muslim worlds. And the fall of Constance in Opulence 1453 helped further spread Greek ideas because Byzantine scholars fled for Italy, taking their books with them, so we had the Ottomans to thank for that, too. And even after it became a Muslim capital, Istanbul was still like the number one destination for book nerds searching for ancient Greek texts. Plus, if we stretch our definition of Renaissance thought to include scientific thought, there is a definite case to be made that Muslim scholars influenced Copernicus, arguably the Renaissance's greatest mind. Oh, it's time for the open letter?"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "And the fall of Constance in Opulence 1453 helped further spread Greek ideas because Byzantine scholars fled for Italy, taking their books with them, so we had the Ottomans to thank for that, too. And even after it became a Muslim capital, Istanbul was still like the number one destination for book nerds searching for ancient Greek texts. Plus, if we stretch our definition of Renaissance thought to include scientific thought, there is a definite case to be made that Muslim scholars influenced Copernicus, arguably the Renaissance's greatest mind. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Copernicus. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Wow!"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Copernicus. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Wow! The heliocentric solar system? Cool! Earth in the middle!"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Wow! The heliocentric solar system? Cool! Earth in the middle! Sun in the middle! Earth in the middle! Sun in the middle!"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Earth in the middle! Sun in the middle! Earth in the middle! Sun in the middle! Ptolemy! Copernicus! Ptolemy!"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Sun in the middle! Ptolemy! Copernicus! Ptolemy! Copernicus! Right, an open letter to Copernicus. Dear Copernicus, why do you always have to make the rest of us look so bad?"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Ptolemy! Copernicus! Right, an open letter to Copernicus. Dear Copernicus, why do you always have to make the rest of us look so bad? You were both a lawyer and a doctor? That doesn't seem fair. You spoke four languages and discovered that the Earth is not the center of the universe?"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Dear Copernicus, why do you always have to make the rest of us look so bad? You were both a lawyer and a doctor? That doesn't seem fair. You spoke four languages and discovered that the Earth is not the center of the universe? Come on! But at least you didn't discover it entirely on your own. Now, there's no way to be sure that you had access to Muslim scholarship on this topic."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "You spoke four languages and discovered that the Earth is not the center of the universe? Come on! But at least you didn't discover it entirely on your own. Now, there's no way to be sure that you had access to Muslim scholarship on this topic. But one of your diagrams is so similar to a proof found in an Islamic mathematics treatise that it's almost impossible you didn't have access to it. Even the letters on the diagram are almost the same, so at least I can tell my mom that when she asks why I'm not a doctor and a lawyer and the guy who discovered the heliocentric solar system. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, there's no way to be sure that you had access to Muslim scholarship on this topic. But one of your diagrams is so similar to a proof found in an Islamic mathematics treatise that it's almost impossible you didn't have access to it. Even the letters on the diagram are almost the same, so at least I can tell my mom that when she asks why I'm not a doctor and a lawyer and the guy who discovered the heliocentric solar system. Best wishes, John Green. Alright, so now having spent the last several minutes telling you why the Renaissance happened in Italy and not in, I don't know, like India or Russia or whatever, I'm going to argue that the Renaissance did not in fact happen. Let's start with the problem of time. The Renaissance isn't like the Battle of Hastings or the French Revolution, where people were aware that they were living amid history."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. Alright, so now having spent the last several minutes telling you why the Renaissance happened in Italy and not in, I don't know, like India or Russia or whatever, I'm going to argue that the Renaissance did not in fact happen. Let's start with the problem of time. The Renaissance isn't like the Battle of Hastings or the French Revolution, where people were aware that they were living amid history. Like when I was 11, and most of you didn't exist yet, my dad made my brother and me turn off the Cosby Show and watch people climbing on the Berlin Wall so we could see history. But no one like woke their kids up in a Tuscan village in 1512 like, Mario, Luigi, come outside, the Renaissance is here! Hurry, we're living in a glorious new era where man's relationship to learning is changing!"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "The Renaissance isn't like the Battle of Hastings or the French Revolution, where people were aware that they were living amid history. Like when I was 11, and most of you didn't exist yet, my dad made my brother and me turn off the Cosby Show and watch people climbing on the Berlin Wall so we could see history. But no one like woke their kids up in a Tuscan village in 1512 like, Mario, Luigi, come outside, the Renaissance is here! Hurry, we're living in a glorious new era where man's relationship to learning is changing! I somehow feel a new sense of individualism based on my capacity for reason. No, in fact most people in Europe were totally unaware of the Renaissance because its art and learning affected a tiny sliver of the European population. Like, life expectancy in many areas of Europe actually went down during the Renaissance."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Hurry, we're living in a glorious new era where man's relationship to learning is changing! I somehow feel a new sense of individualism based on my capacity for reason. No, in fact most people in Europe were totally unaware of the Renaissance because its art and learning affected a tiny sliver of the European population. Like, life expectancy in many areas of Europe actually went down during the Renaissance. Art and learning of the Renaissance didn't filter down to most people the way that technology does today. And really the Renaissance was only experienced by the richest of the rich and those people, like painters, who served them. I mean, there were some commercial opportunities, like for framing paintings or binding books, but the vast majority of Europeans still lived on farms either as free peasants or tenants."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, life expectancy in many areas of Europe actually went down during the Renaissance. Art and learning of the Renaissance didn't filter down to most people the way that technology does today. And really the Renaissance was only experienced by the richest of the rich and those people, like painters, who served them. I mean, there were some commercial opportunities, like for framing paintings or binding books, but the vast majority of Europeans still lived on farms either as free peasants or tenants. And the rediscovery of Aristotle didn't in any way change their lives, which were governed by the rising and setting of the sun and intellectually by the Catholic Church. In fact, probably about 95% of Europeans never encountered the Renaissance as opulence or art or modes of thought. We have constructed the Renaissance as important not because it was so central to the 15th century."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, there were some commercial opportunities, like for framing paintings or binding books, but the vast majority of Europeans still lived on farms either as free peasants or tenants. And the rediscovery of Aristotle didn't in any way change their lives, which were governed by the rising and setting of the sun and intellectually by the Catholic Church. In fact, probably about 95% of Europeans never encountered the Renaissance as opulence or art or modes of thought. We have constructed the Renaissance as important not because it was so central to the 15th century. I mean, at the time Europe wasn't the world's leader in anything other than the tiny business of Atlantic trade. We remember it as important because it matters to us now. It gave us the Ninja Turtles."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "We have constructed the Renaissance as important not because it was so central to the 15th century. I mean, at the time Europe wasn't the world's leader in anything other than the tiny business of Atlantic trade. We remember it as important because it matters to us now. It gave us the Ninja Turtles. We care about Aristotle and individualism and the Mona Lisa and the possibility that Michelangelo painted an anatomically correct brain onto the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel because these things give us a narrative that makes sense. Europe was enlightened and then it was unenlightened and then it was re-enlightened and ever since it's been the center of art and commerce and history. See that cycle of life and death and rebirth a lot in historical recollection, but it just isn't accurate."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "It gave us the Ninja Turtles. We care about Aristotle and individualism and the Mona Lisa and the possibility that Michelangelo painted an anatomically correct brain onto the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel because these things give us a narrative that makes sense. Europe was enlightened and then it was unenlightened and then it was re-enlightened and ever since it's been the center of art and commerce and history. See that cycle of life and death and rebirth a lot in historical recollection, but it just isn't accurate. So it's true that many of the ideas introduced to Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries became very important. But remember, when we talk about the Renaissance, we're talking about hundreds of years. I mean, although they share Ninja Turtledom, Donatello and Raphael were born 97 years apart."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "See that cycle of life and death and rebirth a lot in historical recollection, but it just isn't accurate. So it's true that many of the ideas introduced to Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries became very important. But remember, when we talk about the Renaissance, we're talking about hundreds of years. I mean, although they share Ninja Turtledom, Donatello and Raphael were born 97 years apart. And the Renaissance humanist Petrarch was born in 1304, 229 years before the Renaissance humanist Montaigne. That's almost as long as the United States has existed. So was the Renaissance a thing?"}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, although they share Ninja Turtledom, Donatello and Raphael were born 97 years apart. And the Renaissance humanist Petrarch was born in 1304, 229 years before the Renaissance humanist Montaigne. That's almost as long as the United States has existed. So was the Renaissance a thing? Not really. It was a lot of mutually interdependent things that occurred over centuries. Stupid truth always resisting simplicity."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "So was the Renaissance a thing? Not really. It was a lot of mutually interdependent things that occurred over centuries. Stupid truth always resisting simplicity. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Stupid truth always resisting simplicity. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Renaissance Was it a Thing - Crash Course World History #22.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was angry birds. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guess at this week's, you can do so in comments where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's a relatively stable, relatively peaceful time for Rome. Now, all of that is relative. If you're one of the tribes that are still fighting with the Roman legions, if you're one of the, roughly 1 4th to 1 3rd of the population that is a slave, you might not view this as such a good time. But things only get worse after the death of Marcus Aurelius, who's viewed as the last of the five good emperors, so to speak. His son, Commodus, takes over, and Commodus is the beginning of a succession of emperors who are less and less competent, who are, the empire becomes more and more corrupt, less and less stable, and things really come to a head and start to decelerate even further, or I guess accelerate downward even further, in 235 CE, when the emperor Severus Alexander is assassinated. And this throws the empire into a 50-year crisis called the Third Century Crisis, because it happened in the third century. And over this 50 years, there's 26 claimants to emperor."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But things only get worse after the death of Marcus Aurelius, who's viewed as the last of the five good emperors, so to speak. His son, Commodus, takes over, and Commodus is the beginning of a succession of emperors who are less and less competent, who are, the empire becomes more and more corrupt, less and less stable, and things really come to a head and start to decelerate even further, or I guess accelerate downward even further, in 235 CE, when the emperor Severus Alexander is assassinated. And this throws the empire into a 50-year crisis called the Third Century Crisis, because it happened in the third century. And over this 50 years, there's 26 claimants to emperor. The empire is temporarily split into three different states. There's attacks from the east, from the Sassanids, the Sassanian Empire, they're the successors to the Parthians. You have attacks across the Rhine and the Danube from Germanic tribes."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And over this 50 years, there's 26 claimants to emperor. The empire is temporarily split into three different states. There's attacks from the east, from the Sassanids, the Sassanian Empire, they're the successors to the Parthians. You have attacks across the Rhine and the Danube from Germanic tribes. All of that makes this a very unstable period for Rome. Now, the Third Century Crisis is considered to end in 284 with the ascension of Diocletian. And Diocletian is viewed as a somewhat or a reasonably strong emperor."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have attacks across the Rhine and the Danube from Germanic tribes. All of that makes this a very unstable period for Rome. Now, the Third Century Crisis is considered to end in 284 with the ascension of Diocletian. And Diocletian is viewed as a somewhat or a reasonably strong emperor. He's known as the last emperor that really persecuted the Christians because they didn't follow the Roman religion, they did not worship the emperor as a god. But he's also, or maybe he's most famous for, splitting the empire. He decides that probably one of the main causes of the Third Century Crisis is that the empire has gotten too vast, it has too many borders, it's hard for one emperor to administer the whole thing."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Diocletian is viewed as a somewhat or a reasonably strong emperor. He's known as the last emperor that really persecuted the Christians because they didn't follow the Roman religion, they did not worship the emperor as a god. But he's also, or maybe he's most famous for, splitting the empire. He decides that probably one of the main causes of the Third Century Crisis is that the empire has gotten too vast, it has too many borders, it's hard for one emperor to administer the whole thing. So he splits it into east and west from an administrative point of view. They don't become separate empires, but he decides that he is going to rule from the east and that he will have a co-emperor who rules from the west. And not only does he set that up, but he sets up what's called a tetrarchy."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He decides that probably one of the main causes of the Third Century Crisis is that the empire has gotten too vast, it has too many borders, it's hard for one emperor to administer the whole thing. So he splits it into east and west from an administrative point of view. They don't become separate empires, but he decides that he is going to rule from the east and that he will have a co-emperor who rules from the west. And not only does he set that up, but he sets up what's called a tetrarchy. Beyond himself and his co-emperor, they each have a second in command that if any one of them were to die or would have to retire somehow, that that second in command could take over. And once again, this is to address some of the issues of the Third Century Crisis, where the wars for succession, and this isn't just during the Third Century Crisis, we've seen in multiple videos, Rome is famous, even during the Pax Romana, for these really ugly succession battles. But as we'll see, the splitting of the empire into east and west, even though it started as an administrative thing, over time it's going to become a real split and they're going to turn into two different empires."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And not only does he set that up, but he sets up what's called a tetrarchy. Beyond himself and his co-emperor, they each have a second in command that if any one of them were to die or would have to retire somehow, that that second in command could take over. And once again, this is to address some of the issues of the Third Century Crisis, where the wars for succession, and this isn't just during the Third Century Crisis, we've seen in multiple videos, Rome is famous, even during the Pax Romana, for these really ugly succession battles. But as we'll see, the splitting of the empire into east and west, even though it started as an administrative thing, over time it's going to become a real split and they're going to turn into two different empires. Now after Diocletian, you have another significant emperor. You have Constantine. And Constantine is known for many things."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as we'll see, the splitting of the empire into east and west, even though it started as an administrative thing, over time it's going to become a real split and they're going to turn into two different empires. Now after Diocletian, you have another significant emperor. You have Constantine. And Constantine is known for many things. Maybe most famously, he embraced Christianity as opposed to Diocletian, who persecuted Christians. You have the Council of Nicaea and the Nicaean Code, where there's now a uniform church doctrine around Christianity. He has the Edict of Milan, which makes Christianity illegal under Roman rule."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Constantine is known for many things. Maybe most famously, he embraced Christianity as opposed to Diocletian, who persecuted Christians. You have the Council of Nicaea and the Nicaean Code, where there's now a uniform church doctrine around Christianity. He has the Edict of Milan, which makes Christianity illegal under Roman rule. Maybe most famously, on his deathbed, he gets baptized. He becomes the first Christian emperor. He also moves the capital to, officially moves the capital of the entire empire to what at the time was Byzantium, but then he renames it to Constantinople, named after him."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He has the Edict of Milan, which makes Christianity illegal under Roman rule. Maybe most famously, on his deathbed, he gets baptized. He becomes the first Christian emperor. He also moves the capital to, officially moves the capital of the entire empire to what at the time was Byzantium, but then he renames it to Constantinople, named after him. Now it was still one unified empire. Even Diocletian, who co-ruled with a co-emperor, he had veto power over the emperor to the west. Now as we get further into the fourth century here, and especially into the fifth century, we'll see that the empire further and further fragments and gets diluted and really just breaks down."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He also moves the capital to, officially moves the capital of the entire empire to what at the time was Byzantium, but then he renames it to Constantinople, named after him. Now it was still one unified empire. Even Diocletian, who co-ruled with a co-emperor, he had veto power over the emperor to the west. Now as we get further into the fourth century here, and especially into the fifth century, we'll see that the empire further and further fragments and gets diluted and really just breaks down. One major factor in that breakdown is in that fourth century, in the fourth and fifth centuries, you have a group called the Huns coming in from Central Asia, coming in from Northern Europe right over here, and they are fierce nomadic conquerors. And they're so fierce that they start pushing more of the Germanic tribes across the Rhine and the Danube. And a lot of these Germanic tribes, at first, even though their history has been fighting the Romans, a lot of them try to seek refuge in the Roman Empire, and they're given refuge in the Roman Empire, but while they have that refuge, they're treated very, very, very badly."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now as we get further into the fourth century here, and especially into the fifth century, we'll see that the empire further and further fragments and gets diluted and really just breaks down. One major factor in that breakdown is in that fourth century, in the fourth and fifth centuries, you have a group called the Huns coming in from Central Asia, coming in from Northern Europe right over here, and they are fierce nomadic conquerors. And they're so fierce that they start pushing more of the Germanic tribes across the Rhine and the Danube. And a lot of these Germanic tribes, at first, even though their history has been fighting the Romans, a lot of them try to seek refuge in the Roman Empire, and they're given refuge in the Roman Empire, but while they have that refuge, they're treated very, very, very badly. And all of that comes to a head in the, like I should say, the last quarter of the fourth century with the Gothic Wars, and the Gothic Wars really have a decisive battle at Adrianople, originally Hadrianopolis, named after the emperor Hadrian. And at Adrianople, the Gothic tribes in particular, and when we say Gothic, we're really talking about Germanic tribes, and this one in particular, as you can see from this legend right over here, this is the Visigoths, or Western Goths. They're able to decisively defeat the Eastern Roman emperor Valens."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And a lot of these Germanic tribes, at first, even though their history has been fighting the Romans, a lot of them try to seek refuge in the Roman Empire, and they're given refuge in the Roman Empire, but while they have that refuge, they're treated very, very, very badly. And all of that comes to a head in the, like I should say, the last quarter of the fourth century with the Gothic Wars, and the Gothic Wars really have a decisive battle at Adrianople, originally Hadrianopolis, named after the emperor Hadrian. And at Adrianople, the Gothic tribes in particular, and when we say Gothic, we're really talking about Germanic tribes, and this one in particular, as you can see from this legend right over here, this is the Visigoths, or Western Goths. They're able to decisively defeat the Eastern Roman emperor Valens. He's actually killed at Adrianople. And then the Visigoths just continue to hang out here in the Roman Empire, and they continue to move forward. In 410, they're able to actually sack Rome, and they eventually settle in the Iberian Peninsula and in southern Gaul."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They're able to decisively defeat the Eastern Roman emperor Valens. He's actually killed at Adrianople. And then the Visigoths just continue to hang out here in the Roman Empire, and they continue to move forward. In 410, they're able to actually sack Rome, and they eventually settle in the Iberian Peninsula and in southern Gaul. Now, after the Battle of Adrianople, you have another significant emperor, Theodosius, because what you'll see is is that Diocletian persecuted Christians. Constantine now embraces Christianity. He becomes a Christian."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 410, they're able to actually sack Rome, and they eventually settle in the Iberian Peninsula and in southern Gaul. Now, after the Battle of Adrianople, you have another significant emperor, Theodosius, because what you'll see is is that Diocletian persecuted Christians. Constantine now embraces Christianity. He becomes a Christian. He says Christianity is legal. Theodosius now, right as we are about to enter into the fifth century, he makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. So in roughly 100 years, the Roman Empire went from persecuting Christians to making it the official religion, and actually going the other way, starting to persecute some of the pre-Christian religions or rituals."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He becomes a Christian. He says Christianity is legal. Theodosius now, right as we are about to enter into the fifth century, he makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. So in roughly 100 years, the Roman Empire went from persecuting Christians to making it the official religion, and actually going the other way, starting to persecute some of the pre-Christian religions or rituals. The other thing that happens as we enter into the fifth century now, as we go into the fifth century, you have the capital of the Western Empire is moved from Rome to Ravenna, but the idea that the emperors see all of these Germanic tribes, they feel threatened by them, that Ravenna is easier to defend. It's surrounded by a kind of marshy, swampy area. The other thing of note about Theodosius, and as we move into this, really the last century of the Western Roman Empire, is Theodosius was the last Roman emperor to rule all of Rome."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in roughly 100 years, the Roman Empire went from persecuting Christians to making it the official religion, and actually going the other way, starting to persecute some of the pre-Christian religions or rituals. The other thing that happens as we enter into the fifth century now, as we go into the fifth century, you have the capital of the Western Empire is moved from Rome to Ravenna, but the idea that the emperors see all of these Germanic tribes, they feel threatened by them, that Ravenna is easier to defend. It's surrounded by a kind of marshy, swampy area. The other thing of note about Theodosius, and as we move into this, really the last century of the Western Roman Empire, is Theodosius was the last Roman emperor to rule all of Rome. After that, the East and West are going to be ruled essentially independently. They're essentially going to be separate empires. But then as we get into the fifth century, we already talked about the Visigoths sacking Rome."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The other thing of note about Theodosius, and as we move into this, really the last century of the Western Roman Empire, is Theodosius was the last Roman emperor to rule all of Rome. After that, the East and West are going to be ruled essentially independently. They're essentially going to be separate empires. But then as we get into the fifth century, we already talked about the Visigoths sacking Rome. Then in 455, you have the Vandals, which is another Germanic tribe that was similarly originally pushed out by the Huns. You see them in blue right over here. They make it down the Iberian Peninsula into North Africa."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But then as we get into the fifth century, we already talked about the Visigoths sacking Rome. Then in 455, you have the Vandals, which is another Germanic tribe that was similarly originally pushed out by the Huns. You see them in blue right over here. They make it down the Iberian Peninsula into North Africa. They eventually get to Carthage, and they become a little bit of a naval power, and they eventually are able to, in 455, sack Rome as well. Rome is really taking a hit multiple times. Finally, the end of the Roman Empire, or the Western Roman Empire, that most historians consider the end of the Roman Empire, is when the Germanic ruler, General Odoacer, or Odoacar, depending on how you pronounce it, is able to oust the emperor in Ravenna."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They make it down the Iberian Peninsula into North Africa. They eventually get to Carthage, and they become a little bit of a naval power, and they eventually are able to, in 455, sack Rome as well. Rome is really taking a hit multiple times. Finally, the end of the Roman Empire, or the Western Roman Empire, that most historians consider the end of the Roman Empire, is when the Germanic ruler, General Odoacer, or Odoacar, depending on how you pronounce it, is able to oust the emperor in Ravenna. So then you have the official, and just to be clear, this is Roman Empire. And so Odoacer is able to essentially end the Western Empire as we know it. And after that, the Western Empire becomes more and more fragmented into these kingdoms that are ruled by essentially Germanic kings, and that we are now entering into the Middle Ages."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Finally, the end of the Roman Empire, or the Western Roman Empire, that most historians consider the end of the Roman Empire, is when the Germanic ruler, General Odoacer, or Odoacar, depending on how you pronounce it, is able to oust the emperor in Ravenna. So then you have the official, and just to be clear, this is Roman Empire. And so Odoacer is able to essentially end the Western Empire as we know it. And after that, the Western Empire becomes more and more fragmented into these kingdoms that are ruled by essentially Germanic kings, and that we are now entering into the Middle Ages. Now the big question that historians have a lot of fun thinking about is why did all of this happen? Why did the Roman Empire fall? And before we even talk about why it fell, we should give them a little bit of credit."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And after that, the Western Empire becomes more and more fragmented into these kingdoms that are ruled by essentially Germanic kings, and that we are now entering into the Middle Ages. Now the big question that historians have a lot of fun thinking about is why did all of this happen? Why did the Roman Empire fall? And before we even talk about why it fell, we should give them a little bit of credit. Even in this video where I talk about the fall of the Roman Empire, I'm covering 300 years of history. And if you start with the founding of the Republic until Odoacer takes over Ravenna, ousts the emperor, we're talking 1,000 years. Most civilizations, most empires don't last anywhere near that long."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And before we even talk about why it fell, we should give them a little bit of credit. Even in this video where I talk about the fall of the Roman Empire, I'm covering 300 years of history. And if you start with the founding of the Republic until Odoacer takes over Ravenna, ousts the emperor, we're talking 1,000 years. Most civilizations, most empires don't last anywhere near that long. So to some degree, it's surprising that it lasted so long. But in terms of the causes of its decline, we've talked about several of them in this video. The empire got divided."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Most civilizations, most empires don't last anywhere near that long. So to some degree, it's surprising that it lasted so long. But in terms of the causes of its decline, we've talked about several of them in this video. The empire got divided. The East and West stopped viewing themselves so much as the same empire. Trade sometimes broke down. They didn't support each other militarily."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The empire got divided. The East and West stopped viewing themselves so much as the same empire. Trade sometimes broke down. They didn't support each other militarily. The Eastern Empire was generally stronger, so it allowed invading tribes to focus on the weak point in the West. Some historians would say that the Roman Empire stopped expanding and it needed that expansion in order to keep getting more land and more slaves that really drove its economy. One major factor probably was the Huns that caused this great migration in the fourth and fifth centuries that caused the Germanic tribes to cross the Rhine and cross the Danube and become either, or either settle as part of the Roman Empire or threaten the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They didn't support each other militarily. The Eastern Empire was generally stronger, so it allowed invading tribes to focus on the weak point in the West. Some historians would say that the Roman Empire stopped expanding and it needed that expansion in order to keep getting more land and more slaves that really drove its economy. One major factor probably was the Huns that caused this great migration in the fourth and fifth centuries that caused the Germanic tribes to cross the Rhine and cross the Danube and become either, or either settle as part of the Roman Empire or threaten the Roman Empire. Another theory, and all of these are probably contributors, is that as the Germanic tribes settled, they actually became more and more part of the Roman military. And some of them were officially part of the military. Some of them were mercenaries, soldiers for fortune, paid soldiers."}, {"video_title": "Fall of the Roman Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "One major factor probably was the Huns that caused this great migration in the fourth and fifth centuries that caused the Germanic tribes to cross the Rhine and cross the Danube and become either, or either settle as part of the Roman Empire or threaten the Roman Empire. Another theory, and all of these are probably contributors, is that as the Germanic tribes settled, they actually became more and more part of the Roman military. And some of them were officially part of the military. Some of them were mercenaries, soldiers for fortune, paid soldiers. And so you can imagine their allegiance to Rome was not as strong. Some folks say Christianity may have been a factor, that the empire might have lasted, especially when people were doing what their traditional rites, rituals, they worshiped an emperor, but now Christianity wasn't about worshiping an emperor anymore. A lot of people think it's corruption, instability, and we've talked a little bit about that."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to do some legitimate comp-civ, for those of you into that kind of thing. Stan, I can't help but feel that we have perhaps too many globes. That's better. Today we're going to learn about the horrible totalitarian Persians and the saintly, democracy-loving Greeks. But of course, we already know this story. There were some wars in which no one wore any shirts and everyone was reasonably fit. The Persians were bad, the Greeks were good, Socrates and Plato are awesome, the Persians didn't even philosophize, the West is the best, go team!"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Today we're going to learn about the horrible totalitarian Persians and the saintly, democracy-loving Greeks. But of course, we already know this story. There were some wars in which no one wore any shirts and everyone was reasonably fit. The Persians were bad, the Greeks were good, Socrates and Plato are awesome, the Persians didn't even philosophize, the West is the best, go team! Yeah, well, no. Let's start with the Persian Empire, which became the model for pretty much all land-based empires throughout the world, except for, wait for it, the Mongols. Much of what we know about the Persians and their empire comes from an outsider writing about them, which is something we now call history."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "The Persians were bad, the Greeks were good, Socrates and Plato are awesome, the Persians didn't even philosophize, the West is the best, go team! Yeah, well, no. Let's start with the Persian Empire, which became the model for pretty much all land-based empires throughout the world, except for, wait for it, the Mongols. Much of what we know about the Persians and their empire comes from an outsider writing about them, which is something we now call history. And one of the first true historians was Herodotus, whose famous book, The Persian Wars, talks about the Persians quite a bit. Now the fact that Herodotus was Greek is important because it introduces us to the idea of historical bias, but more on that in a second. So the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, Achaemenid?"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Much of what we know about the Persians and their empire comes from an outsider writing about them, which is something we now call history. And one of the first true historians was Herodotus, whose famous book, The Persian Wars, talks about the Persians quite a bit. Now the fact that Herodotus was Greek is important because it introduces us to the idea of historical bias, but more on that in a second. So the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, Achaemenid? Hold on. Achaemenid or Achaemenid? They're both right?"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, Achaemenid? Hold on. Achaemenid or Achaemenid? They're both right? I was right twice? Right, so the Persian Achaemenid or Achaemenid dynasty was founded in 539 BCE by King Cyrus the Great. Cyrus took his nomadic warriors and conquered most of Mesopotamia, including the Babylonians, which ended a sad period in Jewish history called the Babylonian Exile, thus ensuring that Cyrus got great press in the Bible."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "They're both right? I was right twice? Right, so the Persian Achaemenid or Achaemenid dynasty was founded in 539 BCE by King Cyrus the Great. Cyrus took his nomadic warriors and conquered most of Mesopotamia, including the Babylonians, which ended a sad period in Jewish history called the Babylonian Exile, thus ensuring that Cyrus got great press in the Bible. But his son Darius I was even greater. He extended Persian control east to our old friend the Indus Valley, west to our new friend Egypt, and north to crash-course newcomer Anatolia. By the way, there were Greeks in Anatolia called Ionian Greeks who will become relevant shortly."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Cyrus took his nomadic warriors and conquered most of Mesopotamia, including the Babylonians, which ended a sad period in Jewish history called the Babylonian Exile, thus ensuring that Cyrus got great press in the Bible. But his son Darius I was even greater. He extended Persian control east to our old friend the Indus Valley, west to our new friend Egypt, and north to crash-course newcomer Anatolia. By the way, there were Greeks in Anatolia called Ionian Greeks who will become relevant shortly. So even if you weren't Persian, the Persian Empire was pretty dreamy. For one thing, the Persians ruled with a light touch, like conquered kingdoms were allowed to keep their kings and their elites as long as they pledged allegiance to the Persian king and paid taxes, which is why the Persian king was known as the King of Kings. Plus taxes weren't too high and the Persians improved infrastructure with better roads and they had this pony express-like mail service of which Herodotus said, They are stayed neither by snow nor rain nor heat nor darkness from accomplishing their appointed course with all speed."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "By the way, there were Greeks in Anatolia called Ionian Greeks who will become relevant shortly. So even if you weren't Persian, the Persian Empire was pretty dreamy. For one thing, the Persians ruled with a light touch, like conquered kingdoms were allowed to keep their kings and their elites as long as they pledged allegiance to the Persian king and paid taxes, which is why the Persian king was known as the King of Kings. Plus taxes weren't too high and the Persians improved infrastructure with better roads and they had this pony express-like mail service of which Herodotus said, They are stayed neither by snow nor rain nor heat nor darkness from accomplishing their appointed course with all speed. And the Persians embraced freedom of religion, like they were Zoroastrian, which has a claim to be the world's first monotheistic religion. It was really Zoroastrianism that introduced us to the good-evil dualism we all know so well, you know, God and Satan or Perry and Voldemort. But the Persians weren't very concerned about converting people of the empire to their faith."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Plus taxes weren't too high and the Persians improved infrastructure with better roads and they had this pony express-like mail service of which Herodotus said, They are stayed neither by snow nor rain nor heat nor darkness from accomplishing their appointed course with all speed. And the Persians embraced freedom of religion, like they were Zoroastrian, which has a claim to be the world's first monotheistic religion. It was really Zoroastrianism that introduced us to the good-evil dualism we all know so well, you know, God and Satan or Perry and Voldemort. But the Persians weren't very concerned about converting people of the empire to their faith. Plus, Zoroastrianism forbids slavery, and so slavery was almost unheard of in the Persian Empire. All in all, if you had to live in the 5th century BCE, the Persian Empire was probably the best place to do it, unless, that is, you believe Herodotus and the Greeks. We all know about the Greeks."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "But the Persians weren't very concerned about converting people of the empire to their faith. Plus, Zoroastrianism forbids slavery, and so slavery was almost unheard of in the Persian Empire. All in all, if you had to live in the 5th century BCE, the Persian Empire was probably the best place to do it, unless, that is, you believe Herodotus and the Greeks. We all know about the Greeks. Architecture, philosophy, literature, the very word music comes from Greek, as does so much else in contemporary culture. Greek poets and mathematicians and architects and philosophers founded a culture that we still identify with, and they introduced us to many ideas, from democracy to fart jokes. And the Greeks gave the West our first dedicated history, they gave us our vocabulary for talking about politics, plus they gifted us our idealization of democracy, which comes from the government they had in Athens."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "We all know about the Greeks. Architecture, philosophy, literature, the very word music comes from Greek, as does so much else in contemporary culture. Greek poets and mathematicians and architects and philosophers founded a culture that we still identify with, and they introduced us to many ideas, from democracy to fart jokes. And the Greeks gave the West our first dedicated history, they gave us our vocabulary for talking about politics, plus they gifted us our idealization of democracy, which comes from the government they had in Athens. Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Mr. Green!"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Greeks gave the West our first dedicated history, they gave us our vocabulary for talking about politics, plus they gifted us our idealization of democracy, which comes from the government they had in Athens. Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Did you say fart jokes? Oh, you don't ask about Doric, Ionian, or Corinthian columns, you don't ask about Plato's Allegory of the Cave, it's all scatological humor with you."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Did you say fart jokes? Oh, you don't ask about Doric, Ionian, or Corinthian columns, you don't ask about Plato's Allegory of the Cave, it's all scatological humor with you. It's time for the open letter? Really? Already?"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, you don't ask about Doric, Ionian, or Corinthian columns, you don't ask about Plato's Allegory of the Cave, it's all scatological humor with you. It's time for the open letter? Really? Already? All right. An open letter. Stan!"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Already? All right. An open letter. Stan! To Aristophanes. Dear Aristophanes. Oh, right, I have to check the secret compartment."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan! To Aristophanes. Dear Aristophanes. Oh, right, I have to check the secret compartment. Stan went, oh. Thank you, Stan. It's fake dog poo."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, right, I have to check the secret compartment. Stan went, oh. Thank you, Stan. It's fake dog poo. How thoughtful. So, good news and bad news, Aristophanes. 2,300 years after your death, this is the good news."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "It's fake dog poo. How thoughtful. So, good news and bad news, Aristophanes. 2,300 years after your death, this is the good news. You're still reasonably famous. Only 11 of your 40 plays survived, but even so, you're called the father of comedy, there are scholars devoted to your work. Now the bad news."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "2,300 years after your death, this is the good news. You're still reasonably famous. Only 11 of your 40 plays survived, but even so, you're called the father of comedy, there are scholars devoted to your work. Now the bad news. Even though your plays are exceptionally well translated and absolutely hilarious, students don't like to read them in schools. They're always like, why do we gotta read this boring crap? And this must be particularly galling to you because so much of what you did in your career was make fun of boring crap, specifically in the form of theatrical tragedies."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the bad news. Even though your plays are exceptionally well translated and absolutely hilarious, students don't like to read them in schools. They're always like, why do we gotta read this boring crap? And this must be particularly galling to you because so much of what you did in your career was make fun of boring crap, specifically in the form of theatrical tragedies. Plus, you frequently used actual crap to make jokes. Such as when you had the chorus in the Icarnians imagining a character in your play throwing crap at a real poet you didn't like. You, Aristophanes, who wrote that under every stone works a politician, who called wealth the most excellent of all the gods."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "And this must be particularly galling to you because so much of what you did in your career was make fun of boring crap, specifically in the form of theatrical tragedies. Plus, you frequently used actual crap to make jokes. Such as when you had the chorus in the Icarnians imagining a character in your play throwing crap at a real poet you didn't like. You, Aristophanes, who wrote that under every stone works a politician, who called wealth the most excellent of all the gods. You, who are responsible for the following conversation. I want all to have a share of everything and everything to be in common. There will no longer be rich or poor."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "You, Aristophanes, who wrote that under every stone works a politician, who called wealth the most excellent of all the gods. You, who are responsible for the following conversation. I want all to have a share of everything and everything to be in common. There will no longer be rich or poor. I shall begin by making land, money, everything that is private property, common to all. But who will till the soil? The slaves."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "There will no longer be rich or poor. I shall begin by making land, money, everything that is private property, common to all. But who will till the soil? The slaves. No. And yet you're seen as homework, drudgery. That, my friend, is a true tragedy."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "The slaves. No. And yet you're seen as homework, drudgery. That, my friend, is a true tragedy. On the upside, we did take care of slavery. It only took us 2,000 years. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "That, my friend, is a true tragedy. On the upside, we did take care of slavery. It only took us 2,000 years. Best wishes, John Green. When we think about the high point of Greek culture, exemplified by the Parthenon and the plays of Aeschylus, what we're really thinking about is Athens in the 4th century BCE, right after the Persian Wars. But Greece was way more than Athens. Greeks lived in city-states, which consisted of a city and its surrounding area."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. When we think about the high point of Greek culture, exemplified by the Parthenon and the plays of Aeschylus, what we're really thinking about is Athens in the 4th century BCE, right after the Persian Wars. But Greece was way more than Athens. Greeks lived in city-states, which consisted of a city and its surrounding area. Most of these city-states featured at least some form of slavery, and in all of them, citizenship was limited to males. Sorry, ladies. Also, each of these city-states had its own form of government, ranging from very democratic unless you were a woman or a slave, to completely dictatorial."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Greeks lived in city-states, which consisted of a city and its surrounding area. Most of these city-states featured at least some form of slavery, and in all of them, citizenship was limited to males. Sorry, ladies. Also, each of these city-states had its own form of government, ranging from very democratic unless you were a woman or a slave, to completely dictatorial. And the people who lived in these cities considered themselves citizens of that city, not of anything that would ever be called Greece. At least until the Persian Wars. So between 490 and 480 BCE, the Persians made war on the Greek city-states."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, each of these city-states had its own form of government, ranging from very democratic unless you were a woman or a slave, to completely dictatorial. And the people who lived in these cities considered themselves citizens of that city, not of anything that would ever be called Greece. At least until the Persian Wars. So between 490 and 480 BCE, the Persians made war on the Greek city-states. This was the war that featured the Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 brave Spartans battled, if you believe Herodotus, 5 million Persians. And also the Battle of Marathon, which is a plain about 26.2 miles away from Athens. The whole war started because Athens supported those aforementioned Ionian Greeks when they were rebelling in Anatolia against the Persians."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "So between 490 and 480 BCE, the Persians made war on the Greek city-states. This was the war that featured the Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 brave Spartans battled, if you believe Herodotus, 5 million Persians. And also the Battle of Marathon, which is a plain about 26.2 miles away from Athens. The whole war started because Athens supported those aforementioned Ionian Greeks when they were rebelling in Anatolia against the Persians. That made the Persian king Xerxes mad, so he led two major campaigns against the Athenians, and the Athenians enlisted the help of all the other Greek city-states. In the wake of that shared Greek victory, the Greeks began to see themselves as Greeks rather than as Spartans or Athenians or whatever. And then Athens emerged as the de facto capital of Greece and then got to experience a Golden Age, which is something that historians make up."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "The whole war started because Athens supported those aforementioned Ionian Greeks when they were rebelling in Anatolia against the Persians. That made the Persian king Xerxes mad, so he led two major campaigns against the Athenians, and the Athenians enlisted the help of all the other Greek city-states. In the wake of that shared Greek victory, the Greeks began to see themselves as Greeks rather than as Spartans or Athenians or whatever. And then Athens emerged as the de facto capital of Greece and then got to experience a Golden Age, which is something that historians make up. But a lot of things did happen during the Golden Age, including the Parthenon, a temple that became a church and then a mosque and then an armory until finally settling into its current gig as a ruin. You also had statesmen like Pericles, whose famous funeral oration brags about the golden democracy of Athens with rhetoric that wouldn't sound out of place today. If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "And then Athens emerged as the de facto capital of Greece and then got to experience a Golden Age, which is something that historians make up. But a lot of things did happen during the Golden Age, including the Parthenon, a temple that became a church and then a mosque and then an armory until finally settling into its current gig as a ruin. You also had statesmen like Pericles, whose famous funeral oration brags about the golden democracy of Athens with rhetoric that wouldn't sound out of place today. If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences. If a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. And when you combine that high-minded rhetoric with the undeniable power and beauty of the art and philosophy that was created in ancient Athens, it's not hard to see it as the foundation of Western civilization. And if you buy into this, you have to be glad that the Greeks won the Persian Wars."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences. If a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. And when you combine that high-minded rhetoric with the undeniable power and beauty of the art and philosophy that was created in ancient Athens, it's not hard to see it as the foundation of Western civilization. And if you buy into this, you have to be glad that the Greeks won the Persian Wars. But even if you put aside the slavery and other injustices in Greek society, there's still trouble. Do I have to say it? Seriously?"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you buy into this, you have to be glad that the Greeks won the Persian Wars. But even if you put aside the slavery and other injustices in Greek society, there's still trouble. Do I have to say it? Seriously? Fine. Trouble. Right here in River City with a capital T and that rhymes with P and that stands for Peloponnese."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Seriously? Fine. Trouble. Right here in River City with a capital T and that rhymes with P and that stands for Peloponnese. Pericles' funeral oration comes from a later war, the Peloponnesian War, which was a thirty year conflict between the Athenians and the Spartans. The Spartans did not embrace democracy, but instead embraced a kingship that functioned only because of a huge class of brutally mistreated slaves. But to be clear, the war was not about Athens trying to get Sparta to embrace democratic reform."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Right here in River City with a capital T and that rhymes with P and that stands for Peloponnese. Pericles' funeral oration comes from a later war, the Peloponnesian War, which was a thirty year conflict between the Athenians and the Spartans. The Spartans did not embrace democracy, but instead embraced a kingship that functioned only because of a huge class of brutally mistreated slaves. But to be clear, the war was not about Athens trying to get Sparta to embrace democratic reform. Wars rarely are. It was about resources and power. And the Athenians were hardly saintly in all of this, as evidenced by the famous Melian Dialogue."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "But to be clear, the war was not about Athens trying to get Sparta to embrace democratic reform. Wars rarely are. It was about resources and power. And the Athenians were hardly saintly in all of this, as evidenced by the famous Melian Dialogue. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So in one of the most famous passages of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians sailed to the island of Melos, a Spartan colony, and demanded that the Melians submit to Athenian rule. The Melians pointed out that they'd never actually fought with the Spartans and were like, listen, if it's all the same to you, we'd like to go Switzerland on this one."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Athenians were hardly saintly in all of this, as evidenced by the famous Melian Dialogue. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So in one of the most famous passages of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians sailed to the island of Melos, a Spartan colony, and demanded that the Melians submit to Athenian rule. The Melians pointed out that they'd never actually fought with the Spartans and were like, listen, if it's all the same to you, we'd like to go Switzerland on this one. Except, of course, they didn't say that because there was no Switzerland, to which the Athenians responded, and here I am quoting directly, the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must. Needless to say, this is not a terribly democratic or enlightened position to take. This statement, in fact, is sometimes seen as the first explicit endorsement of the so-called theory of realism in international relations."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "The Melians pointed out that they'd never actually fought with the Spartans and were like, listen, if it's all the same to you, we'd like to go Switzerland on this one. Except, of course, they didn't say that because there was no Switzerland, to which the Athenians responded, and here I am quoting directly, the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must. Needless to say, this is not a terribly democratic or enlightened position to take. This statement, in fact, is sometimes seen as the first explicit endorsement of the so-called theory of realism in international relations. For realists, interaction between nations or peoples or cultures is all about who has the power. Whoever has it can compel whoever doesn't have it to do pretty much anything. So what did the meritocratic and democratic Athenians do when the Melians politely asked not to participate in the fight?"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "This statement, in fact, is sometimes seen as the first explicit endorsement of the so-called theory of realism in international relations. For realists, interaction between nations or peoples or cultures is all about who has the power. Whoever has it can compel whoever doesn't have it to do pretty much anything. So what did the meritocratic and democratic Athenians do when the Melians politely asked not to participate in the fight? They killed all the Melian men and enslaved all the women and children. So yes, Socrates gave us his interrogative method, Sophocles gave us Oedipus, but the legacy of ancient Greece is profoundly ambiguous. All the more so because the final winner of the Peloponnesian War were the dictatorial Spartans."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "So what did the meritocratic and democratic Athenians do when the Melians politely asked not to participate in the fight? They killed all the Melian men and enslaved all the women and children. So yes, Socrates gave us his interrogative method, Sophocles gave us Oedipus, but the legacy of ancient Greece is profoundly ambiguous. All the more so because the final winner of the Peloponnesian War were the dictatorial Spartans. Thanks for the incredible bummer, Thought Bubble. So here's a non-rhetorical question. Did the right side win the Persian Wars?"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "All the more so because the final winner of the Peloponnesian War were the dictatorial Spartans. Thanks for the incredible bummer, Thought Bubble. So here's a non-rhetorical question. Did the right side win the Persian Wars? Most classicists and defenders of the Western tradition will tell you that, of course, we should be glad the Greeks won. After all, winning the Persian War set off the cultural flourishing that gave us the Classical Age, and plus, if the Persians had won with their monarchy, they might have strangled democracy in its crib and gave us more one-man rule. And that's possible, but as a counter to that argument, let's consider three things."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Did the right side win the Persian Wars? Most classicists and defenders of the Western tradition will tell you that, of course, we should be glad the Greeks won. After all, winning the Persian War set off the cultural flourishing that gave us the Classical Age, and plus, if the Persians had won with their monarchy, they might have strangled democracy in its crib and gave us more one-man rule. And that's possible, but as a counter to that argument, let's consider three things. First, it's worth remembering that life under the Persians was pretty good, and if you look at the last 5,000 years of human history, you'll find a lot more successful and stable empires than you will democracies. Second, life under the Athenians wasn't so awesome, particularly if you were a woman or a slave, and their government was notoriously corrupt. And ultimately, the Athenian government derived its power not from its citizens, but from the imperialist belief that might makes right."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's possible, but as a counter to that argument, let's consider three things. First, it's worth remembering that life under the Persians was pretty good, and if you look at the last 5,000 years of human history, you'll find a lot more successful and stable empires than you will democracies. Second, life under the Athenians wasn't so awesome, particularly if you were a woman or a slave, and their government was notoriously corrupt. And ultimately, the Athenian government derived its power not from its citizens, but from the imperialist belief that might makes right. It's true that Athens gave us Socrates, but let me remind you, they also killed him. Well, I mean, they forced him to commit suicide. Whatever, Herodotus, you're not the only one here who can engage in historical bias."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "And ultimately, the Athenian government derived its power not from its citizens, but from the imperialist belief that might makes right. It's true that Athens gave us Socrates, but let me remind you, they also killed him. Well, I mean, they forced him to commit suicide. Whatever, Herodotus, you're not the only one here who can engage in historical bias. And lastly, under Persian rule, the Greeks might have avoided the Peloponnesian War, which ended up weakening the Greek city-states so much that Alexander, coming soon the great's father, was able to conquer all of them, and then there were a bunch of bloody wars with the Persians and all kinds of horrible things, and Greece wouldn't glimpse democracy again for two millennia, all of which might have been avoided if they had just let themselves get beaten by the Persians. All of which forces us to return to the core question of human history. What's the point of being alive?"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Whatever, Herodotus, you're not the only one here who can engage in historical bias. And lastly, under Persian rule, the Greeks might have avoided the Peloponnesian War, which ended up weakening the Greek city-states so much that Alexander, coming soon the great's father, was able to conquer all of them, and then there were a bunch of bloody wars with the Persians and all kinds of horrible things, and Greece wouldn't glimpse democracy again for two millennia, all of which might have been avoided if they had just let themselves get beaten by the Persians. All of which forces us to return to the core question of human history. What's the point of being alive? I've got good news for you, guy. You're only going to have to worry about it for about eight more seconds. Should we try to ensure the longest, healthiest, and most productive lives for humans?"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "What's the point of being alive? I've got good news for you, guy. You're only going to have to worry about it for about eight more seconds. Should we try to ensure the longest, healthiest, and most productive lives for humans? If so, it's easy to argue that Greece should have lost the Persian Wars. But perhaps lives are supposed to be lived in pursuit of some great ideal worth sacrificing endlessly for. And if so, maybe the glory of Athens still shines, however dimly."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "Should we try to ensure the longest, healthiest, and most productive lives for humans? If so, it's easy to argue that Greece should have lost the Persian Wars. But perhaps lives are supposed to be lived in pursuit of some great ideal worth sacrificing endlessly for. And if so, maybe the glory of Athens still shines, however dimly. Those are the real questions of history. What's the point of being alive? How should we organize ourselves?"}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "And if so, maybe the glory of Athens still shines, however dimly. Those are the real questions of history. What's the point of being alive? How should we organize ourselves? What should we seek from this life? Those aren't easy questions, but we'll take another crack at them next week when we talk about the Buddha. I'll see you then."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "How should we organize ourselves? What should we seek from this life? Those aren't easy questions, but we'll take another crack at them next week when we talk about the Buddha. I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The graphics team is Thought Bubble, and the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer."}, {"video_title": "The Persians & Greeks Crash Course World History #5.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The graphics team is Thought Bubble, and the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer. Our Phrase of the Week last week was Un mot de Francais. If you'd like to guess this week's Phrase of the Week, you can do so in comments. You can also ask questions about today's video in comments, where our team of historians will attempt to answer them."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "I want something I can munch or something I can crunch. Hello and welcome my learning interweb friends. So here is a hip-hues video you may not have expected. But with my relaunch, I'm giving myself permission to stray from school-based curriculum that most of my videos cover. So what better way to stray than enter the gruesome and shocking world of cannibalism? Now as a 30-year vegetarian, I promise that I will not let my biases creep in. But I do think most of us make a pretty big distinction between eating chicken wings, little buffalonian shout out there, to eating the slice-off torso of a human being."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "But with my relaunch, I'm giving myself permission to stray from school-based curriculum that most of my videos cover. So what better way to stray than enter the gruesome and shocking world of cannibalism? Now as a 30-year vegetarian, I promise that I will not let my biases creep in. But I do think most of us make a pretty big distinction between eating chicken wings, little buffalonian shout out there, to eating the slice-off torso of a human being. Now cannibalism and its evidence dates back nearly 600,000 years, where anthropologists have found human bones defleshed by other humans. Now most episodes of historical cannibalism are attributed to famine and starvation, or even as punishments for enemies during war, as opposed to voodoo or witchcraft, sacrifices or other cultural practices. But the list is long."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "But I do think most of us make a pretty big distinction between eating chicken wings, little buffalonian shout out there, to eating the slice-off torso of a human being. Now cannibalism and its evidence dates back nearly 600,000 years, where anthropologists have found human bones defleshed by other humans. Now most episodes of historical cannibalism are attributed to famine and starvation, or even as punishments for enemies during war, as opposed to voodoo or witchcraft, sacrifices or other cultural practices. But the list is long. There is evidence of cannibalism by Neanderthals on Neanderthals, as well as humans devouring Neanderthals. In Gow's Cave in England, remains of defleshed bones date back 15,000 years, with evidence that human skulls were being used as drinking vessels. But again, the list continues."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "But the list is long. There is evidence of cannibalism by Neanderthals on Neanderthals, as well as humans devouring Neanderthals. In Gow's Cave in England, remains of defleshed bones date back 15,000 years, with evidence that human skulls were being used as drinking vessels. But again, the list continues. The tomb of the Egyptian King Unas contained a hymn in praise to the king as a cannibal. Cannibalism was routine in Roman sieges, the Crusades, as well as in China during the Tang dynasty, where cannibalism included eating an enemy's heart and liver as punishment. Now many attribute cannibalistic rituals to the Mesoamericans."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "But again, the list continues. The tomb of the Egyptian King Unas contained a hymn in praise to the king as a cannibal. Cannibalism was routine in Roman sieges, the Crusades, as well as in China during the Tang dynasty, where cannibalism included eating an enemy's heart and liver as punishment. Now many attribute cannibalistic rituals to the Mesoamericans. Now there is evidence of human sacrifices being part of that culture, but there is no evidence of cannibalism. And many reports of cannibalism against the islanders of the Caribbean and the cultures of the New World were first made by Christopher Columbus himself. So they must be evaluated with a critical eye, as this information was being fed to Europe to depict the inhabitants of the New World as savage animals, justifying genocide."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now many attribute cannibalistic rituals to the Mesoamericans. Now there is evidence of human sacrifices being part of that culture, but there is no evidence of cannibalism. And many reports of cannibalism against the islanders of the Caribbean and the cultures of the New World were first made by Christopher Columbus himself. So they must be evaluated with a critical eye, as this information was being fed to Europe to depict the inhabitants of the New World as savage animals, justifying genocide. Yet there is some evidence of the practice among some North American Native Americans, mostly as a practice used against defeated enemies. Now the continent of Africa is not immune either, with wartime and starvation being the biggest reasons, although there are examples of it being used in magical ceremonies. Now in the 1970s, the Ugandan dictator Idi Amin was reputed to have practiced cannibalism himself."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "So they must be evaluated with a critical eye, as this information was being fed to Europe to depict the inhabitants of the New World as savage animals, justifying genocide. Yet there is some evidence of the practice among some North American Native Americans, mostly as a practice used against defeated enemies. Now the continent of Africa is not immune either, with wartime and starvation being the biggest reasons, although there are examples of it being used in magical ceremonies. Now in the 1970s, the Ugandan dictator Idi Amin was reputed to have practiced cannibalism himself. Europeans were not immune to the practice as well. We had cannibalism being used in Jamestown when there was starvation in 1609, and centuries later Sir John Franklin's Lost Polar Expedition was another example where cannibalism was being used out of desperation. World War II is filled with examples of cannibalism being used by Russians and Germans during the stage of Stalingrad, as well as by the Japanese in all of the fierce fighting that took place across the islands from New Guinea to Japan."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now in the 1970s, the Ugandan dictator Idi Amin was reputed to have practiced cannibalism himself. Europeans were not immune to the practice as well. We had cannibalism being used in Jamestown when there was starvation in 1609, and centuries later Sir John Franklin's Lost Polar Expedition was another example where cannibalism was being used out of desperation. World War II is filled with examples of cannibalism being used by Russians and Germans during the stage of Stalingrad, as well as by the Japanese in all of the fierce fighting that took place across the islands from New Guinea to Japan. And still other cases exist in modern day Germany, North Korea, the UK, and yes, Wisconsin. I'll say his name, Jeffrey Dahmer. With all of that being said, I chose three examples of historical cannibalism that I found most interesting."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "World War II is filled with examples of cannibalism being used by Russians and Germans during the stage of Stalingrad, as well as by the Japanese in all of the fierce fighting that took place across the islands from New Guinea to Japan. And still other cases exist in modern day Germany, North Korea, the UK, and yes, Wisconsin. I'll say his name, Jeffrey Dahmer. With all of that being said, I chose three examples of historical cannibalism that I found most interesting. So let's start at number three, drum roll please. Alive. Now, first, if you have not seen the movie Alive, finish this video and go do it."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "With all of that being said, I chose three examples of historical cannibalism that I found most interesting. So let's start at number three, drum roll please. Alive. Now, first, if you have not seen the movie Alive, finish this video and go do it. It might just include one of the most amazing plane crash scenes in cinematography history. Air Force Flight 571 that was chartered from Uruguay to Chile that crashed in the Ande Mountains on October 13th, 1972. The accident and the 72 days that follow became known as the Miracle of the Andes."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, first, if you have not seen the movie Alive, finish this video and go do it. It might just include one of the most amazing plane crash scenes in cinematography history. Air Force Flight 571 that was chartered from Uruguay to Chile that crashed in the Ande Mountains on October 13th, 1972. The accident and the 72 days that follow became known as the Miracle of the Andes. Now the flight was carrying 45 passengers and crew, including 19 members of the old Christians Club rugby union team, along with their family, supporters, and friends. They were all Roman Catholic, by the way. Now apparently the inexperienced pilot screwed up."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "The accident and the 72 days that follow became known as the Miracle of the Andes. Now the flight was carrying 45 passengers and crew, including 19 members of the old Christians Club rugby union team, along with their family, supporters, and friends. They were all Roman Catholic, by the way. Now apparently the inexperienced pilot screwed up. Believing he was near the airport and misreading the plane's instruments, he drifted off course and began to descend too early and the aircraft struck a mountain. It ripped off both wings and the tail section. The fuselage then slid down a glacier at an estimated speed of 220 miles per hour, traveling nearly a half mile before crashing into the ice and snow."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now apparently the inexperienced pilot screwed up. Believing he was near the airport and misreading the plane's instruments, he drifted off course and began to descend too early and the aircraft struck a mountain. It ripped off both wings and the tail section. The fuselage then slid down a glacier at an estimated speed of 220 miles per hour, traveling nearly a half mile before crashing into the ice and snow. Three crew members and nine passengers died immediately. Several more died soon afterwards due to the frigid temperatures and the severity of their injuries. Now search efforts were canceled after only eight days because officials believe the plane crashed, killing all aboard."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "The fuselage then slid down a glacier at an estimated speed of 220 miles per hour, traveling nearly a half mile before crashing into the ice and snow. Three crew members and nine passengers died immediately. Several more died soon afterwards due to the frigid temperatures and the severity of their injuries. Now search efforts were canceled after only eight days because officials believe the plane crashed, killing all aboard. And the survivors had very little food. They had eight chocolate bars, a tin of mussels, three small jars of jam, a tin of almonds, a couple dates, some candies, dried plums, and they had some bottles of wine too. Now during the days following the crash, they divided this into very small amounts, but even with a strict rationing, their food ran out after only one week."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now search efforts were canceled after only eight days because officials believe the plane crashed, killing all aboard. And the survivors had very little food. They had eight chocolate bars, a tin of mussels, three small jars of jam, a tin of almonds, a couple dates, some candies, dried plums, and they had some bottles of wine too. Now during the days following the crash, they divided this into very small amounts, but even with a strict rationing, their food ran out after only one week. They even tried to eat parts of the airplane, such as the cotton inside the seats and leather. Now the survivors did have a radio and they knew that rescue efforts had been called off. And faced with starvation and death, those still alive made an agreement that should they die, the others might consume their bodies to live."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now during the days following the crash, they divided this into very small amounts, but even with a strict rationing, their food ran out after only one week. They even tried to eat parts of the airplane, such as the cotton inside the seats and leather. Now the survivors did have a radio and they knew that rescue efforts had been called off. And faced with starvation and death, those still alive made an agreement that should they die, the others might consume their bodies to live. With no choice, the survivors ate the bodies of their dead friends. They first ate the pilot because the corpses had been preserved by being in the snow so long and they used a piece of broken glass from the windshield to cut the flesh and then they sucked on the icy frozen flesh for nutrient. But like I mentioned, all of the passengers were Roman Catholic and they feared eternal damnation."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "And faced with starvation and death, those still alive made an agreement that should they die, the others might consume their bodies to live. With no choice, the survivors ate the bodies of their dead friends. They first ate the pilot because the corpses had been preserved by being in the snow so long and they used a piece of broken glass from the windshield to cut the flesh and then they sucked on the icy frozen flesh for nutrient. But like I mentioned, all of the passengers were Roman Catholic and they feared eternal damnation. So they rationalized that the act was to be viewed as a sacrament, eating the flesh to survive. 17 days after the crash, their misfortune continued when an avalanche killed eight people and trapped the survivors deep inside the fuselage with no food. The avalanche survivors began to cannibalize the newly fresh corpses of their friends."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "But like I mentioned, all of the passengers were Roman Catholic and they feared eternal damnation. So they rationalized that the act was to be viewed as a sacrament, eating the flesh to survive. 17 days after the crash, their misfortune continued when an avalanche killed eight people and trapped the survivors deep inside the fuselage with no food. The avalanche survivors began to cannibalize the newly fresh corpses of their friends. On December 12th, 1972, three of the survivors, two going all the way and lacking any mountain gear, began to climb the glacier. They trekked for over 10 days, traveling 38 miles. If it wasn't for the protein supplied by the human flesh they brought on their escape, they would have had no chance of success."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "The avalanche survivors began to cannibalize the newly fresh corpses of their friends. On December 12th, 1972, three of the survivors, two going all the way and lacking any mountain gear, began to climb the glacier. They trekked for over 10 days, traveling 38 miles. If it wasn't for the protein supplied by the human flesh they brought on their escape, they would have had no chance of success. After 72 days of being trapped, they reached civilization. Of the original 45 passengers and crew, only 16 survived because of cannibalism. And now for our second place winner in the cannibalistic awards."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "If it wasn't for the protein supplied by the human flesh they brought on their escape, they would have had no chance of success. After 72 days of being trapped, they reached civilization. Of the original 45 passengers and crew, only 16 survived because of cannibalism. And now for our second place winner in the cannibalistic awards. It's hard not to pick the Donner Party being a former US history teacher. Now the gist of the story is that the Donner Party, and sometimes it's referred to the Donner-Reed Party because it was two families, was a group of 87 pioneers who migrated to California on a wagon train using the Oregon Trail. They first originated in Springfield, Illinois, and then they hit the trail where it began in Independence, Missouri in the spring of 1846."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "And now for our second place winner in the cannibalistic awards. It's hard not to pick the Donner Party being a former US history teacher. Now the gist of the story is that the Donner Party, and sometimes it's referred to the Donner-Reed Party because it was two families, was a group of 87 pioneers who migrated to California on a wagon train using the Oregon Trail. They first originated in Springfield, Illinois, and then they hit the trail where it began in Independence, Missouri in the spring of 1846. Now after following a number of other families in wagons, the party made a fatal mistake. They tried a shortcut. Fueled by rumors of saving weeks of travel, they gambled on what was called the Hastings Cutoff, which instead of the normal route, crossed the Rocky Mountains and the Great Salt Lake Desert in present-day Utah."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "They first originated in Springfield, Illinois, and then they hit the trail where it began in Independence, Missouri in the spring of 1846. Now after following a number of other families in wagons, the party made a fatal mistake. They tried a shortcut. Fueled by rumors of saving weeks of travel, they gambled on what was called the Hastings Cutoff, which instead of the normal route, crossed the Rocky Mountains and the Great Salt Lake Desert in present-day Utah. By early November, they reached the Sierra Nevada, but winter hit early and quickly they became trapped by the heavy snowfall high in the mountains. By mid-December, some of the group set out on foot to obtain help, but the first relief party did not arrive until the middle of February 1847, four months after becoming trapped. Of the 87 members of the party, 48 survived the ordeal."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Fueled by rumors of saving weeks of travel, they gambled on what was called the Hastings Cutoff, which instead of the normal route, crossed the Rocky Mountains and the Great Salt Lake Desert in present-day Utah. By early November, they reached the Sierra Nevada, but winter hit early and quickly they became trapped by the heavy snowfall high in the mountains. By mid-December, some of the group set out on foot to obtain help, but the first relief party did not arrive until the middle of February 1847, four months after becoming trapped. Of the 87 members of the party, 48 survived the ordeal. It's clear that some of the migrants resorted to cannibalism to survive, eating the bodies of those that died of starvation, sickness, and the extreme cold, but there's also speculation that some victims were murdered for their flesh. Now interestingly enough, when I was 16 years old, back in 1988, I was hiking the Continental Divide and one early evening we spotted in the middle of like nowhere these lights and cameras and we discovered that they were anthropologists excavating some of the bones of the deceased to see if they could figure out if there were stab marks on the bones, to figure out if there were stab marks on them, to try and see if the victims who were consumed had died naturally. Now, an important element of the story was that the Donner-Reed party had splintered due to the horrible traveling conditions, each looking out for themselves and not trusting the other family."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Of the 87 members of the party, 48 survived the ordeal. It's clear that some of the migrants resorted to cannibalism to survive, eating the bodies of those that died of starvation, sickness, and the extreme cold, but there's also speculation that some victims were murdered for their flesh. Now interestingly enough, when I was 16 years old, back in 1988, I was hiking the Continental Divide and one early evening we spotted in the middle of like nowhere these lights and cameras and we discovered that they were anthropologists excavating some of the bones of the deceased to see if they could figure out if there were stab marks on the bones, to figure out if there were stab marks on them, to try and see if the victims who were consumed had died naturally. Now, an important element of the story was that the Donner-Reed party had splintered due to the horrible traveling conditions, each looking out for themselves and not trusting the other family. Now, in early November, most of the families, except for the Donner family, made it up a massive nearly vertical slope of a thousand feet to Truckee Lake, which is now known as Donner Lake. The Donner party, however, became trapped five miles below the rest of the party, who became settled into abandoned cabins that were built by previous pioneers. Out of desperation, some of the pioneers at Truckee Lake attempted to escape, which led to the first natural deaths."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, an important element of the story was that the Donner-Reed party had splintered due to the horrible traveling conditions, each looking out for themselves and not trusting the other family. Now, in early November, most of the families, except for the Donner family, made it up a massive nearly vertical slope of a thousand feet to Truckee Lake, which is now known as Donner Lake. The Donner party, however, became trapped five miles below the rest of the party, who became settled into abandoned cabins that were built by previous pioneers. Out of desperation, some of the pioneers at Truckee Lake attempted to escape, which led to the first natural deaths. Antonio, the animal handler, was the first to die, with Franklin Graves being the next casualty. And as the blizzard progressed, one of the pioneers, Patrick Dolan, went cuckoo, insane, took off all his clothes, ran naked in the woods, and died a few hours later. Not long after that, some of the group began to eat the flesh from Dolan's body."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Out of desperation, some of the pioneers at Truckee Lake attempted to escape, which led to the first natural deaths. Antonio, the animal handler, was the first to die, with Franklin Graves being the next casualty. And as the blizzard progressed, one of the pioneers, Patrick Dolan, went cuckoo, insane, took off all his clothes, ran naked in the woods, and died a few hours later. Not long after that, some of the group began to eat the flesh from Dolan's body. And early the next morning, for breakfast, the group stripped the muscles and organs from the bodies of Antonio, Dolan, and Graves. Of the 87 people of the Donner-Reed party who gambled on the shortcut, like I mentioned, 48 survived. The truth is nobody knows the truth of what happened during those four months of horror, nor the accurate numbers of the people that were eaten."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Not long after that, some of the group began to eat the flesh from Dolan's body. And early the next morning, for breakfast, the group stripped the muscles and organs from the bodies of Antonio, Dolan, and Graves. Of the 87 people of the Donner-Reed party who gambled on the shortcut, like I mentioned, 48 survived. The truth is nobody knows the truth of what happened during those four months of horror, nor the accurate numbers of the people that were eaten. But nevertheless, it remains a gruesome and howering tale of the journey that many Americans took in their quest to go west in search for the American dream on the Oregon Trail. And that brings us to my choice for the winner of the most interesting story of historical cannibalism. In the history book, this event is better known as the Nazino tragedy, which took place over 13 weeks during the summer of 1933 in the Soviet Union."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "The truth is nobody knows the truth of what happened during those four months of horror, nor the accurate numbers of the people that were eaten. But nevertheless, it remains a gruesome and howering tale of the journey that many Americans took in their quest to go west in search for the American dream on the Oregon Trail. And that brings us to my choice for the winner of the most interesting story of historical cannibalism. In the history book, this event is better known as the Nazino tragedy, which took place over 13 weeks during the summer of 1933 in the Soviet Union. It seems tragedy is not enough of a word to convey what happened in that dreadful summer on a small island on the Ob River in western Siberia, in the Soviet Union, now Russia. But over those three months, nearly half of the 4,556 men and 322 women perished, many of them becoming a steady protein diet for the survivors. Now unlike Alive and the Donner party examples, it would appear that the acts of cannibalism here on the tiny island of Nazino, nicknamed Cannibal Island or Death Island, were much more brutal and atrocious."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "In the history book, this event is better known as the Nazino tragedy, which took place over 13 weeks during the summer of 1933 in the Soviet Union. It seems tragedy is not enough of a word to convey what happened in that dreadful summer on a small island on the Ob River in western Siberia, in the Soviet Union, now Russia. But over those three months, nearly half of the 4,556 men and 322 women perished, many of them becoming a steady protein diet for the survivors. Now unlike Alive and the Donner party examples, it would appear that the acts of cannibalism here on the tiny island of Nazino, nicknamed Cannibal Island or Death Island, were much more brutal and atrocious. So a little background. In the early 1930s, the Soviet Union enacted a policy under Joseph Stalin called de-kukuligazation. Now a kulak was basically a successful farmer that were kicked off their farms due to the new policies that the communists implemented where farms were confiscated and turned into state collectives."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now unlike Alive and the Donner party examples, it would appear that the acts of cannibalism here on the tiny island of Nazino, nicknamed Cannibal Island or Death Island, were much more brutal and atrocious. So a little background. In the early 1930s, the Soviet Union enacted a policy under Joseph Stalin called de-kukuligazation. Now a kulak was basically a successful farmer that were kicked off their farms due to the new policies that the communists implemented where farms were confiscated and turned into state collectives. In the early 1930s, Stalin saw this program as a success where nearly 2 million kulaks were relocated to Siberia and began to modernize it and turn it into a valuable resource for the nation. Now in February of 1933, the heads of the secret police and the gulag labor camps proposed a repeat of the program, planning to resettle another 2 million settlers to modernize nearly 4,000 square miles of virgin land. But there's one problem."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now a kulak was basically a successful farmer that were kicked off their farms due to the new policies that the communists implemented where farms were confiscated and turned into state collectives. In the early 1930s, Stalin saw this program as a success where nearly 2 million kulaks were relocated to Siberia and began to modernize it and turn it into a valuable resource for the nation. Now in February of 1933, the heads of the secret police and the gulag labor camps proposed a repeat of the program, planning to resettle another 2 million settlers to modernize nearly 4,000 square miles of virgin land. But there's one problem. Unlike the early 1930s, by 1933 the Soviet Union was experiencing the effects of the worldwide Great Depression, a brutal famine, and it simply lacked the resources and supplies to support such an endeavor. Still Stalin approved the plan, but he did reduce the number of resettlers to a million. What a nice guy."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "But there's one problem. Unlike the early 1930s, by 1933 the Soviet Union was experiencing the effects of the worldwide Great Depression, a brutal famine, and it simply lacked the resources and supplies to support such an endeavor. Still Stalin approved the plan, but he did reduce the number of resettlers to a million. What a nice guy. Now the first years of this program, most of the resettlers were true kulaks and they knew how to settle virgin land. They were skilled in agricultural practices like clearing and cultivation. The skills learned and mastered over generations in their family."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "What a nice guy. Now the first years of this program, most of the resettlers were true kulaks and they knew how to settle virgin land. They were skilled in agricultural practices like clearing and cultivation. The skills learned and mastered over generations in their family. However a decision was made to resettle those who were deemed undesirables in major cities like Leningrad and Moscow. Now to accomplish this, there was a passport system enacted. So if you were found on the streets of the city without your passport, do not pass go, do not collect your $100, no three strikes, you're out."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "The skills learned and mastered over generations in their family. However a decision was made to resettle those who were deemed undesirables in major cities like Leningrad and Moscow. Now to accomplish this, there was a passport system enacted. So if you were found on the streets of the city without your passport, do not pass go, do not collect your $100, no three strikes, you're out. And at the same time the police were under tremendous pressure to meet resettler quotas. So while some of those deported were kulaks who had traveled to the city seeking work, most were not. A majority of those were arrested and sent north to Siberia were vagabonds, criminals, and gang members."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "So if you were found on the streets of the city without your passport, do not pass go, do not collect your $100, no three strikes, you're out. And at the same time the police were under tremendous pressure to meet resettler quotas. So while some of those deported were kulaks who had traveled to the city seeking work, most were not. A majority of those were arrested and sent north to Siberia were vagabonds, criminals, and gang members. And even worse, hundreds were simply ordinary citizens like who ran out for some bread for dinner and forgot their passport. And there's one striking example of a young girl traveling by train with her mother to Leningrad and when the train stopped in Moscow, the mother took the opportunity to grab some food before the train left and her 14 year old daughter waited in the train station. When the police demanded her passport, her explanations were ignored and she was deported along with thousands of murderers, rapists, and violent criminals."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "A majority of those were arrested and sent north to Siberia were vagabonds, criminals, and gang members. And even worse, hundreds were simply ordinary citizens like who ran out for some bread for dinner and forgot their passport. And there's one striking example of a young girl traveling by train with her mother to Leningrad and when the train stopped in Moscow, the mother took the opportunity to grab some food before the train left and her 14 year old daughter waited in the train station. When the police demanded her passport, her explanations were ignored and she was deported along with thousands of murderers, rapists, and violent criminals. So they arrive. Back to Siberia days after their arrest, the majority of those sent to Nazino were urbanites, as I previously mentioned. Now after a railway travel, 5,000 were packed onto river barges that were meant to transport timber and they were shipped up the old river to the island of Nazino."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "When the police demanded her passport, her explanations were ignored and she was deported along with thousands of murderers, rapists, and violent criminals. So they arrive. Back to Siberia days after their arrest, the majority of those sent to Nazino were urbanites, as I previously mentioned. Now after a railway travel, 5,000 were packed onto river barges that were meant to transport timber and they were shipped up the old river to the island of Nazino. Now for food on this trip, they were given seven ounces of bread as their daily ration. And it wasn't long before the criminal gangs began to run the barges, confiscating bread from the others. To further illustrate the total unpreparedness of this venture, there were two commanders and 50 newly recruited guards who guarded all these people and they didn't even have shoes or uniforms."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now after a railway travel, 5,000 were packed onto river barges that were meant to transport timber and they were shipped up the old river to the island of Nazino. Now for food on this trip, they were given seven ounces of bread as their daily ration. And it wasn't long before the criminal gangs began to run the barges, confiscating bread from the others. To further illustrate the total unpreparedness of this venture, there were two commanders and 50 newly recruited guards who guarded all these people and they didn't even have shoes or uniforms. The settlers arrived at their new home in late May of 1933, a swampy island, two miles long, 660 yards wide, no cooking supplies, no shelters, no ovens. The food they were given was flour, which then they proceeded to mix with river water and consume. And that led many to die from dysentery in the first few days."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "To further illustrate the total unpreparedness of this venture, there were two commanders and 50 newly recruited guards who guarded all these people and they didn't even have shoes or uniforms. The settlers arrived at their new home in late May of 1933, a swampy island, two miles long, 660 yards wide, no cooking supplies, no shelters, no ovens. The food they were given was flour, which then they proceeded to mix with river water and consume. And that led many to die from dysentery in the first few days. The situation quickly devolved into pure chaos. Now the freshly new guards set themselves up on the riverbanks with orders to kill anybody escaping. And some of the resettlers did construct rafts and attempt to flee, but the island was so far removed from any villages by design."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "And that led many to die from dysentery in the first few days. The situation quickly devolved into pure chaos. Now the freshly new guards set themselves up on the riverbanks with orders to kill anybody escaping. And some of the resettlers did construct rafts and attempt to flee, but the island was so far removed from any villages by design. The camp commanders did not want these criminals anywhere near local citizens. And when escaping, usually two gang members would recruit a third and they nicknamed them the cow. So when things got rough, they had a cow, they had a meal."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "And some of the resettlers did construct rafts and attempt to flee, but the island was so far removed from any villages by design. The camp commanders did not want these criminals anywhere near local citizens. And when escaping, usually two gang members would recruit a third and they nicknamed them the cow. So when things got rough, they had a cow, they had a meal. And soon gangs began killing the weak and stealing gold teeth and anything of worth to barter with the guards. By the end of the first week, there were the first reports of settlers being strapped to trees by gangs and having their flesh removed piece by piece, keeping them alive as long as possible so the meat would stay fresh. The gangs would then roast the human flesh over an open fire."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "So when things got rough, they had a cow, they had a meal. And soon gangs began killing the weak and stealing gold teeth and anything of worth to barter with the guards. By the end of the first week, there were the first reports of settlers being strapped to trees by gangs and having their flesh removed piece by piece, keeping them alive as long as possible so the meat would stay fresh. The gangs would then roast the human flesh over an open fire. And there's one documented example where one of the guards had developed a relationship with one of the young women that was resettled and he tried to protect her from the gangs and the looming violence. But having to leave his post for a short time, he had asked his fellow guards to keep an eye out. Yet when he returned only a few hours later, he found his new love strapped to a tree, her breasts sliced off and portions of her thighs removed as a group of men roasted her flesh over an open fire."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "The gangs would then roast the human flesh over an open fire. And there's one documented example where one of the guards had developed a relationship with one of the young women that was resettled and he tried to protect her from the gangs and the looming violence. But having to leave his post for a short time, he had asked his fellow guards to keep an eye out. Yet when he returned only a few hours later, he found his new love strapped to a tree, her breasts sliced off and portions of her thighs removed as a group of men roasted her flesh over an open fire. And even worse, she was still alive. Now the guard attempted to save her, but she had simply lost too much blood. By the end of May, guards had arrested 50 gang members for cannibalism."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Yet when he returned only a few hours later, he found his new love strapped to a tree, her breasts sliced off and portions of her thighs removed as a group of men roasted her flesh over an open fire. And even worse, she was still alive. Now the guard attempted to save her, but she had simply lost too much blood. By the end of May, guards had arrested 50 gang members for cannibalism. And the episode finally came to an end in July of that summer, mainly due to a local communist propaganda reporter who personally sent a message to Stalin informing him of the atrocities that were going on at Nazino. Now while there were guards that were arrested, and Stalin took immediate steps to end the situation, it was also immediately covered up. And it wasn't really until the fall of the Soviet Union where information became available about the Nazino tragedy and we kind of found out what happened."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "By the end of May, guards had arrested 50 gang members for cannibalism. And the episode finally came to an end in July of that summer, mainly due to a local communist propaganda reporter who personally sent a message to Stalin informing him of the atrocities that were going on at Nazino. Now while there were guards that were arrested, and Stalin took immediate steps to end the situation, it was also immediately covered up. And it wasn't really until the fall of the Soviet Union where information became available about the Nazino tragedy and we kind of found out what happened. Nazino Island led the Soviet leadership to begin to doubt the quality and the efficiency of large scale resettlement projects. In 1933 alone, there were over 350,000 known untraceable resettlers. And the atrocities that occurred at Nazino directly led to the end of large scale settlement plans in the Soviet Union and to the end of using urbanites and criminals for future settlement plans."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "And it wasn't really until the fall of the Soviet Union where information became available about the Nazino tragedy and we kind of found out what happened. Nazino Island led the Soviet leadership to begin to doubt the quality and the efficiency of large scale resettlement projects. In 1933 alone, there were over 350,000 known untraceable resettlers. And the atrocities that occurred at Nazino directly led to the end of large scale settlement plans in the Soviet Union and to the end of using urbanites and criminals for future settlement plans. So, who's hungry? I think I might skip my next meal, but I'm happy I didn't skip the new video. Now what cannibalistic examples did I miss or do you think should have made the list?"}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "And the atrocities that occurred at Nazino directly led to the end of large scale settlement plans in the Soviet Union and to the end of using urbanites and criminals for future settlement plans. So, who's hungry? I think I might skip my next meal, but I'm happy I didn't skip the new video. Now what cannibalistic examples did I miss or do you think should have made the list? Let's hear them down in the comments. And good karma points for sharing this video with your friends, carnivores, and vegetarians alike. And don't forget to subscribe, turn on notifications, because if you don't turn them on, you're going to miss new videos and you don't want to do that."}, {"video_title": "My Top 3 Stories of Cannibalism in History.m4a", "Sentence": "Now what cannibalistic examples did I miss or do you think should have made the list? Let's hear them down in the comments. And good karma points for sharing this video with your friends, carnivores, and vegetarians alike. And don't forget to subscribe, turn on notifications, because if you don't turn them on, you're going to miss new videos and you don't want to do that. Now if you're new to my channel, make sure that you click the link to the video arsenal in the description and you can fall into my rabbit hole of nearly 500 videos. And as always, I wish all of my viewers, lovers and haters, nothing but love and light in their lives. And as always, remember your intent and your focus are your most powerful tools in this life."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi there, my name is John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about Alexander the Great, but to do that we're going to begin by talking about ideals of masculinity and heroism and Kim Kardashian and the situation. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green! Which situation? Oh, me from the past. I forgot you wanted to go to Colombia. Me from the present regrets to inform you that you do not get in. But since you live in the past, you have no way of knowing who I'm talking about."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, me from the past. I forgot you wanted to go to Colombia. Me from the present regrets to inform you that you do not get in. But since you live in the past, you have no way of knowing who I'm talking about. And it occurs to me that this video may be watched in some glorious future, when Kim Kardashian and the situation have mercifully disappeared from public life. And the supermarket tabloids, instead of talking about celebrities, talk about Foucault and the Higgs boson particle. So Kim Kardashian is a professional famous person who initially rose to notoriety by scootily pooping with someone named Ray J."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "But since you live in the past, you have no way of knowing who I'm talking about. And it occurs to me that this video may be watched in some glorious future, when Kim Kardashian and the situation have mercifully disappeared from public life. And the supermarket tabloids, instead of talking about celebrities, talk about Foucault and the Higgs boson particle. So Kim Kardashian is a professional famous person who initially rose to notoriety by scootily pooping with someone named Ray J. And Mike the Situation, I forgot his last name, is a professional stupid person with big muscles. They're both known by millions, live in luxury, and people literally pay to own their odors. Why do these people crave fame?"}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "So Kim Kardashian is a professional famous person who initially rose to notoriety by scootily pooping with someone named Ray J. And Mike the Situation, I forgot his last name, is a professional stupid person with big muscles. They're both known by millions, live in luxury, and people literally pay to own their odors. Why do these people crave fame? Why do any of us? I would argue it's not about money. If it were, our tabloids would be devoted to the lives and times of bankers."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Why do these people crave fame? Why do any of us? I would argue it's not about money. If it were, our tabloids would be devoted to the lives and times of bankers. I think we all want to leave a legacy. We want to be remembered. We want to be great."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "If it were, our tabloids would be devoted to the lives and times of bankers. I think we all want to leave a legacy. We want to be remembered. We want to be great. For a long time, history was all about the study of great men, and it was common to call people the great, although these days historians are less likely to do that because they recognize that one man's great is generally another man's terrible. And also the great has some misogynistic implications. Like it's almost always men who are called the great."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "We want to be great. For a long time, history was all about the study of great men, and it was common to call people the great, although these days historians are less likely to do that because they recognize that one man's great is generally another man's terrible. And also the great has some misogynistic implications. Like it's almost always men who are called the great. You never hear of Cleopatra the Great or Elizabeth the Great. Sure, there's Catherine the Great of Russia, but for her masculine greatness, she was saddled with the completely untrue rumor that she died trying to scootily poop with a horse. Saddled."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Like it's almost always men who are called the great. You never hear of Cleopatra the Great or Elizabeth the Great. Sure, there's Catherine the Great of Russia, but for her masculine greatness, she was saddled with the completely untrue rumor that she died trying to scootily poop with a horse. Saddled. Get it? Anybody? Saddled with the rumor?"}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Saddled. Get it? Anybody? Saddled with the rumor? Anyway, they could have soiled Catherine the Great's name just by telling the truth, which is that like so many other great men and women, she died on the toilet. Get it? Soiled."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Saddled with the rumor? Anyway, they could have soiled Catherine the Great's name just by telling the truth, which is that like so many other great men and women, she died on the toilet. Get it? Soiled. Toilet. Yes. Yes."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Soiled. Toilet. Yes. Yes. So, quick biography of Alexander of Macedon. Born in 356 BCE, died in 323 BCE at the ripe old age of 32. Alexander was the son of King Philip II, and when just 13 years old, he tamed a horse no one else could ride named Bucephalus, which impressed his father so much that he said, O thy son, look thee out at a kingdom equal to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Yes. So, quick biography of Alexander of Macedon. Born in 356 BCE, died in 323 BCE at the ripe old age of 32. Alexander was the son of King Philip II, and when just 13 years old, he tamed a horse no one else could ride named Bucephalus, which impressed his father so much that he said, O thy son, look thee out at a kingdom equal to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee. By that time, he was already an accomplished general, but over the next decade, he expanded his empire with unprecedented speed, and he is famous for having never lost a battle. Today, we're going to look at Alexander of Macedon's story by examining three possible definitions of greatness. First, maybe Alexander was great because of his accomplishments."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Alexander was the son of King Philip II, and when just 13 years old, he tamed a horse no one else could ride named Bucephalus, which impressed his father so much that he said, O thy son, look thee out at a kingdom equal to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee. By that time, he was already an accomplished general, but over the next decade, he expanded his empire with unprecedented speed, and he is famous for having never lost a battle. Today, we're going to look at Alexander of Macedon's story by examining three possible definitions of greatness. First, maybe Alexander was great because of his accomplishments. This is an extension of the idea that history is the record of the deeds of great men. Now, of course, that's ridiculous. For one thing, half of people are women."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "First, maybe Alexander was great because of his accomplishments. This is an extension of the idea that history is the record of the deeds of great men. Now, of course, that's ridiculous. For one thing, half of people are women. For another, and this is important, there are lots of historical events that no one can take responsibility for, like, for instance, the Black Plague. Still, Alexander was accomplished. I mean, he conquered a lot of territory."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "For one thing, half of people are women. For another, and this is important, there are lots of historical events that no one can take responsibility for, like, for instance, the Black Plague. Still, Alexander was accomplished. I mean, he conquered a lot of territory. Like, a lot. His father Philip had conquered all of Greece, but Alexander did what the Spartans and the Athenians had failed to do. He destroyed the Persian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, he conquered a lot of territory. Like, a lot. His father Philip had conquered all of Greece, but Alexander did what the Spartans and the Athenians had failed to do. He destroyed the Persian Empire. He conquered all the land the Persians had held, including Egypt, and then marched toward India, stopping at the Indus River only because his army was like, hey, Alexander, you know what would be awesome? Not marching. Also, Alexander was a really good general, although historians disagree over whether his tactics were truly brilliant or if his army just happened to have better technology, specifically these extra-long spears called sarissas."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "He destroyed the Persian Empire. He conquered all the land the Persians had held, including Egypt, and then marched toward India, stopping at the Indus River only because his army was like, hey, Alexander, you know what would be awesome? Not marching. Also, Alexander was a really good general, although historians disagree over whether his tactics were truly brilliant or if his army just happened to have better technology, specifically these extra-long spears called sarissas. But much of his reputation as a general, and his reputation in general \u2013 anybody? Puns? Maybe I should stop?"}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, Alexander was a really good general, although historians disagree over whether his tactics were truly brilliant or if his army just happened to have better technology, specifically these extra-long spears called sarissas. But much of his reputation as a general, and his reputation in general \u2013 anybody? Puns? Maybe I should stop? Okay \u2013 is because of Napoleon. Napoleon, like many other generals through the millennia, was obsessed with Alexander the Great, but more on that in a moment. That said, Alexander wasn't very good at what we might now call empire building."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Maybe I should stop? Okay \u2013 is because of Napoleon. Napoleon, like many other generals through the millennia, was obsessed with Alexander the Great, but more on that in a moment. That said, Alexander wasn't very good at what we might now call empire building. Alexander's empire is definitely visually impressive, but it wasn't actually much of an empire. Like, Alexander specialized in the tearing down of things, but he wasn't so great at the building up of institutions to replace the things he'd torn down. And that's why pretty soon after his death, his empire broke into three empires, called the Hellenistic Kingdoms."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "That said, Alexander wasn't very good at what we might now call empire building. Alexander's empire is definitely visually impressive, but it wasn't actually much of an empire. Like, Alexander specialized in the tearing down of things, but he wasn't so great at the building up of institutions to replace the things he'd torn down. And that's why pretty soon after his death, his empire broke into three empires, called the Hellenistic Kingdoms. Each was ruled by one of Alexander's generals, and they became important dynasties \u2013 the Antigonids in Greece and Macedonia, the Ptolemies in Egypt, the Seleucids in Persia \u2013 all of which lasted longer than Alexander's empire itself. A second kind of greatness \u2013 maybe Alexander was great because he had an enormous impact on the world after his death. Like King Tut, Alexander the Great was amazingly good at being a dead person."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "And that's why pretty soon after his death, his empire broke into three empires, called the Hellenistic Kingdoms. Each was ruled by one of Alexander's generals, and they became important dynasties \u2013 the Antigonids in Greece and Macedonia, the Ptolemies in Egypt, the Seleucids in Persia \u2013 all of which lasted longer than Alexander's empire itself. A second kind of greatness \u2013 maybe Alexander was great because he had an enormous impact on the world after his death. Like King Tut, Alexander the Great was amazingly good at being a dead person. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So after Alexander of Macedon died, everyone \u2013 from the Romans to Napoleon to Oliver Stone \u2013 loved him. And he was an important military model for many generals throughout history."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Like King Tut, Alexander the Great was amazingly good at being a dead person. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So after Alexander of Macedon died, everyone \u2013 from the Romans to Napoleon to Oliver Stone \u2013 loved him. And he was an important military model for many generals throughout history. But his main post-death legacy may be that he introduced the Persian idea of absolute monarchy to the Greco-Roman world, which would become a pretty big deal. Alexander also built a number of cities on his route that became big deals after his death, and it's easy to spot them because he named most of them after himself and one after his horse. The Alexandrian Egypt became a major center of learning in the classical world and was home to the most amazing library ever, which Julius Caesar probably accidentally burned down while trying to conquer a bunch of land to emulate his hero, Alexander the Great."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "And he was an important military model for many generals throughout history. But his main post-death legacy may be that he introduced the Persian idea of absolute monarchy to the Greco-Roman world, which would become a pretty big deal. Alexander also built a number of cities on his route that became big deals after his death, and it's easy to spot them because he named most of them after himself and one after his horse. The Alexandrian Egypt became a major center of learning in the classical world and was home to the most amazing library ever, which Julius Caesar probably accidentally burned down while trying to conquer a bunch of land to emulate his hero, Alexander the Great. Plus, the dead Alexander had a huge impact on culture. He gave the region its common language, Greek, which facilitated conversations and commerce. Greek was so widespread that archaeologists have found coins in what is now Afghanistan with pictures of their kings with the word king written beneath the pictures in Greek."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "The Alexandrian Egypt became a major center of learning in the classical world and was home to the most amazing library ever, which Julius Caesar probably accidentally burned down while trying to conquer a bunch of land to emulate his hero, Alexander the Great. Plus, the dead Alexander had a huge impact on culture. He gave the region its common language, Greek, which facilitated conversations and commerce. Greek was so widespread that archaeologists have found coins in what is now Afghanistan with pictures of their kings with the word king written beneath the pictures in Greek. This is also why, incidentally, the New Testament was eventually written in Greek. Although Alexander was mostly just conquering territory for the glory and heroism and greatness of it all, in his wake emerged a more closely connected world that could trade and communicate with more people more efficiently than ever before. Alexander didn't make those things happen, but they probably wouldn't have happened without him."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Greek was so widespread that archaeologists have found coins in what is now Afghanistan with pictures of their kings with the word king written beneath the pictures in Greek. This is also why, incidentally, the New Testament was eventually written in Greek. Although Alexander was mostly just conquering territory for the glory and heroism and greatness of it all, in his wake emerged a more closely connected world that could trade and communicate with more people more efficiently than ever before. Alexander didn't make those things happen, but they probably wouldn't have happened without him. But here's a question, if you're watching Jersey Shore and get so involved in the situation's romantic conquest that you leave the bath water running, thereby flooding your apartment, and you have to call a plumber, and the plumber comes over and you fall in love with him and get married and live happily ever after, does that make the situation responsible for your marriage? Thanks, Thought Bubble. Okay, a third definition of greatness."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Alexander didn't make those things happen, but they probably wouldn't have happened without him. But here's a question, if you're watching Jersey Shore and get so involved in the situation's romantic conquest that you leave the bath water running, thereby flooding your apartment, and you have to call a plumber, and the plumber comes over and you fall in love with him and get married and live happily ever after, does that make the situation responsible for your marriage? Thanks, Thought Bubble. Okay, a third definition of greatness. Maybe Alexander is great because of his legend. Since no accounts of Alexander were written while he was alive, embellishment was easy. And maybe that's where true greatness lies."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, a third definition of greatness. Maybe Alexander is great because of his legend. Since no accounts of Alexander were written while he was alive, embellishment was easy. And maybe that's where true greatness lies. I mean, the guy died at 32 before he ever had a chance to get old and lose battles. He was tutored by Aristotle, for God's sakes. Then there's Alexander's single-minded, obsessive, Ahab-esque pursuit of the Persian king Darius, who he chased across modern-day Iraq and Iran for no real reason except that he desperately wanted to kill him."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "And maybe that's where true greatness lies. I mean, the guy died at 32 before he ever had a chance to get old and lose battles. He was tutored by Aristotle, for God's sakes. Then there's Alexander's single-minded, obsessive, Ahab-esque pursuit of the Persian king Darius, who he chased across modern-day Iraq and Iran for no real reason except that he desperately wanted to kill him. And when Bessus, one of Darius's generals, assassinated him before Alexander had the chance, Alexander chased Bessus around until he could at least kill him. These almost comical pursuits of glory and heroism are accompanied in classical histories by stories of Alexander walking through the desert and it's suddenly raining and these ravens coming to lead him to the army he's supposed to fight. And stories of his hot Persian wife, Roxana, who, while still a teenager, engineered the assassination of many of Alexander's fellow wives."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Then there's Alexander's single-minded, obsessive, Ahab-esque pursuit of the Persian king Darius, who he chased across modern-day Iraq and Iran for no real reason except that he desperately wanted to kill him. And when Bessus, one of Darius's generals, assassinated him before Alexander had the chance, Alexander chased Bessus around until he could at least kill him. These almost comical pursuits of glory and heroism are accompanied in classical histories by stories of Alexander walking through the desert and it's suddenly raining and these ravens coming to lead him to the army he's supposed to fight. And stories of his hot Persian wife, Roxana, who, while still a teenager, engineered the assassination of many of Alexander's fellow wives. And even in his death, people tried to make Alexander live up to this heroic ideal. Like Plutarch tells us that he died of a fever, but that's no way for a masculine empire-building awesome person to die. So rumors persist that he died either of alcohol poisoning or else of assassination-y poisoning."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "And stories of his hot Persian wife, Roxana, who, while still a teenager, engineered the assassination of many of Alexander's fellow wives. And even in his death, people tried to make Alexander live up to this heroic ideal. Like Plutarch tells us that he died of a fever, but that's no way for a masculine empire-building awesome person to die. So rumors persist that he died either of alcohol poisoning or else of assassination-y poisoning. I mean, no great man can die of a fever. Speaking of great men, it's time to strip down for the open letter. So elegant."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "So rumors persist that he died either of alcohol poisoning or else of assassination-y poisoning. I mean, no great man can die of a fever. Speaking of great men, it's time to strip down for the open letter. So elegant. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Kim Kardashian's perfume. Thanks, Stan."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "So elegant. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Kim Kardashian's perfume. Thanks, Stan. I'll wear this. I'll check it out. I'll give it a try."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Stan. I'll wear this. I'll check it out. I'll give it a try. Ah, wow, that is, mmm, it's like all the worst parts of baby powder and all the worst parts of cat pee. An open letter to the ladies. Hello, ladies."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll give it a try. Ah, wow, that is, mmm, it's like all the worst parts of baby powder and all the worst parts of cat pee. An open letter to the ladies. Hello, ladies. You've really been unfairly neglected in Crash Course World History and also in world history textbooks everywhere. Like there'll be a whole chapter exploring the exploits of great men and then at the end there will be one sentence that's like, also women were doing stuff at the time and it was important but we don't really know what it was. So back to Alexander the Great."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Hello, ladies. You've really been unfairly neglected in Crash Course World History and also in world history textbooks everywhere. Like there'll be a whole chapter exploring the exploits of great men and then at the end there will be one sentence that's like, also women were doing stuff at the time and it was important but we don't really know what it was. So back to Alexander the Great. History has been very good at marginalizing and demeaning women and we're going to fight against that as we move forward in the story of human civilization. Ladies, I have to go now because my eyes are stinging from the biological weapon known as Kim Kardashian's gold. Seriously, don't wear it."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "So back to Alexander the Great. History has been very good at marginalizing and demeaning women and we're going to fight against that as we move forward in the story of human civilization. Ladies, I have to go now because my eyes are stinging from the biological weapon known as Kim Kardashian's gold. Seriously, don't wear it. Best wishes, John Green. So in Alexander the Great we have a story of a man who united the world while riding a magical horse. Only he could tame across deserts where it magically rained for him so that he could chase down his mortal enemy and then leave in his wake a more enlightened world and a gorgeous murderous wife."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Seriously, don't wear it. Best wishes, John Green. So in Alexander the Great we have a story of a man who united the world while riding a magical horse. Only he could tame across deserts where it magically rained for him so that he could chase down his mortal enemy and then leave in his wake a more enlightened world and a gorgeous murderous wife. But of course it's not just Assassin's Creed and Call of Duty that celebrate the idea that ennobled violence can lead to a better world. And that takes us to my opinion of how Alexander really came to be great. Millennia after his death in 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt not because he particularly needed to invade Egypt, but because he wanted to do what Alexander had done."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Only he could tame across deserts where it magically rained for him so that he could chase down his mortal enemy and then leave in his wake a more enlightened world and a gorgeous murderous wife. But of course it's not just Assassin's Creed and Call of Duty that celebrate the idea that ennobled violence can lead to a better world. And that takes us to my opinion of how Alexander really came to be great. Millennia after his death in 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt not because he particularly needed to invade Egypt, but because he wanted to do what Alexander had done. And long before Napoleon, the Romans really worshipped Alexander, particularly the Roman general Pompey, aka Pompeius Magnus, aka Pompey the Great. Pompey was so obsessed with Alexander that he literally tried to emulate Alexander's boyishly disheveled hairstyle. In short, Alexander is great because others decided he was great because they chose to admire and emulate him."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Millennia after his death in 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt not because he particularly needed to invade Egypt, but because he wanted to do what Alexander had done. And long before Napoleon, the Romans really worshipped Alexander, particularly the Roman general Pompey, aka Pompeius Magnus, aka Pompey the Great. Pompey was so obsessed with Alexander that he literally tried to emulate Alexander's boyishly disheveled hairstyle. In short, Alexander is great because others decided he was great because they chose to admire and emulate him. Yes, Alexander was a great general. Yes, he conquered a lot of land. The situation is also really good at picking up girls of a certain type."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "In short, Alexander is great because others decided he was great because they chose to admire and emulate him. Yes, Alexander was a great general. Yes, he conquered a lot of land. The situation is also really good at picking up girls of a certain type. And Kim Kardashian is good at... Stan, what is Kim Kardashian good at? We made Alexander great, just as today we make people great when we admire them and try to emulate them. History has traditionally been in the business of finding and celebrating great men, and only occasionally great women."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "The situation is also really good at picking up girls of a certain type. And Kim Kardashian is good at... Stan, what is Kim Kardashian good at? We made Alexander great, just as today we make people great when we admire them and try to emulate them. History has traditionally been in the business of finding and celebrating great men, and only occasionally great women. But this obsession with greatness is troubling to me. It wrongly implies first that history is made primarily by men, and secondly that history is made primarily by celebrated people, which of course makes us all want to be celebrities. Thankfully, we've left behind the idea that the best way to become an icon is to butcher people and conquer a lot of land, but the ideals that we've embraced instead aren't necessarily worth celebrating either."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "History has traditionally been in the business of finding and celebrating great men, and only occasionally great women. But this obsession with greatness is troubling to me. It wrongly implies first that history is made primarily by men, and secondly that history is made primarily by celebrated people, which of course makes us all want to be celebrities. Thankfully, we've left behind the idea that the best way to become an icon is to butcher people and conquer a lot of land, but the ideals that we've embraced instead aren't necessarily worth celebrating either. All of which is to say, we decide what to worship and what to care about and what to pay attention to. We decide whether to care about the situation. Alexander couldn't make history in a vacuum, and neither can anyone else."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Thankfully, we've left behind the idea that the best way to become an icon is to butcher people and conquer a lot of land, but the ideals that we've embraced instead aren't necessarily worth celebrating either. All of which is to say, we decide what to worship and what to care about and what to pay attention to. We decide whether to care about the situation. Alexander couldn't make history in a vacuum, and neither can anyone else. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Alexander couldn't make history in a vacuum, and neither can anyone else. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, \"[Bleeped out word for last week's phrase in the show's title screen.]"}, {"video_title": "Alexander the Great Crash Course World History #8.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, \"[Bleeped out word for last week's phrase in the show's title screen.] If you want to take a guess at this week's phrase or suggest new ones, you can do so in comments. If you have questions about today's video, you can also ask those in comments, and our team of historians will attempt to answer them. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "There's no crocodiles? Blah! Stupid history, always disappointing me. Well, Captain Cook is pretty interesting too, and his death is a nice entree into one of the great historian feuds of recent times. God, I love historian feuds! INTRO So Captain Cook was born in 1728. He was a sailor and eventually a British naval officer who saw action in the Seven Years' War, which you will no doubt remember from last week."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, Captain Cook is pretty interesting too, and his death is a nice entree into one of the great historian feuds of recent times. God, I love historian feuds! INTRO So Captain Cook was born in 1728. He was a sailor and eventually a British naval officer who saw action in the Seven Years' War, which you will no doubt remember from last week. But he's best known for his three voyages of exploration and scientific discovery that took place in the Pacific Ocean. The first was between 1768 and 1771, the second between 1772 and 1775, and the third between 1776 and 1780, although on the last one, Cook's journey ended in 1779 because he died. And as you can see from the map, Cook pretty much owned the Pacific."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "He was a sailor and eventually a British naval officer who saw action in the Seven Years' War, which you will no doubt remember from last week. But he's best known for his three voyages of exploration and scientific discovery that took place in the Pacific Ocean. The first was between 1768 and 1771, the second between 1772 and 1775, and the third between 1776 and 1780, although on the last one, Cook's journey ended in 1779 because he died. And as you can see from the map, Cook pretty much owned the Pacific. He mapped the coast of Australia, paving the way for British colonization and also paving the way for the near destruction of Aboriginal peoples and their culture. As with the Columbian Exchange, Cook's voyages to Australia remade the biological landscape. He introduced sheep, which paved the way for Australia's huge wool industry."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "And as you can see from the map, Cook pretty much owned the Pacific. He mapped the coast of Australia, paving the way for British colonization and also paving the way for the near destruction of Aboriginal peoples and their culture. As with the Columbian Exchange, Cook's voyages to Australia remade the biological landscape. He introduced sheep, which paved the way for Australia's huge wool industry. Right, there was a penal colony established in Australia, but the real story of Australia is its success as a colony. Within 80 years, Australia went from 1,000 Anglo-Australians to 1.2 million. Equally important, Cook explored and mapped out New Zealand, again paving the way for colonization and paving the way for Crash Course World History to make an announcement."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "He introduced sheep, which paved the way for Australia's huge wool industry. Right, there was a penal colony established in Australia, but the real story of Australia is its success as a colony. Within 80 years, Australia went from 1,000 Anglo-Australians to 1.2 million. Equally important, Cook explored and mapped out New Zealand, again paving the way for colonization and paving the way for Crash Course World History to make an announcement. We did it! We finally talked about Australia and New Zealand! We're a real world history class!"}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Equally important, Cook explored and mapped out New Zealand, again paving the way for colonization and paving the way for Crash Course World History to make an announcement. We did it! We finally talked about Australia and New Zealand! We're a real world history class! Huzzah! Now all you Australians have to shut up about how we've never mentioned you. Right, so in his voyages, Cook also determined that there was no such thing as the mythical continent of Terra Australis, said to exist here, and he helped to dispel the idea of a Northwest Passage, which Europeans had been obsessed with for centuries."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "We're a real world history class! Huzzah! Now all you Australians have to shut up about how we've never mentioned you. Right, so in his voyages, Cook also determined that there was no such thing as the mythical continent of Terra Australis, said to exist here, and he helped to dispel the idea of a Northwest Passage, which Europeans had been obsessed with for centuries. He was the first European to describe Hawaii, and also the first to keep his ship's crews free of scurvy. Cook and his successors were part of the middle wave of European colonization, the one that took place after Europeans settled in the Americas, but before they set their sights on Africa. One more thing to mention about the context of these voyages, or rather their impact."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, so in his voyages, Cook also determined that there was no such thing as the mythical continent of Terra Australis, said to exist here, and he helped to dispel the idea of a Northwest Passage, which Europeans had been obsessed with for centuries. He was the first European to describe Hawaii, and also the first to keep his ship's crews free of scurvy. Cook and his successors were part of the middle wave of European colonization, the one that took place after Europeans settled in the Americas, but before they set their sights on Africa. One more thing to mention about the context of these voyages, or rather their impact. Besides huge territorial gains and increased wealth, exploration of the Pacific contributed to Europe's romantic fascination with science. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans became obsessed with mapping and charting and classifying the world, which maybe isn't like candlelight dinner romantic, but if you think about visiting never-before-seen lands and bringing back odd life forms, well, I mean, think about how we feel about space. And then, of course, as they colonized people, Europeans portrayed themselves as a civilizing force bringing both science and religion."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "One more thing to mention about the context of these voyages, or rather their impact. Besides huge territorial gains and increased wealth, exploration of the Pacific contributed to Europe's romantic fascination with science. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans became obsessed with mapping and charting and classifying the world, which maybe isn't like candlelight dinner romantic, but if you think about visiting never-before-seen lands and bringing back odd life forms, well, I mean, think about how we feel about space. And then, of course, as they colonized people, Europeans portrayed themselves as a civilizing force bringing both science and religion. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the white man's burden. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "And then, of course, as they colonized people, Europeans portrayed themselves as a civilizing force bringing both science and religion. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to the white man's burden. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a mustache, so I can look like Kipling. Dear white man's burden. I'm gonna go ahead and take this off, Stan."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a mustache, so I can look like Kipling. Dear white man's burden. I'm gonna go ahead and take this off, Stan. I think Tumblr has had enough to get their gifs. So white man's burden, you're a poem, and more than a century after Kipling wrote you, scholars still disagree over whether he was kidding. And this speaks to how weird and insane imperialism really was."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm gonna go ahead and take this off, Stan. I think Tumblr has had enough to get their gifs. So white man's burden, you're a poem, and more than a century after Kipling wrote you, scholars still disagree over whether he was kidding. And this speaks to how weird and insane imperialism really was. Europeans seemed to genuinely believe that it was their unfortunate duty to extract massive wealth from the rest of the world. Seriously, were you kidding when you called natives half-devil and half-child? Because in retrospect, that seems to describe, you know, you."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "And this speaks to how weird and insane imperialism really was. Europeans seemed to genuinely believe that it was their unfortunate duty to extract massive wealth from the rest of the world. Seriously, were you kidding when you called natives half-devil and half-child? Because in retrospect, that seems to describe, you know, you. Best wishes, John Green. Right, so now having discussed the life of Captain Cook, we shall turn to the most controversial thing he ever did, die. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Because in retrospect, that seems to describe, you know, you. Best wishes, John Green. Right, so now having discussed the life of Captain Cook, we shall turn to the most controversial thing he ever did, die. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So Cook landed in Hawaii at Kealakekua Bay in early 1779 and explored the islands. While he was ashore, he was greeted by an important person, either a chief or a god. And then in early February, he left."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So Cook landed in Hawaii at Kealakekua Bay in early 1779 and explored the islands. While he was ashore, he was greeted by an important person, either a chief or a god. And then in early February, he left. But the ship had trouble and was forced to return to the bay for repairs. During the second visit, he had difficulty with the Hawaiians, who'd previously been pretty hospitable. And there was a fracas in which Captain Cook was killed by at least one Hawaiian."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "And then in early February, he left. But the ship had trouble and was forced to return to the bay for repairs. During the second visit, he had difficulty with the Hawaiians, who'd previously been pretty hospitable. And there was a fracas in which Captain Cook was killed by at least one Hawaiian. We know this from journals kept by various crewmen, but the historical controversy arises from the details and interpretation of his death. Why, in short, was Cook killed? The traditional view is that Cook was killed for some religious reason, although what isn't always clear."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "And there was a fracas in which Captain Cook was killed by at least one Hawaiian. We know this from journals kept by various crewmen, but the historical controversy arises from the details and interpretation of his death. Why, in short, was Cook killed? The traditional view is that Cook was killed for some religious reason, although what isn't always clear. One of the most fleshed out versions of this story comes from the anthropologist Marshall Solins in his book Islands of History. So in the Hawaiian religious system, Ku, the god of war and human sacrifice, rules for eight or nine months out of the year. The other months are reserved for the fertility god, Lono."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "The traditional view is that Cook was killed for some religious reason, although what isn't always clear. One of the most fleshed out versions of this story comes from the anthropologist Marshall Solins in his book Islands of History. So in the Hawaiian religious system, Ku, the god of war and human sacrifice, rules for eight or nine months out of the year. The other months are reserved for the fertility god, Lono. The season-long festival for Lono is called Makaihiki, and during this, the Hawaiian king, who is associated with Ku, is ritually defeated. During the Makaihiki, an image of Lono tours the island, gets worshipped, and collects taxes. And at the end of the Makaihiki period, Lono is ritually defeated and returned to his native Tahiti."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "The other months are reserved for the fertility god, Lono. The season-long festival for Lono is called Makaihiki, and during this, the Hawaiian king, who is associated with Ku, is ritually defeated. During the Makaihiki, an image of Lono tours the island, gets worshipped, and collects taxes. And at the end of the Makaihiki period, Lono is ritually defeated and returned to his native Tahiti. The thinking goes that because Cook arrived in the middle of the Makaihiki, the Hawaiians perceived him as Lono, so Cook took part in the rituals and sacrifices that were made as part of the Makaihiki, and in Solins' view, Cook was killed as a ritual murder to mark the end of Makaihiki. For Ku to return, the festival to end, and the normal political order to be restored, Lono had to be defeated and presumably killed. For Solins, Cook's death fits perfectly with the ritual structure of Hawaiian culture."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "And at the end of the Makaihiki period, Lono is ritually defeated and returned to his native Tahiti. The thinking goes that because Cook arrived in the middle of the Makaihiki, the Hawaiians perceived him as Lono, so Cook took part in the rituals and sacrifices that were made as part of the Makaihiki, and in Solins' view, Cook was killed as a ritual murder to mark the end of Makaihiki. For Ku to return, the festival to end, and the normal political order to be restored, Lono had to be defeated and presumably killed. For Solins, Cook's death fits perfectly with the ritual structure of Hawaiian culture. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So the big problem with this interpretation, which admittedly sounds pretty cool, is that we don't have much evidence that Hawaiians would have actually seen Cook this way. We find a really interesting opposing view from Gnanath Obeyesikere, and I will remind you that mispronunciation is my thing."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "For Solins, Cook's death fits perfectly with the ritual structure of Hawaiian culture. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So the big problem with this interpretation, which admittedly sounds pretty cool, is that we don't have much evidence that Hawaiians would have actually seen Cook this way. We find a really interesting opposing view from Gnanath Obeyesikere, and I will remind you that mispronunciation is my thing. Sorry, Gnanath. Anyway, he criticized Solins' interpretation of Cook's death for looking a lot more like European myth than like a Hawaiian ritual. First off, Obeyesikere argues that Cook himself would not easily be confused with Lono."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "We find a really interesting opposing view from Gnanath Obeyesikere, and I will remind you that mispronunciation is my thing. Sorry, Gnanath. Anyway, he criticized Solins' interpretation of Cook's death for looking a lot more like European myth than like a Hawaiian ritual. First off, Obeyesikere argues that Cook himself would not easily be confused with Lono. In fact, if he were taken for a god, it would probably be Ku, the war god, what with all the cannons and muskets. Also there's the fact that the name Cook sounds more like Ku than Lono. Also arguing that Native Hawaiians would see a European and think him a god has all kinds of troubling implications, one of them being that Native Hawaiians aren't terribly smart, when in fact we know that they are very smart because, unlike the rest of us, they live in Hawaii."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "First off, Obeyesikere argues that Cook himself would not easily be confused with Lono. In fact, if he were taken for a god, it would probably be Ku, the war god, what with all the cannons and muskets. Also there's the fact that the name Cook sounds more like Ku than Lono. Also arguing that Native Hawaiians would see a European and think him a god has all kinds of troubling implications, one of them being that Native Hawaiians aren't terribly smart, when in fact we know that they are very smart because, unlike the rest of us, they live in Hawaii. And last but definitely not least, Lono is associated with fertility, and the Hawaiians would have associated the Europeans with the exact opposite of fertility because they introduced gonorrhea to Hawaii. And there's a further problem with the Cook equals Lono equation, which is that nothing in Hawaiian religion has any of their gods being ritually killed. Part of their mythology can be seen as sanctioning a ritual killing of the king, but not of a god."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Also arguing that Native Hawaiians would see a European and think him a god has all kinds of troubling implications, one of them being that Native Hawaiians aren't terribly smart, when in fact we know that they are very smart because, unlike the rest of us, they live in Hawaii. And last but definitely not least, Lono is associated with fertility, and the Hawaiians would have associated the Europeans with the exact opposite of fertility because they introduced gonorrhea to Hawaii. And there's a further problem with the Cook equals Lono equation, which is that nothing in Hawaiian religion has any of their gods being ritually killed. Part of their mythology can be seen as sanctioning a ritual killing of the king, but not of a god. And also, it's a long way from ritual killing to actual killing. The truth is probably a lot less spectacular, which is that Cook was probably killed during a melee in which a bunch of Hawaiians were also killed. Before his death, Cook had attempted to take a Hawaiian king hostage in response to Hawaiians taking a bunch of stuff from Cook's boats."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Part of their mythology can be seen as sanctioning a ritual killing of the king, but not of a god. And also, it's a long way from ritual killing to actual killing. The truth is probably a lot less spectacular, which is that Cook was probably killed during a melee in which a bunch of Hawaiians were also killed. Before his death, Cook had attempted to take a Hawaiian king hostage in response to Hawaiians taking a bunch of stuff from Cook's boats. This was common practice for Cook. He had done the same thing in Tahiti and other Polynesian islands after islanders had taken European goods. Which, by the way, happened everywhere Cook went in the Pacific, so maybe he should have figured out that it was like a thing, that you were allowed to take stuff off boats in exchange for the right to hang out there."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Before his death, Cook had attempted to take a Hawaiian king hostage in response to Hawaiians taking a bunch of stuff from Cook's boats. This was common practice for Cook. He had done the same thing in Tahiti and other Polynesian islands after islanders had taken European goods. Which, by the way, happened everywhere Cook went in the Pacific, so maybe he should have figured out that it was like a thing, that you were allowed to take stuff off boats in exchange for the right to hang out there. Great sailor, terrible anthropologist, although to be fair, anthropology hadn't been invented. Additionally, right before Cook was killed, there were rising tensions between the Hawaiians and the Europeans, even though at first their relationship had been quite cordial, as evidenced by all that gonorrhea. So why the tension?"}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Which, by the way, happened everywhere Cook went in the Pacific, so maybe he should have figured out that it was like a thing, that you were allowed to take stuff off boats in exchange for the right to hang out there. Great sailor, terrible anthropologist, although to be fair, anthropology hadn't been invented. Additionally, right before Cook was killed, there were rising tensions between the Hawaiians and the Europeans, even though at first their relationship had been quite cordial, as evidenced by all that gonorrhea. So why the tension? Probably because the Europeans dismantled a Hawaiian ritual space, some sources call it a temple, and used it for firewood. Cook attempted to pay for it, but his lowball offer of two hatchets, I'm not making that up, was refused. I'm sorry we destroyed your temple, but I'll give you two hatchets, one for each hand."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "So why the tension? Probably because the Europeans dismantled a Hawaiian ritual space, some sources call it a temple, and used it for firewood. Cook attempted to pay for it, but his lowball offer of two hatchets, I'm not making that up, was refused. I'm sorry we destroyed your temple, but I'll give you two hatchets, one for each hand. I mean, what would you even do with a third hatchet? So unfortunately, the earliest Hawaiian account offering this explanation for why Cook was killed comes well after the accounts, but at least it's a Hawaiian explanation. Of course, it's also possible that the Hawaiians were just upset that Cook had attempted to kidnap their king."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm sorry we destroyed your temple, but I'll give you two hatchets, one for each hand. I mean, what would you even do with a third hatchet? So unfortunately, the earliest Hawaiian account offering this explanation for why Cook was killed comes well after the accounts, but at least it's a Hawaiian explanation. Of course, it's also possible that the Hawaiians were just upset that Cook had attempted to kidnap their king. Most accounts from the time portray a chaotic scene in which Cook himself fired at least two shots, probably killing at least one islander. And one thing that seems pretty clear, even as described by European chroniclers, is that Cook's death does not look premeditated, and it sure doesn't look like a ritual. But even so, the idea that the Hawaiians saw Cook as a god has ended up in a good many accounts of his demise."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Of course, it's also possible that the Hawaiians were just upset that Cook had attempted to kidnap their king. Most accounts from the time portray a chaotic scene in which Cook himself fired at least two shots, probably killing at least one islander. And one thing that seems pretty clear, even as described by European chroniclers, is that Cook's death does not look premeditated, and it sure doesn't look like a ritual. But even so, the idea that the Hawaiians saw Cook as a god has ended up in a good many accounts of his demise. Why? Well, one explanation is that it fits in with other stories of explorers. You've all probably heard that the Tainos thought Columbus was a god, and that the Aztecs supposedly thought Cortes was a god."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "But even so, the idea that the Hawaiians saw Cook as a god has ended up in a good many accounts of his demise. Why? Well, one explanation is that it fits in with other stories of explorers. You've all probably heard that the Tainos thought Columbus was a god, and that the Aztecs supposedly thought Cortes was a god. And this just makes Captain Cook one in a long line of Europeans who were thought to be gods by people who Europeans felt were savages. And making Cook a god also sets up a stark contrast between the enlightened West and primitive Polynesia, because Captain Cook often appears in history books as a model man of the Enlightenment. Sure, he never had much formal schooling, but his voyages were all about increasing knowledge and scientific exploration."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "You've all probably heard that the Tainos thought Columbus was a god, and that the Aztecs supposedly thought Cortes was a god. And this just makes Captain Cook one in a long line of Europeans who were thought to be gods by people who Europeans felt were savages. And making Cook a god also sets up a stark contrast between the enlightened West and primitive Polynesia, because Captain Cook often appears in history books as a model man of the Enlightenment. Sure, he never had much formal schooling, but his voyages were all about increasing knowledge and scientific exploration. And having him die at the hands of a people who were so obviously mistaken in thinking him a god makes an argument for the superiority over the intellectualism of the Enlightenment versus the so-called primitive religion of the colonies. But whenever a story seems to fit really well into such a framework, we need to ask ourselves, who's telling that story? One of the reasons we know so much about Captain Cook and the reason he shows up in so many history textbooks is because we have tons of records about him, but they're almost all European records."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Sure, he never had much formal schooling, but his voyages were all about increasing knowledge and scientific exploration. And having him die at the hands of a people who were so obviously mistaken in thinking him a god makes an argument for the superiority over the intellectualism of the Enlightenment versus the so-called primitive religion of the colonies. But whenever a story seems to fit really well into such a framework, we need to ask ourselves, who's telling that story? One of the reasons we know so much about Captain Cook and the reason he shows up in so many history textbooks is because we have tons of records about him, but they're almost all European records. Even the Hawaiian records we have about Cook have been heavily influenced by later contact with Europeans. So if we cast Cook's death as part of a native ritual, we're implying that Hawaiians were just performing a ritual script, which takes away all their agency as human beings. Are we making them recognizable, having them respond as we think Europeans would, by flying off the handle?"}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "One of the reasons we know so much about Captain Cook and the reason he shows up in so many history textbooks is because we have tons of records about him, but they're almost all European records. Even the Hawaiian records we have about Cook have been heavily influenced by later contact with Europeans. So if we cast Cook's death as part of a native ritual, we're implying that Hawaiians were just performing a ritual script, which takes away all their agency as human beings. Are we making them recognizable, having them respond as we think Europeans would, by flying off the handle? I don't have an answer, but the debate between these two historical anthropologists brings up something that we need to keep in mind. Very often in history, we make statements about people who haven't written their own story, whether it's Hawaiians or Native Americans or working class people. And we try to imagine that we're seeing the world as they have seen it, but the best we can really do is offer an approximation."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "Are we making them recognizable, having them respond as we think Europeans would, by flying off the handle? I don't have an answer, but the debate between these two historical anthropologists brings up something that we need to keep in mind. Very often in history, we make statements about people who haven't written their own story, whether it's Hawaiians or Native Americans or working class people. And we try to imagine that we're seeing the world as they have seen it, but the best we can really do is offer an approximation. So is it really possible to present a Hawaiian version of Captain Cook's death? Or is the exercise inherently condescending and paternalistic? And most importantly, is our inability to escape our biases a good excuse for not even trying?"}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "And we try to imagine that we're seeing the world as they have seen it, but the best we can really do is offer an approximation. So is it really possible to present a Hawaiian version of Captain Cook's death? Or is the exercise inherently condescending and paternalistic? And most importantly, is our inability to escape our biases a good excuse for not even trying? As usual, those aren't rhetorical questions. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "And most importantly, is our inability to escape our biases a good excuse for not even trying? As usual, those aren't rhetorical questions. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Meller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook Crash Course World History #27.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Meller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was fancier hats. If you want to guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest a future one, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And they were really, really mad that these Ionians were helped by the Athenians and the Eritreans. And so Darius, the king of kings, goes off to try to conquer and put down the Athenians and the Eritreans. The first time he sends a fleet in 492 BCE, it's destroyed by a storm. And we'll see, this is not the last time that at least part of a Persian fleet is destroyed by a storm. Then in 490, he sends a fleet again. And then he is defeated by the Athenians at Marathon. And we saw that right over there."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And we'll see, this is not the last time that at least part of a Persian fleet is destroyed by a storm. Then in 490, he sends a fleet again. And then he is defeated by the Athenians at Marathon. And we saw that right over there. Let me do that in a color you can actually see. But as I mentioned in the last video, the Persians were not done. Darius would not live to see another round with the Greeks."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And we saw that right over there. Let me do that in a color you can actually see. But as I mentioned in the last video, the Persians were not done. Darius would not live to see another round with the Greeks. But his successor Xerxes would not only try another attempt, but he would amass a huge, huge force against the Greeks to, in his mind, finally take them over. And he wants it done so badly that he leads the forces himself. And so we are now 10 years after, 10 years after the first Persian invasion."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "Darius would not live to see another round with the Greeks. But his successor Xerxes would not only try another attempt, but he would amass a huge, huge force against the Greeks to, in his mind, finally take them over. And he wants it done so badly that he leads the forces himself. And so we are now 10 years after, 10 years after the first Persian invasion. We are now at 480 BCE, where Xerxes is going to try to invade Greece by land and by sea. But as we will see, he is also not going to be successful. But this second invasion is the stuff of legend."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And so we are now 10 years after, 10 years after the first Persian invasion. We are now at 480 BCE, where Xerxes is going to try to invade Greece by land and by sea. But as we will see, he is also not going to be successful. But this second invasion is the stuff of legend. And once again, the historical accounts come to us primarily from Herodotus, who was Greek and who was not a direct observer of this. So you might wanna take all of this with a grain of salt because it does make the Greeks look awfully good. But we do think that most of this happened."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "But this second invasion is the stuff of legend. And once again, the historical accounts come to us primarily from Herodotus, who was Greek and who was not a direct observer of this. So you might wanna take all of this with a grain of salt because it does make the Greeks look awfully good. But we do think that most of this happened. But obviously, Herodotus probably added a little bit of bias there. We are likely to never know. So let's think about, or let's see, what Xerxes attempts to do."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "But we do think that most of this happened. But obviously, Herodotus probably added a little bit of bias there. We are likely to never know. So let's think about, or let's see, what Xerxes attempts to do. So we see this magenta line. This is the line of attack of Xerxes in 480. And you can see there's one magenta line that is going by sea."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's think about, or let's see, what Xerxes attempts to do. So we see this magenta line. This is the line of attack of Xerxes in 480. And you can see there's one magenta line that is going by sea. One magenta line that is going by sea here. And another magenta line that is going by land. And let's zoom in a little bit more."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can see there's one magenta line that is going by sea. One magenta line that is going by sea here. And another magenta line that is going by land. And let's zoom in a little bit more. I have another map here. So let's zoom in to this map right over here to give us a clearer picture of what's about to happen in this next Persian invasion. So just to reorient ourselves, here are the land forces."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And let's zoom in a little bit more. I have another map here. So let's zoom in to this map right over here to give us a clearer picture of what's about to happen in this next Persian invasion. So just to reorient ourselves, here are the land forces. And according to Herodotus and historians of that time, they numbered this force in the potentially millions of soldiers. Modern historians think it was closer to 50,000 to 300,000. We really don't know."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "So just to reorient ourselves, here are the land forces. And according to Herodotus and historians of that time, they numbered this force in the potentially millions of soldiers. Modern historians think it was closer to 50,000 to 300,000. We really don't know. But we think it's in the approximately 100,000 or a few hundred thousands, not millions. But by any measure, that is a huge, a huge military force. So this is the hundreds of thousands right over here."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "We really don't know. But we think it's in the approximately 100,000 or a few hundred thousands, not millions. But by any measure, that is a huge, a huge military force. So this is the hundreds of thousands right over here. So hundreds, hundreds of thousands. Or let me write this. Hundreds of thousands, maybe between 50 and 300,000."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is the hundreds of thousands right over here. So hundreds, hundreds of thousands. Or let me write this. Hundreds of thousands, maybe between 50 and 300,000. They're coming this way, the Persian forces. And they also have a fleet of approximately 1,200 ships. Now the Persians really are not having good luck with weather whenever they try to attack Greece."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "Hundreds of thousands, maybe between 50 and 300,000. They're coming this way, the Persian forces. And they also have a fleet of approximately 1,200 ships. Now the Persians really are not having good luck with weather whenever they try to attack Greece. They face a storm and about a third of their fleet is destroyed. And so up here, they're left with about, and these are all approximate. Remember, this happened over 2,000 years ago, roughly 2,500 years ago."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the Persians really are not having good luck with weather whenever they try to attack Greece. They face a storm and about a third of their fleet is destroyed. And so up here, they're left with about, and these are all approximate. Remember, this happened over 2,000 years ago, roughly 2,500 years ago. So it's amazing that we know anything about it at all. And obviously we have to rely on Herodotus and whatever historical accounts we can find. So the Persians are invading by land and sea."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "Remember, this happened over 2,000 years ago, roughly 2,500 years ago. So it's amazing that we know anything about it at all. And obviously we have to rely on Herodotus and whatever historical accounts we can find. So the Persians are invading by land and sea. And the Greeks have a strategy of let's try to stop them by land at Thermopylae and stop them by sea at the Strait of Artemisium, right over here. And there's some historical debate of, you know, was this a big, grand strategy to eventually try to defeat the Persians at Salamis, which eventually happens? Or were they, you know, genuinely trying to stop them there and because they couldn't, they had to retreat back to Salamis?"}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Persians are invading by land and sea. And the Greeks have a strategy of let's try to stop them by land at Thermopylae and stop them by sea at the Strait of Artemisium, right over here. And there's some historical debate of, you know, was this a big, grand strategy to eventually try to defeat the Persians at Salamis, which eventually happens? Or were they, you know, genuinely trying to stop them there and because they couldn't, they had to retreat back to Salamis? As we'll see, that second narrative is what actually happens. Well, I guess in some level, both of those narratives happen that they are able to at least slow down the Persians at both of these places. And the Persians are eventually defeated at the Strait of Salamis."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "Or were they, you know, genuinely trying to stop them there and because they couldn't, they had to retreat back to Salamis? As we'll see, that second narrative is what actually happens. Well, I guess in some level, both of those narratives happen that they are able to at least slow down the Persians at both of these places. And the Persians are eventually defeated at the Strait of Salamis. Now, Thermopylae is the stuff of legends. It is, if you've ever seen the movie 300, it is about the Spartan, the 300 Spartan soldiers led by King Leonidas, along with roughly 7,000 other Greeks that they're able to collect to stop the Persians at Thermopylae. And Thermopylae, you're in this coastal area where there's a very limited area for this massive Persian army to be funneled through."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Persians are eventually defeated at the Strait of Salamis. Now, Thermopylae is the stuff of legends. It is, if you've ever seen the movie 300, it is about the Spartan, the 300 Spartan soldiers led by King Leonidas, along with roughly 7,000 other Greeks that they're able to collect to stop the Persians at Thermopylae. And Thermopylae, you're in this coastal area where there's a very limited area for this massive Persian army to be funneled through. And the Greeks are trying to stop them at the pass of Thermopylae. And you can see this, you can see that right over there. And by Herodotus' accounts, they are actually quite successful of because they're funneling that Persian army into a very narrow space, the Spartans along with the other Greeks are able to push back."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And Thermopylae, you're in this coastal area where there's a very limited area for this massive Persian army to be funneled through. And the Greeks are trying to stop them at the pass of Thermopylae. And you can see this, you can see that right over there. And by Herodotus' accounts, they are actually quite successful of because they're funneling that Persian army into a very narrow space, the Spartans along with the other Greeks are able to push back. And this is a massive outnumbering, roughly 7,000 versus many tens or hundreds of thousands. But as Herodotus' accounts go, there was a traitor amongst the Greeks who go to the Persians and show them another way around. And show them another way around."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And by Herodotus' accounts, they are actually quite successful of because they're funneling that Persian army into a very narrow space, the Spartans along with the other Greeks are able to push back. And this is a massive outnumbering, roughly 7,000 versus many tens or hundreds of thousands. But as Herodotus' accounts go, there was a traitor amongst the Greeks who go to the Persians and show them another way around. And show them another way around. And so the Persians are essentially, are able to not only get around the Greeks, but by surrounding them, are able to defeat the Greeks at Thermopylae and continue their march. And remember, they were able to get to Eritrea before, 10 years before, but they really wanna seek their revenge on Athens. And they are able to go to Athens, but by the time they go there, they see that the town has been, for the most part, evacuated."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And show them another way around. And so the Persians are essentially, are able to not only get around the Greeks, but by surrounding them, are able to defeat the Greeks at Thermopylae and continue their march. And remember, they were able to get to Eritrea before, 10 years before, but they really wanna seek their revenge on Athens. And they are able to go to Athens, but by the time they go there, they see that the town has been, for the most part, evacuated. That the Athenians, when they saw that the Persians were coming, they went to Salamis right over here. So even though Athens was sacked and destroyed, the Athenian people were not destroyed. Now, simultaneous with Thermopylae, you had a naval battle happen in the Strait of Artemisium."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And they are able to go to Athens, but by the time they go there, they see that the town has been, for the most part, evacuated. That the Athenians, when they saw that the Persians were coming, they went to Salamis right over here. So even though Athens was sacked and destroyed, the Athenian people were not destroyed. Now, simultaneous with Thermopylae, you had a naval battle happen in the Strait of Artemisium. And once again, even though there was about 600 ships, Persian ships that were in this battle, there was on the order of about 200 or 300 Greek ships. So the Greeks were once again outnumbered, and they were able to slow down the Persians, but not stop them. And the Persians kept having bad luck, especially with these storms, because even we had these first ships get destroyed, they sent some 200 ships around Euboea, I'm probably not pronouncing it perfectly right here, but then they get destroyed by a storm."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, simultaneous with Thermopylae, you had a naval battle happen in the Strait of Artemisium. And once again, even though there was about 600 ships, Persian ships that were in this battle, there was on the order of about 200 or 300 Greek ships. So the Greeks were once again outnumbered, and they were able to slow down the Persians, but not stop them. And the Persians kept having bad luck, especially with these storms, because even we had these first ships get destroyed, they sent some 200 ships around Euboea, I'm probably not pronouncing it perfectly right here, but then they get destroyed by a storm. So now you have the ships that engaged the Greeks in the Straits of Artemisium, the Greeks pull back because they know they're outnumbered, and they essentially go and retreat, or what the Persians think are retreats, so the Persians followed the Greek fleet all the way back to the Strait of Salamis. And it's over there that the Greek fleet is able to, because, is able to plan a defeat of the Persian fleet. So you have the Persian fleet gets destroyed decisively at Salamis."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Persians kept having bad luck, especially with these storms, because even we had these first ships get destroyed, they sent some 200 ships around Euboea, I'm probably not pronouncing it perfectly right here, but then they get destroyed by a storm. So now you have the ships that engaged the Greeks in the Straits of Artemisium, the Greeks pull back because they know they're outnumbered, and they essentially go and retreat, or what the Persians think are retreats, so the Persians followed the Greek fleet all the way back to the Strait of Salamis. And it's over there that the Greek fleet is able to, because, is able to plan a defeat of the Persian fleet. So you have the Persian fleet gets destroyed decisively at Salamis. You have the Persian army still in Athens, is able to destroy Athens, but the Athenian people have not been destroyed. And so there's a question for Xerxes, what to do at this point? This is all now, this is all in 480 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Second Persian Invasion.m4a", "Sentence": "So you have the Persian fleet gets destroyed decisively at Salamis. You have the Persian army still in Athens, is able to destroy Athens, but the Athenian people have not been destroyed. And so there's a question for Xerxes, what to do at this point? This is all now, this is all in 480 BCE. And what Xerxes decides to do, he says, hey, I don't wanna get stranded in Europe at the edge of my empire. And so Xerxes heads back, but he leaves some of his ground forces there, and they eventually face a decisive defeat at Plataea, Plataea, I should say, right over here. And so that is the last significant threat of the Persians against the Greeks."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "When I was a kid, they made us practice hiding under our desks in the event of a nuclear attack because, you know, school desks are super good at repelling radiation. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, right, remember in elementary school there was this special guest who defected from the Soviet Union and he had like this crazy Russian accent and he kept going on about how Reagan should spit in Gorbachev's face instead of signing treaties with him? And I was like, whoa, dude, calm down, you're in a room full of third graders. And then for months afterward on the playground we'd play Reagan-Gorbachev and spit in each other's faces. Those were the days. Sometimes I forget that you're me, me from the past. Yeah, it's just really nice to talk to you and feel like you're listening."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "And then for months afterward on the playground we'd play Reagan-Gorbachev and spit in each other's faces. Those were the days. Sometimes I forget that you're me, me from the past. Yeah, it's just really nice to talk to you and feel like you're listening. You're boring. Cue the intro. INTRO So the Cold War was a rivalry between the USSR and the USA that played out globally."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Yeah, it's just really nice to talk to you and feel like you're listening. You're boring. Cue the intro. INTRO So the Cold War was a rivalry between the USSR and the USA that played out globally. We've tried to shy away from calling conflicts ideological or civilizational here on Crash Course, but in this case the clash of civilizations model really does apply. Socialism, at least as Marx constructed it, wanted to take over the world and many Soviets saw themselves in a conflict with bourgeois capitalism itself. And the Soviets saw American rebuilding efforts in Europe and Japan as the US trying to expand its markets, which by the way is exactly what we were doing."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "INTRO So the Cold War was a rivalry between the USSR and the USA that played out globally. We've tried to shy away from calling conflicts ideological or civilizational here on Crash Course, but in this case the clash of civilizations model really does apply. Socialism, at least as Marx constructed it, wanted to take over the world and many Soviets saw themselves in a conflict with bourgeois capitalism itself. And the Soviets saw American rebuilding efforts in Europe and Japan as the US trying to expand its markets, which by the way is exactly what we were doing. So the US feared that the USSR wanted to destroy democratic and capitalist institutions and the Soviets feared that the US wanted to use its money and power to dominate Europe and eventually destroy the Soviet system. And both parties were right to be worried. It's not paranoia if they really are out to get you."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Soviets saw American rebuilding efforts in Europe and Japan as the US trying to expand its markets, which by the way is exactly what we were doing. So the US feared that the USSR wanted to destroy democratic and capitalist institutions and the Soviets feared that the US wanted to use its money and power to dominate Europe and eventually destroy the Soviet system. And both parties were right to be worried. It's not paranoia if they really are out to get you. Now of course we've seen a lot of geopolitical struggles between major world powers here on Crash Course, but this time there was this special added bonus that war could lead to the destruction of the human species. That was new for world history and it's worth remembering it's still new. Here's the period of time we've discussed on Crash Course and this is how long we've had the technological capability to exterminate ourselves."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not paranoia if they really are out to get you. Now of course we've seen a lot of geopolitical struggles between major world powers here on Crash Course, but this time there was this special added bonus that war could lead to the destruction of the human species. That was new for world history and it's worth remembering it's still new. Here's the period of time we've discussed on Crash Course and this is how long we've had the technological capability to exterminate ourselves. So that's worrisome. Immediately after World War II, the Soviets created a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, dominating the countries where the Red Army had pushed back the Nazis. Which is why Winston Churchill famously said in 1946 that an iron curtain had descended across Europe."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Here's the period of time we've discussed on Crash Course and this is how long we've had the technological capability to exterminate ourselves. So that's worrisome. Immediately after World War II, the Soviets created a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, dominating the countries where the Red Army had pushed back the Nazis. Which is why Winston Churchill famously said in 1946 that an iron curtain had descended across Europe. While the dates of the Cold War are usually given between 1945 and 1990, a number of historians will tell you that it actually started during World War II. Japan's distrust of the US and Britain kept growing as they refused to invade Europe and open up a second front against the Nazis. And some even say that the decision to drop the first atomic bombs on Japan was motivated in part by a desire to intimidate the Soviets."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Which is why Winston Churchill famously said in 1946 that an iron curtain had descended across Europe. While the dates of the Cold War are usually given between 1945 and 1990, a number of historians will tell you that it actually started during World War II. Japan's distrust of the US and Britain kept growing as they refused to invade Europe and open up a second front against the Nazis. And some even say that the decision to drop the first atomic bombs on Japan was motivated in part by a desire to intimidate the Soviets. That sort of worked, but only insofar as it motivated the Soviets to develop atomic bombs of their own. They successfully tested their first one in 1949. From the beginning, the US had the advantage because it had more money and power and could provide Europe protection, what with its army and one-of-a-kind nuclear arsenal, while Europe rebuilt."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "And some even say that the decision to drop the first atomic bombs on Japan was motivated in part by a desire to intimidate the Soviets. That sort of worked, but only insofar as it motivated the Soviets to develop atomic bombs of their own. They successfully tested their first one in 1949. From the beginning, the US had the advantage because it had more money and power and could provide Europe protection, what with its army and one-of-a-kind nuclear arsenal, while Europe rebuilt. The USSR had to rebuild itself, and also they had the significant disadvantage of being controlled by noted asshat Joseph Stalin. I will remind you, it's not cursing if he's wearing an ass for a hat. Oh, I guess it's time for the open letter."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "From the beginning, the US had the advantage because it had more money and power and could provide Europe protection, what with its army and one-of-a-kind nuclear arsenal, while Europe rebuilt. The USSR had to rebuild itself, and also they had the significant disadvantage of being controlled by noted asshat Joseph Stalin. I will remind you, it's not cursing if he's wearing an ass for a hat. Oh, I guess it's time for the open letter. An Open Letter to Joseph Stalin. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's silly putty."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, I guess it's time for the open letter. An Open Letter to Joseph Stalin. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's silly putty. Silly putty. The thing that won the Cold War. This is exactly the kind of useless consumer good that would never have been produced in the Soviet Union, and it is because we had so much more consumer spending on stuff like silly putty that we won the Cold War."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's silly putty. Silly putty. The thing that won the Cold War. This is exactly the kind of useless consumer good that would never have been produced in the Soviet Union, and it is because we had so much more consumer spending on stuff like silly putty that we won the Cold War. Go team! Dear Joseph Stalin, you really sucked. There was a great moment in your life at your first wife's funeral when you said, I don't think I shall ever love again, and then later you had that wife's whole family killed."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "This is exactly the kind of useless consumer good that would never have been produced in the Soviet Union, and it is because we had so much more consumer spending on stuff like silly putty that we won the Cold War. Go team! Dear Joseph Stalin, you really sucked. There was a great moment in your life at your first wife's funeral when you said, I don't think I shall ever love again, and then later you had that wife's whole family killed. Putting aside the fact that you're responsible for tens of millions of deaths, I don't like you because of the way you treated your son Yakov. I mean, you were really mean to him, and then he shot himself, and he didn't die, and you said he can't even shoot straight. And then later, when he was captured during World War II, you had a chance to exchange prisoners for him, but you declined."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "There was a great moment in your life at your first wife's funeral when you said, I don't think I shall ever love again, and then later you had that wife's whole family killed. Putting aside the fact that you're responsible for tens of millions of deaths, I don't like you because of the way you treated your son Yakov. I mean, you were really mean to him, and then he shot himself, and he didn't die, and you said he can't even shoot straight. And then later, when he was captured during World War II, you had a chance to exchange prisoners for him, but you declined. And then he died in a prison camp. You were a terrible leader, a terrible person, and a terrible father. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "And then later, when he was captured during World War II, you had a chance to exchange prisoners for him, but you declined. And then he died in a prison camp. You were a terrible leader, a terrible person, and a terrible father. Best wishes, John Green. Alright, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Europe was the first battleground of the Cold War, especially Germany, which was divided into two parts, with the former capital, Berlin, also divided into two parts. And yes, I know the western part was divided into smaller occupation zones, but I'm simplifying."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. Alright, let's go to the Thought Bubble. Europe was the first battleground of the Cold War, especially Germany, which was divided into two parts, with the former capital, Berlin, also divided into two parts. And yes, I know the western part was divided into smaller occupation zones, but I'm simplifying. In 1948, the Soviets tried to cut off West Berlin by closing the main road that led into the city, but the Berlin Airlift stopped them. And then in 1961, the Soviets tried again, and this time they were much more successful, building a wall around West Berlin, although it's worth noting that the thing was up for less than 30 years. I mean, Meat Loaf's career has lasted longer than the Berlin Wall did."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "And yes, I know the western part was divided into smaller occupation zones, but I'm simplifying. In 1948, the Soviets tried to cut off West Berlin by closing the main road that led into the city, but the Berlin Airlift stopped them. And then in 1961, the Soviets tried again, and this time they were much more successful, building a wall around West Berlin, although it's worth noting that the thing was up for less than 30 years. I mean, Meat Loaf's career has lasted longer than the Berlin Wall did. The US response to the Soviets was a policy called containment. It basically involved stopping the spread of communism by standing up to the Soviets wherever they seemed to want to expand. In Europe, this meant spending a lot of money."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, Meat Loaf's career has lasted longer than the Berlin Wall did. The US response to the Soviets was a policy called containment. It basically involved stopping the spread of communism by standing up to the Soviets wherever they seemed to want to expand. In Europe, this meant spending a lot of money. First, the Marshall Plan spent $13 billion on rebuilding Western Europe with grants and credits that Europeans would spend on American consumer goods and on construction. Capitalism's cheap food and plentiful stuff, it was hoped, would stop the spread of communism. The US also tried to slow the spread of communism by founding NATO and with CIA interventions in elections where communists had a chance, as in Italy."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "In Europe, this meant spending a lot of money. First, the Marshall Plan spent $13 billion on rebuilding Western Europe with grants and credits that Europeans would spend on American consumer goods and on construction. Capitalism's cheap food and plentiful stuff, it was hoped, would stop the spread of communism. The US also tried to slow the spread of communism by founding NATO and with CIA interventions in elections where communists had a chance, as in Italy. But despite all the great spy novels and shaken, not stirred martinis, the Cold War never did heat up in Europe. Probably the most important part of the Cold War that people just don't remember these days is the nuclear arms race. Both sides developed nuclear arsenals, the Soviets initially with the help of spies who stole American secrets."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "The US also tried to slow the spread of communism by founding NATO and with CIA interventions in elections where communists had a chance, as in Italy. But despite all the great spy novels and shaken, not stirred martinis, the Cold War never did heat up in Europe. Probably the most important part of the Cold War that people just don't remember these days is the nuclear arms race. Both sides developed nuclear arsenals, the Soviets initially with the help of spies who stole American secrets. Eventually, the nuclear arsenals were so big that the US and USSR agreed on a strategy appropriately called MAD, which stood for Mutually Assured Destruction. Thanks, Thought Bubble. And yes, nuclear weapons were and are capable of destroying humanity many times over."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Both sides developed nuclear arsenals, the Soviets initially with the help of spies who stole American secrets. Eventually, the nuclear arsenals were so big that the US and USSR agreed on a strategy appropriately called MAD, which stood for Mutually Assured Destruction. Thanks, Thought Bubble. And yes, nuclear weapons were and are capable of destroying humanity many times over. Not only once or twice did we get close to nuclear war, during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, and then again in 1983 when we forgot to give the Russians the heads up that we were doing some war games which made it look like we had launched a first strike. Our bad! But even though Mutually Assured Destruction prevented direct conflict, there was plenty of hot war in the Cold War."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "And yes, nuclear weapons were and are capable of destroying humanity many times over. Not only once or twice did we get close to nuclear war, during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, and then again in 1983 when we forgot to give the Russians the heads up that we were doing some war games which made it look like we had launched a first strike. Our bad! But even though Mutually Assured Destruction prevented direct conflict, there was plenty of hot war in the Cold War. The Korean War saw lots of fighting between communists and capitalists, as did the Vietnam War. I mean, these days we remember the domino effect as silly paranoia, but after Korea and especially China became communist, Vietnam's movement toward communism seemed very much a threat to Japan, which the US had helped remake into a vibrant capitalist ally. So the US got bogged down in one of its longest wars while the Soviets assisted the North Vietnamese Army in the Viet Cong."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "But even though Mutually Assured Destruction prevented direct conflict, there was plenty of hot war in the Cold War. The Korean War saw lots of fighting between communists and capitalists, as did the Vietnam War. I mean, these days we remember the domino effect as silly paranoia, but after Korea and especially China became communist, Vietnam's movement toward communism seemed very much a threat to Japan, which the US had helped remake into a vibrant capitalist ally. So the US got bogged down in one of its longest wars while the Soviets assisted the North Vietnamese Army in the Viet Cong. But then we paid them back by supporting the anti-communist Mujahideen after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Of course, as we now know, nobody conquers Afghanistan. Unless you are the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "So the US got bogged down in one of its longest wars while the Soviets assisted the North Vietnamese Army in the Viet Cong. But then we paid them back by supporting the anti-communist Mujahideen after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Of course, as we now know, nobody conquers Afghanistan. Unless you are the Mongols. So after ten disastrous years, the Soviets finally abandoned Afghanistan. Some of those Mujahideen later became members of the Taliban, though, so it's difficult to say that anyone won that war. But it wasn't just Asia."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Unless you are the Mongols. So after ten disastrous years, the Soviets finally abandoned Afghanistan. Some of those Mujahideen later became members of the Taliban, though, so it's difficult to say that anyone won that war. But it wasn't just Asia. In Nicaragua, the US supported rebels to overthrow the leftist government. In El Salvador, the US bolstered authoritarian regimes that were threatened by left-wing guerrillas. The United States ended up supporting a lot of awful governments, like the one in Guatemala, which held onto power through the use of death squads."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "But it wasn't just Asia. In Nicaragua, the US supported rebels to overthrow the leftist government. In El Salvador, the US bolstered authoritarian regimes that were threatened by left-wing guerrillas. The United States ended up supporting a lot of awful governments, like the one in Guatemala, which held onto power through the use of death squads. Frankly, all our attempts to stabilize governments in Latin America led to some very unstable Latin American governments and quite a lot of violence. And then there were the lukewarm conflicts, like the Suez Canal crisis, where British and French paratroopers were sent in to try to stop Egypt from nationalizing the Suez Canal. Or all the American covert operations to keep various countries from falling to communism."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "The United States ended up supporting a lot of awful governments, like the one in Guatemala, which held onto power through the use of death squads. Frankly, all our attempts to stabilize governments in Latin America led to some very unstable Latin American governments and quite a lot of violence. And then there were the lukewarm conflicts, like the Suez Canal crisis, where British and French paratroopers were sent in to try to stop Egypt from nationalizing the Suez Canal. Or all the American covert operations to keep various countries from falling to communism. These included the famous CIA-engineered coup to overthrow Iran's democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh after his government attempted to nationalize Iran's oil industry, and the CIA helping Chile's General Augusto Pinochet overthrow democratically elected Marxist President Salvador Allende in 1973. And lest we think the Americans were the only bad guys in this, the Soviets used force to crush popular uprisings in Hungary in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968. So you may have noticed that our discussion of the Cold War has branched out from Europe to include Asia and the Middle East and Latin America."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Or all the American covert operations to keep various countries from falling to communism. These included the famous CIA-engineered coup to overthrow Iran's democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh after his government attempted to nationalize Iran's oil industry, and the CIA helping Chile's General Augusto Pinochet overthrow democratically elected Marxist President Salvador Allende in 1973. And lest we think the Americans were the only bad guys in this, the Soviets used force to crush popular uprisings in Hungary in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968. So you may have noticed that our discussion of the Cold War has branched out from Europe to include Asia and the Middle East and Latin America. And in fact, almost every part of the globe was involved in some way, with the planet being divided into three worlds. The first world was the US, Western Europe, and any place that embraced capitalism and a more or less democratic form of government. The second world was the Soviet Union and its satellites, mostly the Warsaw Pact nations, China and Cuba."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "So you may have noticed that our discussion of the Cold War has branched out from Europe to include Asia and the Middle East and Latin America. And in fact, almost every part of the globe was involved in some way, with the planet being divided into three worlds. The first world was the US, Western Europe, and any place that embraced capitalism and a more or less democratic form of government. The second world was the Soviet Union and its satellites, mostly the Warsaw Pact nations, China and Cuba. The third world was everyone else, and we don't use this term anymore because it lumps together a hugely diverse range of countries. We'll talk more about the specific economic and development challenges faced by the so-called third world countries, but the big one in terms of the Cold War was that neither the US nor the Soviets wanted any of these countries to remain neutral. Every nation was supposed to pick sides, either capitalist or communist, and while it seems like an easy choice now, in the 50s and 60s it wasn't nearly so clear."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "The second world was the Soviet Union and its satellites, mostly the Warsaw Pact nations, China and Cuba. The third world was everyone else, and we don't use this term anymore because it lumps together a hugely diverse range of countries. We'll talk more about the specific economic and development challenges faced by the so-called third world countries, but the big one in terms of the Cold War was that neither the US nor the Soviets wanted any of these countries to remain neutral. Every nation was supposed to pick sides, either capitalist or communist, and while it seems like an easy choice now, in the 50s and 60s it wasn't nearly so clear. I mean, for a little while it seemed like the Soviets might come out ahead, at least in the third world. For a while, capitalism, and especially the United States, seemed to lose some of its luster. The US propped up dictatorships, had a poor civil rights record, we sucked at women's gymnastics, plus the Soviets were the first to put a satellite, a man, and a dog into space."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Every nation was supposed to pick sides, either capitalist or communist, and while it seems like an easy choice now, in the 50s and 60s it wasn't nearly so clear. I mean, for a little while it seemed like the Soviets might come out ahead, at least in the third world. For a while, capitalism, and especially the United States, seemed to lose some of its luster. The US propped up dictatorships, had a poor civil rights record, we sucked at women's gymnastics, plus the Soviets were the first to put a satellite, a man, and a dog into space. Plus Marxists just seemed cooler, which is why you never see Milton Friedman t-shirts. Until now, available at DFTBA.com. I like that, Stan, but I'm more of a centrist."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "The US propped up dictatorships, had a poor civil rights record, we sucked at women's gymnastics, plus the Soviets were the first to put a satellite, a man, and a dog into space. Plus Marxists just seemed cooler, which is why you never see Milton Friedman t-shirts. Until now, available at DFTBA.com. I like that, Stan, but I'm more of a centrist. Can I get a Keynes shirt? Yes! Ah, now that's hot!"}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "I like that, Stan, but I'm more of a centrist. Can I get a Keynes shirt? Yes! Ah, now that's hot! But Soviet socialism did not finally prove to be a viable alternative to industrial capitalism. Over time, state-run economies just generally don't fare as well as private enterprise, and people like living in a world where they can have more stuff. More importantly, Soviet policies were just bad."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Ah, now that's hot! But Soviet socialism did not finally prove to be a viable alternative to industrial capitalism. Over time, state-run economies just generally don't fare as well as private enterprise, and people like living in a world where they can have more stuff. More importantly, Soviet policies were just bad. Collectivized agriculture stymied production and led to famine, suppression of dissent and traditional cultures made people angry, and no one likes suffering the humiliation of driving a Yugo. But why the Cold War ended when it did is one of the most interesting questions of the 20th century. It probably wasn't Ronald Reagan bankrupting the Soviets, despite what some politicians believe."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "More importantly, Soviet policies were just bad. Collectivized agriculture stymied production and led to famine, suppression of dissent and traditional cultures made people angry, and no one likes suffering the humiliation of driving a Yugo. But why the Cold War ended when it did is one of the most interesting questions of the 20th century. It probably wasn't Ronald Reagan bankrupting the Soviets, despite what some politicians believe. The USSR had more satellite states that it needed to spend more to prop up than the US had to invest in its allies. And the Soviet system could never keep up with economic growth in the West. But probably the individual most responsible for the end of the Cold War was Mikhail Baryshnikov."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "It probably wasn't Ronald Reagan bankrupting the Soviets, despite what some politicians believe. The USSR had more satellite states that it needed to spend more to prop up than the US had to invest in its allies. And the Soviet system could never keep up with economic growth in the West. But probably the individual most responsible for the end of the Cold War was Mikhail Baryshnikov. No? Mikhail Gorbachev? Well, that's boring."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "But probably the individual most responsible for the end of the Cold War was Mikhail Baryshnikov. No? Mikhail Gorbachev? Well, that's boring. I always thought the Soviets danced their way to freedom. No? It was Glasnost and Perestroika?"}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, that's boring. I always thought the Soviets danced their way to freedom. No? It was Glasnost and Perestroika? All right. Right, but Gorbachev's Perestroika and Glasnost opened up the Soviet political and economic systems with contested local elections, less restricted civil society groups, less censorship, more autonomy for the Soviet republics, more non-state-run businesses, and more autonomy for state-run farms. Glasnost, or openness, led to more information from the West, and less censorship led to a flood of criticism as people realized how much poorer the Second World was than the First."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "It was Glasnost and Perestroika? All right. Right, but Gorbachev's Perestroika and Glasnost opened up the Soviet political and economic systems with contested local elections, less restricted civil society groups, less censorship, more autonomy for the Soviet republics, more non-state-run businesses, and more autonomy for state-run farms. Glasnost, or openness, led to more information from the West, and less censorship led to a flood of criticism as people realized how much poorer the Second World was than the First. And one by one, often quite suddenly, former communist states collapsed. In Germany, the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, and East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. In Poland, the Gdansk dockworkers' union Solidarity turned into a mass political movement and won 99 of the 100 seats it was allowed to contest in the 1989 election."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Glasnost, or openness, led to more information from the West, and less censorship led to a flood of criticism as people realized how much poorer the Second World was than the First. And one by one, often quite suddenly, former communist states collapsed. In Germany, the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, and East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. In Poland, the Gdansk dockworkers' union Solidarity turned into a mass political movement and won 99 of the 100 seats it was allowed to contest in the 1989 election. Hungary held multi-party elections in 1990. The same year, mass demonstrations led to elections in Czechoslovakia. In 1993, that country split up into Slovakia and the Czech Republic, the happiest and most mutually beneficial divorce since Cher left Sonny."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "In Poland, the Gdansk dockworkers' union Solidarity turned into a mass political movement and won 99 of the 100 seats it was allowed to contest in the 1989 election. Hungary held multi-party elections in 1990. The same year, mass demonstrations led to elections in Czechoslovakia. In 1993, that country split up into Slovakia and the Czech Republic, the happiest and most mutually beneficial divorce since Cher left Sonny. Of course, sometimes the transition away from communism was violent and painful. In Romania, for instance, the communist dictator Ceausescu held onto power until he was tried and put before a firing squad at the end of 1989, and it took until 1996 for a non-communist government to take power there. And in Yugoslavia, well, not so great."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1993, that country split up into Slovakia and the Czech Republic, the happiest and most mutually beneficial divorce since Cher left Sonny. Of course, sometimes the transition away from communism was violent and painful. In Romania, for instance, the communist dictator Ceausescu held onto power until he was tried and put before a firing squad at the end of 1989, and it took until 1996 for a non-communist government to take power there. And in Yugoslavia, well, not so great. And in Russia, it's a little bit Putin-y. Yeah! Putin!"}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "And in Yugoslavia, well, not so great. And in Russia, it's a little bit Putin-y. Yeah! Putin! But just 20 years later, it's hard to believe that the world was once dominated by two superpowers held in check by mutually assured destruction. What's really amazing to me, though, is that until the late 1980s, it felt like the Cold War was going to go on forever. Time seems to slow as it approaches us, and living in the post-Cold War nuclear age, we should remember that the past feels distant even when it's near, and that the future seems assured even though it isn't."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Putin! But just 20 years later, it's hard to believe that the world was once dominated by two superpowers held in check by mutually assured destruction. What's really amazing to me, though, is that until the late 1980s, it felt like the Cold War was going to go on forever. Time seems to slow as it approaches us, and living in the post-Cold War nuclear age, we should remember that the past feels distant even when it's near, and that the future seems assured even though it isn't. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Time seems to slow as it approaches us, and living in the post-Cold War nuclear age, we should remember that the past feels distant even when it's near, and that the future seems assured even though it isn't. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "USA vs USSR Fight! The Cold War Crash Course World History #39.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Justin Bieber. Thanks for that suggestion. If you'd like to suggest future Phrases of the Week, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In particular, we saw that as we entered into the fourth century, that Christianity continued to be persecuted, in particular by the Emperor Diocletian, who had some of the worst persecutions of the Christians. But over the course of the next century, from roughly 300 to 400, the relationship between the Roman Empire and Christianity goes completely in the opposite direction. As Constantine takes over, he becomes sympathetic to the Christians, and he eventually becomes Christian himself. Even then, there was a lot of diversity within the Christian church. There were debates about the nature of Jesus Christ relative to the Father, relative to the Holy Spirit. There were multiple sects of Christianity. And one in particular started to create a debate."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Even then, there was a lot of diversity within the Christian church. There were debates about the nature of Jesus Christ relative to the Father, relative to the Holy Spirit. There were multiple sects of Christianity. And one in particular started to create a debate. There was a priest in Alexandria, which is one of the major cities of the Roman Empire. Now remember, by this point, Rome, of course, is one of the most significant, if not the most significant city. Now, Constantine sets up a capital at Byzantium, which will eventually be known as Constantinople."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And one in particular started to create a debate. There was a priest in Alexandria, which is one of the major cities of the Roman Empire. Now remember, by this point, Rome, of course, is one of the most significant, if not the most significant city. Now, Constantine sets up a capital at Byzantium, which will eventually be known as Constantinople. And Alexandria, which was originally founded by Alexander the Great, is also one of the significant cities of the Empire. And in Alexandria, there is a Christian priest by the name of Arius, who has a view on Christ that becomes a bit of a controversy. And to understand that, here is an account of his writings or his beliefs."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Constantine sets up a capital at Byzantium, which will eventually be known as Constantinople. And Alexandria, which was originally founded by Alexander the Great, is also one of the significant cities of the Empire. And in Alexandria, there is a Christian priest by the name of Arius, who has a view on Christ that becomes a bit of a controversy. And to understand that, here is an account of his writings or his beliefs. So this is Arius of Alexandria. \"'If the Father begat the Son, \"'he that was begotten had a beginning of existence. \"'And from this it is evident \"'that there was a time when the Son was not."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And to understand that, here is an account of his writings or his beliefs. So this is Arius of Alexandria. \"'If the Father begat the Son, \"'he that was begotten had a beginning of existence. \"'And from this it is evident \"'that there was a time when the Son was not. \"'It therefore necessarily follows \"'that he, the Son, had his substance from nothing.'\" So he's drawing a distinction between the essence of the Father and the Son manifested as Jesus Christ. Now, this is very controversial because even his own bishop in Alexandria viewed the Father and the Son to be of the same substance."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "\"'And from this it is evident \"'that there was a time when the Son was not. \"'It therefore necessarily follows \"'that he, the Son, had his substance from nothing.'\" So he's drawing a distinction between the essence of the Father and the Son manifested as Jesus Christ. Now, this is very controversial because even his own bishop in Alexandria viewed the Father and the Son to be of the same substance. Now, today you might say, hey, isn't this just wordplay? It feels like it's semantic, which is really debating around the meaning of words. But at the end of the Roman Empire and as we get into the Middle Ages, this was a major issue of philosophical and it would sometimes bleed over into political debate."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, this is very controversial because even his own bishop in Alexandria viewed the Father and the Son to be of the same substance. Now, today you might say, hey, isn't this just wordplay? It feels like it's semantic, which is really debating around the meaning of words. But at the end of the Roman Empire and as we get into the Middle Ages, this was a major issue of philosophical and it would sometimes bleed over into political debate. And so Constantine, who we mentioned, has a sympathy towards the Christians. He allows Christianity to be tolerated. He does not like this idea of this debate and he wants to help unify the Christians."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But at the end of the Roman Empire and as we get into the Middle Ages, this was a major issue of philosophical and it would sometimes bleed over into political debate. And so Constantine, who we mentioned, has a sympathy towards the Christians. He allows Christianity to be tolerated. He does not like this idea of this debate and he wants to help unify the Christians. So in 325, he calls the Council of Nicaea to help resolve this controversy, which gets known as the Arian Controversy, named after Arius of Alexandria. Now, it's worth mentioning, Arius wasn't the first person to make this argument that the Father in some way was more divine than the Son because he begat the Son. He existed before the Son."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He does not like this idea of this debate and he wants to help unify the Christians. So in 325, he calls the Council of Nicaea to help resolve this controversy, which gets known as the Arian Controversy, named after Arius of Alexandria. Now, it's worth mentioning, Arius wasn't the first person to make this argument that the Father in some way was more divine than the Son because he begat the Son. He existed before the Son. But this controversy really revolves around Arius because he was especially persuasive about spreading this view of the relationship between the Father and the Son manifested by Jesus. And at the Council of Nicaea, many of the bishops throughout Christendom are in attendance. It's known as the First Ecumenical Conference."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He existed before the Son. But this controversy really revolves around Arius because he was especially persuasive about spreading this view of the relationship between the Father and the Son manifested by Jesus. And at the Council of Nicaea, many of the bishops throughout Christendom are in attendance. It's known as the First Ecumenical Conference. The word ecumenical comes from the Greek word for the inhabited earth. So you can view it as the church leaders from the inhabited earth in order to create a consensus about what it means to be a Christian. And Arius of Alexandria was there to defend his position, but the majority of those there did not like his point of view."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's known as the First Ecumenical Conference. The word ecumenical comes from the Greek word for the inhabited earth. So you can view it as the church leaders from the inhabited earth in order to create a consensus about what it means to be a Christian. And Arius of Alexandria was there to defend his position, but the majority of those there did not like his point of view. So they declared Arius' beliefs as heresy and they exile him. And to be very clear that they do not believe that the Son is of a different substance of the Father, they issue the Nicene Creed. So what I have here, this is known as the Nicene Constantinopolitan Creed."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Arius of Alexandria was there to defend his position, but the majority of those there did not like his point of view. So they declared Arius' beliefs as heresy and they exile him. And to be very clear that they do not believe that the Son is of a different substance of the Father, they issue the Nicene Creed. So what I have here, this is known as the Nicene Constantinopolitan Creed. And this is based on the Nicene Creed, which was established in 325, which was shorter, but then in 381 under Theodosius, you have your Second Ecumenical Council, which is held in Constantinople to reaffirm some of the ideas of the Nicene Council. And so as I read this, keep a lookout for some of these words, which were really put there to try to settle the Arian controversy, to try to ensure that that type of belief does not surface again. We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So what I have here, this is known as the Nicene Constantinopolitan Creed. And this is based on the Nicene Creed, which was established in 325, which was shorter, but then in 381 under Theodosius, you have your Second Ecumenical Council, which is held in Constantinople to reaffirm some of the ideas of the Nicene Council. And so as I read this, keep a lookout for some of these words, which were really put there to try to settle the Arian controversy, to try to ensure that that type of belief does not surface again. We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the only begotten, begotten of the Father before all ages. So not like Arius was arguing that there was a time where the Father existed before the Son existed. Here it says begotten of the Father, but before all ages."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the only begotten, begotten of the Father before all ages. So not like Arius was arguing that there was a time where the Father existed before the Son existed. Here it says begotten of the Father, but before all ages. So there was always a time when there was a Son. Light of light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, of one essence with the Father, by whom all things were made. So once again, really addressing this Arian controversy, the Arian heresy as it becomes known, that the Father and the Son are of the same essence."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Here it says begotten of the Father, but before all ages. So there was always a time when there was a Son. Light of light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, of one essence with the Father, by whom all things were made. So once again, really addressing this Arian controversy, the Arian heresy as it becomes known, that the Father and the Son are of the same essence. One is not more divine than the other. Who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven, and was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary, and was made man, and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered and was buried. And the third day he rose again, according to the scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sits at the right hand of the Father."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So once again, really addressing this Arian controversy, the Arian heresy as it becomes known, that the Father and the Son are of the same essence. One is not more divine than the other. Who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven, and was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary, and was made man, and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered and was buried. And the third day he rose again, according to the scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sits at the right hand of the Father. And he shall come again with glory to judge the living and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end. And we believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, and giver of life, who proceeds from the Father. Now here in brackets, I've written philoque and the Son, because even though the official Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed just says who proceeds from the Father, as we will see later on, as the church starts to become more and more divided, in the West, in Latin, the term philoque gets added, which means and the Son."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the third day he rose again, according to the scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sits at the right hand of the Father. And he shall come again with glory to judge the living and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end. And we believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, and giver of life, who proceeds from the Father. Now here in brackets, I've written philoque and the Son, because even though the official Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed just says who proceeds from the Father, as we will see later on, as the church starts to become more and more divided, in the West, in Latin, the term philoque gets added, which means and the Son. And once again, this is starting to address this notion of how does the Son relate to the Father. So when you add philoque, you're saying, hey, the Holy Spirit is emanating from both the Father and the Son, versus just the Father. But we'll get into that."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now here in brackets, I've written philoque and the Son, because even though the official Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed just says who proceeds from the Father, as we will see later on, as the church starts to become more and more divided, in the West, in Latin, the term philoque gets added, which means and the Son. And once again, this is starting to address this notion of how does the Son relate to the Father. So when you add philoque, you're saying, hey, the Holy Spirit is emanating from both the Father and the Son, versus just the Father. But we'll get into that. This was not a matter of debate in the fourth century, but it will become a matter of debate as we go into the sixth century and beyond. And we believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, and giver of life, who proceeds from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spoke by the prophets. And we believe in one holy, Catholic, meaning universal, and apostolic church."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But we'll get into that. This was not a matter of debate in the fourth century, but it will become a matter of debate as we go into the sixth century and beyond. And we believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, and giver of life, who proceeds from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spoke by the prophets. And we believe in one holy, Catholic, meaning universal, and apostolic church. We acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the age to come, amen. So this is interesting because you can view it as a unification of Christendom."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we believe in one holy, Catholic, meaning universal, and apostolic church. We acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the age to come, amen. So this is interesting because you can view it as a unification of Christendom. Now, as we will see, that unification does not hold well over the next several hundred years. Even though Arius is exiled and he dies shortly thereafter, you continue to have sympathetic bishops and even Roman emperors to the Arian doctrine. You also, this debate between the relation of the Father and the Son continues."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So this is interesting because you can view it as a unification of Christendom. Now, as we will see, that unification does not hold well over the next several hundred years. Even though Arius is exiled and he dies shortly thereafter, you continue to have sympathetic bishops and even Roman emperors to the Arian doctrine. You also, this debate between the relation of the Father and the Son continues. We'll talk about this folloquy debate. But maybe most important and the biggest cause of the eventual divisions between the church, ones that carry on even to today, it's really about a power struggle. So as we've been talking about the late Roman Empire and even the fall of the Western Empire and the beginning of the Byzantine Empire, you might already notice that there are several very powerful actors here."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You also, this debate between the relation of the Father and the Son continues. We'll talk about this folloquy debate. But maybe most important and the biggest cause of the eventual divisions between the church, ones that carry on even to today, it's really about a power struggle. So as we've been talking about the late Roman Empire and even the fall of the Western Empire and the beginning of the Byzantine Empire, you might already notice that there are several very powerful actors here. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, you have the Byzantine Emperor, who considers him, and as we'll see also herself, the Roman Emperor. We have the bishop, the patriarch, or often known the Pope of Rome. Now, Rome is significant because according to tradition, the church at Rome was founded by the Apostle Peter, who was considered by many to be the first amongst the apostles."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So as we've been talking about the late Roman Empire and even the fall of the Western Empire and the beginning of the Byzantine Empire, you might already notice that there are several very powerful actors here. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, you have the Byzantine Emperor, who considers him, and as we'll see also herself, the Roman Emperor. We have the bishop, the patriarch, or often known the Pope of Rome. Now, Rome is significant because according to tradition, the church at Rome was founded by the Apostle Peter, who was considered by many to be the first amongst the apostles. But of course, Rome was the seat of the Roman Empire for a very, very, very long time. And so you could imagine the bishop of the Church of Rome, the Pope of Rome, would be a very powerful figure. Now, you also have the bishop or the patriarch of Constantinople, which is another capital, and really the capital, of the Byzantine Empire."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Rome is significant because according to tradition, the church at Rome was founded by the Apostle Peter, who was considered by many to be the first amongst the apostles. But of course, Rome was the seat of the Roman Empire for a very, very, very long time. And so you could imagine the bishop of the Church of Rome, the Pope of Rome, would be a very powerful figure. Now, you also have the bishop or the patriarch of Constantinople, which is another capital, and really the capital, of the Byzantine Empire. And so what we're going to see over the next several hundred years is a jockeying for position amongst these three in particular, the Byzantine Emperor and the Pope of Rome. The Pope of Rome starts to consider themselves as really the leader of all of Christendom. The patriarch of Constantinople and the bishops of the other major centers of Christianity, like Antioch and Jerusalem and Alexandria, they view themselves as all kind of a college of us peers, and they will give extra space for the Pope of Rome or the Bishop of Rome because of the importance of that city and the significance of how the Church of Rome was founded."}, {"video_title": "Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicaea World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, you also have the bishop or the patriarch of Constantinople, which is another capital, and really the capital, of the Byzantine Empire. And so what we're going to see over the next several hundred years is a jockeying for position amongst these three in particular, the Byzantine Emperor and the Pope of Rome. The Pope of Rome starts to consider themselves as really the leader of all of Christendom. The patriarch of Constantinople and the bishops of the other major centers of Christianity, like Antioch and Jerusalem and Alexandria, they view themselves as all kind of a college of us peers, and they will give extra space for the Pope of Rome or the Bishop of Rome because of the importance of that city and the significance of how the Church of Rome was founded. And this gets, this jockeying for power over the next several hundred years gets even more complex as the West, what was the Western Roman Empire, or some of the areas of the Western Roman Empire, start to get consolidated under Germanic rule, really Frankish rule, and you start having this notion of a Holy Roman Emperor that we'll talk about in a few hundred years down our timeline. So keep a lookout for this power struggle. We're gonna talk about particular issues of theological doctrine, things like the Falloquia issue, things like the relationship between the father and the son, whether you should have icons, but at the end of the day, what's eventually going to lead to the great schism in the beginning of the second millennium is this power struggle."}, {"video_title": "Prosperity in Song China (960-1279) World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have block printing emerge during the Tang Dynasty, but during the Song Dynasty, it gets perfected and it becomes more efficient with movable block print. You have the compass being perfected, especially for naval use, the boats being perfected. You see this reinvigoration, and really the high point of the Chinese civil service. You see the emergence of Neo-Confucianism. But one question is, well, what allowed all of this innovation to take place? And also what allowed for the stability of the Song Dynasty? When you look at it on the timeline like this that's covering over 2,000 years, it might not look that long, but when you actually think about it, this is over 300 years of dynastic rule by one dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Prosperity in Song China (960-1279) World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You see the emergence of Neo-Confucianism. But one question is, well, what allowed all of this innovation to take place? And also what allowed for the stability of the Song Dynasty? When you look at it on the timeline like this that's covering over 2,000 years, it might not look that long, but when you actually think about it, this is over 300 years of dynastic rule by one dynasty. Now it is split in the middle between the Northern Song and the Southern Song that happens in 1127, and we'll talk about that in a little bit. But for the most part, it is a very prosperous time for China. The population actually grows from roughly 50 million people during the Tang Dynasty to, it is estimated 100 million people by the Northern Song Dynasty, and eventually keeps growing so that by the time we get to the Ming Dynasty, we have a population of about 200 million people."}, {"video_title": "Prosperity in Song China (960-1279) World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "When you look at it on the timeline like this that's covering over 2,000 years, it might not look that long, but when you actually think about it, this is over 300 years of dynastic rule by one dynasty. Now it is split in the middle between the Northern Song and the Southern Song that happens in 1127, and we'll talk about that in a little bit. But for the most part, it is a very prosperous time for China. The population actually grows from roughly 50 million people during the Tang Dynasty to, it is estimated 100 million people by the Northern Song Dynasty, and eventually keeps growing so that by the time we get to the Ming Dynasty, we have a population of about 200 million people. So what are the things that allows for that population explosion, really? Well, one thing you can imagine is food is very important. And it's during this time period that the Song Dynasty is able to leverage a more robust rice seed from Southeast Asia that allows it to feed many, many more people."}, {"video_title": "Prosperity in Song China (960-1279) World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The population actually grows from roughly 50 million people during the Tang Dynasty to, it is estimated 100 million people by the Northern Song Dynasty, and eventually keeps growing so that by the time we get to the Ming Dynasty, we have a population of about 200 million people. So what are the things that allows for that population explosion, really? Well, one thing you can imagine is food is very important. And it's during this time period that the Song Dynasty is able to leverage a more robust rice seed from Southeast Asia that allows it to feed many, many more people. And so this obviously allows a population growth, but any time you're able to feed people and there's more prosperity, you're going to have a more stable empire. Now another major input into prosperity and the stability of empires is the notion of trade. And China had always many river systems which helped facilitate agriculture and trade."}, {"video_title": "Prosperity in Song China (960-1279) World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's during this time period that the Song Dynasty is able to leverage a more robust rice seed from Southeast Asia that allows it to feed many, many more people. And so this obviously allows a population growth, but any time you're able to feed people and there's more prosperity, you're going to have a more stable empire. Now another major input into prosperity and the stability of empires is the notion of trade. And China had always many river systems which helped facilitate agriculture and trade. But as you get into the Sui Dynasty, right over here, you have the completion of the Grand Canal, which is even today the largest man-made canal. It stretches from Beijing to Hangzhou and actually goes beyond that and has other tributaries. And that, connected with the existing river systems, allowed for a lot of trade to happen, especially as we get into the Tang and the Song Dynasties."}, {"video_title": "Prosperity in Song China (960-1279) World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And China had always many river systems which helped facilitate agriculture and trade. But as you get into the Sui Dynasty, right over here, you have the completion of the Grand Canal, which is even today the largest man-made canal. It stretches from Beijing to Hangzhou and actually goes beyond that and has other tributaries. And that, connected with the existing river systems, allowed for a lot of trade to happen, especially as we get into the Tang and the Song Dynasties. Now in the Song Dynasty in particular, you have the pound lock being invented, which allows for easier travel across waterways when you have a change in the level of water. And the pound lock is still the standard technology used in canals throughout the world. You also have the first use of paper money."}, {"video_title": "Prosperity in Song China (960-1279) World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that, connected with the existing river systems, allowed for a lot of trade to happen, especially as we get into the Tang and the Song Dynasties. Now in the Song Dynasty in particular, you have the pound lock being invented, which allows for easier travel across waterways when you have a change in the level of water. And the pound lock is still the standard technology used in canals throughout the world. You also have the first use of paper money. This is a big deal. We use paper money today. Our ability to have transactions in our society are not dependent on our ability to mine for gold or silver or copper."}, {"video_title": "Prosperity in Song China (960-1279) World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You also have the first use of paper money. This is a big deal. We use paper money today. Our ability to have transactions in our society are not dependent on our ability to mine for gold or silver or copper. And one of the things that allowed for paper money to even be used was this notion of block printing and block printing with movable type in particular. Once again, a Song Dynasty innovation. Now as I mentioned, as we get into 1127, you have conquerors from the north, in particular the Jin, who are able to conquer northern China."}, {"video_title": "Prosperity in Song China (960-1279) World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Our ability to have transactions in our society are not dependent on our ability to mine for gold or silver or copper. And one of the things that allowed for paper money to even be used was this notion of block printing and block printing with movable type in particular. Once again, a Song Dynasty innovation. Now as I mentioned, as we get into 1127, you have conquerors from the north, in particular the Jin, who are able to conquer northern China. They caused the Song to move their capital from Kaifeng in the north to Hangzhou in the south. Here you see Hangzhou is the major southern terminal of the Grand Canal. And even though the northern Song had to move and essentially become the southern Song Dynasty, you continue to have that prosperity for roughly another 150 years."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "So here at Crash Course we try to make history reasonably entertaining, and fortunately, World War II was hilarious, said no one ever. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, is this, like, going to be one of the unfunny ones where you build to the big, melodramatic conclusion about how I have to imagine the world more complexly? Me, from the past, as long as you have that eighth-rate soup strainer, I'm not even going to acknowledge your existence. INTRO Right, so you've probably heard a lot about World War II from movies and books, the History Channel before it decided that swamp people were history, the incessant droning of your grandparents, etc. We're not going to try to give you a detailed synopsis of the war today. Instead, we're going to try to give a bit of perspective on how the most destructive war in human history happened, and why it still matters globally. So one of the reasons history classes tend to be really into wars is that they're easy to put on tests."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "INTRO Right, so you've probably heard a lot about World War II from movies and books, the History Channel before it decided that swamp people were history, the incessant droning of your grandparents, etc. We're not going to try to give you a detailed synopsis of the war today. Instead, we're going to try to give a bit of perspective on how the most destructive war in human history happened, and why it still matters globally. So one of the reasons history classes tend to be really into wars is that they're easy to put on tests. They start on one day and they end on another day, and they're caused by social, political, and economic conditions that can be examined in a multiple-choice kind of manner. Except, not really. Like, when did World War II start?"}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "So one of the reasons history classes tend to be really into wars is that they're easy to put on tests. They start on one day and they end on another day, and they're caused by social, political, and economic conditions that can be examined in a multiple-choice kind of manner. Except, not really. Like, when did World War II start? In September 1939, when the Nazis invaded Poland? I'd say no, it actually started when Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, or at the very latest when the Japanese invaded China in 1937, because they didn't stop fighting until 1945. Then again, you could also argue 1933, when Hitler took power, or 1941, when America started fighting."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, when did World War II start? In September 1939, when the Nazis invaded Poland? I'd say no, it actually started when Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, or at the very latest when the Japanese invaded China in 1937, because they didn't stop fighting until 1945. Then again, you could also argue 1933, when Hitler took power, or 1941, when America started fighting. It's complicated. But anyway, in China the fighting was very brutal, as exemplified by the infamous Rape of Nanking, which featured the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of Chinese people, and is still so controversial today that 1. It affects relations between Japan and China, and 2."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Then again, you could also argue 1933, when Hitler took power, or 1941, when America started fighting. It's complicated. But anyway, in China the fighting was very brutal, as exemplified by the infamous Rape of Nanking, which featured the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of Chinese people, and is still so controversial today that 1. It affects relations between Japan and China, and 2. Even though I have not described it in detail, you can rest assured that there will be angry comments about my use of the word slaughter. But the World War II we know the most about from movies and TV is primarily the war in the European theater, the one that Adolf Hitler started. Hitler is the rare individual who really did make history."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "It affects relations between Japan and China, and 2. Even though I have not described it in detail, you can rest assured that there will be angry comments about my use of the word slaughter. But the World War II we know the most about from movies and TV is primarily the war in the European theater, the one that Adolf Hitler started. Hitler is the rare individual who really did make history. Specifically, he made it worse. And if he hadn't existed, it's very unlikely that World War II would have ever happened. But he did exist."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Hitler is the rare individual who really did make history. Specifically, he made it worse. And if he hadn't existed, it's very unlikely that World War II would have ever happened. But he did exist. And after coming to power in 1933, with the standard revolutionary promises to return the homeland to its former glory, infused with quite a bit of paranoia and anti-Semitism, many saw rapid re-militarization and eventually, inevitably, war. In the beginning, it was characterized by a new style of combat, made possible by the mechanized technology of tanks, airplanes, and especially trucks. This was the Blitzkrieg, a devastating tactic combining quick movement of troops, tanks, and massive use of air power to support infantry movements."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "But he did exist. And after coming to power in 1933, with the standard revolutionary promises to return the homeland to its former glory, infused with quite a bit of paranoia and anti-Semitism, many saw rapid re-militarization and eventually, inevitably, war. In the beginning, it was characterized by a new style of combat, made possible by the mechanized technology of tanks, airplanes, and especially trucks. This was the Blitzkrieg, a devastating tactic combining quick movement of troops, tanks, and massive use of air power to support infantry movements. And in the very early years of the war, it was extremely effective. The Nazis were able to roll over Poland, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and then all of France, all within about nine months between the fall of 1939 and the summer of 1940. So after knocking out most of Central Europe, the Nazis set their sights on Great Britain."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "This was the Blitzkrieg, a devastating tactic combining quick movement of troops, tanks, and massive use of air power to support infantry movements. And in the very early years of the war, it was extremely effective. The Nazis were able to roll over Poland, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and then all of France, all within about nine months between the fall of 1939 and the summer of 1940. So after knocking out most of Central Europe, the Nazis set their sights on Great Britain. But they didn't invade the island, choosing instead to attack it with massive airstrikes. I mean, you look at this poster and think, man, the Queen wants me to finish my term paper so I can do it. But when this poster was first produced in 1939, it was to quell terror in the face of bombardment."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "So after knocking out most of Central Europe, the Nazis set their sights on Great Britain. But they didn't invade the island, choosing instead to attack it with massive airstrikes. I mean, you look at this poster and think, man, the Queen wants me to finish my term paper so I can do it. But when this poster was first produced in 1939, it was to quell terror in the face of bombardment. The Battle of Britain was a duel between the Royal Air Force and the Luftwaffe. And while the RAF denied the Nazis total control of British airspace, the Nazis were still able to bomb Great Britain over and over again in what's known as the Blitz. Stan, no, no jokes this time."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "But when this poster was first produced in 1939, it was to quell terror in the face of bombardment. The Battle of Britain was a duel between the Royal Air Force and the Luftwaffe. And while the RAF denied the Nazis total control of British airspace, the Nazis were still able to bomb Great Britain over and over again in what's known as the Blitz. Stan, no, no jokes this time. Yes, the Blitz. Meanwhile, Europeans were also fighting each other in North Africa. The Desert Campaign started in 1940 and lasted through 1942."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, no, no jokes this time. Yes, the Blitz. Meanwhile, Europeans were also fighting each other in North Africa. The Desert Campaign started in 1940 and lasted through 1942. This is where British General Monty Montgomery outfoxed Erwin the Desert Fox Rommel. It's also the place where Americans first fought Nazis in large numbers, but most importantly, it's where Indiana Jones discovered the Ark of the Covenant. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "The Desert Campaign started in 1940 and lasted through 1942. This is where British General Monty Montgomery outfoxed Erwin the Desert Fox Rommel. It's also the place where Americans first fought Nazis in large numbers, but most importantly, it's where Indiana Jones discovered the Ark of the Covenant. Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. 1941 was a big year for World War II. First, the Nazis invaded Russia, breaking a non-aggression pact that the two powers had signed in 1939. This hugely escalated the war and also made allies of the most powerful capitalist countries and the most powerful communist one an alliance that would stand the test of time and never end until like three seconds after the defeat of the Nazis."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, let's go to the Thought Bubble. 1941 was a big year for World War II. First, the Nazis invaded Russia, breaking a non-aggression pact that the two powers had signed in 1939. This hugely escalated the war and also made allies of the most powerful capitalist countries and the most powerful communist one an alliance that would stand the test of time and never end until like three seconds after the defeat of the Nazis. The Nazi invasion of Russia opened the war up on the so-called Eastern Front, although if you were Russian it was the Western Front, and it led to millions of deaths, mostly Russian. Also, 1941 saw a day that would live in infamy when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, hoping that such an audacious attack would brighten the United States into staying neutral, which was a pretty stupid gamble because 1. the US was already giving massive aid to the Allies and was hardly neutral, and 2. the United States is not exactly famed for its pacifism or political neutrality. 1941 also saw Japan invading much of Southeast Asia, which made Australia and New Zealand understandably nervous."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "This hugely escalated the war and also made allies of the most powerful capitalist countries and the most powerful communist one an alliance that would stand the test of time and never end until like three seconds after the defeat of the Nazis. The Nazi invasion of Russia opened the war up on the so-called Eastern Front, although if you were Russian it was the Western Front, and it led to millions of deaths, mostly Russian. Also, 1941 saw a day that would live in infamy when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, hoping that such an audacious attack would brighten the United States into staying neutral, which was a pretty stupid gamble because 1. the US was already giving massive aid to the Allies and was hardly neutral, and 2. the United States is not exactly famed for its pacifism or political neutrality. 1941 also saw Japan invading much of Southeast Asia, which made Australia and New Zealand understandably nervous. As part of the British Commonwealth, they were already involved in the war, but now they could fight the Japanese closer to home. And shut up about how I never talk about you Australians, I just gave you 1.5 sentences. But by the time the Americans and Australians started fighting the Japanese, it was already a world war."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "1941 also saw Japan invading much of Southeast Asia, which made Australia and New Zealand understandably nervous. As part of the British Commonwealth, they were already involved in the war, but now they could fight the Japanese closer to home. And shut up about how I never talk about you Australians, I just gave you 1.5 sentences. But by the time the Americans and Australians started fighting the Japanese, it was already a world war. Sometimes this meant fighting or starving or being bombed, other times it meant production for the war. You don't think of Argentina as being a World War II powerhouse, for instance, but they were vital to the Allies, supplying 40% of British meat during World War II. Thanks, Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "But by the time the Americans and Australians started fighting the Japanese, it was already a world war. Sometimes this meant fighting or starving or being bombed, other times it meant production for the war. You don't think of Argentina as being a World War II powerhouse, for instance, but they were vital to the Allies, supplying 40% of British meat during World War II. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So not to sound jingoistic, but the entry of the US into the war really did change everything, although I doubt the Nazis could have taken Russia regardless. No one conquers Russia in the wintertime, unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. Okay, we're going to skip most of the big battles of 1942, like the Battle of Midway, which effectively ended Japan's chance of winning the war, and focus on the Battle of Stalingrad."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. So not to sound jingoistic, but the entry of the US into the war really did change everything, although I doubt the Nazis could have taken Russia regardless. No one conquers Russia in the wintertime, unless you are, wait for it, the Mongols. Okay, we're going to skip most of the big battles of 1942, like the Battle of Midway, which effectively ended Japan's chance of winning the war, and focus on the Battle of Stalingrad. The German attack on Stalingrad, now known as Volgograd because Stalin sucks, was one of the bloodiest battles in the history of war, with more than 2 million dead. The Germans began by dropping more than a thousand tons of bombs on Stalingrad, and then the Russians responded by hugging the Germans, staying as close to their front lines as possible so that German air support would kill Germans and Russians alike. This kind of worked, although the Germans still took most of the city, but then a Soviet counterattack left the 6th Army of the Nazis completely cut off."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, we're going to skip most of the big battles of 1942, like the Battle of Midway, which effectively ended Japan's chance of winning the war, and focus on the Battle of Stalingrad. The German attack on Stalingrad, now known as Volgograd because Stalin sucks, was one of the bloodiest battles in the history of war, with more than 2 million dead. The Germans began by dropping more than a thousand tons of bombs on Stalingrad, and then the Russians responded by hugging the Germans, staying as close to their front lines as possible so that German air support would kill Germans and Russians alike. This kind of worked, although the Germans still took most of the city, but then a Soviet counterattack left the 6th Army of the Nazis completely cut off. And after that, due partly to Hitler's overreaching megalomania and partly to lots of people being scared of him, the 6th Army slowly froze and starved to death before finally surrendering. And of the 91,000 Axis POWs from Stalingrad, only about 6,000 ever returned home. Stalingrad turned the war in Europe, and by 1944 the American strategy of island hopping in the Pacific was taking GIs closer and closer to Japan."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "This kind of worked, although the Germans still took most of the city, but then a Soviet counterattack left the 6th Army of the Nazis completely cut off. And after that, due partly to Hitler's overreaching megalomania and partly to lots of people being scared of him, the 6th Army slowly froze and starved to death before finally surrendering. And of the 91,000 Axis POWs from Stalingrad, only about 6,000 ever returned home. Stalingrad turned the war in Europe, and by 1944 the American strategy of island hopping in the Pacific was taking GIs closer and closer to Japan. Rome was liberated in June by Americans and Canadians. And the successful British, Canadian, and American D-Day invasion of Normandy was the beginning of the end for the Nazis. Oh, it's time for the open letter?"}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Stalingrad turned the war in Europe, and by 1944 the American strategy of island hopping in the Pacific was taking GIs closer and closer to Japan. Rome was liberated in June by Americans and Canadians. And the successful British, Canadian, and American D-Day invasion of Normandy was the beginning of the end for the Nazis. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Canada. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Canadian mittens!"}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to Canada. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Canadian mittens! I want to thank the Canadian Crash Course fans who sent us these mittens. Canadians are just so nice, Stan. Like, all we ever do on this show is make fun of them, and they're just like, it's so kind of you to mention us."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, it's Canadian mittens! I want to thank the Canadian Crash Course fans who sent us these mittens. Canadians are just so nice, Stan. Like, all we ever do on this show is make fun of them, and they're just like, it's so kind of you to mention us. Here's some mittens! Dear Canada, we're not always nice to you here on Crash Course, but you are awesome. I'm pointing, but you can't tell because I'm wearing mittens."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Like, all we ever do on this show is make fun of them, and they're just like, it's so kind of you to mention us. Here's some mittens! Dear Canada, we're not always nice to you here on Crash Course, but you are awesome. I'm pointing, but you can't tell because I'm wearing mittens. 45,000 Canadians died fighting for the Allies in World War II, which means that per capita, Canada lost more people than the United States. You fought with the Royal Air Force to defend Great Britain from the beginning of the war, and you were there on D-Day successfully invading Juno Beach. And as many of you have pointed out in comments, you defeated the United States in the War of 1812, meaning that arguably, Canada, you are the greater military power."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm pointing, but you can't tell because I'm wearing mittens. 45,000 Canadians died fighting for the Allies in World War II, which means that per capita, Canada lost more people than the United States. You fought with the Royal Air Force to defend Great Britain from the beginning of the war, and you were there on D-Day successfully invading Juno Beach. And as many of you have pointed out in comments, you defeated the United States in the War of 1812, meaning that arguably, Canada, you are the greater military power. Plus, you have lumberjacks and excellent beer and hockey and universal health care and Justin Bieber! I'm jealous! That's what it is!"}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "And as many of you have pointed out in comments, you defeated the United States in the War of 1812, meaning that arguably, Canada, you are the greater military power. Plus, you have lumberjacks and excellent beer and hockey and universal health care and Justin Bieber! I'm jealous! That's what it is! I'm jealous! Best wishes, John Green. So by the end of 1944, the Allies were advancing from the west, and the Russian Red Army was advancing from the east, and then the last-ditch German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944 and 1945 failed."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "That's what it is! I'm jealous! Best wishes, John Green. So by the end of 1944, the Allies were advancing from the west, and the Russian Red Army was advancing from the east, and then the last-ditch German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944 and 1945 failed. Mussolini was executed in April of 1945, Hitler committed suicide at the end of that month, and on May 8, 1945, the Allies declared victory in Europe after Germany surrendered unconditionally. Three months later, the United States dropped the only two nuclear weapons ever deployed in war, Japan surrendered, and World War II was over. The war had a definite cause, unbridled military expansion by Germany, Japan, and to a small extent Italy."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "So by the end of 1944, the Allies were advancing from the west, and the Russian Red Army was advancing from the east, and then the last-ditch German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944 and 1945 failed. Mussolini was executed in April of 1945, Hitler committed suicide at the end of that month, and on May 8, 1945, the Allies declared victory in Europe after Germany surrendered unconditionally. Three months later, the United States dropped the only two nuclear weapons ever deployed in war, Japan surrendered, and World War II was over. The war had a definite cause, unbridled military expansion by Germany, Japan, and to a small extent Italy. Now, it's easy to claim that Hitler was crazy or evil, and in fact he was certainly both, but that doesn't explain the Nazis' decision to invade Russia, and it sure doesn't explain Japan's decision to bomb Pearl Harbor. And there are many possible explanations beyond mere evil, but the most interesting one, to me, involves food. Hitler had a number of reasons for wanting to expand Germany's territory, but he often talked about Lebensraum, or living space, for the German people."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "The war had a definite cause, unbridled military expansion by Germany, Japan, and to a small extent Italy. Now, it's easy to claim that Hitler was crazy or evil, and in fact he was certainly both, but that doesn't explain the Nazis' decision to invade Russia, and it sure doesn't explain Japan's decision to bomb Pearl Harbor. And there are many possible explanations beyond mere evil, but the most interesting one, to me, involves food. Hitler had a number of reasons for wanting to expand Germany's territory, but he often talked about Lebensraum, or living space, for the German people. German agriculture was really inefficiently organized into lots of small farms, and that meant that Germany needed a lot of land in order to be self-sufficient in food production. The plan was to take Poland, the Ukraine, and eastern Russia, and then resettle that land with lots of Germans so that it could feed German people. This was called the Hunger Plan, because the plan called for 20 million people to starve to death."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Hitler had a number of reasons for wanting to expand Germany's territory, but he often talked about Lebensraum, or living space, for the German people. German agriculture was really inefficiently organized into lots of small farms, and that meant that Germany needed a lot of land in order to be self-sufficient in food production. The plan was to take Poland, the Ukraine, and eastern Russia, and then resettle that land with lots of Germans so that it could feed German people. This was called the Hunger Plan, because the plan called for 20 million people to starve to death. Many would be the Poles, Ukrainians, and Russians who'd previously lived on the land. The rest would be Europe's Jews, who would be worked to death. 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, many by starvation, but many through a chillingly planned effort of extermination in death camps."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "This was called the Hunger Plan, because the plan called for 20 million people to starve to death. Many would be the Poles, Ukrainians, and Russians who'd previously lived on the land. The rest would be Europe's Jews, who would be worked to death. 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, many by starvation, but many through a chillingly planned effort of extermination in death camps. These death camps can be distinguished from concentration camps or labor camps in that their primary purpose was extermination of Jews, Roma people, communists, homosexuals, disabled people, and others that the Nazis deemed unfit. Some historians believe that the Nazis opened the death camps because the Jews weren't dying as fast as the Hunger Plan had intended. This was a sickening plan, but it made a kind of demented sense."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, many by starvation, but many through a chillingly planned effort of extermination in death camps. These death camps can be distinguished from concentration camps or labor camps in that their primary purpose was extermination of Jews, Roma people, communists, homosexuals, disabled people, and others that the Nazis deemed unfit. Some historians believe that the Nazis opened the death camps because the Jews weren't dying as fast as the Hunger Plan had intended. This was a sickening plan, but it made a kind of demented sense. Rather than becoming more involved in global trade as the British had, the Germans would feed themselves by taking land and killing the people who'd previously lived there. Similarly, Japan at the beginning of the war was suffering from an acute fear of food shortage because its agricultural sector was having trouble keeping up with population growth. And the Japanese, too, sought to expand their agricultural holdings by, for instance, resettling farmers in Korea."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "This was a sickening plan, but it made a kind of demented sense. Rather than becoming more involved in global trade as the British had, the Germans would feed themselves by taking land and killing the people who'd previously lived there. Similarly, Japan at the beginning of the war was suffering from an acute fear of food shortage because its agricultural sector was having trouble keeping up with population growth. And the Japanese, too, sought to expand their agricultural holdings by, for instance, resettling farmers in Korea. So, while it's tempting to say that World War II was about the Allies fighting for democratic ideals against the totalitarian, militaristic imperialism of the fascist Axis powers, it just doesn't hold up to scrutiny. For instance, a hugely important Allied power, Stalin's Soviet Union, was, like, the least democratic place ever. Stan just said that was hyperbole, but it's not."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "And the Japanese, too, sought to expand their agricultural holdings by, for instance, resettling farmers in Korea. So, while it's tempting to say that World War II was about the Allies fighting for democratic ideals against the totalitarian, militaristic imperialism of the fascist Axis powers, it just doesn't hold up to scrutiny. For instance, a hugely important Allied power, Stalin's Soviet Union, was, like, the least democratic place ever. Stan just said that was hyperbole, but it's not. Stalin's Soviet Union is tied with all of the other completely undemocratic countries for last place on the democracy scale. It's a big community there at last place, but they're definitely in there somewhere. And by far the biggest imperialists of the war were the British."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan just said that was hyperbole, but it's not. Stalin's Soviet Union is tied with all of the other completely undemocratic countries for last place on the democracy scale. It's a big community there at last place, but they're definitely in there somewhere. And by far the biggest imperialists of the war were the British. They couldn't have fed or clothed themselves or resisted the Nazis without their colonies and commonwealth. So, why is World War II so important? Well, first, it proved the old Roman adage, homo homini lupus, man is a wolf to man."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "And by far the biggest imperialists of the war were the British. They couldn't have fed or clothed themselves or resisted the Nazis without their colonies and commonwealth. So, why is World War II so important? Well, first, it proved the old Roman adage, homo homini lupus, man is a wolf to man. This is seen most clearly in the Holocaust, but all the statistics are staggering. More than a million Indian British subjects died, mainly due to famine that could have been avoided if the British had redistributed food. And their failure to do so helped convince Indians that the so-called superior civilization of the British was a sham."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, first, it proved the old Roman adage, homo homini lupus, man is a wolf to man. This is seen most clearly in the Holocaust, but all the statistics are staggering. More than a million Indian British subjects died, mainly due to famine that could have been avoided if the British had redistributed food. And their failure to do so helped convince Indians that the so-called superior civilization of the British was a sham. More than a million Vietnamese died, mainly due to famine. Four hundred eighteen thousand Americans. More than a million non-combatants in both Germany and Japan."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "And their failure to do so helped convince Indians that the so-called superior civilization of the British was a sham. More than a million Vietnamese died, mainly due to famine. Four hundred eighteen thousand Americans. More than a million non-combatants in both Germany and Japan. And twenty million people in the Soviet Union, most of them civilians. These civilians were targeted because they helped sustain the war, mostly through industrial and agricultural production. In a total war, when a nation is at war, not just its army, there's no such thing as a non-military target."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "More than a million non-combatants in both Germany and Japan. And twenty million people in the Soviet Union, most of them civilians. These civilians were targeted because they helped sustain the war, mostly through industrial and agricultural production. In a total war, when a nation is at war, not just its army, there's no such thing as a non-military target. From the firebombing of Dresden, to Tokyo, to Hiroshima, the line between soldier and civilian blurred. And then, of course, there is the Holocaust, which horrifies us because the elements of Western progress, record-keeping, industrial production, technology, were used to slaughter millions. World War II saw modern industrial nations, which represented the best of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, descend into once unimaginable cruelty."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "In a total war, when a nation is at war, not just its army, there's no such thing as a non-military target. From the firebombing of Dresden, to Tokyo, to Hiroshima, the line between soldier and civilian blurred. And then, of course, there is the Holocaust, which horrifies us because the elements of Western progress, record-keeping, industrial production, technology, were used to slaughter millions. World War II saw modern industrial nations, which represented the best of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, descend into once unimaginable cruelty. And what makes World War II such a historical watershed is that in its wake, all of us, in the West or otherwise, were forced to question whether Western dominance of this planet could or should be considered progress. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "World War II saw modern industrial nations, which represented the best of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, descend into once unimaginable cruelty. And what makes World War II such a historical watershed is that in its wake, all of us, in the West or otherwise, were forced to question whether Western dominance of this planet could or should be considered progress. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "World War II Crash Course World History #38.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, an end to history. If you want to guess at this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey guys, welcome to Hip Hughes History as we hit you up with some world history knowledge that you're going to need to know if you're in school. And if you're not in school, it's a little creepy, but you can keep watching. We're going to start with a Neolithic revolution, guys. This is going to be about 12, 10,000 before the common era, a very, very long time ago. We're going to take a look at the major causes and major effects of the Neolithic revolution and give you just enough so you can watch this and not hate school. All right guys, what you say we giddy up for the learning and get her done right now. So why don't we start with what it is."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "This is going to be about 12, 10,000 before the common era, a very, very long time ago. We're going to take a look at the major causes and major effects of the Neolithic revolution and give you just enough so you can watch this and not hate school. All right guys, what you say we giddy up for the learning and get her done right now. So why don't we start with what it is. The Neolithic revolution isn't a revolution in the ordinary sense of the word that you might understand it. You might think revolution, bloody coup, people uprising, big changes quickly. The Neolithic revolution is literally going to be a revolution that occurs over thousands of years and it's hard to pinpoint one specific event or one specific place because it's really a multiple of changes over a multiple of regions."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So why don't we start with what it is. The Neolithic revolution isn't a revolution in the ordinary sense of the word that you might understand it. You might think revolution, bloody coup, people uprising, big changes quickly. The Neolithic revolution is literally going to be a revolution that occurs over thousands of years and it's hard to pinpoint one specific event or one specific place because it's really a multiple of changes over a multiple of regions. Whether it's going to be Syria where we're going to have the first real examples of the domestication of animals to China where we have one of the earliest examples of really a staple crop being planted and being relied on. But either way the answer on the exam is going to be that the Stone Age or the Paleolithic Age which is about two or three million BCE to about 10,000 BCE is characterized by hunting and gathering. It's the caveman thing."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The Neolithic revolution is literally going to be a revolution that occurs over thousands of years and it's hard to pinpoint one specific event or one specific place because it's really a multiple of changes over a multiple of regions. Whether it's going to be Syria where we're going to have the first real examples of the domestication of animals to China where we have one of the earliest examples of really a staple crop being planted and being relied on. But either way the answer on the exam is going to be that the Stone Age or the Paleolithic Age which is about two or three million BCE to about 10,000 BCE is characterized by hunting and gathering. It's the caveman thing. My goodness gracious, you know what a caveman is. They're clans of 20 or 30 people. They're nomadic."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the caveman thing. My goodness gracious, you know what a caveman is. They're clans of 20 or 30 people. They're nomadic. They're looking for food. They're looking for wild berries. They're looking to live, right?"}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're nomadic. They're looking for food. They're looking for wild berries. They're looking to live, right? But these changes that occur in the Neolithic revolution which we're going to go over next are going to cause the caveman to sit downeth. And once the caveman and the cavewoman sit downeth they have a chance to do a lot of things that are going to be revolutionary. So let's look at the causes of those changes."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're looking to live, right? But these changes that occur in the Neolithic revolution which we're going to go over next are going to cause the caveman to sit downeth. And once the caveman and the cavewoman sit downeth they have a chance to do a lot of things that are going to be revolutionary. So let's look at the causes of those changes. The end of the Stone Age, the Old Stone Age, the Paleolithic Age, and the beginning of the Neolithic Age. And again the years fluctuate but a good round number if you're taking notes is about 10,000 before the Common Era, BCE, before the year zero. Are you ready for some causes?"}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's look at the causes of those changes. The end of the Stone Age, the Old Stone Age, the Paleolithic Age, and the beginning of the Neolithic Age. And again the years fluctuate but a good round number if you're taking notes is about 10,000 before the Common Era, BCE, before the year zero. Are you ready for some causes? I'm ready for some causes. Let's go get them. So causes of the Neolithic revolution and again we might be throwing darts in the wind here."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Are you ready for some causes? I'm ready for some causes. Let's go get them. So causes of the Neolithic revolution and again we might be throwing darts in the wind here. Now of course there is archaeology where we're studying the land and we're looking for artifacts and fossils. And we also have archaeogenetics, a field which looks at DNA and how that has changed and evolved over time which gives us some insights into the Neolithic Age and the Paleolithic Age as well. But the major change if you're looking for the one answer is probably going to be climate change at the end of the Ice Age."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So causes of the Neolithic revolution and again we might be throwing darts in the wind here. Now of course there is archaeology where we're studying the land and we're looking for artifacts and fossils. And we also have archaeogenetics, a field which looks at DNA and how that has changed and evolved over time which gives us some insights into the Neolithic Age and the Paleolithic Age as well. But the major change if you're looking for the one answer is probably going to be climate change at the end of the Ice Age. The end of the Ice Age, the melting of the glaciers, is going to cause global changes in the way that the land and the environment is structured. So it might be in the Middle East, say in Syria, where suddenly there is kind of a fertile valley where food will grow more easily giving people the opportunity to sit down. In other areas there might be a lack of an animal food supply which is going to cause people to have to sit down and figure out how do we eat."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But the major change if you're looking for the one answer is probably going to be climate change at the end of the Ice Age. The end of the Ice Age, the melting of the glaciers, is going to cause global changes in the way that the land and the environment is structured. So it might be in the Middle East, say in Syria, where suddenly there is kind of a fertile valley where food will grow more easily giving people the opportunity to sit down. In other areas there might be a lack of an animal food supply which is going to cause people to have to sit down and figure out how do we eat. And climate change would be probably top on my list. But there's also other reasons that archaeologists and archaeogenetics people have put out there including the population just growing too large to be a huntering and gathering society. So when you have too many people you have to figure out how to feed them."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "In other areas there might be a lack of an animal food supply which is going to cause people to have to sit down and figure out how do we eat. And climate change would be probably top on my list. But there's also other reasons that archaeologists and archaeogenetics people have put out there including the population just growing too large to be a huntering and gathering society. So when you have too many people you have to figure out how to feed them. You also have a feast theory that the clans were more powerful when they would have feasts with lots of food which caused them to have to sit down and make food. Again another reason for a change. You also have the oasis theory that in some parts of the world in the Middle East that there was only so many pockets of water of oasis that was available which caused the hunter and gathering people to come together and sit down."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So when you have too many people you have to figure out how to feed them. You also have a feast theory that the clans were more powerful when they would have feasts with lots of food which caused them to have to sit down and make food. Again another reason for a change. You also have the oasis theory that in some parts of the world in the Middle East that there was only so many pockets of water of oasis that was available which caused the hunter and gathering people to come together and sit down. But geographically we're located in the Middle East, in Syria, in the Far East, in China and as these changes occur they will begin to kind of like ripples in a pond kind of you know reverberate across Europe and then in Africa and then eventually making their way over to North America. But at the end of the day the biggest thing that you want to know for causes is that it's the end of the Ice Age and that it's going to cause people for the first time to figure out we need to sit down. And now that you sit down there's probably going to be some revolutionary changes that occur that we should look at right now."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You also have the oasis theory that in some parts of the world in the Middle East that there was only so many pockets of water of oasis that was available which caused the hunter and gathering people to come together and sit down. But geographically we're located in the Middle East, in Syria, in the Far East, in China and as these changes occur they will begin to kind of like ripples in a pond kind of you know reverberate across Europe and then in Africa and then eventually making their way over to North America. But at the end of the day the biggest thing that you want to know for causes is that it's the end of the Ice Age and that it's going to cause people for the first time to figure out we need to sit down. And now that you sit down there's probably going to be some revolutionary changes that occur that we should look at right now. Right now. So number one is agriculture and of course it depended where you are of what you grew but in the beginning it's going to be single crop. They're going to have wheat in the Middle East and figs."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now that you sit down there's probably going to be some revolutionary changes that occur that we should look at right now. Right now. So number one is agriculture and of course it depended where you are of what you grew but in the beginning it's going to be single crop. They're going to have wheat in the Middle East and figs. They're going to have rice in China. But they're going to be able to figure out how to eventually breed these seeds to get better tasting and better nutrition packed foods. But at the very beginning it's actually a negative because you've gone from a hunting gathering society where you're eating a lot of protein to one where maybe you're not eating as much protein and actually the life expectancy goes down in the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution as well does the height of the people."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "They're going to have wheat in the Middle East and figs. They're going to have rice in China. But they're going to be able to figure out how to eventually breed these seeds to get better tasting and better nutrition packed foods. But at the very beginning it's actually a negative because you've gone from a hunting gathering society where you're eating a lot of protein to one where maybe you're not eating as much protein and actually the life expectancy goes down in the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution as well does the height of the people. I think we shrank like six inches. It's ridiculous. But number one would be agriculture and with that comes changing your natural environment."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But at the very beginning it's actually a negative because you've gone from a hunting gathering society where you're eating a lot of protein to one where maybe you're not eating as much protein and actually the life expectancy goes down in the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution as well does the height of the people. I think we shrank like six inches. It's ridiculous. But number one would be agriculture and with that comes changing your natural environment. That's a second effect. In order to have agriculture you're going to have to irrigate and move water. You're going to have to cut trees down and do deforestation."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But number one would be agriculture and with that comes changing your natural environment. That's a second effect. In order to have agriculture you're going to have to irrigate and move water. You're going to have to cut trees down and do deforestation. So modifying natural resources would be important as well as is the domestication of animals. Before they're just hunting animals. Now they're figuring out that they can in a sense grow animals."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "You're going to have to cut trees down and do deforestation. So modifying natural resources would be important as well as is the domestication of animals. Before they're just hunting animals. Now they're figuring out that they can in a sense grow animals. They can breed animals. We can have cows for milk. We can have larger animals like oxen for traction to pull our plows and help us grow more food."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Now they're figuring out that they can in a sense grow animals. They can breed animals. We can have cows for milk. We can have larger animals like oxen for traction to pull our plows and help us grow more food. Not to mention sheep and wool and using pigs and all different types of byproducts of animals. But the most probably important thing is going to be milk and that milk is going to really create a source of nutrition and protein for people. And if you don't believe me look at the numbers of lactose intolerant people that kind of disappear off the planet during the Neolithic Revolution through evolutionary survival."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We can have larger animals like oxen for traction to pull our plows and help us grow more food. Not to mention sheep and wool and using pigs and all different types of byproducts of animals. But the most probably important thing is going to be milk and that milk is going to really create a source of nutrition and protein for people. And if you don't believe me look at the numbers of lactose intolerant people that kind of disappear off the planet during the Neolithic Revolution through evolutionary survival. That those people that aren't drinking milk just aren't going to live as long. Sounds like a milk commercial. I don't even drink milk."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And if you don't believe me look at the numbers of lactose intolerant people that kind of disappear off the planet during the Neolithic Revolution through evolutionary survival. That those people that aren't drinking milk just aren't going to live as long. Sounds like a milk commercial. I don't even drink milk. But at the end of the day the people that do drink milk are going to grow up nice and healthy and strong and have lots of babies that are also tolerant of lactose. I think I got off the track a little bit there. Interestingly one of the negative effects of the domestication of animals is that lots of people are going to die because animals bring diseases."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "I don't even drink milk. But at the end of the day the people that do drink milk are going to grow up nice and healthy and strong and have lots of babies that are also tolerant of lactose. I think I got off the track a little bit there. Interestingly one of the negative effects of the domestication of animals is that lots of people are going to die because animals bring diseases. We're going to get the measles and influenza and smallpox. But again through survival of the fittest, through evolution, people that do survive are going to pass on those stronger immunity systems that are going to protect them from those diseases to their offspring. We're also going to talk about the division of labor."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Interestingly one of the negative effects of the domestication of animals is that lots of people are going to die because animals bring diseases. We're going to get the measles and influenza and smallpox. But again through survival of the fittest, through evolution, people that do survive are going to pass on those stronger immunity systems that are going to protect them from those diseases to their offspring. We're also going to talk about the division of labor. For the first time not everybody is hunting and gathering. So you have an opportunity not only for art and having art that you don't have to carry on your back. Imagine doing Stonehenge in the Paleolithic Age."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "We're also going to talk about the division of labor. For the first time not everybody is hunting and gathering. So you have an opportunity not only for art and having art that you don't have to carry on your back. Imagine doing Stonehenge in the Paleolithic Age. Guys pick up Stonehenge. We're going to the other side to catch the animals. So art is going to be a huge deal."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "Imagine doing Stonehenge in the Paleolithic Age. Guys pick up Stonehenge. We're going to the other side to catch the animals. So art is going to be a huge deal. Technology, inventing things like calendars and the wheel and early writing system is going to be very important. Not to mention that people start thinking about larger issues like religion, like politics, like how do we build a civilization. So I would say social classes, division of labor, government, all of these are very important effects of the Neolithic Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So art is going to be a huge deal. Technology, inventing things like calendars and the wheel and early writing system is going to be very important. Not to mention that people start thinking about larger issues like religion, like politics, like how do we build a civilization. So I would say social classes, division of labor, government, all of these are very important effects of the Neolithic Revolution. And within that social class that I just mentioned, you're going to get a whole new concept, property ownership. We're going to spare you the Marxism for now. And now that we have agricultural, go back to agricultural, you have a surplus of food."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "So I would say social classes, division of labor, government, all of these are very important effects of the Neolithic Revolution. And within that social class that I just mentioned, you're going to get a whole new concept, property ownership. We're going to spare you the Marxism for now. And now that we have agricultural, go back to agricultural, you have a surplus of food. And that will feed larger populations which will allow you to expand your empire in a sense. And we also have inventions like granaries, you know, where you need to kind of put the food in storage for a little bit while. But that's going to be really important because the more grain you store, the more time you have on your hands to do other stuff."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And now that we have agricultural, go back to agricultural, you have a surplus of food. And that will feed larger populations which will allow you to expand your empire in a sense. And we also have inventions like granaries, you know, where you need to kind of put the food in storage for a little bit while. But that's going to be really important because the more grain you store, the more time you have on your hands to do other stuff. And of course with new technology comes new weapons. We're going to end up not just with stone, which is Paleolithic, but we're going to have metal weapons as well. And like any civilization, those with the biggest guns wins."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "But that's going to be really important because the more grain you store, the more time you have on your hands to do other stuff. And of course with new technology comes new weapons. We're going to end up not just with stone, which is Paleolithic, but we're going to have metal weapons as well. And like any civilization, those with the biggest guns wins. And that's really going to be the beginnings of the city-state which is going to grow into eventually more of a modern history as we take a look at some of those early civilizations that make the day. So there you go guys. That's kind of the effects of the Neolithic Revolution."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "And like any civilization, those with the biggest guns wins. And that's really going to be the beginnings of the city-state which is going to grow into eventually more of a modern history as we take a look at some of those early civilizations that make the day. So there you go guys. That's kind of the effects of the Neolithic Revolution. I'm going to go get some wrapping paper and see if we can wrap this up and make sure that you know enough to get through your day at school. Alright guys, let's wrap it up. The first thing I want to do is make sure that you look at a timeline and how ridiculously long the Paleolithic Age is and how ridiculously short really the Neolithic Revolution is and certainly where we are in modern history."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "That's kind of the effects of the Neolithic Revolution. I'm going to go get some wrapping paper and see if we can wrap this up and make sure that you know enough to get through your day at school. Alright guys, let's wrap it up. The first thing I want to do is make sure that you look at a timeline and how ridiculously long the Paleolithic Age is and how ridiculously short really the Neolithic Revolution is and certainly where we are in modern history. But if we had to summarize, if you have to put down that big sentence at the end that shows the teacher you know what you're talking about, you want to make sure that you mention that the Paleolithic or the Old Stone Age is characterized by hunting and gathering and moving along and that the Neolithic Revolution around 10,000 BCE, but don't quote me, is where people for climate change reasons began to settle their roots to kind of center their lives around agriculture, domestication of animals, and the building of civilization. So we hope that you understand a little bit more than when you press the button and we certainly hope that you pass all of your tests. So make sure you check out the World History playlist if you have to pass more tests in World History and if you're taking any other social studies class, go to the YouTube home page."}, {"video_title": "The Neolithic Age Explained Global History Review.m4a", "Sentence": "The first thing I want to do is make sure that you look at a timeline and how ridiculously long the Paleolithic Age is and how ridiculously short really the Neolithic Revolution is and certainly where we are in modern history. But if we had to summarize, if you have to put down that big sentence at the end that shows the teacher you know what you're talking about, you want to make sure that you mention that the Paleolithic or the Old Stone Age is characterized by hunting and gathering and moving along and that the Neolithic Revolution around 10,000 BCE, but don't quote me, is where people for climate change reasons began to settle their roots to kind of center their lives around agriculture, domestication of animals, and the building of civilization. So we hope that you understand a little bit more than when you press the button and we certainly hope that you pass all of your tests. So make sure you check out the World History playlist if you have to pass more tests in World History and if you're taking any other social studies class, go to the YouTube home page. We have like 400 videos. It's absolutely ridiculous. I say it at the end of every lecture because I mean it with all of my heart guys."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, my name is John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about slavery. Slavery is not funny. In fact, it's very near the top of the list of things that aren't funny, so today's episode is going to be a little light on the jokes. But I'm going to help you understand what pre-Civil War Americans often euphemistically referred to as the peculiar institution. INTRO Slavery is as old as civilization itself, although it's not as old as humanity, thanks to our hunting and gathering foremothers. But the numbers involved in the Atlantic slave trade are truly staggering. From 1500 to 1880 CE, somewhere between 10 and 12 million African slaves were forcibly moved from Africa to the Americas, and about 15% of those people died during the journey."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "But I'm going to help you understand what pre-Civil War Americans often euphemistically referred to as the peculiar institution. INTRO Slavery is as old as civilization itself, although it's not as old as humanity, thanks to our hunting and gathering foremothers. But the numbers involved in the Atlantic slave trade are truly staggering. From 1500 to 1880 CE, somewhere between 10 and 12 million African slaves were forcibly moved from Africa to the Americas, and about 15% of those people died during the journey. I know you're saying, that looks like a very nice ship, I mean my god, it's almost as big as South America. Yeah, not to scale. And those who didn't die became property, bought and sold like any commodity."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "From 1500 to 1880 CE, somewhere between 10 and 12 million African slaves were forcibly moved from Africa to the Americas, and about 15% of those people died during the journey. I know you're saying, that looks like a very nice ship, I mean my god, it's almost as big as South America. Yeah, not to scale. And those who didn't die became property, bought and sold like any commodity. Where Africans came from and went to changed over time, but in all, 48% of slaves went to the Caribbean and 41% to Brazil, although few Americans recognize this, relatively few slaves were imported to the US, only about 5% of the total. It's also worth noting that by the time Europeans started importing Africans into the Americas, Europe had a long history of trading slaves. The first real European slave trade began after the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the crusade that you will remember as the crazy one."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "And those who didn't die became property, bought and sold like any commodity. Where Africans came from and went to changed over time, but in all, 48% of slaves went to the Caribbean and 41% to Brazil, although few Americans recognize this, relatively few slaves were imported to the US, only about 5% of the total. It's also worth noting that by the time Europeans started importing Africans into the Americas, Europe had a long history of trading slaves. The first real European slave trade began after the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the crusade that you will remember as the crazy one. Italian merchants imported thousands of Armenian, Circassian, and Georgian slaves to Italy. Most of them were women who worked as household servants, but many worked processing sugar. And sugar is of course a crop that African slaves later cultivated in the Caribbean."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "The first real European slave trade began after the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the crusade that you will remember as the crazy one. Italian merchants imported thousands of Armenian, Circassian, and Georgian slaves to Italy. Most of them were women who worked as household servants, but many worked processing sugar. And sugar is of course a crop that African slaves later cultivated in the Caribbean. Camera 2 side note, none of the primary crops grown by slaves, sugar, tobacco, coffee, is necessary to sustain human life. So in a way, slavery is a very early byproduct of a consumer culture that revolves around the purchase of goods that bring us pleasure, but not sustenance. You are welcome to draw your own metaphorically resonant conclusions from this fact."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "And sugar is of course a crop that African slaves later cultivated in the Caribbean. Camera 2 side note, none of the primary crops grown by slaves, sugar, tobacco, coffee, is necessary to sustain human life. So in a way, slavery is a very early byproduct of a consumer culture that revolves around the purchase of goods that bring us pleasure, but not sustenance. You are welcome to draw your own metaphorically resonant conclusions from this fact. One of the big misconceptions about slavery, at least when I was growing up, was that Europeans somehow captured Africans, put them in chains, stuck them on boats, and then took them to the Americas. The chains and ships bit is true, as is the America part, if you define America as America and not as Merica. But Africans were living in all kinds of conglomerations, from small villages to city-states to empires, and they were much too powerful for the Europeans to just conquer."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "You are welcome to draw your own metaphorically resonant conclusions from this fact. One of the big misconceptions about slavery, at least when I was growing up, was that Europeans somehow captured Africans, put them in chains, stuck them on boats, and then took them to the Americas. The chains and ships bit is true, as is the America part, if you define America as America and not as Merica. But Africans were living in all kinds of conglomerations, from small villages to city-states to empires, and they were much too powerful for the Europeans to just conquer. And in fact, Europeans obtained African slaves by trading for them. Because trade is a two-way proposition, this meant that Africans were captured by other Africans and then traded to Europeans in exchange for goods, usually like metal tools or fine textiles or guns. And for those Africans, slaves were a form of property, and a very valuable one."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "But Africans were living in all kinds of conglomerations, from small villages to city-states to empires, and they were much too powerful for the Europeans to just conquer. And in fact, Europeans obtained African slaves by trading for them. Because trade is a two-way proposition, this meant that Africans were captured by other Africans and then traded to Europeans in exchange for goods, usually like metal tools or fine textiles or guns. And for those Africans, slaves were a form of property, and a very valuable one. In many places, slaves were one of the only sources of private wealth because land was usually owned by the state. And this gets to a really important point. If we're going to understand the tragedy of slavery, we need to understand the economics of it."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "And for those Africans, slaves were a form of property, and a very valuable one. In many places, slaves were one of the only sources of private wealth because land was usually owned by the state. And this gets to a really important point. If we're going to understand the tragedy of slavery, we need to understand the economics of it. We need to get inside what Mark Twain famously called a deformed conscience. We have to see slaves both as they were, as human beings, and as they were viewed as an economic commodity. Right, so you probably know about the horrendous conditions aboard slave ships, which at their largest could hold 400 people."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "If we're going to understand the tragedy of slavery, we need to understand the economics of it. We need to get inside what Mark Twain famously called a deformed conscience. We have to see slaves both as they were, as human beings, and as they were viewed as an economic commodity. Right, so you probably know about the horrendous conditions aboard slave ships, which at their largest could hold 400 people. But it's worth underscoring that each slave had an average of four square feet of space. That is four square feet. As one eyewitness testified before Parliament in 1791, they had not so much room as a man in his coffin."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Right, so you probably know about the horrendous conditions aboard slave ships, which at their largest could hold 400 people. But it's worth underscoring that each slave had an average of four square feet of space. That is four square feet. As one eyewitness testified before Parliament in 1791, they had not so much room as a man in his coffin. Once in the Americas, the surviving slaves were sold at a market very similar to the way cattle would be sold. After purchase, slave owners would often brand their new possession on the cheeks, again, just as they would do with cattle. The lives of slaves were dominated by work and terror, but mostly work."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "As one eyewitness testified before Parliament in 1791, they had not so much room as a man in his coffin. Once in the Americas, the surviving slaves were sold at a market very similar to the way cattle would be sold. After purchase, slave owners would often brand their new possession on the cheeks, again, just as they would do with cattle. The lives of slaves were dominated by work and terror, but mostly work. Slaves did all types of work, from housework to skilled crafts work, and some even worked as sailors, but the majority of them worked as agricultural laborers. In the Caribbean and Brazil, most of them planted, harvested, and processed sugar, working ten months out of the year, dawn until dusk. The worst part of this job, which is saying something, because there were many bad parts, was fertilizing the sugar cane."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "The lives of slaves were dominated by work and terror, but mostly work. Slaves did all types of work, from housework to skilled crafts work, and some even worked as sailors, but the majority of them worked as agricultural laborers. In the Caribbean and Brazil, most of them planted, harvested, and processed sugar, working ten months out of the year, dawn until dusk. The worst part of this job, which is saying something, because there were many bad parts, was fertilizing the sugar cane. This required slaves to carry 80-pound baskets of manure on their heads up and down hilly terrain. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, isn't there a poop joke in there somewhere? Nope."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "The worst part of this job, which is saying something, because there were many bad parts, was fertilizing the sugar cane. This required slaves to carry 80-pound baskets of manure on their heads up and down hilly terrain. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, isn't there a poop joke in there somewhere? Nope. Me from the past, because this whole thing is too depressing. When it came time to harvest and process the cane, speed was incredibly important, because once cut, sugar sap can go sour within a day. This meant that slaves would often work 48 hours straight during harvest time, working without sleep in the sweltering sugar press houses, where the cane would be crushed in hand rollers and then boiled."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Nope. Me from the past, because this whole thing is too depressing. When it came time to harvest and process the cane, speed was incredibly important, because once cut, sugar sap can go sour within a day. This meant that slaves would often work 48 hours straight during harvest time, working without sleep in the sweltering sugar press houses, where the cane would be crushed in hand rollers and then boiled. Slaves often caught their hands in the rollers, and their overseers kept a hatchet on hand for amputations. Ugh, I told you this wasn't going to be funny. Given these appalling conditions, it's little wonder that the average life expectancy for a Brazilian slave on a sugar plantation in the late 18th century was 23 years."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "This meant that slaves would often work 48 hours straight during harvest time, working without sleep in the sweltering sugar press houses, where the cane would be crushed in hand rollers and then boiled. Slaves often caught their hands in the rollers, and their overseers kept a hatchet on hand for amputations. Ugh, I told you this wasn't going to be funny. Given these appalling conditions, it's little wonder that the average life expectancy for a Brazilian slave on a sugar plantation in the late 18th century was 23 years. Things were slightly better in British sugar colonies like Barbados, and in the U.S., living and working conditions were better still. So relatively good that in fact, slave populations began increasing naturally, meaning that more slaves were born than died. This may sound like a good thing, but it is of course its own kind of evil, because it meant that slave owners were calculating that if they kept their slaves healthy enough, they would reproduce, and then the slave owners could steal and sell their children."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Given these appalling conditions, it's little wonder that the average life expectancy for a Brazilian slave on a sugar plantation in the late 18th century was 23 years. Things were slightly better in British sugar colonies like Barbados, and in the U.S., living and working conditions were better still. So relatively good that in fact, slave populations began increasing naturally, meaning that more slaves were born than died. This may sound like a good thing, but it is of course its own kind of evil, because it meant that slave owners were calculating that if they kept their slaves healthy enough, they would reproduce, and then the slave owners could steal and sell their children. Or use them to work their land, either way. Anyway, this explains why even though the percentage of slaves imported from Africa to the United States was relatively small, slaves and other people of African descent came to make up a significant portion of the U.S. population. The brutality of working conditions in Brazil, on the other hand, meant that slaves were never able to increase their population naturally, hence the continued need to import slaves into Brazil until slavery ended in the 1880s."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "This may sound like a good thing, but it is of course its own kind of evil, because it meant that slave owners were calculating that if they kept their slaves healthy enough, they would reproduce, and then the slave owners could steal and sell their children. Or use them to work their land, either way. Anyway, this explains why even though the percentage of slaves imported from Africa to the United States was relatively small, slaves and other people of African descent came to make up a significant portion of the U.S. population. The brutality of working conditions in Brazil, on the other hand, meant that slaves were never able to increase their population naturally, hence the continued need to import slaves into Brazil until slavery ended in the 1880s. So I noted earlier that slavery isn't new. It's also a hard word to define. Like Stalin forced millions to work in the gulags, but we don't usually consider those people slaves."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "The brutality of working conditions in Brazil, on the other hand, meant that slaves were never able to increase their population naturally, hence the continued need to import slaves into Brazil until slavery ended in the 1880s. So I noted earlier that slavery isn't new. It's also a hard word to define. Like Stalin forced millions to work in the gulags, but we don't usually consider those people slaves. On the other hand, many slaves in history had lives of great power, wealth, and influence. Like remember Zheng He, the world's greatest admiral? He was technically a slave."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Like Stalin forced millions to work in the gulags, but we don't usually consider those people slaves. On the other hand, many slaves in history had lives of great power, wealth, and influence. Like remember Zheng He, the world's greatest admiral? He was technically a slave. So were many of the most important advisors to Suleiman the Magnificent. So was Darth Vader. But Atlantic slavery was different and more horrifying because it was chattel slavery, a term historians used to indicate that the slaves were movable property."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "He was technically a slave. So were many of the most important advisors to Suleiman the Magnificent. So was Darth Vader. But Atlantic slavery was different and more horrifying because it was chattel slavery, a term historians used to indicate that the slaves were movable property. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Ow! Oh!"}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "But Atlantic slavery was different and more horrifying because it was chattel slavery, a term historians used to indicate that the slaves were movable property. Oh, it's time for the open letter? Ow! Oh! Ah! An open letter to the word slave. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh! Ah! An open letter to the word slave. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Boba Fett, noted owner of a ship called Slave I. Apparently a ballet dancer. Doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's Boba Fett, noted owner of a ship called Slave I. Apparently a ballet dancer. Doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo. That's a fine approximation of ballet music. Thank you, Stan. Alright."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo doo. That's a fine approximation of ballet music. Thank you, Stan. Alright. Dear Slave, as a word, you are overused. Like Britney Spears, I'm a slave, number four letter you. No you're not."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright. Dear Slave, as a word, you are overused. Like Britney Spears, I'm a slave, number four letter you. No you're not. Boba Fett's ship, Slave I, a ship can't be a slave. But more importantly, slave, you are constantly used in political rhetoric and never correctly. There's nothing new about this."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "No you're not. Boba Fett's ship, Slave I, a ship can't be a slave. But more importantly, slave, you are constantly used in political rhetoric and never correctly. There's nothing new about this. Witness, for instance, all the early Americans claiming that paying the stamp tax would make them slaves. That was in a time when they knew exactly what slavery looked like. Taxes, as I've mentioned before, can be very useful."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "There's nothing new about this. Witness, for instance, all the early Americans claiming that paying the stamp tax would make them slaves. That was in a time when they knew exactly what slavery looked like. Taxes, as I've mentioned before, can be very useful. I, for instance, like paved roads. But even if you don't like a tax, it's not slavery. Here, I have written for you a list of all the times that it is okay to use the word slave."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Taxes, as I've mentioned before, can be very useful. I, for instance, like paved roads. But even if you don't like a tax, it's not slavery. Here, I have written for you a list of all the times that it is okay to use the word slave. Oh, it is a one item long list. Best wishes, John Green. So what exactly makes slavery so horrendous?"}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Here, I have written for you a list of all the times that it is okay to use the word slave. Oh, it is a one item long list. Best wishes, John Green. So what exactly makes slavery so horrendous? Well, definitions are slippery, but I'm going to start with the definition of slavery proposed by sociologist Orlando Patterson. It is the permanent, violent, and personal domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons. According to this definition, a slave is removed from the culture, land, and society of his or her birth and suffers what Patterson called social death."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "So what exactly makes slavery so horrendous? Well, definitions are slippery, but I'm going to start with the definition of slavery proposed by sociologist Orlando Patterson. It is the permanent, violent, and personal domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons. According to this definition, a slave is removed from the culture, land, and society of his or her birth and suffers what Patterson called social death. Ultimately, then, what makes slavery slavery is that slaves are dehumanized. The Latin word that gave us chattel also gave us cattle. In many ways, Atlantic slavery drew from a lot of previous models of slavery and took everything that sucked about each of them and combined them into a big ball so that it would be the biggest possible ball of suck."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "According to this definition, a slave is removed from the culture, land, and society of his or her birth and suffers what Patterson called social death. Ultimately, then, what makes slavery slavery is that slaves are dehumanized. The Latin word that gave us chattel also gave us cattle. In many ways, Atlantic slavery drew from a lot of previous models of slavery and took everything that sucked about each of them and combined them into a big ball so that it would be the biggest possible ball of suck. Stan, am I allowed to say suck on this show? Nice. Okay, to understand what I'm talking about, we need to look at some previous models of slavery."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "In many ways, Atlantic slavery drew from a lot of previous models of slavery and took everything that sucked about each of them and combined them into a big ball so that it would be the biggest possible ball of suck. Stan, am I allowed to say suck on this show? Nice. Okay, to understand what I'm talking about, we need to look at some previous models of slavery. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Greeks were among the first to consider otherness a characteristic of slaves. Most Greek slaves were barbarians, and their inability to speak Greek kept them from talking back to their masters and also indicated their slave status."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Okay, to understand what I'm talking about, we need to look at some previous models of slavery. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The Greeks were among the first to consider otherness a characteristic of slaves. Most Greek slaves were barbarians, and their inability to speak Greek kept them from talking back to their masters and also indicated their slave status. Aristotle, who despite being spectacularly wrong about almost everything, was incredibly influential, believed that some people were just naturally slaves, saying, It is clear that there are certain people who are free and certain people who are slaves by nature, and it is both to their advantage and just for them to be slaves. This idea, despite being totally insane, remained popular for millennia. The Greeks popularized the idea that slaves should be traded from far away, but the Romans took it to another level."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Most Greek slaves were barbarians, and their inability to speak Greek kept them from talking back to their masters and also indicated their slave status. Aristotle, who despite being spectacularly wrong about almost everything, was incredibly influential, believed that some people were just naturally slaves, saying, It is clear that there are certain people who are free and certain people who are slaves by nature, and it is both to their advantage and just for them to be slaves. This idea, despite being totally insane, remained popular for millennia. The Greeks popularized the idea that slaves should be traded from far away, but the Romans took it to another level. Slaves probably made up 30% of the total Roman population, similar to the percentage of slaves in America at slavery's height. The Romans also invented the plantation, using mass numbers of slaves to work the land on giant farms called latifundia, so-called because they were not fun-dia. The Judeo-Christian world contributed as well, and while we are not going to venture into the incredibly complicated role that slavery plays in the Bible, because I vividly remember the comment section from the Christianity episode, the Bible was widely used to justify slavery and in particular the enslavement of Africans, because of the moment in Genesis when Noah curses Ham, saying, Cursed be Canaan, the lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "The Greeks popularized the idea that slaves should be traded from far away, but the Romans took it to another level. Slaves probably made up 30% of the total Roman population, similar to the percentage of slaves in America at slavery's height. The Romans also invented the plantation, using mass numbers of slaves to work the land on giant farms called latifundia, so-called because they were not fun-dia. The Judeo-Christian world contributed as well, and while we are not going to venture into the incredibly complicated role that slavery plays in the Bible, because I vividly remember the comment section from the Christianity episode, the Bible was widely used to justify slavery and in particular the enslavement of Africans, because of the moment in Genesis when Noah curses Ham, saying, Cursed be Canaan, the lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers. This encapsulates two ideas vital to Atlantic slavery. One, that slavery can be a hereditary status passed down through generations, and two, that slavery is the result of human sin. Both ideas serve as powerful justifications for holding an entire race in bondage."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "The Judeo-Christian world contributed as well, and while we are not going to venture into the incredibly complicated role that slavery plays in the Bible, because I vividly remember the comment section from the Christianity episode, the Bible was widely used to justify slavery and in particular the enslavement of Africans, because of the moment in Genesis when Noah curses Ham, saying, Cursed be Canaan, the lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers. This encapsulates two ideas vital to Atlantic slavery. One, that slavery can be a hereditary status passed down through generations, and two, that slavery is the result of human sin. Both ideas serve as powerful justifications for holding an entire race in bondage. Thanks Thought Bubble, but there were even more contributors to the ideas that led to Atlantic slavery. For instance, Muslim Arabs were the first to import large number of Bantu-speaking Africans into their territory as slaves. The Muslims called these Africans Zanj, and they were a distinct and despised group, distinguished from other North Africans by the color of their skin."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Both ideas serve as powerful justifications for holding an entire race in bondage. Thanks Thought Bubble, but there were even more contributors to the ideas that led to Atlantic slavery. For instance, Muslim Arabs were the first to import large number of Bantu-speaking Africans into their territory as slaves. The Muslims called these Africans Zanj, and they were a distinct and despised group, distinguished from other North Africans by the color of their skin. The Zanjan territory held by the Abbasids staged one of the first big slave revolts in 869 CE, and it may be that this revolt was so devastating that it convinced the Abbasids that large-scale plantation-style agriculture on the Roman model just wasn't worth it. But by then they'd connected the Aristotelian idea that some people are just naturally slaves with the appearance of sub-Saharan Africans. The Spanish and the Portuguese, you no doubt remember, were the Europeans with the closest ties to the Muslim world because there were Muslims living on the Iberian Peninsula until 1492, so it makes sense that the Iberians would be the first to absorb these racist attitude toward blacks."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "The Muslims called these Africans Zanj, and they were a distinct and despised group, distinguished from other North Africans by the color of their skin. The Zanjan territory held by the Abbasids staged one of the first big slave revolts in 869 CE, and it may be that this revolt was so devastating that it convinced the Abbasids that large-scale plantation-style agriculture on the Roman model just wasn't worth it. But by then they'd connected the Aristotelian idea that some people are just naturally slaves with the appearance of sub-Saharan Africans. The Spanish and the Portuguese, you no doubt remember, were the Europeans with the closest ties to the Muslim world because there were Muslims living on the Iberian Peninsula until 1492, so it makes sense that the Iberians would be the first to absorb these racist attitude toward blacks. And as the first colonizers of the Americas and the dominant importers of slaves, the Portuguese and the Spanish helped define the attitudes that characterized Atlantic slavery, beliefs they'd inherited from a complicated nexus of all the slaveholders who came before them. Atlantic slavery was a monstrous tragedy, but it was a tragedy in which the whole world participated. And it was the culmination of millennia of imagining the other as inherently lesser."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "The Spanish and the Portuguese, you no doubt remember, were the Europeans with the closest ties to the Muslim world because there were Muslims living on the Iberian Peninsula until 1492, so it makes sense that the Iberians would be the first to absorb these racist attitude toward blacks. And as the first colonizers of the Americas and the dominant importers of slaves, the Portuguese and the Spanish helped define the attitudes that characterized Atlantic slavery, beliefs they'd inherited from a complicated nexus of all the slaveholders who came before them. Atlantic slavery was a monstrous tragedy, but it was a tragedy in which the whole world participated. And it was the culmination of millennia of imagining the other as inherently lesser. It's tempting to pin all the blame for Atlantic slavery on one particular group, but to blame one group is to exonerate all the others, and by extension, ourselves. The truth that we must grapple with is that a vast array of our ancestors, including those we think of as ours, whoever they may be, believed that it was possible for their fellow human beings to be mere property. Thanks for watching."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "And it was the culmination of millennia of imagining the other as inherently lesser. It's tempting to pin all the blame for Atlantic slavery on one particular group, but to blame one group is to exonerate all the others, and by extension, ourselves. The truth that we must grapple with is that a vast array of our ancestors, including those we think of as ours, whoever they may be, believed that it was possible for their fellow human beings to be mere property. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "The Atlantic Slave Trade Crash Course World History #24.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Cinnamon Challenge. I hate you for that, by the way."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Grandpa, quick, tell me everything you know about World War I. World War I? I fought in that course to enlist. I had to lie about my age. Explosion. Hey guys, welcome to another Hip Hughes lecture. World history, global history, not my specialty, but I can spew enough out for you to learn something."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "I had to lie about my age. Explosion. Hey guys, welcome to another Hip Hughes lecture. World history, global history, not my specialty, but I can spew enough out for you to learn something. Today we're going to take a look at maybe 10 or 11, 12 minutes, a global perspective of World War I. We're going to keep it short and sweet and hopefully give you enough to kind of maybe light up your brain to recall some stuff or to learn at least some important vocabulary and the major flow of what happened in World War I so you can bang together an essay. And remember, always go to RegentsPrep.org or I have a great link on my website, hiphughes.blogspot.com, so you can check out some other ways of studying."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "World history, global history, not my specialty, but I can spew enough out for you to learn something. Today we're going to take a look at maybe 10 or 11, 12 minutes, a global perspective of World War I. We're going to keep it short and sweet and hopefully give you enough to kind of maybe light up your brain to recall some stuff or to learn at least some important vocabulary and the major flow of what happened in World War I so you can bang together an essay. And remember, always go to RegentsPrep.org or I have a great link on my website, hiphughes.blogspot.com, so you can check out some other ways of studying. But nevertheless, World War I in like 10 minutes. Here we go. The best way to remember the causes of World War I, World War I we're talking about 1914-15 to 1918-19, so it's about a four year war."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And remember, always go to RegentsPrep.org or I have a great link on my website, hiphughes.blogspot.com, so you can check out some other ways of studying. But nevertheless, World War I in like 10 minutes. Here we go. The best way to remember the causes of World War I, World War I we're talking about 1914-15 to 1918-19, so it's about a four year war. Tens of millions of people are going to die in this war. It's a very hands-on, gritty, trench warfare, in-your-face war. I mean, you'd have 20,000 people die and they'd win 18 feet of land, so it's just nuts."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "The best way to remember the causes of World War I, World War I we're talking about 1914-15 to 1918-19, so it's about a four year war. Tens of millions of people are going to die in this war. It's a very hands-on, gritty, trench warfare, in-your-face war. I mean, you'd have 20,000 people die and they'd win 18 feet of land, so it's just nuts. But in terms of why it happened, there's a very easy kind of anagram to learn, a word where each letter means something. I don't even know if that's an anagram, maybe. But nevertheless, I always remember the main spark of World War I."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, you'd have 20,000 people die and they'd win 18 feet of land, so it's just nuts. But in terms of why it happened, there's a very easy kind of anagram to learn, a word where each letter means something. I don't even know if that's an anagram, maybe. But nevertheless, I always remember the main spark of World War I. And I know a lot of teachers use this technique, so you can hang your hat on it. It's a tried and true method. Main is going to be the word, and here we go, M-A-I-N, boom."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But nevertheless, I always remember the main spark of World War I. And I know a lot of teachers use this technique, so you can hang your hat on it. It's a tried and true method. Main is going to be the word, and here we go, M-A-I-N, boom. Main stands for militarism. And what that means is, really in Europe there was a race to build weapons. And all the words are linked, so I'll say imperialism."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Main is going to be the word, and here we go, M-A-I-N, boom. Main stands for militarism. And what that means is, really in Europe there was a race to build weapons. And all the words are linked, so I'll say imperialism. But as nations were spreading out, they needed armies and navies to compete with each other. So all of the nations of Europe, Austria and Germany and England and France and Italy, they're basically stockpiling. It's the difference between having a gang with no guns in town and five gangs with lots of guns."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And all the words are linked, so I'll say imperialism. But as nations were spreading out, they needed armies and navies to compete with each other. So all of the nations of Europe, Austria and Germany and England and France and Italy, they're basically stockpiling. It's the difference between having a gang with no guns in town and five gangs with lots of guns. The more guns, the more potential for trouble. So M is for militarism. A is for the alliance system."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the difference between having a gang with no guns in town and five gangs with lots of guns. The more guns, the more potential for trouble. So M is for militarism. A is for the alliance system. And what that meant is pretty much that alliance means when you hook up with somebody, like your friends. So alliance system meant that everybody in Europe was pretty much aligned with another country. It's like you have gangs, and that's the whole idea."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "A is for the alliance system. And what that meant is pretty much that alliance means when you hook up with somebody, like your friends. So alliance system meant that everybody in Europe was pretty much aligned with another country. It's like you have gangs, and that's the whole idea. It's that now you have gangs, and everybody's in a gang. So if I, you know, just use common sense here, guys. If I'm not in a gang, and I'm walking down the street, and someone punches me in the face, who do you have a fight with?"}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "It's like you have gangs, and that's the whole idea. It's that now you have gangs, and everybody's in a gang. So if I, you know, just use common sense here, guys. If I'm not in a gang, and I'm walking down the street, and someone punches me in the face, who do you have a fight with? Me! You keep punching me in the face, probably. But if I'm in a gang, and you punch me in the face, now what's the problem?"}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "If I'm not in a gang, and I'm walking down the street, and someone punches me in the face, who do you have a fight with? Me! You keep punching me in the face, probably. But if I'm in a gang, and you punch me in the face, now what's the problem? You might get away with punching me two more times tonight, but guess who's going to be at your house tomorrow? You don't want to see those guys. They're huge."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But if I'm in a gang, and you punch me in the face, now what's the problem? You might get away with punching me two more times tonight, but guess who's going to be at your house tomorrow? You don't want to see those guys. They're huge. The problem is that when something does happen, it's like a domino thing, like a house of cards. I shouldn't say domino, because of the domino theory that's related to Vietnam and the Cold War. So it's like a house of cards."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "They're huge. The problem is that when something does happen, it's like a domino thing, like a house of cards. I shouldn't say domino, because of the domino theory that's related to Vietnam and the Cold War. So it's like a house of cards. The alliance system is all set up, and all you need to do is kind of noogie or pluck someone's head, and one card goes away, and the system comes a-crashin' down. I is for imperialism. I always have rubbed my belly when I think of imperialism, because it reminds me of the hunger that nations had for raw materials and new markets."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So it's like a house of cards. The alliance system is all set up, and all you need to do is kind of noogie or pluck someone's head, and one card goes away, and the system comes a-crashin' down. I is for imperialism. I always have rubbed my belly when I think of imperialism, because it reminds me of the hunger that nations had for raw materials and new markets. I can also mean industrialization. Nations were building up factories and, you know, big businesses. In order to be a successful factory, let's say you're going to be a railroad factory."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "I always have rubbed my belly when I think of imperialism, because it reminds me of the hunger that nations had for raw materials and new markets. I can also mean industrialization. Nations were building up factories and, you know, big businesses. In order to be a successful factory, let's say you're going to be a railroad factory. I don't even know if there is such a thing. What do you need? Steel?"}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "In order to be a successful factory, let's say you're going to be a railroad factory. I don't even know if there is such a thing. What do you need? Steel? Rubber? I don't know. You don't have rubber trees in Birmingham, England, so you need to go get that rubber."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Steel? Rubber? I don't know. You don't have rubber trees in Birmingham, England, so you need to go get that rubber. But the problem is, everybody wants the rubber, so you have kind of this natural competition that has developed out of industrialization, causing countries to be hungry, to seek raw materials, new markets to sell things, as well as bases, like military bases, so they can go back and be strong militarily. Maine, militarism. The last word is nationalism."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "You don't have rubber trees in Birmingham, England, so you need to go get that rubber. But the problem is, everybody wants the rubber, so you have kind of this natural competition that has developed out of industrialization, causing countries to be hungry, to seek raw materials, new markets to sell things, as well as bases, like military bases, so they can go back and be strong militarily. Maine, militarism. The last word is nationalism. So I always bang on my chest when I think of nationalism, because it reminds me of the King Kong concept. Kind of like all of the nations in the world think that they're the bomb, you know. I'm the best man."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "The last word is nationalism. So I always bang on my chest when I think of nationalism, because it reminds me of the King Kong concept. Kind of like all of the nations in the world think that they're the bomb, you know. I'm the best man. It's like, I can't use this, people, because I might get in trouble, so I can't say that. You know who I'm talking about, someone with a big fat head. If you have a lot of people in a room and they all got big fat heads, you have more of a chance for a fight."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "I'm the best man. It's like, I can't use this, people, because I might get in trouble, so I can't say that. You know who I'm talking about, someone with a big fat head. If you have a lot of people in a room and they all got big fat heads, you have more of a chance for a fight. It's almost like militarism, alliance, imperialism, and nationalism are like the kindling of World War I. It's like I put all this little dry wood on a big kind of plate, you know, on the ground, and all I really need is like a spark, and then, ba-boom, it's going to go up in flames. The spark would be the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "If you have a lot of people in a room and they all got big fat heads, you have more of a chance for a fight. It's almost like militarism, alliance, imperialism, and nationalism are like the kindling of World War I. It's like I put all this little dry wood on a big kind of plate, you know, on the ground, and all I really need is like a spark, and then, ba-boom, it's going to go up in flames. The spark would be the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. And I won't go too much into the story, you might not want to know it, but basically Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated, I believe, by a Serbian. He was an Austrian prince, and I believe he was in Bosnia. And he was assassinated because of nationalism, because the Serbs didn't want to be part of it."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "The spark would be the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. And I won't go too much into the story, you might not want to know it, but basically Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated, I believe, by a Serbian. He was an Austrian prince, and I believe he was in Bosnia. And he was assassinated because of nationalism, because the Serbs didn't want to be part of it. It's complicated. But that one bullet that killed that one prince is what knocked those house of cards over. I don't know the exact order."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And he was assassinated because of nationalism, because the Serbs didn't want to be part of it. It's complicated. But that one bullet that killed that one prince is what knocked those house of cards over. I don't know the exact order. I'll be honest with you, so I'll just make it up. But basically the idea is once the Serbian shot the Austrian, the Austrian declared war on the Serbian. And then the Serbian was friends with Russia, so Russia declared war on the Austrian."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "I don't know the exact order. I'll be honest with you, so I'll just make it up. But basically the idea is once the Serbian shot the Austrian, the Austrian declared war on the Serbian. And then the Serbian was friends with Russia, so Russia declared war on the Austrian. And then once he did that, Germany was friends with Austria, so Germany declared war on Russia. And then Germany was like, I'm sorry, England was like, you can't do that, you know, Russia, so I'm declaring war on you and your mama. And then basically you have World War I."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And then the Serbian was friends with Russia, so Russia declared war on the Austrian. And then once he did that, Germany was friends with Austria, so Germany declared war on Russia. And then Germany was like, I'm sorry, England was like, you can't do that, you know, Russia, so I'm declaring war on you and your mama. And then basically you have World War I. The Great War is what it was called. It was for three or four years, huge trench warfare, hundreds, tens of millions of people dead, something like one-eighth of all French people, men were dead. And basically that war went on for a few years with no end in sight."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And then basically you have World War I. The Great War is what it was called. It was for three or four years, huge trench warfare, hundreds, tens of millions of people dead, something like one-eighth of all French people, men were dead. And basically that war went on for a few years with no end in sight. And then as America got kind of wrapped up into that war, the sinking of the Lusitania, the Germans were using submarines like you wouldn't believe. They had really captured that technology. And they were blowing up ships that were coming from America because America was sending arms to, you know, England, the Allied powers."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And basically that war went on for a few years with no end in sight. And then as America got kind of wrapped up into that war, the sinking of the Lusitania, the Germans were using submarines like you wouldn't believe. They had really captured that technology. And they were blowing up ships that were coming from America because America was sending arms to, you know, England, the Allied powers. The central powers are Austria, Germany, and Italy. So America was getting pissed because our citizens were being killed. So we basically said to Germany, if you keep doing that, you're going to have another enemy."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And they were blowing up ships that were coming from America because America was sending arms to, you know, England, the Allied powers. The central powers are Austria, Germany, and Italy. So America was getting pissed because our citizens were being killed. So we basically said to Germany, if you keep doing that, you're going to have another enemy. The Zimmermann Note was when Germany contacted Mexico. They wanted to get Mexico to kind of sneak up and attack us to keep us out. That pissed us off."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So we basically said to Germany, if you keep doing that, you're going to have another enemy. The Zimmermann Note was when Germany contacted Mexico. They wanted to get Mexico to kind of sneak up and attack us to keep us out. That pissed us off. So eventually the United States entered the war, like end of 1916, beginning of 1917, as Russia pulled out. Russia had the Communist Revolution, so they pulled out of the war, kind of leaving a hole, and we had to fill it. So, you know, the analogy is like we're going into a boxing match."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "That pissed us off. So eventually the United States entered the war, like end of 1916, beginning of 1917, as Russia pulled out. Russia had the Communist Revolution, so they pulled out of the war, kind of leaving a hole, and we had to fill it. So, you know, the analogy is like we're going into a boxing match. It's like the 15th round, and the guy's like on the ground bleeding. And here we come in, and we just had, you know, Gatorade and a workout, and we're ready to go. And we really won that war."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So, you know, the analogy is like we're going into a boxing match. It's like the 15th round, and the guy's like on the ground bleeding. And here we come in, and we just had, you know, Gatorade and a workout, and we're ready to go. And we really won that war. At the end of the war, the effects of World War I, basically everybody wanted to punish Germany. So the Treaty of Versailles was written as a very punishing kind of thing, kind of kicking Germany when it's down. Almost if you think of a chair on the ground and everybody just whopping on a chair."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "And we really won that war. At the end of the war, the effects of World War I, basically everybody wanted to punish Germany. So the Treaty of Versailles was written as a very punishing kind of thing, kind of kicking Germany when it's down. Almost if you think of a chair on the ground and everybody just whopping on a chair. Germany was made to pay for the war. They took its land away. They humiliated it."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Almost if you think of a chair on the ground and everybody just whopping on a chair. Germany was made to pay for the war. They took its land away. They humiliated it. Its nationalism was hurt. And the United States tried to not let that happen. Woodrow Wilson was president of the United States, and he came to Europe with 14 points, 14 ideas that would avoid this situation again."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "They humiliated it. Its nationalism was hurt. And the United States tried to not let that happen. Woodrow Wilson was president of the United States, and he came to Europe with 14 points, 14 ideas that would avoid this situation again. One of them was the League of Nations, kind of a family of countries around the world where we could settle disputes before they got to war status. All of his other ideas were pretty much rejected, self-determination and freedom of the seas. But even Woodrow Wilson, who came up with the idea, couldn't get the United States to join the League of Nations."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "Woodrow Wilson was president of the United States, and he came to Europe with 14 points, 14 ideas that would avoid this situation again. One of them was the League of Nations, kind of a family of countries around the world where we could settle disputes before they got to war status. All of his other ideas were pretty much rejected, self-determination and freedom of the seas. But even Woodrow Wilson, who came up with the idea, couldn't get the United States to join the League of Nations. It was rejected by the United States Senate, and the United States retreated back to isolationism. And the League of Nations couldn't be a success really without us. So the consequence of World War I, you want an effect?"}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "But even Woodrow Wilson, who came up with the idea, couldn't get the United States to join the League of Nations. It was rejected by the United States Senate, and the United States retreated back to isolationism. And the League of Nations couldn't be a success really without us. So the consequence of World War I, you want an effect? World War II, there you go. That Treaty of Versailles became what Hitler stood upon and led his nation through totalitarianism, fascism, and anti-Semitism into World War II, the Holocaust, and all of that awful genocidal war that's going to occur later on. So I think that's enough."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So the consequence of World War I, you want an effect? World War II, there you go. That Treaty of Versailles became what Hitler stood upon and led his nation through totalitarianism, fascism, and anti-Semitism into World War II, the Holocaust, and all of that awful genocidal war that's going to occur later on. So I think that's enough. I hope you got it. Basic concepts, the central powers are Austria, Germany, and Italy. The allied powers are basically England, France, and the United States."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "So I think that's enough. I hope you got it. Basic concepts, the central powers are Austria, Germany, and Italy. The allied powers are basically England, France, and the United States. And you should know the main spark. Can you do it? I'll give you a hand signal and see if you can do it."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "The allied powers are basically England, France, and the United States. And you should know the main spark. Can you do it? I'll give you a hand signal and see if you can do it. Military, oh, I blew it. I take that back. M, how did you know it was militarism?"}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "I'll give you a hand signal and see if you can do it. Military, oh, I blew it. I take that back. M, how did you know it was militarism? A, alliance system. I, imperialism, industrialization also being related. N, nationalism."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "M, how did you know it was militarism? A, alliance system. I, imperialism, industrialization also being related. N, nationalism. Spark, assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. Alright guys, so where attention goes, energy flows. Do your best to give yourself authentic attention over to whatever you're learning."}, {"video_title": "World Global Review WWI in Ten Minutes.m4a", "Sentence": "N, nationalism. Spark, assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. Alright guys, so where attention goes, energy flows. Do your best to give yourself authentic attention over to whatever you're learning. You would never play football 80%, you would never play guitar 70%, and you would never run a race 30%, unless you didn't want to win. You want to win? Pay attention 100%."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we've talked about in multiple videos, some of the earliest civilizations we have found have been around river valleys. And that is no coincidence because some of the first agriculture emerged around river valleys, and the agriculture supported higher population densities and more sedentary populations and allowed for more specialization. And we have talked about several of these, the ancient Egyptians around the Nile River, the ancient Mesopotamians around the Tigris and Euphrates. And now we're gonna talk about the ancient civilization around the Indus River. The Indus River runs mostly in modern day Pakistan. And that's why it's called the Indus Valley Civilization. Indus Valley Civilization."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And now we're gonna talk about the ancient civilization around the Indus River. The Indus River runs mostly in modern day Pakistan. And that's why it's called the Indus Valley Civilization. Indus Valley Civilization. Civilization. It's also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization which was the first site where they found evidence of this fairly extensive civilization. Now to get ourselves acquainted in time, this shows when archeologists, historians consider to be the main part of the Harappan Civilization."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Indus Valley Civilization. Civilization. It's also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization which was the first site where they found evidence of this fairly extensive civilization. Now to get ourselves acquainted in time, this shows when archeologists, historians consider to be the main part of the Harappan Civilization. There's evidence that people had basic villages, civilizations, agriculture here as far back as 7,000 BCE. And that's just based on the evidence we have today. But when people refer to the Indus Valley Civilization in particular, they're usually starting around 3,300 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now to get ourselves acquainted in time, this shows when archeologists, historians consider to be the main part of the Harappan Civilization. There's evidence that people had basic villages, civilizations, agriculture here as far back as 7,000 BCE. And that's just based on the evidence we have today. But when people refer to the Indus Valley Civilization in particular, they're usually starting around 3,300 BCE. And in orange right over here, this is the early period. Or you could say the early Indus Valley Civilization. Now some of the biggest structures and pieces of technology that have been discovered have been right over here which is often referred to as the mature, mature period for the Indus Valley Civilization."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But when people refer to the Indus Valley Civilization in particular, they're usually starting around 3,300 BCE. And in orange right over here, this is the early period. Or you could say the early Indus Valley Civilization. Now some of the biggest structures and pieces of technology that have been discovered have been right over here which is often referred to as the mature, mature period for the Indus Valley Civilization. And then it goes into decline. We'll talk about why it might have gone into decline although we're not really sure. And this is called the late."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now some of the biggest structures and pieces of technology that have been discovered have been right over here which is often referred to as the mature, mature period for the Indus Valley Civilization. And then it goes into decline. We'll talk about why it might have gone into decline although we're not really sure. And this is called the late. Now to put it in context relative to these other civilizations, remember the ancient Sumerians were starting to be quite, I guess you could say civilized by about this period. You start having a lot of intermingling between the Akkadians and the Sumerians. As you get into the late third millennium, that's when you have the empire of Sargon the Great, the Akkadian Empire."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is called the late. Now to put it in context relative to these other civilizations, remember the ancient Sumerians were starting to be quite, I guess you could say civilized by about this period. You start having a lot of intermingling between the Akkadians and the Sumerians. As you get into the late third millennium, that's when you have the empire of Sargon the Great, the Akkadian Empire. As you get to the end of this mature period right over here, this is close to or around the time of Hammurabi, the Babylonian Empire. And in Egypt, if you go back to around 2500, around this time, that's when the pyramids were built. And you have the Egyptian kings, these god kings, that were ruling for most of this period right over here."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As you get into the late third millennium, that's when you have the empire of Sargon the Great, the Akkadian Empire. As you get to the end of this mature period right over here, this is close to or around the time of Hammurabi, the Babylonian Empire. And in Egypt, if you go back to around 2500, around this time, that's when the pyramids were built. And you have the Egyptian kings, these god kings, that were ruling for most of this period right over here. And as we'll see, there was actually, we believe, a good bit of cultural interchange between these significant civilizations. Now just to appreciate how extensive this Indus Valley civilization was, I will show you this map. And this map, it's a zoomed in of that region around the Indus Valley that I just showed you."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you have the Egyptian kings, these god kings, that were ruling for most of this period right over here. And as we'll see, there was actually, we believe, a good bit of cultural interchange between these significant civilizations. Now just to appreciate how extensive this Indus Valley civilization was, I will show you this map. And this map, it's a zoomed in of that region around the Indus Valley that I just showed you. This is a map of most of Pakistan here. And these red squares are places where they have found evidence of this civilization. The first place was Harappa, right over here, the Punjab region of Pakistan."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this map, it's a zoomed in of that region around the Indus Valley that I just showed you. This is a map of most of Pakistan here. And these red squares are places where they have found evidence of this civilization. The first place was Harappa, right over here, the Punjab region of Pakistan. And that's why it's called the Harappan civilization. But as you can see, it's much more than just around Harappa. The largest site is at Mohenjo-daro, right over here in the Sindh region of Pakistan."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The first place was Harappa, right over here, the Punjab region of Pakistan. And that's why it's called the Harappan civilization. But as you can see, it's much more than just around Harappa. The largest site is at Mohenjo-daro, right over here in the Sindh region of Pakistan. And it's believed that as many as 40,000 people lived in that city that we now, or that site, that we now call Mohenjo-daro. And so far, we have discovered over 1,000 sites in this area and we believe that as many as five million people might have been part of this civilization. Now the reason why we think it is a civilization and not, and let me actually keep scrolling around so you appreciate the extent of it."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The largest site is at Mohenjo-daro, right over here in the Sindh region of Pakistan. And it's believed that as many as 40,000 people lived in that city that we now, or that site, that we now call Mohenjo-daro. And so far, we have discovered over 1,000 sites in this area and we believe that as many as five million people might have been part of this civilization. Now the reason why we think it is a civilization and not, and let me actually keep scrolling around so you appreciate the extent of it. There are sites in mainly, many in Pakistan that you see here. There's also quite a few in modern day, modern day India, right over here. So it's an extensive network of these sites."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the reason why we think it is a civilization and not, and let me actually keep scrolling around so you appreciate the extent of it. There are sites in mainly, many in Pakistan that you see here. There's also quite a few in modern day, modern day India, right over here. So it's an extensive network of these sites. And the reason why we think it's one civilization or at least a connected culture is that you find a lot of standardization. You find standardization in their weights and measures. In fact, they have a unit of measurement that's as small as 1.6 millimeters."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So it's an extensive network of these sites. And the reason why we think it's one civilization or at least a connected culture is that you find a lot of standardization. You find standardization in their weights and measures. In fact, they have a unit of measurement that's as small as 1.6 millimeters. And the reason why that's important is you wouldn't create a unit of measurement of 1.6 millimeters unless you knew how to use something, unless you know how to make things that precise. And one of the things that they made that precise are things like their structures. They had these standard bricks and this brick size and many of these symbols that they used were found throughout these sites."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, they have a unit of measurement that's as small as 1.6 millimeters. And the reason why that's important is you wouldn't create a unit of measurement of 1.6 millimeters unless you knew how to use something, unless you know how to make things that precise. And one of the things that they made that precise are things like their structures. They had these standard bricks and this brick size and many of these symbols that they used were found throughout these sites. We said, we don't know whether they were controlled by one ruler or one emperor, but there was definitely a lot of cultural interchange to the point that they were using the same size bricks, they were using the same symbols, they were using the same units of measurement. And also, as you can imagine, having a unit of measurement that precise, that small, implies that they were great builders. And the evidence we find today says yes, they were."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They had these standard bricks and this brick size and many of these symbols that they used were found throughout these sites. We said, we don't know whether they were controlled by one ruler or one emperor, but there was definitely a lot of cultural interchange to the point that they were using the same size bricks, they were using the same symbols, they were using the same units of measurement. And also, as you can imagine, having a unit of measurement that precise, that small, implies that they were great builders. And the evidence we find today says yes, they were. This is a picture of the site at Mohenjo-Daro in modern-day Sindh, Pakistan. And you can see how tight this brickwork is. Even by modern standards, this is quite good."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And the evidence we find today says yes, they were. This is a picture of the site at Mohenjo-Daro in modern-day Sindh, Pakistan. And you can see how tight this brickwork is. Even by modern standards, this is quite good. You need to think how many things we would build would last 5,000 years in this good, being exposed to the environment. So they think this was a public bath. You see a citadel in the background."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Even by modern standards, this is quite good. You need to think how many things we would build would last 5,000 years in this good, being exposed to the environment. So they think this was a public bath. You see a citadel in the background. We've discovered defensive structures. Perhaps most impressively, or most impressive, there's sewage systems. They think houses had wells, water."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You see a citadel in the background. We've discovered defensive structures. Perhaps most impressively, or most impressive, there's sewage systems. They think houses had wells, water. So this was a technologically advanced civilization, especially for that time. In many ways, more advanced than the other civilizations, the contemporary civilizations that we had talked about. Here's some examples of their sculpture or of their art."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They think houses had wells, water. So this was a technologically advanced civilization, especially for that time. In many ways, more advanced than the other civilizations, the contemporary civilizations that we had talked about. Here's some examples of their sculpture or of their art. This one right over here is a picture. It's called Dancing Girl, but she's not dancing, but they think that might be her profession. But once again, it's all speculation by archeologists today."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Here's some examples of their sculpture or of their art. This one right over here is a picture. It's called Dancing Girl, but she's not dancing, but they think that might be her profession. But once again, it's all speculation by archeologists today. This, they believe, is called Priest King. Once again, it's all speculation. This is an example of the types of seals they made."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But once again, it's all speculation by archeologists today. This, they believe, is called Priest King. Once again, it's all speculation. This is an example of the types of seals they made. This is their jewelry. Once again, this is quite intricate jewelry. And this jewelry was not just discovered in archeological digs in these various sites."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is an example of the types of seals they made. This is their jewelry. Once again, this is quite intricate jewelry. And this jewelry was not just discovered in archeological digs in these various sites. There's evidence of their jewelry as far as Mesopotamia and digs there. And they believe that there was actually a very active maritime trade network between these areas. There's jewelry discovered in these Indus Valley civilizations that were based on shells from the Arabian Peninsula."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this jewelry was not just discovered in archeological digs in these various sites. There's evidence of their jewelry as far as Mesopotamia and digs there. And they believe that there was actually a very active maritime trade network between these areas. There's jewelry discovered in these Indus Valley civilizations that were based on shells from the Arabian Peninsula. They have materials from China, so there's materials from other parts of India. So once again, a very, very extensive trade network. These civilizations would have known about them."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "There's jewelry discovered in these Indus Valley civilizations that were based on shells from the Arabian Peninsula. They have materials from China, so there's materials from other parts of India. So once again, a very, very extensive trade network. These civilizations would have known about them. But as we said, they were extremely, they seemed somewhat organized. Even though we can't read their writing, in fact, I have some examples of their writing here. And you might notice, so this is examples of their writing."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "These civilizations would have known about them. But as we said, they were extremely, they seemed somewhat organized. Even though we can't read their writing, in fact, I have some examples of their writing here. And you might notice, so this is examples of their writing. And you might notice there, this is turned into a somewhat infamous symbol now because of the Nazis. This is a swastika. But the swastika was one of the symbols they used."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you might notice, so this is examples of their writing. And you might notice there, this is turned into a somewhat infamous symbol now because of the Nazis. This is a swastika. But the swastika was one of the symbols they used. It's a symbol in Hinduism. It's considered a symbol of good luck. It's something that the Nazis kind of usurped and turned it into a very negative thing."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But the swastika was one of the symbols they used. It's a symbol in Hinduism. It's considered a symbol of good luck. It's something that the Nazis kind of usurped and turned it into a very negative thing. But it does show this connection between that Indus Valley or that Harappan civilization and modern cultures that are in India and things like the Hindu religion. Although once again, we do not know a ton about their religion because their language hasn't survived and we cannot decipher their actual writing. But because of their organization and the consistency, relative consistency amongst these different sites that are so far flung, this is a large distance even on modern terms, but especially if we're talking about four or 5,000 years ago."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It's something that the Nazis kind of usurped and turned it into a very negative thing. But it does show this connection between that Indus Valley or that Harappan civilization and modern cultures that are in India and things like the Hindu religion. Although once again, we do not know a ton about their religion because their language hasn't survived and we cannot decipher their actual writing. But because of their organization and the consistency, relative consistency amongst these different sites that are so far flung, this is a large distance even on modern terms, but especially if we're talking about four or 5,000 years ago. Because of that, we think that, okay, there must have been at least decent government, administration, or organization at a city-state level, although we're unsure whether there was a connected empire, whether you had an organization beyond that or they all just decided to take each other's standards and symbols and brick sizes and things like that. Now, one of the key mysteries of the Indus Valley civilization is why did it end? It seemed to be this thriving civilization, perhaps the most extensive one."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But because of their organization and the consistency, relative consistency amongst these different sites that are so far flung, this is a large distance even on modern terms, but especially if we're talking about four or 5,000 years ago. Because of that, we think that, okay, there must have been at least decent government, administration, or organization at a city-state level, although we're unsure whether there was a connected empire, whether you had an organization beyond that or they all just decided to take each other's standards and symbols and brick sizes and things like that. Now, one of the key mysteries of the Indus Valley civilization is why did it end? It seemed to be this thriving civilization, perhaps the most extensive one. In other videos I talk about right now, the oldest wheel was discovered in Mesopotamia, but some people think that the wheel might have been used even earlier in the Indus Valley civilization. I talk about this period as early as 3300 BCE, but there's evidence that the civilization started much earlier. In the site right over here in Merger, right over here in Pakistan, they think that humans were having simple villages and agriculture as early, there's evidence as early as 7,000 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "It seemed to be this thriving civilization, perhaps the most extensive one. In other videos I talk about right now, the oldest wheel was discovered in Mesopotamia, but some people think that the wheel might have been used even earlier in the Indus Valley civilization. I talk about this period as early as 3300 BCE, but there's evidence that the civilization started much earlier. In the site right over here in Merger, right over here in Pakistan, they think that humans were having simple villages and agriculture as early, there's evidence as early as 7,000 BCE. And that site was discovered just in 1974. We might discover things that take us even further in the past. And when you have a civilization that was around for so long, if there were people there as early as 7,000 BCE, we're talking about it was there for thousands of years, but all of a sudden it starts to decline."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In the site right over here in Merger, right over here in Pakistan, they think that humans were having simple villages and agriculture as early, there's evidence as early as 7,000 BCE. And that site was discovered just in 1974. We might discover things that take us even further in the past. And when you have a civilization that was around for so long, if there were people there as early as 7,000 BCE, we're talking about it was there for thousands of years, but all of a sudden it starts to decline. There's evidence of less and less trade going on, less and less sophistication, and then it ends. And it's one of the mysteries of history, of archeology today. Why did this Indus Valley civilization end?"}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And when you have a civilization that was around for so long, if there were people there as early as 7,000 BCE, we're talking about it was there for thousands of years, but all of a sudden it starts to decline. There's evidence of less and less trade going on, less and less sophistication, and then it ends. And it's one of the mysteries of history, of archeology today. Why did this Indus Valley civilization end? Some of the older theories was maybe it was a foreign invasion, maybe some of the ancestors of the modern Indians invaded, and maybe they assimilated it somehow. More current theories don't think that was the case. They think it might be some form of climate change that some of the important rivers dried up, made the agriculture much harder."}, {"video_title": "Indus Valley Civilization Early Civilizations World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Why did this Indus Valley civilization end? Some of the older theories was maybe it was a foreign invasion, maybe some of the ancestors of the modern Indians invaded, and maybe they assimilated it somehow. More current theories don't think that was the case. They think it might be some form of climate change that some of the important rivers dried up, made the agriculture much harder. Some people think it might have been a natural disaster, it might have been a flood of some kind, but we just don't know. Or the people, for some reason, decided to leave, die, migrate to maybe other parts of the region. But needless to say, it was a significant civilization, and we're just scratching the surface of what we know about it."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "It is the year 1200 and the world is about to change in dramatic fashion. Let's just give ourselves a little bit of context of what the world looks like. The kings of Western Europe are caught up in the Crusades. In the year 1200, the third crusade has just ended and is mildly successful, but Jerusalem is still in control of the Muslims. The Byzantine Empire, what's left of the true Roman Empire, is on the decline, losing more and more territory to the Turks. In the Middle East and Persia, you have the golden age of Islam. The Abbasid Caliphate is still around, although it has now been fragmented into many different Muslim empires."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "In the year 1200, the third crusade has just ended and is mildly successful, but Jerusalem is still in control of the Muslims. The Byzantine Empire, what's left of the true Roman Empire, is on the decline, losing more and more territory to the Turks. In the Middle East and Persia, you have the golden age of Islam. The Abbasid Caliphate is still around, although it has now been fragmented into many different Muslim empires. Modern day North India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan is under control of the Ghurid Sultanate, with the rest of India being divided amongst various Hindu kingdoms. In the East, in other videos, we study the Song Dynasty, which is one of the really high points of Chinese civilization, although they're suspicious of their northern neighbors. But in the midst of all of this, it ends up being a nomadic people that we really haven't talked a lot about in our survey of world history, that become the main catalyst for change over the next several hundred years."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "The Abbasid Caliphate is still around, although it has now been fragmented into many different Muslim empires. Modern day North India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan is under control of the Ghurid Sultanate, with the rest of India being divided amongst various Hindu kingdoms. In the East, in other videos, we study the Song Dynasty, which is one of the really high points of Chinese civilization, although they're suspicious of their northern neighbors. But in the midst of all of this, it ends up being a nomadic people that we really haven't talked a lot about in our survey of world history, that become the main catalyst for change over the next several hundred years. And that is the Mongols. So let's move forward to the year 1206. In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, you have a leader by the name of Timujin arise in Mongolia."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "But in the midst of all of this, it ends up being a nomadic people that we really haven't talked a lot about in our survey of world history, that become the main catalyst for change over the next several hundred years. And that is the Mongols. So let's move forward to the year 1206. In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, you have a leader by the name of Timujin arise in Mongolia. And he's able to unite the various nomadic tribes and declares in 1206 a Mongol Empire, you see here in this yellow color. He is eventually called Genghis or Genghis Khan, the Great Khan, the Great Ruler, or the Universal Ruler. Now even though the Mongols were not a focus point of world history up until this point, they did have several very significant things going for them at this point in history."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, you have a leader by the name of Timujin arise in Mongolia. And he's able to unite the various nomadic tribes and declares in 1206 a Mongol Empire, you see here in this yellow color. He is eventually called Genghis or Genghis Khan, the Great Khan, the Great Ruler, or the Universal Ruler. Now even though the Mongols were not a focus point of world history up until this point, they did have several very significant things going for them at this point in history. As nomadic tribes of herders, they were excellent horsemen, and they were also excellent archers, capable of shooting an arrow in any direction while riding a horse. So as a military, they were incredibly nimble, they were incredibly fast, they were incredibly brutal, but they were also incredibly adaptable. As they conquered more and more people, they learned from them."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "Now even though the Mongols were not a focus point of world history up until this point, they did have several very significant things going for them at this point in history. As nomadic tribes of herders, they were excellent horsemen, and they were also excellent archers, capable of shooting an arrow in any direction while riding a horse. So as a military, they were incredibly nimble, they were incredibly fast, they were incredibly brutal, but they were also incredibly adaptable. As they conquered more and more people, they learned from them. And by the time of Genghis Khan's death in 1227, they had conquered much of northern Asia. And the Mongols will continue on. Within half a century of Genghis Khan's death, they will have conquered not just northern Asia."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "As they conquered more and more people, they learned from them. And by the time of Genghis Khan's death in 1227, they had conquered much of northern Asia. And the Mongols will continue on. Within half a century of Genghis Khan's death, they will have conquered not just northern Asia. When they capture Baghdad, many historians consider this the end of the Islamic Golden Age. As much pressure as the Western Europeans were putting on the Turks during their crusades, it was actually the Mongol threat that was much more significant. Before fragmenting, it is the largest contiguous empire in world history."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "Within half a century of Genghis Khan's death, they will have conquered not just northern Asia. When they capture Baghdad, many historians consider this the end of the Islamic Golden Age. As much pressure as the Western Europeans were putting on the Turks during their crusades, it was actually the Mongol threat that was much more significant. Before fragmenting, it is the largest contiguous empire in world history. I use the word contiguous because the British Empire actually covers more land, as we'll see, a few hundred years later. But the Mongolian Empire, all of the land was connected. It was contiguous."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "Before fragmenting, it is the largest contiguous empire in world history. I use the word contiguous because the British Empire actually covers more land, as we'll see, a few hundred years later. But the Mongolian Empire, all of the land was connected. It was contiguous. But as you can see from this drawing, they began to fragment into what's referred to as multiple khanates that become more and more independent in the second half of the 13th century. As we get into the 14th century, we can see that it is now fragmented into multiple, still very significant empires. In the east, you have Kublai Khan's Wan Dynasty controlling modern day Mongolia and China, reemphasizing the importance of Buddhism until they eventually get reconquered by the Ming Dynasty."}, {"video_title": "Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.m4a", "Sentence": "It was contiguous. But as you can see from this drawing, they began to fragment into what's referred to as multiple khanates that become more and more independent in the second half of the 13th century. As we get into the 14th century, we can see that it is now fragmented into multiple, still very significant empires. In the east, you have Kublai Khan's Wan Dynasty controlling modern day Mongolia and China, reemphasizing the importance of Buddhism until they eventually get reconquered by the Ming Dynasty. In Central Asia, you have the Chagatai Khanate. In Northwest Asia and Eastern Europe, getting as far as Poland, you have the Golden Horde. And in Persia and the Caucasus, you have the Il Khanate, which you can view as a subordinate khanate but is now independent."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The first civilization that we have evidence of around modern day India and Pakistan is the Indus Valley Civilization. And it's right around the Indus River in modern day Pakistan and northwest India. And in other videos we talk about how it really comes into being in the third millennium BCE and as we enter into the second millennium BCE it starts to decline. And we don't know exactly why it declined. Might have been climate change, drying up of a river, might have been a natural disaster, it might have been an influence of other peoples. And what we're gonna talk about in this video is the next significant period in the history of South Asia. And it involves the migration or the introduction of another group of people, we believe another group of people, and that's the Indo-Aryans."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And we don't know exactly why it declined. Might have been climate change, drying up of a river, might have been a natural disaster, it might have been an influence of other peoples. And what we're gonna talk about in this video is the next significant period in the history of South Asia. And it involves the migration or the introduction of another group of people, we believe another group of people, and that's the Indo-Aryans. Let me write this down. Indo-Aryans, sometimes referred to as just the Aryans, who we believe began to migrate into modern day Pakistan and northwest India at right about the same time that the Indus Valley Civilization was declining. And some historians actually believe, well maybe the Indus Valley Civilization declined because of them."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it involves the migration or the introduction of another group of people, we believe another group of people, and that's the Indo-Aryans. Let me write this down. Indo-Aryans, sometimes referred to as just the Aryans, who we believe began to migrate into modern day Pakistan and northwest India at right about the same time that the Indus Valley Civilization was declining. And some historians actually believe, well maybe the Indus Valley Civilization declined because of them. Maybe it was some type of an invasion, although that theory is not as widely held anymore. Some folks believe that the Indus Valley Civilization and this Indo-Aryan migration somehow merged. But this period that we're talking about with the migration of these Indo-Aryans, this is called the Vedic period, or the Vedic period."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And some historians actually believe, well maybe the Indus Valley Civilization declined because of them. Maybe it was some type of an invasion, although that theory is not as widely held anymore. Some folks believe that the Indus Valley Civilization and this Indo-Aryan migration somehow merged. But this period that we're talking about with the migration of these Indo-Aryans, this is called the Vedic period, or the Vedic period. And it's called the Vedic period because we learn about it from a collection of literary works that we get from that time. Most famously, the Vedas. And Veda comes from Sanskrit, and Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But this period that we're talking about with the migration of these Indo-Aryans, this is called the Vedic period, or the Vedic period. And it's called the Vedic period because we learn about it from a collection of literary works that we get from that time. Most famously, the Vedas. And Veda comes from Sanskrit, and Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas. Vedas in Sanskrit means knowledge. And they're the foundation of, one, what we know about the Vedic period, but they're also the foundation of modern Indian culture and religion. Now the primary pieces of the Vedas are the Rig Veda, the Yajur Veda, the Sama Veda, and the Atharva Veda."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Veda comes from Sanskrit, and Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas. Vedas in Sanskrit means knowledge. And they're the foundation of, one, what we know about the Vedic period, but they're also the foundation of modern Indian culture and religion. Now the primary pieces of the Vedas are the Rig Veda, the Yajur Veda, the Sama Veda, and the Atharva Veda. And the Rig Veda in particular is considered the oldest of the Vedas. It's believed that it was composed around the early part of that Vedic period, between maybe 1500 BCE and around 1200 BCE. So we're talking over, we're talking between 3,000 and 3,500 years ago."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the primary pieces of the Vedas are the Rig Veda, the Yajur Veda, the Sama Veda, and the Atharva Veda. And the Rig Veda in particular is considered the oldest of the Vedas. It's believed that it was composed around the early part of that Vedic period, between maybe 1500 BCE and around 1200 BCE. So we're talking over, we're talking between 3,000 and 3,500 years ago. While these three Vedas, we believe, were composed later. Now these Indo-Aryans, it's believed, were essentially pastoralists. They were cattle herders, perhaps nomadic."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So we're talking over, we're talking between 3,000 and 3,500 years ago. While these three Vedas, we believe, were composed later. Now these Indo-Aryans, it's believed, were essentially pastoralists. They were cattle herders, perhaps nomadic. But as they began to settle, not just the Indus River Valley, they actually began to settle the entire Gangetic Plain, which would include this area, which would be northeast India, as well as countries like Bangladesh. The Indus and the Ganges are two of the most significant rivers in India. But as they started to settle the Gangetic Plain, they also became more traditional farmers."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They were cattle herders, perhaps nomadic. But as they began to settle, not just the Indus River Valley, they actually began to settle the entire Gangetic Plain, which would include this area, which would be northeast India, as well as countries like Bangladesh. The Indus and the Ganges are two of the most significant rivers in India. But as they started to settle the Gangetic Plain, they also became more traditional farmers. And so in this green here, I've highlighted when they became more farmers and started to have more settled kingdoms, or we believe started to have more settled kingdoms. And other significant Hindu epics, we believe the events of them were happened around that late Vedic period, the events of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Now the Vedas and these epic poems were originally orally transmitted, but then later, either in the late Vedic period or after the Vedic period, was when they were actually written down."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as they started to settle the Gangetic Plain, they also became more traditional farmers. And so in this green here, I've highlighted when they became more farmers and started to have more settled kingdoms, or we believe started to have more settled kingdoms. And other significant Hindu epics, we believe the events of them were happened around that late Vedic period, the events of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Now the Vedas and these epic poems were originally orally transmitted, but then later, either in the late Vedic period or after the Vedic period, was when they were actually written down. And just so you have some context here, Sanskrit is considered one of the oldest Indo-European languages we have. And I'll talk more about Indo-European languages in a little bit, because it turns out that Sanskrit is related to European languages, like Greek and Latin, and even Germanic languages. And Sanskrit's one of the oldest alongside Mycenaean Greek and the Hittite language."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now the Vedas and these epic poems were originally orally transmitted, but then later, either in the late Vedic period or after the Vedic period, was when they were actually written down. And just so you have some context here, Sanskrit is considered one of the oldest Indo-European languages we have. And I'll talk more about Indo-European languages in a little bit, because it turns out that Sanskrit is related to European languages, like Greek and Latin, and even Germanic languages. And Sanskrit's one of the oldest alongside Mycenaean Greek and the Hittite language. And those were all contemporary civilizations of around this period right over here, in the second millennium BCE. And just so you have context, Siddhartha Gautama Buddha, his life was in one of these Vedic kingdoms in the northeast of India. Now, as I mentioned, the Vedas laid the foundation for much of what we consider to be modern-day India."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Sanskrit's one of the oldest alongside Mycenaean Greek and the Hittite language. And those were all contemporary civilizations of around this period right over here, in the second millennium BCE. And just so you have context, Siddhartha Gautama Buddha, his life was in one of these Vedic kingdoms in the northeast of India. Now, as I mentioned, the Vedas laid the foundation for much of what we consider to be modern-day India. In fact, the first reference, documented reference to the Indus River, we have from the Vedas. The Indus Valley civilization, we haven't been able to decipher their writing. They didn't write down the word Indus."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, as I mentioned, the Vedas laid the foundation for much of what we consider to be modern-day India. In fact, the first reference, documented reference to the Indus River, we have from the Vedas. The Indus Valley civilization, we haven't been able to decipher their writing. They didn't write down the word Indus. It was in the Vedas that we have the word Sindhu. And Sindhu was later changed or mispronounced or just pronounced differently into other words that we now associate with India, words like Hindu, Indus, and India. They all derived from Sindhu, which was the river referred to in the Vedas, and then changed into Hindu, Indus, and things like India."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They didn't write down the word Indus. It was in the Vedas that we have the word Sindhu. And Sindhu was later changed or mispronounced or just pronounced differently into other words that we now associate with India, words like Hindu, Indus, and India. They all derived from Sindhu, which was the river referred to in the Vedas, and then changed into Hindu, Indus, and things like India. Now, also in the Vedas is the first time that we have reference to a stratified social structure. And we see that with the varnas that are referred to, where at the top you have the, and you could view these as social roles or classes. At the top you have the Brahmins, the priests, the scholars, and the teachers."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They all derived from Sindhu, which was the river referred to in the Vedas, and then changed into Hindu, Indus, and things like India. Now, also in the Vedas is the first time that we have reference to a stratified social structure. And we see that with the varnas that are referred to, where at the top you have the, and you could view these as social roles or classes. At the top you have the Brahmins, the priests, the scholars, and the teachers. Then the next you have the kings and the warriors, referred to as the Kshatriyas. Then the Vaishyas, who are the farmers, the merchants, the artisans. And then the Shudras, the laborers."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "At the top you have the Brahmins, the priests, the scholars, and the teachers. Then the next you have the kings and the warriors, referred to as the Kshatriyas. Then the Vaishyas, who are the farmers, the merchants, the artisans. And then the Shudras, the laborers. Now, some historians and Vedic scholars believe that these reference to the varnas were added after the Vedic period to things like the Rig Veda. And some believe that these weren't traditional castes as it's sometimes perceived today, but just a reference to different social strata, that it wasn't necessarily inherited. We are not actually sure about that."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And then the Shudras, the laborers. Now, some historians and Vedic scholars believe that these reference to the varnas were added after the Vedic period to things like the Rig Veda. And some believe that these weren't traditional castes as it's sometimes perceived today, but just a reference to different social strata, that it wasn't necessarily inherited. We are not actually sure about that. But just to give you a feel of what was in the Rig Veda, and I encourage you to go look at the actual primary text, and there's a lot of there to read. It includes prayers, it includes praise of the gods, it includes rituals, but it also has a lot of interesting philosophy. And for example, this is part of, this is from the Rig Veda."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We are not actually sure about that. But just to give you a feel of what was in the Rig Veda, and I encourage you to go look at the actual primary text, and there's a lot of there to read. It includes prayers, it includes praise of the gods, it includes rituals, but it also has a lot of interesting philosophy. And for example, this is part of, this is from the Rig Veda. This is a hymn referred to as Nasadiyasukta, and it's in, you could use it as the 10th book, the 129th hymn. And I find it really interesting because it shows a fairly mature philosophical attitude. This is actually the origin hymn, and this is just part of it."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And for example, this is part of, this is from the Rig Veda. This is a hymn referred to as Nasadiyasukta, and it's in, you could use it as the 10th book, the 129th hymn. And I find it really interesting because it shows a fairly mature philosophical attitude. This is actually the origin hymn, and this is just part of it. We're talking about the origin of the universe. Who really knows? Who will hear proclaim it?"}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is actually the origin hymn, and this is just part of it. We're talking about the origin of the universe. Who really knows? Who will hear proclaim it? Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? Gods came afterward with the creation of this universe."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Who will hear proclaim it? Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? Gods came afterward with the creation of this universe. Who then knows whence it has arisen? Whether gods will created it, or whether he was mute? Perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Gods came afterward with the creation of this universe. Who then knows whence it has arisen? Whether gods will created it, or whether he was mute? Perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not. Only he who is the overseer in highest heaven knows. Only he knows, or perhaps he does not know. I just find it interesting because it takes almost a, well, a very philosophical view towards this very fundamental question of the origin of the actual universe."}, {"video_title": "Introduction to the Vedic Period World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not. Only he who is the overseer in highest heaven knows. Only he knows, or perhaps he does not know. I just find it interesting because it takes almost a, well, a very philosophical view towards this very fundamental question of the origin of the actual universe. So the Vedic period, very important period in India. It really lays a foundation for what we consider to be modern Hinduism, modern-day India. It starts as really a Bronze Age civilization, but as we get into the later Vedic period, we see them smelting iron and creating iron tools and things like that."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "So you probably have a picture of the Mongols in your head. Yes, that's the picture. Brutal, bloodthirsty, swarthy, humorously mustachioed warriors riding the plains, wearing fur, eating meat directly off the bones, saying, bar bar bar bar bar bar bar. In short, we imagine the Mongol Empire as stereotypically barbarian. And that's not entirely wrong. But if you've been reading recent world history textbooks, like we here at Crash Course have, you might have a different view of the Mongols, one that emphasizes the amazing speed and success of their conquests. How they conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 400."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "In short, we imagine the Mongol Empire as stereotypically barbarian. And that's not entirely wrong. But if you've been reading recent world history textbooks, like we here at Crash Course have, you might have a different view of the Mongols, one that emphasizes the amazing speed and success of their conquests. How they conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 400. How they controlled more than 11 million contiguous square miles. And you may even have read that the Mongols basically created nations like Russia and even Korea. One historian has even claimed that the Mongols smashed the feudal system and created international law."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "How they conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 400. How they controlled more than 11 million contiguous square miles. And you may even have read that the Mongols basically created nations like Russia and even Korea. One historian has even claimed that the Mongols smashed the feudal system and created international law. And with religious tolerance, the Mongols, in this view, created the first great free trade zone, like a crazy medieval Eurasian NAFTA. And that's not entirely wrong either. Stupid truth always resisting simplicity."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "One historian has even claimed that the Mongols smashed the feudal system and created international law. And with religious tolerance, the Mongols, in this view, created the first great free trade zone, like a crazy medieval Eurasian NAFTA. And that's not entirely wrong either. Stupid truth always resisting simplicity. INTRO So remember herders? We talked about them back in episode 1 as an alternative to hunting and gathering or agriculture. Here are the key things to remember."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Stupid truth always resisting simplicity. INTRO So remember herders? We talked about them back in episode 1 as an alternative to hunting and gathering or agriculture. Here are the key things to remember. 1. Nomads aren't Jack Kerouac. They don't go on, like, random road trips."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Here are the key things to remember. 1. Nomads aren't Jack Kerouac. They don't go on, like, random road trips. They migrate according to climate conditions so they can feed their flocks. 2. Nomads don't generally produce manufactured goods, which means they need to trade, so they almost always live near settled people."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "They don't go on, like, random road trips. They migrate according to climate conditions so they can feed their flocks. 2. Nomads don't generally produce manufactured goods, which means they need to trade, so they almost always live near settled people. And 3. Because they generally live close to nature and in harsh conditions, pastoralists tend to be tougher than diamond-plated differential calculus. Like think of the Huns, or the Xiongnu, or the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Nomads don't generally produce manufactured goods, which means they need to trade, so they almost always live near settled people. And 3. Because they generally live close to nature and in harsh conditions, pastoralists tend to be tougher than diamond-plated differential calculus. Like think of the Huns, or the Xiongnu, or the Mongols. Okay, Stan, that's enough. Back to me. Come."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Like think of the Huns, or the Xiongnu, or the Mongols. Okay, Stan, that's enough. Back to me. Come. Stan, I am the star of the show, not the Mongols! Hi. Sorry about that."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Come. Stan, I am the star of the show, not the Mongols! Hi. Sorry about that. Right, so one last thing. Nomads also tend to be more egalitarian, especially where women are concerned. Paradoxically, when there's less to go around, humans tend to share more."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Sorry about that. Right, so one last thing. Nomads also tend to be more egalitarian, especially where women are concerned. Paradoxically, when there's less to go around, humans tend to share more. And when both men and women must work for the social order to survive, there tends to be less patriarchal domination of women, although Mongol women rarely went to war. I can't tell your gender. I mean, you've got the pants, but then you also have the flupity-flop."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Paradoxically, when there's less to go around, humans tend to share more. And when both men and women must work for the social order to survive, there tends to be less patriarchal domination of women, although Mongol women rarely went to war. I can't tell your gender. I mean, you've got the pants, but then you also have the flupity-flop. So that's the technical term, by the way. I'm a historian. If you had to choose a pastoral nomadic group to come out of Central Asia and dominate the world, you probably wouldn't have chosen the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, you've got the pants, but then you also have the flupity-flop. So that's the technical term, by the way. I'm a historian. If you had to choose a pastoral nomadic group to come out of Central Asia and dominate the world, you probably wouldn't have chosen the Mongols. As for most of the history we've been discussing, they just hung out in the foothills bordering the Siberian forest, mixing, herding, and hunting, quietly getting really good at archery and riding horses. Also, the Mongols were much smaller than other pastoral groups like the Tatars or the Uyghurs. And not to get like all great man history on you or anything, but the reason the Mongols came to dominate the world really started with one guy, Genghis Khan."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "If you had to choose a pastoral nomadic group to come out of Central Asia and dominate the world, you probably wouldn't have chosen the Mongols. As for most of the history we've been discussing, they just hung out in the foothills bordering the Siberian forest, mixing, herding, and hunting, quietly getting really good at archery and riding horses. Also, the Mongols were much smaller than other pastoral groups like the Tatars or the Uyghurs. And not to get like all great man history on you or anything, but the reason the Mongols came to dominate the world really started with one guy, Genghis Khan. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The story goes that Genghis, or Chinggis Khan, was born around 1162 with the name Tem\u00fcjin to a lowly clan. His father was poisoned to death, leaving Tem\u00fcjin under the control of his older brothers, one of whom he soon killed during an argument."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "And not to get like all great man history on you or anything, but the reason the Mongols came to dominate the world really started with one guy, Genghis Khan. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. The story goes that Genghis, or Chinggis Khan, was born around 1162 with the name Tem\u00fcjin to a lowly clan. His father was poisoned to death, leaving Tem\u00fcjin under the control of his older brothers, one of whom he soon killed during an argument. By 19, he was married to his first and most important wife, Borte, who was later kidnapped. This was pretty common among the Mongols. Tem\u00fcjin's mom had also been kidnapped."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "His father was poisoned to death, leaving Tem\u00fcjin under the control of his older brothers, one of whom he soon killed during an argument. By 19, he was married to his first and most important wife, Borte, who was later kidnapped. This was pretty common among the Mongols. Tem\u00fcjin's mom had also been kidnapped. In rescuing his wife, Tem\u00fcjin proved his military mettle and he soon became a leader of his tribe, but uniting the Mongol confederations required a civil war, which he won, largely thanks to two innovations. First, he promoted people based on merit rather than family position, and second, he brought lower classes of conquered people into his own tribe while dispossessing the leaders of the conquered clans. Thus, he made peasants love him."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Tem\u00fcjin's mom had also been kidnapped. In rescuing his wife, Tem\u00fcjin proved his military mettle and he soon became a leader of his tribe, but uniting the Mongol confederations required a civil war, which he won, largely thanks to two innovations. First, he promoted people based on merit rather than family position, and second, he brought lower classes of conquered people into his own tribe while dispossessing the leaders of the conquered clans. Thus, he made peasants love him. The rich hated him, but they didn't matter anymore because they were no longer rich. With these two building block policies, Tem\u00fcjin was able to win the loyalty of more and more people and in 1206 he was declared the Great Khan, the leader of all the Mongols. How?"}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Thus, he made peasants love him. The rich hated him, but they didn't matter anymore because they were no longer rich. With these two building block policies, Tem\u00fcjin was able to win the loyalty of more and more people and in 1206 he was declared the Great Khan, the leader of all the Mongols. How? The Mongols chose their rulers in a really cool way. A prospective ruler would call a general council, called a kuraltai, and anyone who supported his candidacy for leadership would show up on their horses, literally voting with their feet. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but horses don't have feet."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "How? The Mongols chose their rulers in a really cool way. A prospective ruler would call a general council, called a kuraltai, and anyone who supported his candidacy for leadership would show up on their horses, literally voting with their feet. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but horses don't have feet. They have hooves. I hate you, me from the past. Also, no interrupting the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but horses don't have feet. They have hooves. I hate you, me from the past. Also, no interrupting the Thought Bubble. After uniting the Mongols, Genghis Khan went on to conquer a lot of territory. By the time he died in his sleep in 1227, his empire stretched from the Mongol homeland in Mongolia all the way to the Caspian Sea. Thanks, Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, no interrupting the Thought Bubble. After uniting the Mongols, Genghis Khan went on to conquer a lot of territory. By the time he died in his sleep in 1227, his empire stretched from the Mongol homeland in Mongolia all the way to the Caspian Sea. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So that's a pretty good looking empire, and sure, a lot of it was pasture or mountains or desert, but the Mongols did conquer a lot of people too. And in some ways, with Genghis's death, the empire was just getting started. His son, Ogedai Khan, expanded the empire even more."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. So that's a pretty good looking empire, and sure, a lot of it was pasture or mountains or desert, but the Mongols did conquer a lot of people too. And in some ways, with Genghis's death, the empire was just getting started. His son, Ogedai Khan, expanded the empire even more. And Genghis's grandson, Mongke, was the Great Khan in 1258 when Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, fell to the Mongols. And another of Genghis's grandsons, Kublai Khan, conquered the Song Dynasty in China in 1279. And if the Mamluks hadn't stopped another of Genghis's grandsons at the Battle of Ain Jalut, they probably would have taken all of North Africa."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "His son, Ogedai Khan, expanded the empire even more. And Genghis's grandson, Mongke, was the Great Khan in 1258 when Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, fell to the Mongols. And another of Genghis's grandsons, Kublai Khan, conquered the Song Dynasty in China in 1279. And if the Mamluks hadn't stopped another of Genghis's grandsons at the Battle of Ain Jalut, they probably would have taken all of North Africa. Man, Genghis Khan sure had a lot of grandkids. Well, it must be time for the open letter. An Open Letter to Genghis Khan's Descendants."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "And if the Mamluks hadn't stopped another of Genghis's grandsons at the Battle of Ain Jalut, they probably would have taken all of North Africa. Man, Genghis Khan sure had a lot of grandkids. Well, it must be time for the open letter. An Open Letter to Genghis Khan's Descendants. Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, a noisemaker and champagne poppers. Stan, you know I suck at these."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "An Open Letter to Genghis Khan's Descendants. Oh, but first, let's check what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, a noisemaker and champagne poppers. Stan, you know I suck at these. What's all this for? Oh, it's because it's a birthday party! Yay!"}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, you know I suck at these. What's all this for? Oh, it's because it's a birthday party! Yay! Happy birthday to Genghis Khan's descendants. How do I know it's your birthday, Genghis Khan's descendants? Because every day is your birthday."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Yay! Happy birthday to Genghis Khan's descendants. How do I know it's your birthday, Genghis Khan's descendants? Because every day is your birthday. Because right now, on the planet Earth, there are 16 million direct descendants of Genghis Khan, meaning that every day is the birthday of 43,000 of them. So good news, Genghis Khan, your empire might be gone, but your progeny lives on and on and on and on. Happy birthday!"}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Because every day is your birthday. Because right now, on the planet Earth, there are 16 million direct descendants of Genghis Khan, meaning that every day is the birthday of 43,000 of them. So good news, Genghis Khan, your empire might be gone, but your progeny lives on and on and on and on. Happy birthday! Best wishes, John Green. Unfortunately for the Mongols, those guys weren't always working together because Genghis Khan failed to create a single political unit out of his conquests. Instead, after Genghis's death, the Mongols were left with four really important empires called khanates."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Happy birthday! Best wishes, John Green. Unfortunately for the Mongols, those guys weren't always working together because Genghis Khan failed to create a single political unit out of his conquests. Instead, after Genghis's death, the Mongols were left with four really important empires called khanates. The Yuan Dynasty in China, the Ilkhanate in Persia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia. If you remember all the way back to the Hellenistic period, this is similar to what happened to another good general who wasn't much for administration, Alexander the Great. Also, neither of them ever conquered India."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Instead, after Genghis's death, the Mongols were left with four really important empires called khanates. The Yuan Dynasty in China, the Ilkhanate in Persia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia. If you remember all the way back to the Hellenistic period, this is similar to what happened to another good general who wasn't much for administration, Alexander the Great. Also, neither of them ever conquered India. The Mongols succeeded primarily because of their military skill. Genghis Khan's army, which never numbered more than 130,000, was built on speed and archery. Just like this guy."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, neither of them ever conquered India. The Mongols succeeded primarily because of their military skill. Genghis Khan's army, which never numbered more than 130,000, was built on speed and archery. Just like this guy. Mongol mounted archers were like super-fast tanks compared to the foot soldiers and knights they were up against. But wait, all the military history nerds are saying, once people knew the Mongols were coming, why didn't they just hole up in castles and forts? It's not like the Mongols had flying horses."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Just like this guy. Mongol mounted archers were like super-fast tanks compared to the foot soldiers and knights they were up against. But wait, all the military history nerds are saying, once people knew the Mongols were coming, why didn't they just hole up in castles and forts? It's not like the Mongols had flying horses. Except they did. They didn't? Stan, why are you always making history boring?"}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "It's not like the Mongols had flying horses. Except they did. They didn't? Stan, why are you always making history boring? So the Mongols apparently didn't have flying horses, but they were uncommonly adaptable. So even though they'd never seen a castle before they started raiding, they became experts at siege warfare by interrogating prisoners. And they also adopted gunpowder, probably introducing it to Europeans."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Stan, why are you always making history boring? So the Mongols apparently didn't have flying horses, but they were uncommonly adaptable. So even though they'd never seen a castle before they started raiding, they became experts at siege warfare by interrogating prisoners. And they also adopted gunpowder, probably introducing it to Europeans. And they even built ships so they could attack Japan. That might have worked too, except there happened to be a typhoon. Also, people were terrified of the Mongols."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "And they also adopted gunpowder, probably introducing it to Europeans. And they even built ships so they could attack Japan. That might have worked too, except there happened to be a typhoon. Also, people were terrified of the Mongols. Often, cities would surrender the moment the Mongols arrived, just to escape slaughter. But of course, that only happened because there were occasions when the Mongols did, you know, slaughter entire towns. So with all that background, let us return to the question of Mongol awesomeness."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, people were terrified of the Mongols. Often, cities would surrender the moment the Mongols arrived, just to escape slaughter. But of course, that only happened because there were occasions when the Mongols did, you know, slaughter entire towns. So with all that background, let us return to the question of Mongol awesomeness. First, five arguments for awesome. One, the Mongols really did reinvigorate cross-Eurasian trade. The Silk Road trading routes that had existed for about a thousand years by the time the Mongols made the scene had fallen into disuse."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "So with all that background, let us return to the question of Mongol awesomeness. First, five arguments for awesome. One, the Mongols really did reinvigorate cross-Eurasian trade. The Silk Road trading routes that had existed for about a thousand years by the time the Mongols made the scene had fallen into disuse. But the Mongols valued trade because they could tax it. And they did a great job of keeping their empire safe. It was said that a man could walk from one end of the Mongol Empire to the other with a gold plate on his head without ever fearing being robbed."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "The Silk Road trading routes that had existed for about a thousand years by the time the Mongols made the scene had fallen into disuse. But the Mongols valued trade because they could tax it. And they did a great job of keeping their empire safe. It was said that a man could walk from one end of the Mongol Empire to the other with a gold plate on his head without ever fearing being robbed. Two, the Mongols increased communication through Eurasia by developing this pony express-like system of way stations with horses and riders that could quickly relay information. It was called the Yom system, and it also included these amazing bronze passports, which facilitated travel. Three, another thing that traveled along Mongol trade routes was cuisine."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "It was said that a man could walk from one end of the Mongol Empire to the other with a gold plate on his head without ever fearing being robbed. Two, the Mongols increased communication through Eurasia by developing this pony express-like system of way stations with horses and riders that could quickly relay information. It was called the Yom system, and it also included these amazing bronze passports, which facilitated travel. Three, another thing that traveled along Mongol trade routes was cuisine. For example, it was because of the Mongols that rice became a staple of the Persian diet, which I mention entirely because I happen to like Persian food. Four, the Mongols forcibly relocated people who were useful to them, like artists and musicians and especially administrators. As you can imagine, the Mongols weren't much for administrative tasks, like keeping records, so they found people who were good at that stuff and just moved them around the empire."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Three, another thing that traveled along Mongol trade routes was cuisine. For example, it was because of the Mongols that rice became a staple of the Persian diet, which I mention entirely because I happen to like Persian food. Four, the Mongols forcibly relocated people who were useful to them, like artists and musicians and especially administrators. As you can imagine, the Mongols weren't much for administrative tasks, like keeping records, so they found people who were good at that stuff and just moved them around the empire. This created the kind of cross-cultural pollination that world historians these days get really excited about. And five, the Mongols were almost unprecedentedly tolerant of different religions. They themselves were shamanists, believing in nature spirits, but since their religion was tied to the land from which they came, they didn't expect new people to adopt it, and they didn't ask them to."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "As you can imagine, the Mongols weren't much for administrative tasks, like keeping records, so they found people who were good at that stuff and just moved them around the empire. This created the kind of cross-cultural pollination that world historians these days get really excited about. And five, the Mongols were almost unprecedentedly tolerant of different religions. They themselves were shamanists, believing in nature spirits, but since their religion was tied to the land from which they came, they didn't expect new people to adopt it, and they didn't ask them to. So you could find Muslims and Buddhists and Christians and people of any other religion you can think of prospering throughout the Mongol Empire. And it's that kind of openness that has led historians to go back and reevaluate the Mongols, seeing them as kind of a precursor to modernity. But there is another side of the story that we should not forget, so here are five reasons why the Mongols might not be so great."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "They themselves were shamanists, believing in nature spirits, but since their religion was tied to the land from which they came, they didn't expect new people to adopt it, and they didn't ask them to. So you could find Muslims and Buddhists and Christians and people of any other religion you can think of prospering throughout the Mongol Empire. And it's that kind of openness that has led historians to go back and reevaluate the Mongols, seeing them as kind of a precursor to modernity. But there is another side of the story that we should not forget, so here are five reasons why the Mongols might not be so great. One, here is Genghis Khan's definition of happiness. The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters. Off topic, but if that quote rings a bell, it might be because Oliver Stone blatantly plagiarized Genghis Khan in the movie Conan the Barbarian."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "But there is another side of the story that we should not forget, so here are five reasons why the Mongols might not be so great. One, here is Genghis Khan's definition of happiness. The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters. Off topic, but if that quote rings a bell, it might be because Oliver Stone blatantly plagiarized Genghis Khan in the movie Conan the Barbarian. Two, is an extension of one, the Mongols were seriously brutal conquerors. I mean, not uniquely brutal, but still. The Mongols often destroyed entire cities, and most historians estimate the number they killed to be in the millions."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Off topic, but if that quote rings a bell, it might be because Oliver Stone blatantly plagiarized Genghis Khan in the movie Conan the Barbarian. Two, is an extension of one, the Mongols were seriously brutal conquerors. I mean, not uniquely brutal, but still. The Mongols often destroyed entire cities, and most historians estimate the number they killed to be in the millions. Three, their empire didn't last. Within 80 years, they'd left China and been replaced by a new dynasty, the Ming, and in Persia they blended in so completely that by the 15th century they were totally unrecognizable. I mean, they'd even taken up agriculture."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "The Mongols often destroyed entire cities, and most historians estimate the number they killed to be in the millions. Three, their empire didn't last. Within 80 years, they'd left China and been replaced by a new dynasty, the Ming, and in Persia they blended in so completely that by the 15th century they were totally unrecognizable. I mean, they'd even taken up agriculture. Agriculture, the last refuge of scoundrels who wanted to devote their lives to working instead of scoodily-pooping. They also weren't particularly interested in artistic patronage or architecture. I mean, your palace may last forever, but my yurt can go anywhere."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, they'd even taken up agriculture. Agriculture, the last refuge of scoundrels who wanted to devote their lives to working instead of scoodily-pooping. They also weren't particularly interested in artistic patronage or architecture. I mean, your palace may last forever, but my yurt can go anywhere. Five, the Mongols were probably responsible for the Black Death. By opening up trade, they also opened up vectors for disease to travel, in the case of the plague via fleas infected with Yersinia pestis. And at least according to one story, the Mongols intentionally spread the plague by catapulting their plague-ridden cadavers over the walls of Caffa in the Crimea."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "I mean, your palace may last forever, but my yurt can go anywhere. Five, the Mongols were probably responsible for the Black Death. By opening up trade, they also opened up vectors for disease to travel, in the case of the plague via fleas infected with Yersinia pestis. And at least according to one story, the Mongols intentionally spread the plague by catapulting their plague-ridden cadavers over the walls of Caffa in the Crimea. While this primitive act of biological warfare might have happened, it's unlikely to be what actually spread the plague. More likely it was the fleas on the rats in the holds of Black Sea ships that were trading with Europe, but that trade only existed because of the Mongols. All right, Stan, one last time, cue the Mongoltage."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "And at least according to one story, the Mongols intentionally spread the plague by catapulting their plague-ridden cadavers over the walls of Caffa in the Crimea. While this primitive act of biological warfare might have happened, it's unlikely to be what actually spread the plague. More likely it was the fleas on the rats in the holds of Black Sea ships that were trading with Europe, but that trade only existed because of the Mongols. All right, Stan, one last time, cue the Mongoltage. So the Mongols promoted trade, diversity, and tolerance, and they also promoted slaughter and senseless destruction. And what you think about the Mongols ends up saying a lot about you. Do you value artistic output over religious diversity?"}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "All right, Stan, one last time, cue the Mongoltage. So the Mongols promoted trade, diversity, and tolerance, and they also promoted slaughter and senseless destruction. And what you think about the Mongols ends up saying a lot about you. Do you value artistic output over religious diversity? Is imperialism that doesn't last better or worse than imperialism that does? And are certain kinds of warfare inherently wrong? If you think those are easy questions to answer, then I haven't been doing my job."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Do you value artistic output over religious diversity? Is imperialism that doesn't last better or worse than imperialism that does? And are certain kinds of warfare inherently wrong? If you think those are easy questions to answer, then I haven't been doing my job. Regardless, I look forward to reading your answers in comments. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "If you think those are easy questions to answer, then I haven't been doing my job. Regardless, I look forward to reading your answers in comments. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics theme is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Hawaiian pizza."}, {"video_title": "Wait For It...The Mongols! Crash Course World History #17.m4a", "Sentence": "Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics theme is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Hawaiian pizza. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that can be answered by our team of historians. By the way, if you want to wear your glove for Crash Course, there's a Mongol shirt, link in the video info. Thanks for watching Crash Course."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today is the penultimate episode of Crash Course. We're going to talk about globalization. This was going to be the last episode, but I just can't quit you, world historians. So today we're going to talk about globalization, and in doing so, we're going to talk about why we study history at all. Ooh, ooh, Mr. Green! Yes, me from the past? We study history to get a good grade, to go to a good college, to get a good job."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "So today we're going to talk about globalization, and in doing so, we're going to talk about why we study history at all. Ooh, ooh, Mr. Green! Yes, me from the past? We study history to get a good grade, to go to a good college, to get a good job. So you can make more money than you would otherwise make and be a slightly larger cog among the 7 billion gears that turn the planet's economic engine, right? And that's fine, but if that's why you really study history, then you need to understand all the ways that the t-shirt you're wearing is both the cause and result of your ambition. This t-shirt contains the global economy, its efficiency, its massive surplus, its hyperconnectedness, and its unsustainability."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "We study history to get a good grade, to go to a good college, to get a good job. So you can make more money than you would otherwise make and be a slightly larger cog among the 7 billion gears that turn the planet's economic engine, right? And that's fine, but if that's why you really study history, then you need to understand all the ways that the t-shirt you're wearing is both the cause and result of your ambition. This t-shirt contains the global economy, its efficiency, its massive surplus, its hyperconnectedness, and its unsustainability. This t-shirt tells one story of globalization, so let's follow it. INTRO So globalization is a cultural phenomenon. It's reflected in contemporary artwork and population migration and linguistic changes, but we're going to focus, as we so often have during Crash Course, on trade."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "This t-shirt contains the global economy, its efficiency, its massive surplus, its hyperconnectedness, and its unsustainability. This t-shirt tells one story of globalization, so let's follow it. INTRO So globalization is a cultural phenomenon. It's reflected in contemporary artwork and population migration and linguistic changes, but we're going to focus, as we so often have during Crash Course, on trade. So the world today, as symbolized by our international felt melange, experiences widespread global economic interdependence. Now, of course, economic interdependence and the accompanying cultural borrowing are nothing new. You'll remember that we found trade documents from the Indus Valley civilization all the way in Mesopotamia."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "It's reflected in contemporary artwork and population migration and linguistic changes, but we're going to focus, as we so often have during Crash Course, on trade. So the world today, as symbolized by our international felt melange, experiences widespread global economic interdependence. Now, of course, economic interdependence and the accompanying cultural borrowing are nothing new. You'll remember that we found trade documents from the Indus Valley civilization all the way in Mesopotamia. But for a few reasons, the scale of this trade has increased dramatically. One, multinational corporations have global reach and increasing power. Two, travel and shipping are cheap and safe."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "You'll remember that we found trade documents from the Indus Valley civilization all the way in Mesopotamia. But for a few reasons, the scale of this trade has increased dramatically. One, multinational corporations have global reach and increasing power. Two, travel and shipping are cheap and safe. It took about two months to cross the Atlantic in 1800. Today, it takes about five hours by plane and less than a week by ship. Three, governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade, leading to what is sometimes called, euphemistically, free trade."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Two, travel and shipping are cheap and safe. It took about two months to cross the Atlantic in 1800. Today, it takes about five hours by plane and less than a week by ship. Three, governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade, leading to what is sometimes called, euphemistically, free trade. To which I say, if this trade is so free, how come BBC America is in the premium tier of my cable package? To understand the role that governments play in international trade, let's look again at this t-shirt. This t-shirt, like most t-shirts made in the world, contains 100% American cotton."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Three, governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade, leading to what is sometimes called, euphemistically, free trade. To which I say, if this trade is so free, how come BBC America is in the premium tier of my cable package? To understand the role that governments play in international trade, let's look again at this t-shirt. This t-shirt, like most t-shirts made in the world, contains 100% American cotton. And that's not because the US makes the best cotton or the most efficient cotton, it's because the US government subsidizes cotton production. And that's what makes this cotton cheaper than cotton of similar quality from Brazil or India. But in the last 30 years, the US's share of cotton exports has gone down as Brazil, India, and Africa's cotton exports go up."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "This t-shirt, like most t-shirts made in the world, contains 100% American cotton. And that's not because the US makes the best cotton or the most efficient cotton, it's because the US government subsidizes cotton production. And that's what makes this cotton cheaper than cotton of similar quality from Brazil or India. But in the last 30 years, the US's share of cotton exports has gone down as Brazil, India, and Africa's cotton exports go up. And that trend will likely continue as the US moves away from its expensive cotton subsidies. In fact, these days it's already possible to find t-shirts with Brazilian, Indian, or Ugandan cotton, or a mixture of cottons from all around the world. But because the American government doesn't subsidize industry in the way it does agricultural production, the actual spinning and weaving of the cotton takes place in lower-wage countries \u2013 Mexico, Guatemala, Vietnam, China, India, China, China, sometimes even China."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "But in the last 30 years, the US's share of cotton exports has gone down as Brazil, India, and Africa's cotton exports go up. And that trend will likely continue as the US moves away from its expensive cotton subsidies. In fact, these days it's already possible to find t-shirts with Brazilian, Indian, or Ugandan cotton, or a mixture of cottons from all around the world. But because the American government doesn't subsidize industry in the way it does agricultural production, the actual spinning and weaving of the cotton takes place in lower-wage countries \u2013 Mexico, Guatemala, Vietnam, China, India, China, China, sometimes even China. And then the finished shirts, called blanks, are usually sent to Europe or the United States for screen printing and then sold. You would think the most expensive part of this process is the part where we ship this across the Pacific Ocean, turn it into this, and then ship it back across the Pacific Ocean. But you'd be wrong."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "But because the American government doesn't subsidize industry in the way it does agricultural production, the actual spinning and weaving of the cotton takes place in lower-wage countries \u2013 Mexico, Guatemala, Vietnam, China, India, China, China, sometimes even China. And then the finished shirts, called blanks, are usually sent to Europe or the United States for screen printing and then sold. You would think the most expensive part of this process is the part where we ship this across the Pacific Ocean, turn it into this, and then ship it back across the Pacific Ocean. But you'd be wrong. Wholesale t-shirt blanks can cost as little as $3. The expense is in the printing, the retail side of things, and paying the designer at Thought Bubble who was tasked with the difficult job of creating a mongrel who is at once cute and terrifying. So contemporary global trade is pretty anarchic and unregulated, at least by international institutions and national governments."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "But you'd be wrong. Wholesale t-shirt blanks can cost as little as $3. The expense is in the printing, the retail side of things, and paying the designer at Thought Bubble who was tasked with the difficult job of creating a mongrel who is at once cute and terrifying. So contemporary global trade is pretty anarchic and unregulated, at least by international institutions and national governments. Much of this has to do with academic economists, mostly in the US and Europe, who have argued with great success that governmental regulation diminishes prosperity by limiting growth. Now, some nations in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa haven't been particularly keen to pursue free trade, but they've been bullied into it by larger economies with whom they desperately need to trade. So in the past 30 years, we've seen all these emerging markets lowering their tariffs, getting rid of regulation, and privatizing formerly state-run businesses."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "So contemporary global trade is pretty anarchic and unregulated, at least by international institutions and national governments. Much of this has to do with academic economists, mostly in the US and Europe, who have argued with great success that governmental regulation diminishes prosperity by limiting growth. Now, some nations in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa haven't been particularly keen to pursue free trade, but they've been bullied into it by larger economies with whom they desperately need to trade. So in the past 30 years, we've seen all these emerging markets lowering their tariffs, getting rid of regulation, and privatizing formerly state-run businesses. And they often do that to appease the International Monetary Fund, which offers low-interest loans to developing world economies with the motto, Many Strings Attached. Now, whether these decreased regulations have been a net positive for these developing world economies is a subject of much debate, and we will wade into it, but not until next week. First, we need to understand more about the nature of this trade."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "So in the past 30 years, we've seen all these emerging markets lowering their tariffs, getting rid of regulation, and privatizing formerly state-run businesses. And they often do that to appease the International Monetary Fund, which offers low-interest loans to developing world economies with the motto, Many Strings Attached. Now, whether these decreased regulations have been a net positive for these developing world economies is a subject of much debate, and we will wade into it, but not until next week. First, we need to understand more about the nature of this trade. So you'll remember from the Industrial Revolution episode that industrial Western powers produced most of the manufactured goods, which were then sold in international markets, but you'll also remember that domestic consumption was extremely important. I mean, almost all early Model Ts were built by Americans and bought by Americans. But since the 1960s, and especially today, former non-industrialized parts of the world have been manufacturing consumer goods for domestic markets, yes, but primarily for foreign ones."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "First, we need to understand more about the nature of this trade. So you'll remember from the Industrial Revolution episode that industrial Western powers produced most of the manufactured goods, which were then sold in international markets, but you'll also remember that domestic consumption was extremely important. I mean, almost all early Model Ts were built by Americans and bought by Americans. But since the 1960s, and especially today, former non-industrialized parts of the world have been manufacturing consumer goods for domestic markets, yes, but primarily for foreign ones. This t-shirt, made in China and the Dominican Republic before being imported to Mexico and then to the United States, is a primary example of what I'm talking about, but so is the computer that you're watching me on. Your computer was probably manufactured in China, but with parts from all over the world, especially Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. And this international manufacturing is always finding, like, new markets, too."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "But since the 1960s, and especially today, former non-industrialized parts of the world have been manufacturing consumer goods for domestic markets, yes, but primarily for foreign ones. This t-shirt, made in China and the Dominican Republic before being imported to Mexico and then to the United States, is a primary example of what I'm talking about, but so is the computer that you're watching me on. Your computer was probably manufactured in China, but with parts from all over the world, especially Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. And this international manufacturing is always finding, like, new markets, too. Like Brazil, for instance, has a huge technology sector. They make iPads there, actually. Sorry, I'm trying to play Angry Birds."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "And this international manufacturing is always finding, like, new markets, too. Like Brazil, for instance, has a huge technology sector. They make iPads there, actually. Sorry, I'm trying to play Angry Birds. But what all these countries have in common is that while there is a domestic market for things like iPads and t-shirts, the foreign markets are much, much bigger. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Cookie Monster But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Sorry, I'm trying to play Angry Birds. But what all these countries have in common is that while there is a domestic market for things like iPads and t-shirts, the foreign markets are much, much bigger. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An Open Letter to Cookie Monster But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a cookie dough flavored balance bar. For people who love cookies and pretending to be healthy. Dear Cookie Monster, here's the thing, man."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "An Open Letter to Cookie Monster But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a cookie dough flavored balance bar. For people who love cookies and pretending to be healthy. Dear Cookie Monster, here's the thing, man. You don't have a stomach. That's why when you put a cookie in your mouth, it crumbles up and then it just falls out of your mouth. But here's what fascinates me, Cookie Monster."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Dear Cookie Monster, here's the thing, man. You don't have a stomach. That's why when you put a cookie in your mouth, it crumbles up and then it just falls out of your mouth. But here's what fascinates me, Cookie Monster. I believe you when you say you love cookies. It doesn't matter that you can't actually eat cookies, because where you would have a stomach, you instead have someone's arm. And that, Cookie Monster, is what makes you a beautiful symbol for contemporary consumption."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "But here's what fascinates me, Cookie Monster. I believe you when you say you love cookies. It doesn't matter that you can't actually eat cookies, because where you would have a stomach, you instead have someone's arm. And that, Cookie Monster, is what makes you a beautiful symbol for contemporary consumption. You just keep eating, even though you can't eat. Cookie Monster, you are the best and the worst of us. Best wishes, John Green."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "And that, Cookie Monster, is what makes you a beautiful symbol for contemporary consumption. You just keep eating, even though you can't eat. Cookie Monster, you are the best and the worst of us. Best wishes, John Green. So although diehard Marxists might still resist this, by 2012 it's become pretty obvious that global capitalism has been good for a lot of people. It's certainly increased worldwide economic output, and while American autoworkers may suffer job loss, moving manufacturing jobs from high-wage to lower-wage countries allows a greater number of people to live better than they did when the first and second worlds monopolized manufacturing. And while I don't want to conflate correlation and causation, some 600 million people have emerged from poverty in the last 30 years, at least according to the World Bank's definition of poverty, which is living on less than $1.25 a day."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Best wishes, John Green. So although diehard Marxists might still resist this, by 2012 it's become pretty obvious that global capitalism has been good for a lot of people. It's certainly increased worldwide economic output, and while American autoworkers may suffer job loss, moving manufacturing jobs from high-wage to lower-wage countries allows a greater number of people to live better than they did when the first and second worlds monopolized manufacturing. And while I don't want to conflate correlation and causation, some 600 million people have emerged from poverty in the last 30 years, at least according to the World Bank's definition of poverty, which is living on less than $1.25 a day. Americans can argue about whether absurdly inexpensive clothes, shoes, and televisions are worth the domestic, economic, and social dislocation, but for the Vietnamese worker stitching a pair of sneakers, that job represents an opportunity for a longer, healthier, and more secure life than she would have had if those shoes were made in the USA. But before we jump on the celebratory globalization bandwagon, let's acknowledge that this brave new world has some side effects. For instance, it maybe hasn't been so good for families, it definitely has not been good for the environment, and also there's a chance that globalization will spark, like, the end of the human species."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "And while I don't want to conflate correlation and causation, some 600 million people have emerged from poverty in the last 30 years, at least according to the World Bank's definition of poverty, which is living on less than $1.25 a day. Americans can argue about whether absurdly inexpensive clothes, shoes, and televisions are worth the domestic, economic, and social dislocation, but for the Vietnamese worker stitching a pair of sneakers, that job represents an opportunity for a longer, healthier, and more secure life than she would have had if those shoes were made in the USA. But before we jump on the celebratory globalization bandwagon, let's acknowledge that this brave new world has some side effects. For instance, it maybe hasn't been so good for families, it definitely has not been good for the environment, and also there's a chance that globalization will spark, like, the end of the human species. But we're going to talk about all that next week. For today, let's bring on the bandwagon and ride straight for the Thought Bubble. So these days, people move more than they ever have."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "For instance, it maybe hasn't been so good for families, it definitely has not been good for the environment, and also there's a chance that globalization will spark, like, the end of the human species. But we're going to talk about all that next week. For today, let's bring on the bandwagon and ride straight for the Thought Bubble. So these days, people move more than they ever have. 21% of people living in Canada were born somewhere else, as was an astonishing 69% of Kuwait's current population. Migration has become easier because 1. Air travel is pretty cheap, especially if you only take a few plane trips in your life, and 2. it's relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in touch with relatives living far away thanks to Skype, mobile phones, and inexpensive calling cards."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "So these days, people move more than they ever have. 21% of people living in Canada were born somewhere else, as was an astonishing 69% of Kuwait's current population. Migration has become easier because 1. Air travel is pretty cheap, especially if you only take a few plane trips in your life, and 2. it's relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in touch with relatives living far away thanks to Skype, mobile phones, and inexpensive calling cards. Also 3. Even with increased industrialization in the developing world, economic opportunities are often much better in wealthy countries. Remittances, money sent home by people working abroad, are now a huge driver of economic growth in the developing world."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Air travel is pretty cheap, especially if you only take a few plane trips in your life, and 2. it's relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in touch with relatives living far away thanks to Skype, mobile phones, and inexpensive calling cards. Also 3. Even with increased industrialization in the developing world, economic opportunities are often much better in wealthy countries. Remittances, money sent home by people working abroad, are now a huge driver of economic growth in the developing world. Like in Tajikistan, for instance, remittances are 35% of the country's total gross domestic product. With all these people moving around the world, it's not surprising that globalization also means cultural blending. When people move, they don't just give up their literary, culinary, artistic, and musical traditions."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Remittances, money sent home by people working abroad, are now a huge driver of economic growth in the developing world. Like in Tajikistan, for instance, remittances are 35% of the country's total gross domestic product. With all these people moving around the world, it's not surprising that globalization also means cultural blending. When people move, they don't just give up their literary, culinary, artistic, and musical traditions. Globalized culture is a bit of a paradox, though, because some people see culture today as increasingly Americanized, right? Like Friends is currently broadcast in over 100 countries. You can find Diet Coke for sale deep in the jungles of Madagascar."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "When people move, they don't just give up their literary, culinary, artistic, and musical traditions. Globalized culture is a bit of a paradox, though, because some people see culture today as increasingly Americanized, right? Like Friends is currently broadcast in over 100 countries. You can find Diet Coke for sale deep in the jungles of Madagascar. The NBA is huge in China. There are fewer languages spoken today, and probably less cultural diversity. But on the other hand, an individual's access to diverse cultural experience has never been greater."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "You can find Diet Coke for sale deep in the jungles of Madagascar. The NBA is huge in China. There are fewer languages spoken today, and probably less cultural diversity. But on the other hand, an individual's access to diverse cultural experience has never been greater. Bollywood movies, Swedish hip-hop, Brazilian soap operas, highlights from Congolese football matches, these are all available to us. Culinary-cultural fusion is all the rage. More novels are translated from languages than ever before, although few are actually read."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "But on the other hand, an individual's access to diverse cultural experience has never been greater. Bollywood movies, Swedish hip-hop, Brazilian soap operas, highlights from Congolese football matches, these are all available to us. Culinary-cultural fusion is all the rage. More novels are translated from languages than ever before, although few are actually read. And in the surest sign of cultural globalization, football, the world's game, has finally reached America, where broadcasts of the greatest collective enterprise humanity has ever known, Liverpool Football Club, got record ratings in 2012. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Hey, one last request."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "More novels are translated from languages than ever before, although few are actually read. And in the surest sign of cultural globalization, football, the world's game, has finally reached America, where broadcasts of the greatest collective enterprise humanity has ever known, Liverpool Football Club, got record ratings in 2012. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Hey, one last request. Could you put me in a Liverpool jersey? On the pitch at Anfield? Raising the Premier League trophy?"}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Hey, one last request. Could you put me in a Liverpool jersey? On the pitch at Anfield? Raising the Premier League trophy? With Steven Gerrard hugging me? Yes! Just like that!"}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Raising the Premier League trophy? With Steven Gerrard hugging me? Yes! Just like that! Oh, Thought Bubble, I love you so much! Okay, so this all brings us to how globalization has changed us, and whether it's for the better. If you're looking for the minimum wage here in the United States, this t-shirt, purchased at your friendly neighborhood e-tailer dftba.com, will cost you about three hours worth of work, and yes, that does include shipping."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Just like that! Oh, Thought Bubble, I love you so much! Okay, so this all brings us to how globalization has changed us, and whether it's for the better. If you're looking for the minimum wage here in the United States, this t-shirt, purchased at your friendly neighborhood e-tailer dftba.com, will cost you about three hours worth of work, and yes, that does include shipping. By the time it arrives at your door, the cotton within that t-shirt will have traveled by truck, train, ship, possibly even airplane if you opt for priority shipping. And it will probably have traveled further than Magellan did during his famous circumnavigation of the globe. Yet all that for three hours of work, by contrast, a far less comfortable garment several hundred years ago would have cost you ten times as much work."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "If you're looking for the minimum wage here in the United States, this t-shirt, purchased at your friendly neighborhood e-tailer dftba.com, will cost you about three hours worth of work, and yes, that does include shipping. By the time it arrives at your door, the cotton within that t-shirt will have traveled by truck, train, ship, possibly even airplane if you opt for priority shipping. And it will probably have traveled further than Magellan did during his famous circumnavigation of the globe. Yet all that for three hours of work, by contrast, a far less comfortable garment several hundred years ago would have cost you ten times as much work. But these improvements have been accompanied by change so radical that we struggle to contextualize it. Like, the human population of our planet over time looks like this. Dang."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Yet all that for three hours of work, by contrast, a far less comfortable garment several hundred years ago would have cost you ten times as much work. But these improvements have been accompanied by change so radical that we struggle to contextualize it. Like, the human population of our planet over time looks like this. Dang. Like in 1800, there were a billion human beings on this planet, and that was more than had ever been seen before. And we live more than twice as long, on average, as humans did just two centuries ago, largely due to improved health care for women in childbirth and their infants, but also thanks to antibiotics and the second agricultural revolution that began in the 1950s, the so-called Green Revolution, that saw increased use of chemical fertilizers lead to dramatically higher crop yields. Of course, these gains haven't been evenly distributed around the world, but chances are, if you're watching this, you a. survive childbirth, and b. feel reasonably confident that your children will as well."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Dang. Like in 1800, there were a billion human beings on this planet, and that was more than had ever been seen before. And we live more than twice as long, on average, as humans did just two centuries ago, largely due to improved health care for women in childbirth and their infants, but also thanks to antibiotics and the second agricultural revolution that began in the 1950s, the so-called Green Revolution, that saw increased use of chemical fertilizers lead to dramatically higher crop yields. Of course, these gains haven't been evenly distributed around the world, but chances are, if you're watching this, you a. survive childbirth, and b. feel reasonably confident that your children will as well. That's a new feeling for humans, and as a parent, I can assure you, it's a miracle and one to be celebrated. We study history so that we can understand these changes, and so that we can remember both what we've gained and lost in getting to where we are. Next week, our last week, we'll look at the many facets of globalization that aren't causes for celebration."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Of course, these gains haven't been evenly distributed around the world, but chances are, if you're watching this, you a. survive childbirth, and b. feel reasonably confident that your children will as well. That's a new feeling for humans, and as a parent, I can assure you, it's a miracle and one to be celebrated. We study history so that we can understand these changes, and so that we can remember both what we've gained and lost in getting to where we are. Next week, our last week, we'll look at the many facets of globalization that aren't causes for celebration. But for today, let's just pause to consider how we got from here to here, how the relentless and unquenchable ambition of humans led to a world where the entire contents of the Library of Alexandria would fit on my iPhone, along with recordings of everything Mozart ever composed. In such a world, it's easy to feel that we are big and powerful, maybe even invincible. It's easy to feel that, and also dangerous."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "Next week, our last week, we'll look at the many facets of globalization that aren't causes for celebration. But for today, let's just pause to consider how we got from here to here, how the relentless and unquenchable ambition of humans led to a world where the entire contents of the Library of Alexandria would fit on my iPhone, along with recordings of everything Mozart ever composed. In such a world, it's easy to feel that we are big and powerful, maybe even invincible. It's easy to feel that, and also dangerous. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller."}, {"video_title": "Globalization I - The Upside Crash Course World History #41.m4a", "Sentence": "It's easy to feel that, and also dangerous. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko, associate producer Danica Johnson, and the show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was, crush those rebels."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As we enter into the third century BCE, we see the Roman Republic that was founded in 509 BCE has now exerted control over most of the Italian peninsula. But it's not the only power in the Mediterranean. We have the remnants of Alexander the Great's empire, and we also have the Carthaginians. And you can see here in blue that Carthage had an extensive empire that controlled most of the western Mediterranean. And so you can imagine it was only a matter of time before they come into conflict with each other. And it turns out they are actually going to have three significant wars. Some historians view it as the most significant and largest scale wars up to that point in history."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And you can see here in blue that Carthage had an extensive empire that controlled most of the western Mediterranean. And so you can imagine it was only a matter of time before they come into conflict with each other. And it turns out they are actually going to have three significant wars. Some historians view it as the most significant and largest scale wars up to that point in history. And the first of these happens in 264 BCE. And it goes on for 23 years to 241 BCE. This is known as the First Punic War."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Some historians view it as the most significant and largest scale wars up to that point in history. And the first of these happens in 264 BCE. And it goes on for 23 years to 241 BCE. This is known as the First Punic War. You can see it on the timeline right over here, going from 264 to 241. To 241 right over there. And it's a result of a conflict that starts between two city states in Sicily."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "This is known as the First Punic War. You can see it on the timeline right over here, going from 264 to 241. To 241 right over there. And it's a result of a conflict that starts between two city states in Sicily. Sicily is this island right over here. And you have the city state of Syracuse, which is a powerful city originally established by the Greeks, and it gets into a scuffle with Messina, which is another city state at the northern, northeastern tip of Sicily. And Rome and Carthage, these two great powers, get embroiled, and it ends up being a conflict over the island of Sicily, where Carthage already had a foothold on the west coast."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And it's a result of a conflict that starts between two city states in Sicily. Sicily is this island right over here. And you have the city state of Syracuse, which is a powerful city originally established by the Greeks, and it gets into a scuffle with Messina, which is another city state at the northern, northeastern tip of Sicily. And Rome and Carthage, these two great powers, get embroiled, and it ends up being a conflict over the island of Sicily, where Carthage already had a foothold on the west coast. Now what's interesting going into this war is that Carthage had a powerful, you could view it as an empire over the sea. It had a very powerful navy, while Rome had a very powerful army, and not really much of a navy to speak of. But as we'll see as we go through the First Punic War, that will change."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Rome and Carthage, these two great powers, get embroiled, and it ends up being a conflict over the island of Sicily, where Carthage already had a foothold on the west coast. Now what's interesting going into this war is that Carthage had a powerful, you could view it as an empire over the sea. It had a very powerful navy, while Rome had a very powerful army, and not really much of a navy to speak of. But as we'll see as we go through the First Punic War, that will change. The first major battle happens at Agrigentum, and I'm probably mispronouncing it here, on Sicily. And the Romans are able to win decisively, and then the Carthaginians, you can imagine, start to say, well, maybe we should engage them more in the sea. And that happens in 260 at the Battle of Lippori Islands, which are right over here."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "But as we'll see as we go through the First Punic War, that will change. The first major battle happens at Agrigentum, and I'm probably mispronouncing it here, on Sicily. And the Romans are able to win decisively, and then the Carthaginians, you can imagine, start to say, well, maybe we should engage them more in the sea. And that happens in 260 at the Battle of Lippori Islands, which are right over here. And when the Romans get defeated there, they say, hey, maybe we need a little bit more of a navy. And so over the course of these several decades, you have this constant, this continual fighting. And there are some Carthaginian or Punic victories."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And that happens in 260 at the Battle of Lippori Islands, which are right over here. And when the Romans get defeated there, they say, hey, maybe we need a little bit more of a navy. And so over the course of these several decades, you have this constant, this continual fighting. And there are some Carthaginian or Punic victories. We've talked about in previous videos, the word Punic is derived from what the Romans called the Carthaginians, which is derived from their roots as Phoenicians. You have some Punic victories, but for the most part, Rome is successful. And so at the end of the First Punic War, a few things happen."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And there are some Carthaginian or Punic victories. We've talked about in previous videos, the word Punic is derived from what the Romans called the Carthaginians, which is derived from their roots as Phoenicians. You have some Punic victories, but for the most part, Rome is successful. And so at the end of the First Punic War, a few things happen. You have Carthage leaves Sicily. Carthage expelled, expelled from, from Sicily. You have, you have war indemnity."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so at the end of the First Punic War, a few things happen. You have Carthage leaves Sicily. Carthage expelled, expelled from, from Sicily. You have, you have war indemnity. Rome tells Carthage, hey, you've gotta pay us for all of the damage you've created. And so this is difficult for Carthage, because a war costs Carthage a lot. And Carthage, especially, it didn't have citizen soldiers."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have, you have war indemnity. Rome tells Carthage, hey, you've gotta pay us for all of the damage you've created. And so this is difficult for Carthage, because a war costs Carthage a lot. And Carthage, especially, it didn't have citizen soldiers. Its army was made up of, the Navy had citizen, I guess you say sailors, but its army was made up mainly of mercenaries. Mercenaries. So these are soldiers who really, if you pay them enough, they're gonna fight for you."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And Carthage, especially, it didn't have citizen soldiers. Its army was made up of, the Navy had citizen, I guess you say sailors, but its army was made up mainly of mercenaries. Mercenaries. So these are soldiers who really, if you pay them enough, they're gonna fight for you. They don't really have allegiances based on some type of ideology or citizenship. So Carthage, as they went through this many decades war, they one, had to pay all these mercenaries. They had their own costs."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So these are soldiers who really, if you pay them enough, they're gonna fight for you. They don't really have allegiances based on some type of ideology or citizenship. So Carthage, as they went through this many decades war, they one, had to pay all these mercenaries. They had their own costs. And now Rome is making them pay indemnity. War indemnity. Indemnity to Rome."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They had their own costs. And now Rome is making them pay indemnity. War indemnity. Indemnity to Rome. And the other, I guess you could say side effect of this first Punic War, is that it was a catalyst for Rome building its Navy. Rome builds, builds Navy. And so you can imagine, especially the cost of the first Punic War, it becomes very difficult for Carthage."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Indemnity to Rome. And the other, I guess you could say side effect of this first Punic War, is that it was a catalyst for Rome building its Navy. Rome builds, builds Navy. And so you can imagine, especially the cost of the first Punic War, it becomes very difficult for Carthage. It actually destabilizes Carthage. A lot of the mercenaries, when they're not paid as they see they should be, they actually rise up. And from 240 to 238, you have a mercenary war."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so you can imagine, especially the cost of the first Punic War, it becomes very difficult for Carthage. It actually destabilizes Carthage. A lot of the mercenaries, when they're not paid as they see they should be, they actually rise up. And from 240 to 238, you have a mercenary war. So 240 to 238 BCE. BCE. You have a mercenary war."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And from 240 to 238, you have a mercenary war. So 240 to 238 BCE. BCE. You have a mercenary war. Eventually, it's able to be put down by the Carthaginians, but the side effect is it weakens their hold on Sardinia and Corsica. And so by the end of the mercenary war, by the end of the mercenary war, the map looks like this right over here. So you could view this map as what the Mediterranean looked like in 238 BCE."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have a mercenary war. Eventually, it's able to be put down by the Carthaginians, but the side effect is it weakens their hold on Sardinia and Corsica. And so by the end of the mercenary war, by the end of the mercenary war, the map looks like this right over here. So you could view this map as what the Mediterranean looked like in 238 BCE. Where you see now the Romans not only have control of the Italian peninsula, they've gained control over Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. Now this is Roman power is only going to increase, but the Carthaginians, this proud empire, they're not done here. So in 218, the Carthaginian general Hannibal, the famous Hannibal, decides to attack the Romans."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So you could view this map as what the Mediterranean looked like in 238 BCE. Where you see now the Romans not only have control of the Italian peninsula, they've gained control over Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. Now this is Roman power is only going to increase, but the Carthaginians, this proud empire, they're not done here. So in 218, the Carthaginian general Hannibal, the famous Hannibal, decides to attack the Romans. And he does it in an unconventional way. He attacks from the north. He takes his army, which includes elephants, through the Swiss Alps."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So in 218, the Carthaginian general Hannibal, the famous Hannibal, decides to attack the Romans. And he does it in an unconventional way. He attacks from the north. He takes his army, which includes elephants, through the Swiss Alps. This is an artist's depiction of Hannibal's army with its elephants going through the Swiss Alps. And they're able to wreak havoc over the Italian peninsula. And this goes on for roughly 15 years."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "He takes his army, which includes elephants, through the Swiss Alps. This is an artist's depiction of Hannibal's army with its elephants going through the Swiss Alps. And they're able to wreak havoc over the Italian peninsula. And this goes on for roughly 15 years. And so from 218 BCE till 201 BCE, you have the Second Punic War. Second Punic War. And even though Hannibal's able to wreak havoc for over a decade on the Italian peninsula, he's never able to fully take control of Rome."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this goes on for roughly 15 years. And so from 218 BCE till 201 BCE, you have the Second Punic War. Second Punic War. And even though Hannibal's able to wreak havoc for over a decade on the Italian peninsula, he's never able to fully take control of Rome. And there's several explanations there. One is the people that he conquers kept rising up against him. They weren't just happy to be subjugated by the Carthaginians, by the Punics, I guess you could say."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And even though Hannibal's able to wreak havoc for over a decade on the Italian peninsula, he's never able to fully take control of Rome. And there's several explanations there. One is the people that he conquers kept rising up against him. They weren't just happy to be subjugated by the Carthaginians, by the Punics, I guess you could say. And he never was able to get as many reinforcements as necessary to fully subjugate Rome. And by the end of the Second Punic War, the Romans decide to take the battle to Carthage. And in 202 BCE, at the Battle of Zuma, the Romans are able to decisively beat Hannibal."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They weren't just happy to be subjugated by the Carthaginians, by the Punics, I guess you could say. And he never was able to get as many reinforcements as necessary to fully subjugate Rome. And by the end of the Second Punic War, the Romans decide to take the battle to Carthage. And in 202 BCE, at the Battle of Zuma, the Romans are able to decisively beat Hannibal. Hannibal is called back to defend the homeland. And he is defeated here at Zuma. And so in 201 BCE, you have the end of the Second Punic War."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And in 202 BCE, at the Battle of Zuma, the Romans are able to decisively beat Hannibal. Hannibal is called back to defend the homeland. And he is defeated here at Zuma. And so in 201 BCE, you have the end of the Second Punic War. And by that point, at the end of the Second Punic War, you now have Rome in control of significant chunks of the Iberian Peninsula that used to be under control of Carthage. And Carthage has really been reduced to a client state of Rome. And this is roughly what the map looks like."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so in 201 BCE, you have the end of the Second Punic War. And by that point, at the end of the Second Punic War, you now have Rome in control of significant chunks of the Iberian Peninsula that used to be under control of Carthage. And Carthage has really been reduced to a client state of Rome. And this is roughly what the map looks like. And after this, Rome isn't happy. I mean, this was a pretty ugly war. Hannibal was here wreaking havoc on the Italian peninsula."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this is roughly what the map looks like. And after this, Rome isn't happy. I mean, this was a pretty ugly war. Hannibal was here wreaking havoc on the Italian peninsula. He was almost successful at taking over Rome. It was an existential threat to the Roman Republic. And so Carthage essentially becomes a client state of Rome."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Hannibal was here wreaking havoc on the Italian peninsula. He was almost successful at taking over Rome. It was an existential threat to the Roman Republic. And so Carthage essentially becomes a client state of Rome. They have to pay war indemnity. They really can't have a significant army anymore or a significant navy. And many people in Rome over the next several decades, even though Carthage is weakened so much, they start arguing, hey, we should just completely destroy this city."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so Carthage essentially becomes a client state of Rome. They have to pay war indemnity. They really can't have a significant army anymore or a significant navy. And many people in Rome over the next several decades, even though Carthage is weakened so much, they start arguing, hey, we should just completely destroy this city. Because every time we destroy them, or at least we beat them, we get into this peace treaty, but then they get powerful again, and then we get into a war with them. And these are very ugly wars. And so finally, in 149, let me write this, 149 BCE, as Carthage is starting to reassert a little bit of power, it's trying to rebuild its military, the Romans get scared."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And many people in Rome over the next several decades, even though Carthage is weakened so much, they start arguing, hey, we should just completely destroy this city. Because every time we destroy them, or at least we beat them, we get into this peace treaty, but then they get powerful again, and then we get into a war with them. And these are very ugly wars. And so finally, in 149, let me write this, 149 BCE, as Carthage is starting to reassert a little bit of power, it's trying to rebuild its military, the Romans get scared. And they say, you know what, let's just finish them off once and for all. And they say, all right, they start to put very onerous terms on the Carthaginians. They say, hey, move your city further inland."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so finally, in 149, let me write this, 149 BCE, as Carthage is starting to reassert a little bit of power, it's trying to rebuild its military, the Romans get scared. And they say, you know what, let's just finish them off once and for all. And they say, all right, they start to put very onerous terms on the Carthaginians. They say, hey, move your city further inland. We don't want you to ever be a power. The Carthaginians, of course, can't say, hey, we're just gonna move our entire city and we're gonna cede to your demands. And so the Romans use that as grounds for attack."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They say, hey, move your city further inland. We don't want you to ever be a power. The Carthaginians, of course, can't say, hey, we're just gonna move our entire city and we're gonna cede to your demands. And so the Romans use that as grounds for attack. And then, so from 149 BCE to 146 BCE, you have the Third Punic War, Third Punic War, which is really the one where Rome goes to destroy Carthage. And they are able to destroy Carthage, ending a 700-year city-state empire, whatever you wanna call it. They then become, the city of Carthage is utterly destroyed."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And so the Romans use that as grounds for attack. And then, so from 149 BCE to 146 BCE, you have the Third Punic War, Third Punic War, which is really the one where Rome goes to destroy Carthage. And they are able to destroy Carthage, ending a 700-year city-state empire, whatever you wanna call it. They then become, the city of Carthage is utterly destroyed. Its inhabitants are enslaved, which the Romans like to do for subjugated people. And the city was burned in a very systematic way for 17 days. The Romans wanted to ensure that Carthage could never rise up again to threaten Rome."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They then become, the city of Carthage is utterly destroyed. Its inhabitants are enslaved, which the Romans like to do for subjugated people. And the city was burned in a very systematic way for 17 days. The Romans wanted to ensure that Carthage could never rise up again to threaten Rome. And so after the Third Punic War, the Romans are now the dominant empire in the Mediterranean. Not only did they control that, what they controlled going into the Third Punic War, but now they controlled, they controlled, they controlled, they controlled Carthage's African colonies. The same year, 146 BCE, they were also able, the Romans were also able to take control of Greece."}, {"video_title": "Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "The Romans wanted to ensure that Carthage could never rise up again to threaten Rome. And so after the Third Punic War, the Romans are now the dominant empire in the Mediterranean. Not only did they control that, what they controlled going into the Third Punic War, but now they controlled, they controlled, they controlled, they controlled Carthage's African colonies. The same year, 146 BCE, they were also able, the Romans were also able to take control of Greece. And so as we exit out of the Third Punic War, you now have a Rome that is extremely powerful. And this Roman Republic is starting to resemble this empire. It's not officially an empire yet."}, {"video_title": "Aztec Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "We've already talked about the Aztec civilization in several videos, but what we're going to focus on in this video is the Aztec Empire, which shouldn't be confused with the Aztec civilization. The civilization is referring to the broader groups of people over hundreds of years, but the Aztec Empire is a very specific entity that formed in the hundred years before Spanish colonization. What you see here is a zoomed in version of what today would be southern Mexico and right over here on the globe, and you can see many city states formed here. A city state is a city that also considers itself a state that has its own political organization, its own way of functioning. It's not dependent on any other government forms, and it's analogous to what we see in classical Greece, where you have the city states of Athens and Sparta. Now, what's particularly interesting is what's going on around Lake Texcoco in the 14th century. In 1325, you have the city of Tenochtitlan form on this island in Lake Texcoco, and initially, Tenochtitlan is one of the weaker city states around Lake Texcoco."}, {"video_title": "Aztec Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "A city state is a city that also considers itself a state that has its own political organization, its own way of functioning. It's not dependent on any other government forms, and it's analogous to what we see in classical Greece, where you have the city states of Athens and Sparta. Now, what's particularly interesting is what's going on around Lake Texcoco in the 14th century. In 1325, you have the city of Tenochtitlan form on this island in Lake Texcoco, and initially, Tenochtitlan is one of the weaker city states around Lake Texcoco. You see many of these city states, some of the stronger ones, you have Texcoco right here, and in particular, you have Azcapotzalco. But as we fast forward roughly 100 years, you get to a situation where Azcapotzalco falls into a civil war. Their ruler dies, and there's a succession battle, and the various city states around Lake Texcoco take sides."}, {"video_title": "Aztec Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In 1325, you have the city of Tenochtitlan form on this island in Lake Texcoco, and initially, Tenochtitlan is one of the weaker city states around Lake Texcoco. You see many of these city states, some of the stronger ones, you have Texcoco right here, and in particular, you have Azcapotzalco. But as we fast forward roughly 100 years, you get to a situation where Azcapotzalco falls into a civil war. Their ruler dies, and there's a succession battle, and the various city states around Lake Texcoco take sides. What eventually happens is Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan form what is known as a triple alliance or the triple alliance, and are able to conquer the Azcapotzalco, and so in conquering the Azcapotzalco, what you have forming is known as the Aztec Empire. Now it starts as an alliance between these three city states and other city states in the area, but over time, Tenochtitlan, which is sometimes referred to as Mexico-Tenochtitlan, because it is a city state of the Mexico people, and this is where the name Mexico or Mexico actually comes from. Now even though it's an alliance, over time, Tenochtitlan essentially becomes the capital of this alliance or the capital of this Aztec Empire, which continues on for roughly 100 years until 1521, when it is defeated by Hernando Cortes."}, {"video_title": "Aztec Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Their ruler dies, and there's a succession battle, and the various city states around Lake Texcoco take sides. What eventually happens is Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan form what is known as a triple alliance or the triple alliance, and are able to conquer the Azcapotzalco, and so in conquering the Azcapotzalco, what you have forming is known as the Aztec Empire. Now it starts as an alliance between these three city states and other city states in the area, but over time, Tenochtitlan, which is sometimes referred to as Mexico-Tenochtitlan, because it is a city state of the Mexico people, and this is where the name Mexico or Mexico actually comes from. Now even though it's an alliance, over time, Tenochtitlan essentially becomes the capital of this alliance or the capital of this Aztec Empire, which continues on for roughly 100 years until 1521, when it is defeated by Hernando Cortes. Now the story of how Hernando Cortes is able to conquer this empire is fascinating, and I'm not going to be able to go into all of the details in this video, but needless to say, he's able to convince several hundred conquistadors to come and try to conquer the empire, and he's able to do so by recruiting tens of thousands, some estimates I've seen are 100,000 soldiers from neighboring city states who had issues with the Mexico or with the Aztec Empire, and so he's eventually able to take over the famed city of Tenochtitlan. And it's really important to recognize how advanced they were at the time. You see these causeways, these bridges, leading into the island."}, {"video_title": "Aztec Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now even though it's an alliance, over time, Tenochtitlan essentially becomes the capital of this alliance or the capital of this Aztec Empire, which continues on for roughly 100 years until 1521, when it is defeated by Hernando Cortes. Now the story of how Hernando Cortes is able to conquer this empire is fascinating, and I'm not going to be able to go into all of the details in this video, but needless to say, he's able to convince several hundred conquistadors to come and try to conquer the empire, and he's able to do so by recruiting tens of thousands, some estimates I've seen are 100,000 soldiers from neighboring city states who had issues with the Mexico or with the Aztec Empire, and so he's eventually able to take over the famed city of Tenochtitlan. And it's really important to recognize how advanced they were at the time. You see these causeways, these bridges, leading into the island. They had a fairly advanced dam system to collect fresh water from the rain while also to control flooding. In fact, a lot of that was destroyed when the conquistadors came in Mexico City, which eventually gets founded over this lake, is going to have issues with flooding for some time in the future. In fact, the Spanish, in order to control the flooding, end up draining this lake, and this is where Mexico City forms."}, {"video_title": "Aztec Empire World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You see these causeways, these bridges, leading into the island. They had a fairly advanced dam system to collect fresh water from the rain while also to control flooding. In fact, a lot of that was destroyed when the conquistadors came in Mexico City, which eventually gets founded over this lake, is going to have issues with flooding for some time in the future. In fact, the Spanish, in order to control the flooding, end up draining this lake, and this is where Mexico City forms. But the big takeaway here is near the end of the Aztec civilization, as we get to the 100 years before the conquistadors arrive, you have this empire form, this empire which starts as an alliance of city states but eventually becomes a tributary empire. Unlike the neighboring Mayans, which were on the Yucatan Peninsula, on this map they would be in this region right over here, the neighboring Mayans were autonomous city states, some might have had more power, more influence at different times, but the Aztec tributary state means the other city states are paying tribute to Tenochtitlan. They are paying revenue, they are paying service to what essentially is the capital or the seat of that empire until it is conquered by the Spanish."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "As you enter into the fourth century, it's persecuted by Diocletian. But then Constantine takes power, he's sympathetic to the Christians, he even convenes them in order to unify the Christians, to have a more unified sense of what it means to be Christian, in order to settle things like the Arian controversy, and he converts himself to Christianity. And as we exit the fourth century, you have Theodosius, who makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, and then begins to persecute other religions. Now what we're going to do in this video is continue the narrative, and in particular, we're going to see how there's an evolution between the church in the west and the church in the east. In previous videos, we already talk about how the Roman Empire itself is initially administered between west and east, and then that administration becomes more and more formal. Theodosius is the last emperor to truly rule both halves. They start getting ruled separately, and as you get into the latter half of the fifth century, the Western Empire itself falls to Germanic conquerors."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now what we're going to do in this video is continue the narrative, and in particular, we're going to see how there's an evolution between the church in the west and the church in the east. In previous videos, we already talk about how the Roman Empire itself is initially administered between west and east, and then that administration becomes more and more formal. Theodosius is the last emperor to truly rule both halves. They start getting ruled separately, and as you get into the latter half of the fifth century, the Western Empire itself falls to Germanic conquerors. Now in previous videos, we talk about how the emperors who rule from Constantinople consider themselves to continue the Roman Empire. They didn't call themselves the Byzantine Empire, as we now call them. They called themselves the Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They start getting ruled separately, and as you get into the latter half of the fifth century, the Western Empire itself falls to Germanic conquerors. Now in previous videos, we talk about how the emperors who rule from Constantinople consider themselves to continue the Roman Empire. They didn't call themselves the Byzantine Empire, as we now call them. They called themselves the Roman Empire. They considered themselves Roman emperors. The west falls, as I just mentioned, into a bunch of Germanic kingdoms. Justinian is able to reclaim a lot of the land formerly lost in the Western Roman Empire."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They called themselves the Roman Empire. They considered themselves Roman emperors. The west falls, as I just mentioned, into a bunch of Germanic kingdoms. Justinian is able to reclaim a lot of the land formerly lost in the Western Roman Empire. Now there's some other interesting actors that we see emerging on this map. And once again, we're now in the sixth century. You have these Germanic tribes, the Visigothic kingdoms here in modern-day Spain, and here in modern-day France, you have the Franks, and the word France really is referring to land of the Franks, another Germanic tribe."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Justinian is able to reclaim a lot of the land formerly lost in the Western Roman Empire. Now there's some other interesting actors that we see emerging on this map. And once again, we're now in the sixth century. You have these Germanic tribes, the Visigothic kingdoms here in modern-day Spain, and here in modern-day France, you have the Franks, and the word France really is referring to land of the Franks, another Germanic tribe. Now they are about to factor much, much more relevantly, and when I say about, I'm saying over the next several hundred years, in this eventual division, culturally and religiously, between east and west. As I mentioned in previous videos, the division, yes, it will center on notions of language. In the west, especially in the church, Latin is used."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have these Germanic tribes, the Visigothic kingdoms here in modern-day Spain, and here in modern-day France, you have the Franks, and the word France really is referring to land of the Franks, another Germanic tribe. Now they are about to factor much, much more relevantly, and when I say about, I'm saying over the next several hundred years, in this eventual division, culturally and religiously, between east and west. As I mentioned in previous videos, the division, yes, it will center on notions of language. In the west, especially in the church, Latin is used. In the east, in the church, Greek is used. There are spiritual debates that we will touch on in a few minutes, but there's also a power struggle. You have the Byzantine emperor seated in Constantinople."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "In the west, especially in the church, Latin is used. In the east, in the church, Greek is used. There are spiritual debates that we will touch on in a few minutes, but there's also a power struggle. You have the Byzantine emperor seated in Constantinople. You have the Bishop of Rome, now known as the Pope, really the Pope of Rome, who considers themselves more and more the leader of all of Christianity, and their argument there is, look, this is the church that, according to tradition, was founded by Peter, first amongst the apostles. You have the Patriarch of Constantinople, and patriarchs of other significant centers of Christianity say, wait, hold on a second. Yes, Bishop of Rome, you are very important, but we consider you to be first amongst equals."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You have the Byzantine emperor seated in Constantinople. You have the Bishop of Rome, now known as the Pope, really the Pope of Rome, who considers themselves more and more the leader of all of Christianity, and their argument there is, look, this is the church that, according to tradition, was founded by Peter, first amongst the apostles. You have the Patriarch of Constantinople, and patriarchs of other significant centers of Christianity say, wait, hold on a second. Yes, Bishop of Rome, you are very important, but we consider you to be first amongst equals. You don't have jurisdiction over all of Christendom. Together, we have jurisdiction. And this was, to some degree, the case under Justinian, and it was very clear at this time that the Byzantine emperor was very powerful, not just over the temporal realm, really referring to the day-to-day material realm, but also a lot of influence on the spiritual realm, which was really supposed to be the domain of the bishops or the popes or the patriarchs."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Yes, Bishop of Rome, you are very important, but we consider you to be first amongst equals. You don't have jurisdiction over all of Christendom. Together, we have jurisdiction. And this was, to some degree, the case under Justinian, and it was very clear at this time that the Byzantine emperor was very powerful, not just over the temporal realm, really referring to the day-to-day material realm, but also a lot of influence on the spiritual realm, which was really supposed to be the domain of the bishops or the popes or the patriarchs. This notion of the pentarchy was codified in the Justinian law, this idea that these five centers of Christianity really have extra weight and collectively are really leading Christendom. Now, as I mentioned, things get interesting as we fast forward about 250 years. So let's go to the year 800."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And this was, to some degree, the case under Justinian, and it was very clear at this time that the Byzantine emperor was very powerful, not just over the temporal realm, really referring to the day-to-day material realm, but also a lot of influence on the spiritual realm, which was really supposed to be the domain of the bishops or the popes or the patriarchs. This notion of the pentarchy was codified in the Justinian law, this idea that these five centers of Christianity really have extra weight and collectively are really leading Christendom. Now, as I mentioned, things get interesting as we fast forward about 250 years. So let's go to the year 800. So one thing you might notice is that group in yellow, the Franks, have now conquered a lot more, and they're conquering it under the leadership of Charlemagne. At the same time, you see this green over here. Islam has dramatically spread from its founding in the early 7th century all the way now as we're exiting the 8th century to cover most of the Middle East, Persia, bordering on modern-day Pakistan, India, North Africa, and even going into modern-day Spain."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "So let's go to the year 800. So one thing you might notice is that group in yellow, the Franks, have now conquered a lot more, and they're conquering it under the leadership of Charlemagne. At the same time, you see this green over here. Islam has dramatically spread from its founding in the early 7th century all the way now as we're exiting the 8th century to cover most of the Middle East, Persia, bordering on modern-day Pakistan, India, North Africa, and even going into modern-day Spain. At the same time, especially because of these Islamic conquests, the Byzantine Empire and the Byzantine emperor is significantly weaker. So you can imagine the pope in Rome here saying, well, who's going to protect me, especially from my political enemies? Now, Charlemagne considers himself something of a protector of Christianity, and Pope Leo III goes to him for protection, and Charlemagne is able to actually provide it."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Islam has dramatically spread from its founding in the early 7th century all the way now as we're exiting the 8th century to cover most of the Middle East, Persia, bordering on modern-day Pakistan, India, North Africa, and even going into modern-day Spain. At the same time, especially because of these Islamic conquests, the Byzantine Empire and the Byzantine emperor is significantly weaker. So you can imagine the pope in Rome here saying, well, who's going to protect me, especially from my political enemies? Now, Charlemagne considers himself something of a protector of Christianity, and Pope Leo III goes to him for protection, and Charlemagne is able to actually provide it. And in exchange, or perhaps in thanks for that, the pope crowns Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. Now, what's significant about this is it really introduces a fourth actor here, because the title Holy Roman Emperor was intentionally given to say, look, now you, Charlemagne, you are the heir to the grandeur of Rome. You are the heir to the Roman emperors."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, Charlemagne considers himself something of a protector of Christianity, and Pope Leo III goes to him for protection, and Charlemagne is able to actually provide it. And in exchange, or perhaps in thanks for that, the pope crowns Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. Now, what's significant about this is it really introduces a fourth actor here, because the title Holy Roman Emperor was intentionally given to say, look, now you, Charlemagne, you are the heir to the grandeur of Rome. You are the heir to the Roman emperors. Now, you might be saying, wait, isn't that what the Byzantine emperors thought they were? Didn't they think this was the Roman Empire? And at that time, their emperor was an empress."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "You are the heir to the Roman emperors. Now, you might be saying, wait, isn't that what the Byzantine emperors thought they were? Didn't they think this was the Roman Empire? And at that time, their emperor was an empress. It was Empress Irene of Athens. And so once again, this is creating further tension. They're using different languages, Latin versus Greek."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "And at that time, their emperor was an empress. It was Empress Irene of Athens. And so once again, this is creating further tension. They're using different languages, Latin versus Greek. You now have the Western pope recognizing a different, as you could say, Roman emperor in Charlemagne. The nature of the West is becoming more Germanic and using the language Latin, while the nature of the East is continuing in Greek traditions. On top of that, what you have in the year 800, you're actually in this period where you've had several conflicts over this notion of iconoclasm."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "They're using different languages, Latin versus Greek. You now have the Western pope recognizing a different, as you could say, Roman emperor in Charlemagne. The nature of the West is becoming more Germanic and using the language Latin, while the nature of the East is continuing in Greek traditions. On top of that, what you have in the year 800, you're actually in this period where you've had several conflicts over this notion of iconoclasm. This iconoclasm movement, you could say, started in 726 when the Byzantine emperor said, enough of these images of Jesus and the Virgin Mary and other figures of Christianity in our churches, citing references in the Old Testament saying that, hey, we shouldn't have these images. And so this conoclasm, or these destroying of icons, starts to begin. Well, the pope in the West, they say, hey, we don't think we have to listen to you."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "On top of that, what you have in the year 800, you're actually in this period where you've had several conflicts over this notion of iconoclasm. This iconoclasm movement, you could say, started in 726 when the Byzantine emperor said, enough of these images of Jesus and the Virgin Mary and other figures of Christianity in our churches, citing references in the Old Testament saying that, hey, we shouldn't have these images. And so this conoclasm, or these destroying of icons, starts to begin. Well, the pope in the West, they say, hey, we don't think we have to listen to you. I am the bishop of Rome. I have universal jurisdiction. And then to add insult to injury, now in 800, you have Charlemagne being crowned holy Roman emperor."}, {"video_title": "Great Schism or East-West Schism part 1 World History Khan Academy.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, the pope in the West, they say, hey, we don't think we have to listen to you. I am the bishop of Rome. I have universal jurisdiction. And then to add insult to injury, now in 800, you have Charlemagne being crowned holy Roman emperor. Now a thread further running through this is something that we talked about in a previous video, this notion of folloquia, where in 381, the Council of Constantinople, they augment the Nicene Creed, where they say, and we believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and giver of life, who proceeds from the Father. Well, in the West, they add the Latin term, folloquia, which means and the Son. And this is touching on some of these notions in the Arian heresy, where does the Holy Spirit proceed from?"}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about the entire fracking globe over the course of several centuries, so let's get right to it. Mr. Green, fracking? You don't know about Battlestar Galactica yet, me from the past? Oh man, there are so many great things in your future. Today I'm going to try to show you how tiny Spain's influence spread around the world and shaped the lives of almost every human on the planet, generally in negative ways. I know, everything is such a bummer on Crash Course recently. It's the 16th century, people are getting richer, they're living more connected lives, and all I can do is whine about how much better the old days were."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh man, there are so many great things in your future. Today I'm going to try to show you how tiny Spain's influence spread around the world and shaped the lives of almost every human on the planet, generally in negative ways. I know, everything is such a bummer on Crash Course recently. It's the 16th century, people are getting richer, they're living more connected lives, and all I can do is whine about how much better the old days were. What am I, your grandpa? Let's get festive! Woo!"}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "It's the 16th century, people are getting richer, they're living more connected lives, and all I can do is whine about how much better the old days were. What am I, your grandpa? Let's get festive! Woo! Ha! Intro So the Aztecs weren't the first impressive polity in Mesoamerica, that honor would go to the Olmecs or the Mayans, but they were probably the greatest. The Aztecs formed out of an alliance of three major cities in modern day Mexico in about 1430, just 89 years before Cortes and his conquistadors showed up."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Woo! Ha! Intro So the Aztecs weren't the first impressive polity in Mesoamerica, that honor would go to the Olmecs or the Mayans, but they were probably the greatest. The Aztecs formed out of an alliance of three major cities in modern day Mexico in about 1430, just 89 years before Cortes and his conquistadors showed up. The Aztec state was very hierarchical, with an emperor at the top and a group of unruly nobles beneath him, just like Europe. And in addition, there was a class of powerful priests whose job it was to keep order in the cosmos. So Aztec religion held that history was cyclical and punctuated by terrible disasters and then would ultimately end with a massive apocalypse."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "The Aztecs formed out of an alliance of three major cities in modern day Mexico in about 1430, just 89 years before Cortes and his conquistadors showed up. The Aztec state was very hierarchical, with an emperor at the top and a group of unruly nobles beneath him, just like Europe. And in addition, there was a class of powerful priests whose job it was to keep order in the cosmos. So Aztec religion held that history was cyclical and punctuated by terrible disasters and then would ultimately end with a massive apocalypse. And the job of the priests was to avoid these disasters by appeasing the gods, generally through human sacrifice. The Aztecs extended their control over most of southern Mexico, parts of Guatemala and the Yucatan, and they demanded tribute from conquered people in the form of goods, precious metals, and people to sacrifice. If you're familiar with The Hunger Games, it won't surprise you to learn that this didn't sit very well with said conquered people."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "So Aztec religion held that history was cyclical and punctuated by terrible disasters and then would ultimately end with a massive apocalypse. And the job of the priests was to avoid these disasters by appeasing the gods, generally through human sacrifice. The Aztecs extended their control over most of southern Mexico, parts of Guatemala and the Yucatan, and they demanded tribute from conquered people in the form of goods, precious metals, and people to sacrifice. If you're familiar with The Hunger Games, it won't surprise you to learn that this didn't sit very well with said conquered people. And the fact that the Aztecs were basically ruling over thousands of people who hated them made it a lot easier for Cortes to come in and find allies to overthrow them. All that noted, in less than 100 years, the Aztecs accomplished some amazing things. Especially the building of their capital city Tenochtitlan on the site of modern-day Mexico City, which was like Venice in that it was divided and serviced by canals."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "If you're familiar with The Hunger Games, it won't surprise you to learn that this didn't sit very well with said conquered people. And the fact that the Aztecs were basically ruling over thousands of people who hated them made it a lot easier for Cortes to come in and find allies to overthrow them. All that noted, in less than 100 years, the Aztecs accomplished some amazing things. Especially the building of their capital city Tenochtitlan on the site of modern-day Mexico City, which was like Venice in that it was divided and serviced by canals. They also had floating gardens called chinampas, which provided food for the city. Oh, it's already time for the open letter? Alright."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Especially the building of their capital city Tenochtitlan on the site of modern-day Mexico City, which was like Venice in that it was divided and serviced by canals. They also had floating gardens called chinampas, which provided food for the city. Oh, it's already time for the open letter? Alright. An Open Letter to Human Sacrifice. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, nice!"}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Alright. An Open Letter to Human Sacrifice. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, nice! Come on, be a mushroom, be a mushroom, be a... D'oh! Dear Human Sacrifice, look, I'm not going to defend you. But if you really believe that the world is going to end if the gods are not appeased, then human sacrifice kind of makes sense."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Oh, nice! Come on, be a mushroom, be a mushroom, be a... D'oh! Dear Human Sacrifice, look, I'm not going to defend you. But if you really believe that the world is going to end if the gods are not appeased, then human sacrifice kind of makes sense. And as evidence for this, let me submit to you that we engage in human sacrifice all the time. Remember the movie The Dirty Dozen? No?"}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "But if you really believe that the world is going to end if the gods are not appeased, then human sacrifice kind of makes sense. And as evidence for this, let me submit to you that we engage in human sacrifice all the time. Remember the movie The Dirty Dozen? No? Because you're too young? That makes me hate myself. Anyway, it was all about glorious sacrifice, and now sometimes a few have to die in order for many to live."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "No? Because you're too young? That makes me hate myself. Anyway, it was all about glorious sacrifice, and now sometimes a few have to die in order for many to live. Did you at least see that, uh, that meteor movie that Ben Affleck was in? What was that called, Stan? Asteroid."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Anyway, it was all about glorious sacrifice, and now sometimes a few have to die in order for many to live. Did you at least see that, uh, that meteor movie that Ben Affleck was in? What was that called, Stan? Asteroid. Asteroid! Armageddon. Armageddon!"}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Asteroid. Asteroid! Armageddon. Armageddon! Armageddon. Right. Like that."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Armageddon! Armageddon. Right. Like that. Human sacrifice. Best wishes, John Green. All right, now let's head south to the Inca civilization, which was older than the Aztecs and in some ways even more impressive."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Like that. Human sacrifice. Best wishes, John Green. All right, now let's head south to the Inca civilization, which was older than the Aztecs and in some ways even more impressive. Founded in the 13th century, the Inca Empire ruled between 4 and 6 million people by the time the Spanish showed up in 1532. Trade and a very effective administrative structure held the empire together, which was even more impressive when you consider all the roads and temples that were built atop mountains, with nothing to haul things up those mountains except for llamas and people. The Inca had no written language, but they were able to keep records with knotted strings called quipus, and they were really good at integrating conquered people into the empire, mandating that people learn the Incan language."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "All right, now let's head south to the Inca civilization, which was older than the Aztecs and in some ways even more impressive. Founded in the 13th century, the Inca Empire ruled between 4 and 6 million people by the time the Spanish showed up in 1532. Trade and a very effective administrative structure held the empire together, which was even more impressive when you consider all the roads and temples that were built atop mountains, with nothing to haul things up those mountains except for llamas and people. The Inca had no written language, but they were able to keep records with knotted strings called quipus, and they were really good at integrating conquered people into the empire, mandating that people learn the Incan language. And vitally, they ordered every male peasant under Inca control to do unpaid work for the Inca government for a specified period of time each year. This system, which the Inca called mita, allowed them to build all those roads and temples. The Spanish would later adopt this system and the hierarchical system with the emperor at the top, except they would make it all, you know, much suckier."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "The Inca had no written language, but they were able to keep records with knotted strings called quipus, and they were really good at integrating conquered people into the empire, mandating that people learn the Incan language. And vitally, they ordered every male peasant under Inca control to do unpaid work for the Inca government for a specified period of time each year. This system, which the Inca called mita, allowed them to build all those roads and temples. The Spanish would later adopt this system and the hierarchical system with the emperor at the top, except they would make it all, you know, much suckier. And yes, that is a technical historian term. So the Spanish arrived in Mexico in 1519 and in Peru in 1532, benefiting in both cases from total chaos due to disease. And after conquering the Inca and the Aztecs, they created an empire with two administrative divisions."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "The Spanish would later adopt this system and the hierarchical system with the emperor at the top, except they would make it all, you know, much suckier. And yes, that is a technical historian term. So the Spanish arrived in Mexico in 1519 and in Peru in 1532, benefiting in both cases from total chaos due to disease. And after conquering the Inca and the Aztecs, they created an empire with two administrative divisions. The Viceroyalty of New Spain, founded in 1521, and the Viceroyalty of Peru, founded in 1542. In some ways, the Aztec and Inca empires were perfect for Spanish conquest. Their administrative structures were similar, there was a similar link between secular and religious power, albeit different religions."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "And after conquering the Inca and the Aztecs, they created an empire with two administrative divisions. The Viceroyalty of New Spain, founded in 1521, and the Viceroyalty of Peru, founded in 1542. In some ways, the Aztec and Inca empires were perfect for Spanish conquest. Their administrative structures were similar, there was a similar link between secular and religious power, albeit different religions. All of which made it relatively easy for the Spanish crown to step into the void left by those two great empires and send their own administrators to run the place. While most of the Spanish aristocrats who came over ran large agricultural operations, you don't see a lot of movies called, like, Indiana Jones and the Search for a Nice Farm in the Countryside. The real glory for conquistadors was gold."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Their administrative structures were similar, there was a similar link between secular and religious power, albeit different religions. All of which made it relatively easy for the Spanish crown to step into the void left by those two great empires and send their own administrators to run the place. While most of the Spanish aristocrats who came over ran large agricultural operations, you don't see a lot of movies called, like, Indiana Jones and the Search for a Nice Farm in the Countryside. The real glory for conquistadors was gold. Initially, they found some, both in the Caribbean and in Mexico, but never enough to get, like, super rich. Fortunately, or as I will argue, unfortunately, they did find a mountain made of silver. So the Spanish adopted the mita, which the Incas had used to build roads and public buildings, to mine and process that silver."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "The real glory for conquistadors was gold. Initially, they found some, both in the Caribbean and in Mexico, but never enough to get, like, super rich. Fortunately, or as I will argue, unfortunately, they did find a mountain made of silver. So the Spanish adopted the mita, which the Incas had used to build roads and public buildings, to mine and process that silver. So one-seventh of the adult male Indian population from each district was required to work in the silver mines for a year, being paid only subsistence wages. Now, you might wonder why the Spanish didn't purchase African slaves to work in the mines. They did in Mexico, but in South America, it was cheaper to use indigenous labor."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "So the Spanish adopted the mita, which the Incas had used to build roads and public buildings, to mine and process that silver. So one-seventh of the adult male Indian population from each district was required to work in the silver mines for a year, being paid only subsistence wages. Now, you might wonder why the Spanish didn't purchase African slaves to work in the mines. They did in Mexico, but in South America, it was cheaper to use indigenous labor. Purchasing slaves was inefficient because, one, they didn't have experience working at high altitudes, and two, mine work was super deadly. Mercury, which can be used to refine silver ore, was found at the mountain of Juan Cavalica. And mercury poisoning among miners was so common that parents would often maim their children to keep them from having to work in the mines."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "They did in Mexico, but in South America, it was cheaper to use indigenous labor. Purchasing slaves was inefficient because, one, they didn't have experience working at high altitudes, and two, mine work was super deadly. Mercury, which can be used to refine silver ore, was found at the mountain of Juan Cavalica. And mercury poisoning among miners was so common that parents would often maim their children to keep them from having to work in the mines. You can see why I'm struggling to be festive. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So Spanish mines in the Americas produced over 150,000 tons of silver between the 16th and the 18th centuries, over 80% of the world's supply."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "And mercury poisoning among miners was so common that parents would often maim their children to keep them from having to work in the mines. You can see why I'm struggling to be festive. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. So Spanish mines in the Americas produced over 150,000 tons of silver between the 16th and the 18th centuries, over 80% of the world's supply. Spain became the richest nation in Europe and Spanish silver pesos became the de facto currency. But the Spanish royal family does not appear to have understood inflation, and the huge influx of silver caused skyrocketing inflation, and since they never set tax rates to account for it, they collected the same amount of money 60 years after the discovery of silver, but that money was worth a fraction of what it once had been. And in general, it's not clear that Spain benefited much from the discovery of silver."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "So Spanish mines in the Americas produced over 150,000 tons of silver between the 16th and the 18th centuries, over 80% of the world's supply. Spain became the richest nation in Europe and Spanish silver pesos became the de facto currency. But the Spanish royal family does not appear to have understood inflation, and the huge influx of silver caused skyrocketing inflation, and since they never set tax rates to account for it, they collected the same amount of money 60 years after the discovery of silver, but that money was worth a fraction of what it once had been. And in general, it's not clear that Spain benefited much from the discovery of silver. Rich countries have a way of finding their way into expensive and not totally necessary wars, and Spain was no exception. While empire wasn't the central cause of Spain's many 16th century wars, it sure did fund them. So in 1519, which was a heck of a year for Spain, Charles V united the kingdoms of Spain and Austria by being named head of the Holy Roman Empire, so-called because it was not holy, not Roman, and not an empire."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "And in general, it's not clear that Spain benefited much from the discovery of silver. Rich countries have a way of finding their way into expensive and not totally necessary wars, and Spain was no exception. While empire wasn't the central cause of Spain's many 16th century wars, it sure did fund them. So in 1519, which was a heck of a year for Spain, Charles V united the kingdoms of Spain and Austria by being named head of the Holy Roman Empire, so-called because it was not holy, not Roman, and not an empire. Charles had this dream of a unified Central Europe, which was constantly being thwarted by German nobles who had a dream of a non-unified Central Europe, and eventually Charles V's ambitions were shattered and he gave the Austrian half of his kingdom to his son Ferdinand and gave Spain, with the American stuff, to Philip in 1556. Thanks Thought Bubble. So Philip II didn't only inherit all of Spain's holdings in the Americas and in Europe and in the Philip not a coincidence-enes."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "So in 1519, which was a heck of a year for Spain, Charles V united the kingdoms of Spain and Austria by being named head of the Holy Roman Empire, so-called because it was not holy, not Roman, and not an empire. Charles had this dream of a unified Central Europe, which was constantly being thwarted by German nobles who had a dream of a non-unified Central Europe, and eventually Charles V's ambitions were shattered and he gave the Austrian half of his kingdom to his son Ferdinand and gave Spain, with the American stuff, to Philip in 1556. Thanks Thought Bubble. So Philip II didn't only inherit all of Spain's holdings in the Americas and in Europe and in the Philip not a coincidence-enes. He also inherited a rebellion in the Netherlands because the Dutch were like, we're gonna be Protestant. Also, you guys know nothing about economics, which incidentally the Dutch are still saying to the Spanish. And then the English sided with the Dutch and there was a war featuring a disastrous invasion of England called the Spanish Armada in 1588."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "So Philip II didn't only inherit all of Spain's holdings in the Americas and in Europe and in the Philip not a coincidence-enes. He also inherited a rebellion in the Netherlands because the Dutch were like, we're gonna be Protestant. Also, you guys know nothing about economics, which incidentally the Dutch are still saying to the Spanish. And then the English sided with the Dutch and there was a war featuring a disastrous invasion of England called the Spanish Armada in 1588. England's success against the Spanish, even though it can largely be chalked up to weather, was credited to Queen Elizabeth I. That led to a period of wealth and national pride, which meant that people had both the money and the desire to see, I don't know, plays about old English kings named Richard. And that, my friends, is how the discovery of silver in Bolivia contributed to the genius of William Shakespeare."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "And then the English sided with the Dutch and there was a war featuring a disastrous invasion of England called the Spanish Armada in 1588. England's success against the Spanish, even though it can largely be chalked up to weather, was credited to Queen Elizabeth I. That led to a period of wealth and national pride, which meant that people had both the money and the desire to see, I don't know, plays about old English kings named Richard. And that, my friends, is how the discovery of silver in Bolivia contributed to the genius of William Shakespeare. Anyway, American silver didn't cause these wars any more than it wrote Hamlet, but the new wealth made both more possible. Knowing that they had this enormous silver war chest at their disposal made them much more inclined to build all those ships that got sunk in 1588. And soon enough, even a mountain of silver couldn't pay for all their warring and the Spanish crown had to borrow money, which they couldn't pay back, so they defaulted on their debts several times in the 17th century."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "And that, my friends, is how the discovery of silver in Bolivia contributed to the genius of William Shakespeare. Anyway, American silver didn't cause these wars any more than it wrote Hamlet, but the new wealth made both more possible. Knowing that they had this enormous silver war chest at their disposal made them much more inclined to build all those ships that got sunk in 1588. And soon enough, even a mountain of silver couldn't pay for all their warring and the Spanish crown had to borrow money, which they couldn't pay back, so they defaulted on their debts several times in the 17th century. Yay, silver! So most of the silver mined in the Americas went to Europe, but at least a third of it went to China, either directly on Spanish galleons or indirectly through the purchase of Chinese goods. China had encountered inflation of its own after printing the world's first paper money in the 12th century, so they switched back to coins."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "And soon enough, even a mountain of silver couldn't pay for all their warring and the Spanish crown had to borrow money, which they couldn't pay back, so they defaulted on their debts several times in the 17th century. Yay, silver! So most of the silver mined in the Americas went to Europe, but at least a third of it went to China, either directly on Spanish galleons or indirectly through the purchase of Chinese goods. China had encountered inflation of its own after printing the world's first paper money in the 12th century, so they switched back to coins. Initially, Chinese coins were made out of copper or bronze, but their economy was so big, they were the leading producer of consumer goods until the 19th century, that they ran out. So they went to silver. Now, China didn't have a lot of silver itself, but Japan did, so they traded manufactured goods for it, but soon even that wasn't enough."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "China had encountered inflation of its own after printing the world's first paper money in the 12th century, so they switched back to coins. Initially, Chinese coins were made out of copper or bronze, but their economy was so big, they were the leading producer of consumer goods until the 19th century, that they ran out. So they went to silver. Now, China didn't have a lot of silver itself, but Japan did, so they traded manufactured goods for it, but soon even that wasn't enough. This was mostly because in the 16th century, China changed its tax structure. Taxes, man! They're at the center of human history."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Now, China didn't have a lot of silver itself, but Japan did, so they traded manufactured goods for it, but soon even that wasn't enough. This was mostly because in the 16th century, China changed its tax structure. Taxes, man! They're at the center of human history. In the early part of the Ming Dynasty, Chinese farmers paid their taxes in goods, mainly grain and labor. But as more silver entered the economy, the Ming government changed its policy and required taxes to be paid in silver. This meant that almost everyone in China had to produce something that could be sold for silver, which usually meant silk."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "They're at the center of human history. In the early part of the Ming Dynasty, Chinese farmers paid their taxes in goods, mainly grain and labor. But as more silver entered the economy, the Ming government changed its policy and required taxes to be paid in silver. This meant that almost everyone in China had to produce something that could be sold for silver, which usually meant silk. In fact, the Ming government often required people to make silk. That glut of silk inevitably led to a price drop, which hurt the Chinese economy, but not nearly as much as it hurt the Spanish economy, where almost every silk producer was put out of business. So much for the idea that global outsourcing is a new problem."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "This meant that almost everyone in China had to produce something that could be sold for silver, which usually meant silk. In fact, the Ming government often required people to make silk. That glut of silk inevitably led to a price drop, which hurt the Chinese economy, but not nearly as much as it hurt the Spanish economy, where almost every silk producer was put out of business. So much for the idea that global outsourcing is a new problem. You'd think that all this silver would make the Chinese incredibly rich, just like the Spanish, right? Yes, just like the Spanish, in that they got rich, but they didn't stay rich. The Ming government also failed to peg taxes to inflation and spent too much on defense, notably the Great Wall."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "So much for the idea that global outsourcing is a new problem. You'd think that all this silver would make the Chinese incredibly rich, just like the Spanish, right? Yes, just like the Spanish, in that they got rich, but they didn't stay rich. The Ming government also failed to peg taxes to inflation and spent too much on defense, notably the Great Wall. And by the 17th century, the Ming were overthrown by the Fu Manchus. Oh, it's just the Manchus? Gah!"}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "The Ming government also failed to peg taxes to inflation and spent too much on defense, notably the Great Wall. And by the 17th century, the Ming were overthrown by the Fu Manchus. Oh, it's just the Manchus? Gah! History always disappoints me. As the historian Dennis Flynn put it, a significant hunk of the GDP of China, then the world's biggest economy, was surrendered in order to secure a white metal that was produced mostly in Spanish America and Japan. Think about what else those resources could have been used for."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Gah! History always disappoints me. As the historian Dennis Flynn put it, a significant hunk of the GDP of China, then the world's biggest economy, was surrendered in order to secure a white metal that was produced mostly in Spanish America and Japan. Think about what else those resources could have been used for. The Spanish Empire's silver trade was the first truly global market. Even India was involved, but we're really out of time. And its consequences were dire, even if it did make some people rich."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Think about what else those resources could have been used for. The Spanish Empire's silver trade was the first truly global market. Even India was involved, but we're really out of time. And its consequences were dire, even if it did make some people rich. Both Spain and China experienced inflation that weakened their governments. The environment suffered. The search for precious metals led the Spanish to find and eventually destroy two of the world's great empires, the Aztecs and the Inca."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "And its consequences were dire, even if it did make some people rich. Both Spain and China experienced inflation that weakened their governments. The environment suffered. The search for precious metals led the Spanish to find and eventually destroy two of the world's great empires, the Aztecs and the Inca. And many thousands were killed mining silver and the mercury used to refine it. But before you say it wasn't worth it, remember that this process led to the life that you have today, one where I can teach you history through the magic of the internet. Worth the sacrifices, human and otherwise?"}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "The search for precious metals led the Spanish to find and eventually destroy two of the world's great empires, the Aztecs and the Inca. And many thousands were killed mining silver and the mercury used to refine it. But before you say it wasn't worth it, remember that this process led to the life that you have today, one where I can teach you history through the magic of the internet. Worth the sacrifices, human and otherwise? I don't know, you tell me. Thanks for watching. See you next week."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "Worth the sacrifices, human and otherwise? I don't know, you tell me. Thanks for watching. See you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "The Spanish Empire, Silver, & Runaway Inflation Crash Course World History #25.m4a", "Sentence": "See you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was number four, letter U. If you want to suggest future Phrases of the Week or guests at this week's, you can do so in comments, where you can also ask questions that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Who's that pretty lady? That lady, me from the past, is Emperor Justinian. We'll get to him in a minute. INTRO How and when Rome fell remains the subject of considerable historical debate, but today I'm going to argue that Rome didn't really fall until the middle of the 15th century. But first, let me introduce you to the traditional view, barbarians at the gates."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "That lady, me from the past, is Emperor Justinian. We'll get to him in a minute. INTRO How and when Rome fell remains the subject of considerable historical debate, but today I'm going to argue that Rome didn't really fall until the middle of the 15th century. But first, let me introduce you to the traditional view, barbarians at the gates. My, don't you look traditional. If you want to be really technical about it, the city of Rome was conquered by bar-bar-bar-bar-bar-barbarians in 476 CE. There was a last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, who ruled the empire for less than a year before being deposed and sent into exile by Odoacer, who was some kind of barbarian, we don't know for sure."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let me introduce you to the traditional view, barbarians at the gates. My, don't you look traditional. If you want to be really technical about it, the city of Rome was conquered by bar-bar-bar-bar-bar-barbarians in 476 CE. There was a last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, who ruled the empire for less than a year before being deposed and sent into exile by Odoacer, who was some kind of barbarian, we don't know for sure. Ostrogoth, Han, Visigoth, Vandals, they all look the same to the Romans. Rome had been sacked by barbarians before, most notably by Olaric the Visigoth in 410. Is it Olaric or Olaric?"}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "There was a last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, who ruled the empire for less than a year before being deposed and sent into exile by Odoacer, who was some kind of barbarian, we don't know for sure. Ostrogoth, Han, Visigoth, Vandals, they all look the same to the Romans. Rome had been sacked by barbarians before, most notably by Olaric the Visigoth in 410. Is it Olaric or Olaric? The dictionary says Olaric, but the vampire diaries say Olaric, so I'm going to go with Olaric. But anyway, after 476 CE, there was never again a Roman emperor in Rome. Then there's the hipper, anti-imperialistic argument."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Is it Olaric or Olaric? The dictionary says Olaric, but the vampire diaries say Olaric, so I'm going to go with Olaric. But anyway, after 476 CE, there was never again a Roman emperor in Rome. Then there's the hipper, anti-imperialistic argument. That's nice, but if you really want to go full hipster, you should probably deny that you're being hipster, right? Exactly. Which goes like this."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Then there's the hipper, anti-imperialistic argument. That's nice, but if you really want to go full hipster, you should probably deny that you're being hipster, right? Exactly. Which goes like this. Rome was doomed to fall as soon as it spread outside of Italy because the further the territory is from the capital, the harder it is to govern. Thus, imperialism itself sowed the seeds of destruction in Rome. This was the argument put forth by the Roman historian Tacitus, although he put it in the mouth of a British chieftain."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Which goes like this. Rome was doomed to fall as soon as it spread outside of Italy because the further the territory is from the capital, the harder it is to govern. Thus, imperialism itself sowed the seeds of destruction in Rome. This was the argument put forth by the Roman historian Tacitus, although he put it in the mouth of a British chieftain. That sounded dirty, but it's not. It's all about context here on Crash Course. To robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name of empire."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "This was the argument put forth by the Roman historian Tacitus, although he put it in the mouth of a British chieftain. That sounded dirty, but it's not. It's all about context here on Crash Course. To robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name of empire. They make a desert and call it peace. There are two ways to overcome this governance problem. First, you can rule with the proverbial topaz fist."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "To robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name of empire. They make a desert and call it peace. There are two ways to overcome this governance problem. First, you can rule with the proverbial topaz fist. That's not the proverb. Really, Stan? It's an iron fist?"}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "First, you can rule with the proverbial topaz fist. That's not the proverb. Really, Stan? It's an iron fist? But topaz is much harder than iron. Don't these people know their Mohs scale of mineral hardness? Regardless, the Romans couldn't do this because their whole identity was wrapped up in an idea of justice that precluded indiscriminate violence."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "It's an iron fist? But topaz is much harder than iron. Don't these people know their Mohs scale of mineral hardness? Regardless, the Romans couldn't do this because their whole identity was wrapped up in an idea of justice that precluded indiscriminate violence. The other strategy is to try to incorporate conquered people into the empire more fully, in Rome's case, to make them Romans. This worked really well in the early days of the Roman Republic, and even at the beginning of the empire, but it eventually led to barbarians inside the gates. The decline of the Roman legion started long before Rome started getting sacked."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Regardless, the Romans couldn't do this because their whole identity was wrapped up in an idea of justice that precluded indiscriminate violence. The other strategy is to try to incorporate conquered people into the empire more fully, in Rome's case, to make them Romans. This worked really well in the early days of the Roman Republic, and even at the beginning of the empire, but it eventually led to barbarians inside the gates. The decline of the Roman legion started long before Rome started getting sacked. It really began with the extremely bad decision to incorporate Germanic warriors into the Roman army. Rome had a long history of absorbing people from the empire's fringes into the polity, first by making them allies, and then eventually by granting them full citizenship rights. But usually, these foreign citizens had developed ties to Rome itself."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "The decline of the Roman legion started long before Rome started getting sacked. It really began with the extremely bad decision to incorporate Germanic warriors into the Roman army. Rome had a long history of absorbing people from the empire's fringes into the polity, first by making them allies, and then eventually by granting them full citizenship rights. But usually, these foreign citizens had developed ties to Rome itself. They were in Latin, they bought into the whole idea of the aristocratic republic. By the 3rd and 4th century CE, though, the empire had been forced to allow the kind of riffraff into their army who didn't really care about the idea of Rome itself. They were only loyal to their commanders."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "But usually, these foreign citizens had developed ties to Rome itself. They were in Latin, they bought into the whole idea of the aristocratic republic. By the 3rd and 4th century CE, though, the empire had been forced to allow the kind of riffraff into their army who didn't really care about the idea of Rome itself. They were only loyal to their commanders. And as you no doubt remember from the historical examples of Caesar, Pompey, Marius, contemporary Afghanistan, this is not a recipe for domestic bliss. So here was Rome, stuck with a bunch of expensive and bloody wars against Germanic peoples who were really good at fighting, and then they had a great idea. Why not fight with these guys?"}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "They were only loyal to their commanders. And as you no doubt remember from the historical examples of Caesar, Pompey, Marius, contemporary Afghanistan, this is not a recipe for domestic bliss. So here was Rome, stuck with a bunch of expensive and bloody wars against Germanic peoples who were really good at fighting, and then they had a great idea. Why not fight with these guys? So they essentially hired them, and soon the Roman legions were teaming with these mercenaries who were loyal mostly to gold, secondarily to their commanders, and not at all to Rome, which was a place that very few of them ever even saw. I mean, why would they even give a crap about the health and well-being of the Roman empire? Am I allowed to say crap, Stan?"}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Why not fight with these guys? So they essentially hired them, and soon the Roman legions were teaming with these mercenaries who were loyal mostly to gold, secondarily to their commanders, and not at all to Rome, which was a place that very few of them ever even saw. I mean, why would they even give a crap about the health and well-being of the Roman empire? Am I allowed to say crap, Stan? Nice. This was of course a recipe for civil war, and that's exactly what happened with general after general after general declaring himself emperor of Rome. So there was very little stability in the West."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Am I allowed to say crap, Stan? Nice. This was of course a recipe for civil war, and that's exactly what happened with general after general after general declaring himself emperor of Rome. So there was very little stability in the West. For instance, between 235 and 284 CE, 41 different people were either emperor or claimed to be emperor. And after the year 200, many of the generals who were powerful enough to proclaim themselves emperors weren't even Roman. In fact, a lot of them didn't speak much Latin."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "So there was very little stability in the West. For instance, between 235 and 284 CE, 41 different people were either emperor or claimed to be emperor. And after the year 200, many of the generals who were powerful enough to proclaim themselves emperors weren't even Roman. In fact, a lot of them didn't speak much Latin. Oddly enough, one of the best symbols of the new face of the Roman empire was sartorial. Instead of the traditional tunic and toga of the gory days of the Senate, most of the new general emperors adopted that most practical and most barbaric of garments. Pants."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "In fact, a lot of them didn't speak much Latin. Oddly enough, one of the best symbols of the new face of the Roman empire was sartorial. Instead of the traditional tunic and toga of the gory days of the Senate, most of the new general emperors adopted that most practical and most barbaric of garments. Pants. Oh, which reminds me, it's time for the open letter. An Open Letter to Pants. But first, let's see what's inside the secret compartment."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Pants. Oh, which reminds me, it's time for the open letter. An Open Letter to Pants. But first, let's see what's inside the secret compartment. Oh, look! It's Rosie the Riveter. And she's wearing pants!"}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "But first, let's see what's inside the secret compartment. Oh, look! It's Rosie the Riveter. And she's wearing pants! Dear Pants, although you eventually became a symbol of patriarchal oppression, in your early days you were worn by both men and women. And in the days of the Roman Republic, they hated you. They thought you were barbarous."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "And she's wearing pants! Dear Pants, although you eventually became a symbol of patriarchal oppression, in your early days you were worn by both men and women. And in the days of the Roman Republic, they hated you. They thought you were barbarous. They thought that people wearing you was the definition of people lacking civilization. They ventured north, and the wind blew up through their togas, and lo and behold, they adopted pants. And there's a history lesson in that, Pants, which is that when people have to choose between civilization and warm genitals, they choose warm genitals."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "They thought you were barbarous. They thought that people wearing you was the definition of people lacking civilization. They ventured north, and the wind blew up through their togas, and lo and behold, they adopted pants. And there's a history lesson in that, Pants, which is that when people have to choose between civilization and warm genitals, they choose warm genitals. Best wishes, John Green. And now a note from our sponsor. Today's episode of Crash Course is brought to you by the all-new Oldsmobile Byzantium, mixing power and luxury in a way that's never really... Oldsmobile isn't a company anymore?"}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "And there's a history lesson in that, Pants, which is that when people have to choose between civilization and warm genitals, they choose warm genitals. Best wishes, John Green. And now a note from our sponsor. Today's episode of Crash Course is brought to you by the all-new Oldsmobile Byzantium, mixing power and luxury in a way that's never really... Oldsmobile isn't a company anymore? And Byzantium is a place? Are you sure? So remember when I said the Roman Empire survived till the 15th century?"}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Today's episode of Crash Course is brought to you by the all-new Oldsmobile Byzantium, mixing power and luxury in a way that's never really... Oldsmobile isn't a company anymore? And Byzantium is a place? Are you sure? So remember when I said the Roman Empire survived till the 15th century? Well, that was the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire, although not by the people who lived in it, who identified themselves as Romans. So while the Western Roman Empire descended into chaos, the eastern half of the empire had its capital in Byzantium, a city on the Bosphorus Strait that Constantine would later rename Constantinople, thereby paving the way for what might be Giants' only mainstream hit. Constantine moved his headquarters, and thereby the headquarters of the Roman Empire, to Constantinople in 324 CE."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "So remember when I said the Roman Empire survived till the 15th century? Well, that was the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire, although not by the people who lived in it, who identified themselves as Romans. So while the Western Roman Empire descended into chaos, the eastern half of the empire had its capital in Byzantium, a city on the Bosphorus Strait that Constantine would later rename Constantinople, thereby paving the way for what might be Giants' only mainstream hit. Constantine moved his headquarters, and thereby the headquarters of the Roman Empire, to Constantinople in 324 CE. Constantine had lots of reasons to move his capital east. For one thing, he was born in modern-day Croatia. Also, he probably spoke better Greek than Latin."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Constantine moved his headquarters, and thereby the headquarters of the Roman Empire, to Constantinople in 324 CE. Constantine had lots of reasons to move his capital east. For one thing, he was born in modern-day Croatia. Also, he probably spoke better Greek than Latin. And plus, the eastern provinces were a lot richer than the western provinces, and from a looting perspective, you just want to be closer to where the good warring is. The enemies in the east, like the Persian Parthians and the Persian Sassanians, were real empires, not just bands of warriors. And no matter who you were in world history, if you wanted to make a name for yourself in terms of war, you really needed to be up against the Persians."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Also, he probably spoke better Greek than Latin. And plus, the eastern provinces were a lot richer than the western provinces, and from a looting perspective, you just want to be closer to where the good warring is. The enemies in the east, like the Persian Parthians and the Persian Sassanians, were real empires, not just bands of warriors. And no matter who you were in world history, if you wanted to make a name for yourself in terms of war, you really needed to be up against the Persians. Even if you were the Mongols. Not this time, friends. As the political center of the Roman Empire shifted east, Constantine also tried to reorient his new religion, Christianity, toward the east, holding the first church council in Nicaea in 325."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "And no matter who you were in world history, if you wanted to make a name for yourself in terms of war, you really needed to be up against the Persians. Even if you were the Mongols. Not this time, friends. As the political center of the Roman Empire shifted east, Constantine also tried to reorient his new religion, Christianity, toward the east, holding the first church council in Nicaea in 325. The idea was to get all Christians to believe the same thing. That worked, but it did mark the beginning of the emperor having greater control over the church. That trend would, of course, later lead to tensions between the church centered in Constantinople and the one centered in Rome, but more on that in a bit."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "As the political center of the Roman Empire shifted east, Constantine also tried to reorient his new religion, Christianity, toward the east, holding the first church council in Nicaea in 325. The idea was to get all Christians to believe the same thing. That worked, but it did mark the beginning of the emperor having greater control over the church. That trend would, of course, later lead to tensions between the church centered in Constantinople and the one centered in Rome, but more on that in a bit. To give you a sense of how dramatic this shift was, by the 4th century CE, Constantinople's population had soared, while Rome's had gone from 500,000 to 80,000. And although the Byzantines spoke Greek, not Latin, they considered themselves Romans, and if they did, we probably should too. Let's go to the Thought Bubble."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "That trend would, of course, later lead to tensions between the church centered in Constantinople and the one centered in Rome, but more on that in a bit. To give you a sense of how dramatic this shift was, by the 4th century CE, Constantinople's population had soared, while Rome's had gone from 500,000 to 80,000. And although the Byzantines spoke Greek, not Latin, they considered themselves Romans, and if they did, we probably should too. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. There was a lot of continuity between the old Western Roman Empire and the new Eastern one. Politically, each was ruled by a single man, sometimes there were two and once there were four, but let's forget about that for now, who wielded absolute military power. War was pretty much constant as the Byzantines fought the Persian-Sasanian Empire and then various Islamic empires."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble. There was a lot of continuity between the old Western Roman Empire and the new Eastern one. Politically, each was ruled by a single man, sometimes there were two and once there were four, but let's forget about that for now, who wielded absolute military power. War was pretty much constant as the Byzantines fought the Persian-Sasanian Empire and then various Islamic empires. Trade in valuable agricultural land that yielded high taxes meant that the Byzantine Empire was, like the Western Roman Empire, exceptionally rich, and it was slightly more compact as a territory than its predecessor and much more urban, containing, as it did, all of those once-independent Greek city-states, which made it easier to administer. Also, like their Western counterparts, the Byzantines enjoyed spectacle and sport. Chariot races in Constantinople were huge, with thousands turning out at the hippodrome to cheer on their favorites."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "War was pretty much constant as the Byzantines fought the Persian-Sasanian Empire and then various Islamic empires. Trade in valuable agricultural land that yielded high taxes meant that the Byzantine Empire was, like the Western Roman Empire, exceptionally rich, and it was slightly more compact as a territory than its predecessor and much more urban, containing, as it did, all of those once-independent Greek city-states, which made it easier to administer. Also, like their Western counterparts, the Byzantines enjoyed spectacle and sport. Chariot races in Constantinople were huge, with thousands turning out at the hippodrome to cheer on their favorites. Big bets were placed and there was a huge rivalry, not just about sports, but also about political affiliations, between the two main teams, the Blues and the Greens. Thanks for putting us on the Greens, Thought Bubble. That rivalry was so heated that riots often broke out between them, and in one such riot, an estimated 30,000 people were killed."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Chariot races in Constantinople were huge, with thousands turning out at the hippodrome to cheer on their favorites. Big bets were placed and there was a huge rivalry, not just about sports, but also about political affiliations, between the two main teams, the Blues and the Greens. Thanks for putting us on the Greens, Thought Bubble. That rivalry was so heated that riots often broke out between them, and in one such riot, an estimated 30,000 people were killed. Thanks, Thought Bubble. But perhaps the most consistently Roman aspect of Byzantine society was that they followed Roman law. The Romans always prided themselves on being ruled by laws, not by men, and even though that wasn't actually the case after the 2nd century BCE, there's no question that the Eastern Roman Empire's codification of Roman laws was one of its great achievements."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "That rivalry was so heated that riots often broke out between them, and in one such riot, an estimated 30,000 people were killed. Thanks, Thought Bubble. But perhaps the most consistently Roman aspect of Byzantine society was that they followed Roman law. The Romans always prided themselves on being ruled by laws, not by men, and even though that wasn't actually the case after the 2nd century BCE, there's no question that the Eastern Roman Empire's codification of Roman laws was one of its great achievements. And much of the credit for that goes to the most famous Byzantine emperor, at least after Constantine, Justinian. I like your brooch, sir. In 533, Justinian published the Digest, an 800,000-word condensation of 1,528 Latin law books."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "The Romans always prided themselves on being ruled by laws, not by men, and even though that wasn't actually the case after the 2nd century BCE, there's no question that the Eastern Roman Empire's codification of Roman laws was one of its great achievements. And much of the credit for that goes to the most famous Byzantine emperor, at least after Constantine, Justinian. I like your brooch, sir. In 533, Justinian published the Digest, an 800,000-word condensation of 1,528 Latin law books. And to go along with this, he published the Institutes, which was like a curriculum for the Roman law schools that existed all through the empire. Justinian, incidentally, was by far the most awesome of the Byzantine emperors. He was like the David Tennant of doctors."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "In 533, Justinian published the Digest, an 800,000-word condensation of 1,528 Latin law books. And to go along with this, he published the Institutes, which was like a curriculum for the Roman law schools that existed all through the empire. Justinian, incidentally, was by far the most awesome of the Byzantine emperors. He was like the David Tennant of doctors. He was born a peasant somewhere in the Balkans and then rose to become emperor in 527. He ruled for almost 30 years, and in addition to codifying Roman law, he did a lot to restore the former glory of the Roman Empire. He took Carthage back."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "He was like the David Tennant of doctors. He was born a peasant somewhere in the Balkans and then rose to become emperor in 527. He ruled for almost 30 years, and in addition to codifying Roman law, he did a lot to restore the former glory of the Roman Empire. He took Carthage back. He even took Rome back from the Goths, although not for long. And he's responsible for the building of one of the great churches of all time, which is now a mosque, the Hagia Sophia, or Church of Saint Wisdom. So after one of those sporting riots destroyed the previous church, he built this, which with its soaring domes became a symbol for the wealth and opulence of his empire."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "He took Carthage back. He even took Rome back from the Goths, although not for long. And he's responsible for the building of one of the great churches of all time, which is now a mosque, the Hagia Sophia, or Church of Saint Wisdom. So after one of those sporting riots destroyed the previous church, he built this, which with its soaring domes became a symbol for the wealth and opulence of his empire. The Romans were remarkable builders and engineers, and the Hagia Sophia is no exception. A dome its equal wouldn't be built for another 500 years. But you'd never mistake it for a Roman temple."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "So after one of those sporting riots destroyed the previous church, he built this, which with its soaring domes became a symbol for the wealth and opulence of his empire. The Romans were remarkable builders and engineers, and the Hagia Sophia is no exception. A dome its equal wouldn't be built for another 500 years. But you'd never mistake it for a Roman temple. It doesn't have the austerity or the emphasis on engineering that you see in, for instance, the Colosseum. And this building in many ways functions as a symbol for the ways in which the Eastern Roman Empire was both Roman and not. But maybe the most interesting thing that Justinian ever did was to be married to his controversial theater person of a wife, Theodora."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "But you'd never mistake it for a Roman temple. It doesn't have the austerity or the emphasis on engineering that you see in, for instance, the Colosseum. And this building in many ways functions as a symbol for the ways in which the Eastern Roman Empire was both Roman and not. But maybe the most interesting thing that Justinian ever did was to be married to his controversial theater person of a wife, Theodora. Hey, Danica, can we get Theodora up here? Wow, that is perfect. It's funny how married couples always look like each other."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "But maybe the most interesting thing that Justinian ever did was to be married to his controversial theater person of a wife, Theodora. Hey, Danica, can we get Theodora up here? Wow, that is perfect. It's funny how married couples always look like each other. Theodora began her career as an actress, dancer, and possible prostitute before becoming empress. And she may have saved her husband's rule by convincing him not to flee the city during riots between the Blues and the Greens. She also mentored a eunuch who went on to become a hugely important general."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "It's funny how married couples always look like each other. Theodora began her career as an actress, dancer, and possible prostitute before becoming empress. And she may have saved her husband's rule by convincing him not to flee the city during riots between the Blues and the Greens. She also mentored a eunuch who went on to become a hugely important general. Mentoring a eunuch sounds like a euphemism, but it's not. And she fought to expand the rights of women in divorce and property ownership, and even had a law passed taking the bold stance that adulterous women should not be executed. So, in short, the Byzantines continued the Roman legacy of empire and war and law for almost a thousand years after Romulus Augustus was driven out of Rome."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "She also mentored a eunuch who went on to become a hugely important general. Mentoring a eunuch sounds like a euphemism, but it's not. And she fought to expand the rights of women in divorce and property ownership, and even had a law passed taking the bold stance that adulterous women should not be executed. So, in short, the Byzantines continued the Roman legacy of empire and war and law for almost a thousand years after Romulus Augustus was driven out of Rome. The Byzantines may not have spoken Latin, and few of their emperors came from Rome, but in most important ways, they were Romans. Except one really important way. The Byzantines followed a different form of Christianity, the branch we now call Eastern, or sometimes Greek, Orthodox."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "So, in short, the Byzantines continued the Roman legacy of empire and war and law for almost a thousand years after Romulus Augustus was driven out of Rome. The Byzantines may not have spoken Latin, and few of their emperors came from Rome, but in most important ways, they were Romans. Except one really important way. The Byzantines followed a different form of Christianity, the branch we now call Eastern, or sometimes Greek, Orthodox. How there came to be a split between the Catholic and Orthodox traditions is complicated. You might even call it Byzantine. What matters for us are the differences between the churches, the main doctrinal one being about the dating of Easter, and the main political one being about who rules whom."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "The Byzantines followed a different form of Christianity, the branch we now call Eastern, or sometimes Greek, Orthodox. How there came to be a split between the Catholic and Orthodox traditions is complicated. You might even call it Byzantine. What matters for us are the differences between the churches, the main doctrinal one being about the dating of Easter, and the main political one being about who rules whom. Did I get my whom right there, Stan? Yes! In the West, there was a pope, and in the East, there was a patriarch."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "What matters for us are the differences between the churches, the main doctrinal one being about the dating of Easter, and the main political one being about who rules whom. Did I get my whom right there, Stan? Yes! In the West, there was a pope, and in the East, there was a patriarch. The pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church. He sort of serves as God's regent on Earth, and he doesn't answer to any secular ruler. And ever since the fall of Rome, there has been a lot of tension in Western Europe between popes and kings over who should have the real power."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "In the West, there was a pope, and in the East, there was a patriarch. The pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church. He sort of serves as God's regent on Earth, and he doesn't answer to any secular ruler. And ever since the fall of Rome, there has been a lot of tension in Western Europe between popes and kings over who should have the real power. But in the Orthodox Church, they didn't have that problem because the patriarch was always appointed by the emperor. So it was pretty clear who had control over the church, so much that they even had a word for it, Caesaropapism, Caesar over Pope. But the fact that in Rome there was no emperor after 476 meant there was no one to challenge the pope, which would profoundly shape European history over the next, like, 1200 years."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "And ever since the fall of Rome, there has been a lot of tension in Western Europe between popes and kings over who should have the real power. But in the Orthodox Church, they didn't have that problem because the patriarch was always appointed by the emperor. So it was pretty clear who had control over the church, so much that they even had a word for it, Caesaropapism, Caesar over Pope. But the fact that in Rome there was no emperor after 476 meant there was no one to challenge the pope, which would profoundly shape European history over the next, like, 1200 years. So I would argue that in some important ways, the Roman Empire survived for a thousand years after it left Rome, but in some ways, it still survives today. It survives in our imagination when we think of this as East and this as West. It survives in football rivalries that have their roots in religious conflicts, and it survives in the Justinian law code, which continues to be the basis for much of civil law in Europe."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "But the fact that in Rome there was no emperor after 476 meant there was no one to challenge the pope, which would profoundly shape European history over the next, like, 1200 years. So I would argue that in some important ways, the Roman Empire survived for a thousand years after it left Rome, but in some ways, it still survives today. It survives in our imagination when we think of this as East and this as West. It survives in football rivalries that have their roots in religious conflicts, and it survives in the Justinian law code, which continues to be the basis for much of civil law in Europe. Next week, we'll talk about the emergence of Islam over here. How'd I do, Stan? Well, you can't win them all."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "It survives in football rivalries that have their roots in religious conflicts, and it survives in the Justinian law code, which continues to be the basis for much of civil law in Europe. Next week, we'll talk about the emergence of Islam over here. How'd I do, Stan? Well, you can't win them all. Thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Well, you can't win them all. Thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Aristotelian logic. You can guess this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest new ones in comments, where you can also ask questions that our team of historians will endeavor to answer."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was Aristotelian logic. You can guess this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest new ones in comments, where you can also ask questions that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}, {"video_title": "Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century Crash Course World History #12.m4a", "Sentence": "You can guess this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest new ones in comments, where you can also ask questions that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome."}] \ No newline at end of file