Question ID:PT89 S4 Q9 Passage:Many airlines offer, for a fee, to "offset" the carbon emissions produced when you fly, but such schemes are almost entirely ineffective. Although the fees are usually invested in projects that directly reduce carbon emissions, in most cases these projects would have proceeded even without that investment, so no carbon emissions are prevented. Stem:Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Steps that are taken in order to mitigate the harmful effects of one's freely chosen, harmful actions do not absolve one from the original harm. Choice B:If an outcome would have occurred in the absence of a certain action, then the outcome was not a consequence of that action. Choice C:If a company or individual gains financially from a particular action, they should not be considered morally praiseworthy for any positive consequences of that action. Choice D:Measures aimed at achieving a certain outcome should only be taken when they are of demonstrable effectiveness at achieving that outcome. Choice E:If a project for reducing carbon emissions does not tackle the largest source of carbon emissions, then it is of limited value in reducing such emissions.