Question ID:PT48 S4 Q11 Passage:Psychiatrist:  While the first appearance of a phobia is usually preceded by a traumatizing event, not everyone who is traumatized by an event develops a phobia. Furthermore, many people with phobias have never been traumatized. These two considerations show that traumatizing events do not contribute to the occurrence of phobias.  Stem:The reasoning in the psychiatrist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:treats the cause of the occurrence of a type of phenomenon as an effect of phenomena of that type Choice B:presumes, without providing justification, that some psychological events have no causes that can be established by scientific investigation  Choice C:builds the conclusion drawn into the support cited for that conclusion Choice D:takes for granted that a type of phenomenon contributes to the occurrence of another type of phenomenon only if phenomena of these two types are invariably associated Choice E:derives a causal connection from mere association when there is no independent evidence of causal connection