The Hui - China's preferred Muslims?
While the Muslim Uighurs are increasingly being persecuted, the largest Chinese-Muslim minority, the Hui, are under less scrutiny and thriving as a religious community. DW examines the reasons behind this phenomenon.
Walking through the Muslim quarter of Xi'an is a fascinating venture into a hodge-podge of cultures. The smell of lamb skewers and hot spices wafts through the crowded streets. Chinese-looking women in headscarfs stretch noodles, while an old man with a white prayer hat stands in front of a mosque with a distinctly Chinese arched roof. This is the home of the Xi'an Hui Muslim people, where Islam was introduced to China for the first time in the 7th century. China's Muslim population now numbers 23 million, of which over 10 million are estimated to be Hui, and a little under 10 million Uighur. While their fellow Muslim Uighurs in the Xingjiang Uighur Autonomous Region are experiencing severe restrictions on their religious freedoms, the Hui mostly practice their faith openly, and in certain areas are enjoying a resurgence in their religious participation. The reason for their success has to do with centuries of remarkable assimilation, while also maintaining their identity. A history of assimilation Historically, the Hui people are descendants of Persian, Arab and Mongol merchants on the Silk Road, who came to China over 1,200 years ago. Since then, intermarriages with the Han Chinese have meant that the Hui became ethnically mixed and spread across the country. Over the centuries, the Han and Hui have lived relatively peacefully next to and with each other. The Hui took the path of assimilation, speak Mandarin and adapted their religious traditions to the local customs. One of the most visual examples of this is the great mosque of Xi'an, said to be one of the largest and oldest in China. The place of worship is built up of multiple courtyards and sports arches and tiled roofs that clearly show influences of traditional Chinese architecture. While some Hui now live a life culturally and religiously indistinguishable from Han Chinese in first-tier cities such as Shanghai or Beijing, many cities in China have a significant Hui Muslim minority population with close-knit communities, especially in the northern provinces of Ningxia, Gangsu or Quinghai. Traditionally traders, many Hui people are also economically successful today, and according to estimates, their religious participation is growing. Increasing religiosity Dru Gladney, professor at Pomona College in California and leading scholar on the Hui people, estimates that today there are twice as many mosques in China as there were in 1950, of which a majority were built by Hui Muslims. "The amount of practising Muslims among the Hui is rising," Gladney told DW. "For example, there is a dramatic increase in the number of Hui women wearing the Hijab." Gladley adds that "the numbers of Hui going on the Haj are going up constantly." One of the reasons for this is the increased communication with other Muslim groups and the ensuing influence of outside Islam – either through Hui scholars returning from the Haj or from increased business relationships with the Middle East. Trade between China and the Middle East is growing ever more important for the communist country. As a measure to attract Arab business, Yinchuan, the capital city of Ningxia and one of the Hui hubs, has gotten a makeover. Construction of a new $3.7 billion Islamic theme park called World Muslim City is underway, and Arabic lettering has been added to the city's street signs. Haiyun Ma, a Hui scholar at Frostberg University takes a critical position with regard to the Chinese government's perceived friendliness toward the Hui. She told DW that it is more of a sign of "business interest, not of religious tolerance." On the business side, Hui Muslims do play a role as middlemen in trade between the Middle East and China. Because of their knowledge of Arabic, numerous Hui people are working in Dubai, and for Middle Eastern businesses in China. Keeping out of politics Another reason for the Hui's relative freedom are the characteristics that distinguish them from the Uighurs. The second-largest Muslim minority is ethnically distinct, and does not speak Mandarin as a first language. Most importantly, they have a homeland that they wish to claim. The majority of Uighurs live in the far-western province of Xinjiang. Many of the ethno-religious group seek independence from China, and the Uighurs as such are oppressed for it. During this year's Ramadan, they were forced to break fast and parts of their community were not allowed to attend prayers or travel. Most recently, all citizens of Xinjiang were ordered to hand in their passports. But the Hui, partly also due to their diversity and geographic diaspora, and partly because of their cultural closeness to Han Chinese, have no political aspirations of independence, Gladney said. Periods of turmoil This does not mean that the Han and Hui have always got along well. The Dungan revolt in the 1860s and 1870s saw an uprising of Muslim and Hui people against the Han. The Hui were also oppressed by the government during the Cultural Revolution, along with most religious and ethnic minorities. In 1975, hundreds of Hui were killed when a separatist movement was suppressed by the People's Liberation Army in the southern town of Shadian. While friendliness toward outside Muslims with business intentions is mounting, and numbers suggest that religious activities are on the rise, the Hui may have to be on the watch out for another shift in China. "In the last few years, it has become increasingly difficult for Hui Muslims in provinces such as Ningxia to apply for passports, and religious education has been restricted," the Hui scholar Ma observed. "The control and mounting nationalism of the Chinese government are a threat to the Hui."
Hui
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7th century
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Dru Gladney
Dru_C._Gladney
Pomona College
Pomona_College
California
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Hui
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China
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1950
Hui
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Muslims
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Hui
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Gladney
DW
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Hui
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Hijab
Hijab
Gladley
Hui
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Haj
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Muslim
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Hui
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Haj
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Hui
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$3.7 billion
Islamic
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Frostberg University
Chinese
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DW
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Hui
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Muslims
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Arabic Arabic_alphabet Arabic_script Arabs Modern_Standard_Arabic Arabic_poetry Arabic_music Arabic_literature Arabian_Peninsula Arab_culture Arab_cuisine Arab_world Classical_Arabic Varieties_of_Arabic Islamic_architecture Arabic_numerals
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
Dubai
Dubai Dubai_Tennis_Championships Dubai_International_Cricket_Stadium Dubai_CSC Dubai_International_Airport Emirate_of_Dubai Dubai_(2005_film) 2017_Dubai_Sevens 2008_Dubai_Tennis_Championships Dubai_(2001_film) Dubai_Marathon 2017_Dubai_Women's_Sevens Dubai_Sevens 2015_Dubai_Tennis_Championships 2014_Dubai_Tennis_Championships Dubai_Autodrome
Middle Eastern
Middle_East Middle_Eastern_music Middle_Eastern_cuisine Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East Islamic_architecture Middle_Eastern_mythology Arab_Mexicans Middle_Eastern_studies Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I Arabs Greater_Middle_East Mizrahi_Jews History_of_the_Middle_East Arab_Colombians Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf Arab_culture
China
China China_national_football_team Republic_of_China_(1912–1949) China_women's_national_football_team Qing_dynasty Chinese_Basketball_Association A1_Team_China Cinema_of_China China_men's_national_basketball_team History_of_China China_national_badminton_team Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_China Taiwan Chinese_Football_Association Porcelain China_national_baseball_team
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
Uighurs
Uyghurs Uyghur_Khaganate Yugur List_of_Uyghur_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay
Muslim
Mandarin
Mandarin_Chinese Standard_Chinese Mandarin_(comics) Mandarin_(bureaucrat) Taiwanese_Mandarin Mandarin_orange Chinese_language Mandarin_(Jacksonville) Malaysian_Mandarin Singaporean_Mandarin Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca) Scholar-official Mandopop Mandarin_(novel) Mandarin_(2008_novel) MTV_Mandarin
Uighurs
Uyghurs Uyghur_Khaganate Yugur List_of_Uyghur_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay
Xinjiang
Xinjiang Xinjiang_Flying_Tigers Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China Xinjiang_cuisine Xinjiang_County Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule Xinjiang_in_the_Turkvision_Song_Contest Xinjiang,_Wengyuan_County Xinjiang_(goat) July_2009_Ürümqi_riots Xinjiang_Ticai_F.C. Xinjiang_Province List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Xinjiang Uyghur_nationalism Lanzhou_Military_Region History_of_Xinjiang
China
China China_national_football_team Republic_of_China_(1912–1949) China_women's_national_football_team Qing_dynasty Chinese_Basketball_Association A1_Team_China Cinema_of_China China_men's_national_basketball_team History_of_China China_national_badminton_team Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_China Taiwan Chinese_Football_Association Porcelain China_national_baseball_team
Uighurs
Uyghurs Uyghur_Khaganate Yugur List_of_Uyghur_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay
Ramadan
Ramadan Ramadan_(calendar_month) Ramadan_Sobhi Amin_Ramadan Operation_Ramadan Eid_al-Fitr Ramadan,_Iran Islamic_calendar
Xinjiang
Xinjiang Xinjiang_Flying_Tigers Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China Xinjiang_cuisine Xinjiang_County Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule Xinjiang_in_the_Turkvision_Song_Contest Xinjiang,_Wengyuan_County Xinjiang_(goat) July_2009_Ürümqi_riots Xinjiang_Ticai_F.C. Xinjiang_Province List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Xinjiang Uyghur_nationalism Lanzhou_Military_Region History_of_Xinjiang
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
Han Chinese
Han_Chinese History_of_science_and_technology_in_China Han_dynasty History_of_the_Han_dynasty Chinese_people_in_Myanmar Chinese_Buddhism Pinghua Chinese_people Communist_Party_of_China Standard_Chinese Chinese_characters Hoa_people Han_Taiwanese Kokang_people
Gladney
Han
Han_Chinese Han_dynasty Han_(state) Han_system Marchbanks_Speedway Hän Hän_language Han_Solo Han_River_(Hubei) Han_(cultural) Han_River_(Korea) Han_(Chinese_surname) Caravanserai History_of_writing_in_Vietnam Placerville,_California Hanwell_Town_F.C.
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
Dungan revolt
Dungan_Revolt_(1862–77) Dungan_Revolt_(1895–96)
1860
1870
Muslim
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
Han
Han_Chinese Han_dynasty Han_(state) Han_system Marchbanks_Speedway Hän Hän_language Han_Solo Han_River_(Hubei) Han_(cultural) Han_River_(Korea) Han_(Chinese_surname) Caravanserai History_of_writing_in_Vietnam Placerville,_California Hanwell_Town_F.C.
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
Cultural Revolution
Cultural_Revolution Iranian_Cultural_Revolution Counterculture_of_the_1960s Ethnocentrism 1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests Authenticité Cultural_Revolution_(Libya) Darryl_Swann
1975
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
People's Liberation Army
People's_Liberation_Army People's_Liberation_Army_(Lebanon) People's_Liberation_Army,_Nepal Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army Yugoslav_Partisans Bayi_Football_Team Yugoslav_People's_Army Maoist_Communist_Party_(Turkey) People's_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department History_of_the_People's_Liberation_Army People's_Liberation_Army_of_Namibia Ranks_of_the_People's_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force People's_Liberation_Army_Hong_Kong_Garrison Hukbalahap People's_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force
Shadian
Shadian,_Isfahan Shadian,_Kerman Shadian,_Afghanistan
Muslims
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
China
China China_national_football_team Republic_of_China_(1912–1949) China_women's_national_football_team Qing_dynasty Chinese_Basketball_Association A1_Team_China Cinema_of_China China_men's_national_basketball_team History_of_China China_national_badminton_team Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_China Taiwan Chinese_Football_Association Porcelain China_national_baseball_team
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
Muslims
Ningxia
Ningxia Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ningxia Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Ningxia List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Ningxia Ningxia_wines
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
scholar
Ma
Master_of_Arts Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin) Massachusetts Master's_degree Master_of_Arts_(Scotland) Year List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Massachusetts Ma_(cuneiform) Megaannum Mya_(unit) Marea_Atlántica Ampere Myr Ma_(unit) Mega-annum Ma_(surname)
Chinese
Hui
Hui_people Hui_(Māori_assembly) Atlético_Huila Hui_of_Balhae Hui_(secret_society) Huizhou_Chinese Hui_(priestess) Cang_Hui Emperor_Hui_of_Han C.D._Huíla_(basketball) Emperor_Hui_of_Jin Duke_Hui_of_Qi Pentagon_(South_Korean_band) King_Hui_of_Zhou Hui_Chi-fung King_Hui_of_Chu
Islamic
Islam
iptc::12000000 topic::none topic::religion type::entity type::misc type::other type::religion type::religion-x
Middle Eastern
Middle_East
topic::none type::entity type::location type::regio
Hui
Hui_people
slot::keyword topic::none type::entity type::ethnicity
Uighurs
Uyghurs
slot::keyword topic::none type::entity type::ethnicity
China
China
slot::in slot::keyword topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
Han Chinese
Han_Chinese
topic::none type::entity type::ethnicity
Dru Gladney
Dru_C._Gladney
gender::male iptc::05000000 topic::education type::entity type::person type::teacher
Haiyun Ma
gender::female iptc::05000000 topic::education type::entity type::person type::teacher
Muslims
iptc::12000000 topic::none topic::religion type::other type::religion-x
Muslim
iptc::12000000 topic::none topic::religion type::other type::religion-x
Chinese
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
DW
Deutsche_Welle
topic::media type::entity type::media type::organization
Xi'an
Xi'an
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
7th century
topic::none type::time type::value
Xingjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe1 type::location
Persian
Persian_people
topic::none type::entity type::ethnicity
Arab
Arabs
topic::none type::entity type::ethnicity
Mongol
topic::none type::entity type::ethnicity
Silk Road
Silk_Road
meta::todo
Mandarin
Mandarin_Chinese
topic::none type::entity type::language
Shanghai
Shanghai
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
Beijing
Beijing
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
Ningxia
Ningxia
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe1 type::location
Gangsu
Gansu
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe1 type::location
Quinghai
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe1 type::location
Pomona College
Pomona_College
iptc::05000000 topic::education type::education_org type::entity type::organization
California
California
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe1 type::location
1950
topic::none type::time type::value
Hijab
Hijab
iptc::12000000 topic::religion type::entity type::misc type::religion_misc
Haj
Hajj
iptc::12000000 topic::religion type::entity type::misc type::religion_misc
Yinchuan
Yinchuan
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
$3.7 billion
topic::none type::money type::value
World Muslim City
iptc::20000170 topic::business type::business_facility type::entity type::facility type::location
Arabic
Arabic_alphabet
topic::none type::entity type::language
Frostberg University
Frostburg_State_University
iptc::05000000 topic::education type::education_org type::entity type::organization
Dubai
Dubai
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
Xinjiang
Xinjiang
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe1 type::location
Ramadan
Ramadan
iptc::12000000 topic::religion type::entity type::misc type::religion_misc
Dungan revolt
Dungan_Revolt_(1862–77)
iptc::16000000 topic::conflict type::entity type::event type::protest
1860
topic::none type::time type::value
1870
topic::none type::time type::value
Cultural Revolution
Cultural_Revolution
iptc::16000000 topic::conflict type::entity type::event type::protest
1975
topic::none type::time type::value
People's Liberation Army
People's_Liberation_Army
iptc::11000000 topic::politics type::entity type::organization type::party
Shadian
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
scholar
topic::none type::role type::value
United_Arab_Emirates
United_States
Germany