Quirks and firsts of the Nobel Prize
Deceased winners, double laureates and famous refusals: With the 2013 Nobel Prizes set to be awarded, it's worth taking a look back at 112 years of award history. Just don't die before you're nominated...
When Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel specified in his will that his fortune be used to create a foundation, his relatives were outraged - even trying to contest his decision in court. It wasn't until 1901, five years after Nobel's death, that the first Nobel prize was actually awarded. This year's Nobel Prize laureates will be announced by October 14. The award, which includes prizes in the categories of chemistry, literature, physics, physiology and medicine - as well as the Nobel Peace Prize - has had a rich history since 1901. A prize for the deceased Officially, you can't be nominated for a Nobel Prize if you're dead. But Swedes Dag Hammarskjöld, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1961 and Erik Axel Karlfeldt, who won in 1931, were honored posthumously anyway, since they both passed away after being nominated, but before the winners had been announced. The practice was banned in 1974, only for the rule to be broken in 2011. When the Nobel Prize committee announced that Ralph Steinmann was to be honored with the Nobel Prize in Medicine, they didn't know that Steinmann had passed away three days before. In Steinmann's case, the committee made an exception and his heirs accepted the prize in his place. Second time's a charm So far, four scientists have managed to win two Nobel Prizes. John Bardeen of the US won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice - once for his discovery of the transistor effect in 1956 and a second time in 1972 for his theory of superconductivity. British biochemist Frederick Sanger was honored twice as well, once in 1958 and again in 1980. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to him first for discovering the structure of insulin and again for discovering the method for sequencing DNA molecules. US chemist Linus Pauling received an unusual combination of awards. In 1954 he won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, which was followed up by a Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his ardent opposition to nuclear weapons testing. Women underrepresented Marie Curie is probably the most well known female Nobel Prize winner. She, too, won two Nobel Prizes. The first time, she was awarded a prize in Physics for her research on radioactivity in 1903. The second time she won the prize in Chemistry for her discovery of the chemical elements polonium and radium. Thus far, the Nobel Prize has gone to a woman just 44 times. In the three scientific categories, that number falls to 16, or less than five percent. Two women have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, and four have won in Chemistry. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has gone to ten women. Famous refusals To date, one winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and one winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature have refused to accept the award. Le Duc Tho rejected the Peace Prize in 1973 because of the then-current situation in Vietnam, while Jean-Paul Sartre, who was awarded the literary accolade in 1964, simply rejected all public honors. In the scientific categories, the Nobel Prize has never been refused. Under Adolf Hitler, however, German scientists were not allowed to accept the prize. The rule affected the winners Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939) and Gerhard Domagk (Medicine, 1939). All three accepted the Nobel diploma and medal after the Second World War ended, but they missed out on the prize money. Which nation has been the most successful? The United States has won the most Nobel Prizes in the scientific disciplines: 43 percent of all prize winners for the physics, chemistry and the physiology and medicine categories are Americans. In physics and chemistry, Germany has taken the second most number of prizes. Great Britain ranks third, with the ranking reversed in physiology and medicine. France ranks fourth in all three categories. When are Nobel Prize winners typically born? May 21 and February 28 are the most frequent birthdays for Nobel Prize winners. How old are the winners? The average age of a Nobel Prize winner across all the categories is 59. It's slightly lower in the scientific disciplines. When they accept their prize, chemistry and physics winners have an average age of 57. In medicine, they're only 55 on average. The youngest Nobel Prize winner was physicist Lawrence Bragg. He was 25 years old when he won in 1915. In the scientific categories the oldest winner was the physicist Raymond Davis Jr. When his prize was awarded in 2002, he was 88. Two winners of the Nobel Prize in the economic sciences, Leonid Hurwicz and Lloyd, were even older: 90 and 89 years old respectively.
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
2013
Nobel Prizes
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences List_of_Nobel_laureates Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physics
Swedish
inventor
Alfred Nobel
Alfred_Nobel Alfred_Nobel_(horse)
1901
Nobel
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel,_Ontario Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Alfred_Nobel Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Peace_Prize Nobel_(TV_series) Nobel_(typeface) Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Enterprises Adil_Hossain_Noble List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates Nobel_family
Nobel prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
October 14
Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel_Peace_Prize 2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates 2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize Nobel_Prize 2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize
1901
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
Swedes
Dag Hammarskjöld
Dag_Hammarskjöld
Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel_Peace_Prize 2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates 2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize Nobel_Prize 2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize
1961
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt
1931
1974
2011
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
Ralph Steinmann
Ralph_M._Steinman
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Prize
Steinmann
Ville_Matti_Steinmann Steinmann Gijs_Steinmann Gustav_Steinmann
Steinmann
Ville_Matti_Steinmann Steinmann Gijs_Steinmann Gustav_Steinmann
Nobel Prizes
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences List_of_Nobel_laureates Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physics
John Bardeen
John_Bardeen
US
United_States Billboard_200 Billboard_Hot_100 Recording_Industry_Association_of_America United_States_dollar Nielsen_SoundScan Billboard_charts Hot_Country_Songs Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States Billboard_(magazine) Dance_Club_Songs Federal_government_of_the_United_States American_English RIAA_Certification .us Us_(Peter_Gabriel_album)
Nobel Prize in Physics
Nobel_Prize_in_Physics List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics Nobel_Prize Physicist
1956
1972
British
biochemist
Frederick Sanger
Frederick_Sanger
1958
1980
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry
US
United_States Billboard_200 Billboard_Hot_100 Recording_Industry_Association_of_America United_States_dollar Nielsen_SoundScan Billboard_charts Hot_Country_Songs Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States Billboard_(magazine) Dance_Club_Songs Federal_government_of_the_United_States American_English RIAA_Certification .us Us_(Peter_Gabriel_album)
chemist
Linus Pauling
Linus_Pauling
1954
Nobel Prize for Chemistry
Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry
Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel_Peace_Prize 2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates 2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize Nobel_Prize 2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize
1962
Marie Curie
Marie_Curie Marie_Curie_(charity) Marie_Skłodowska-Curie_Actions Marie_Curie:_The_Courage_of_Knowledge
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
Nobel Prizes
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences List_of_Nobel_laureates Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physics
Physics
Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Physics_(Aristotle) Game_physics AP_Physics Physics_(band) Physics_engine Outline_of_physics AP_Physics_B Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world Wolf_Prize_in_Physics Physics_game Physics_(American_Physical_Society_magazine) Aristotelian_physics Philosophy_of_physics Theoretical_physics
1903
Chemistry
Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Chemistry_(band) AP_Chemistry Chemistry_(Girls_Aloud_album) Chemistry_(2009_film) Chemistry_(Buckshot_and_9th_Wonder_album) Chemistry_(TV_series) Chemistry_(Mondo_Rock_album) Chemistry_(EP) Chemistry_(serial) Chemistry_(Johnny_Gill_album) Chemistry_(relationship) Outline_of_chemistry History_of_chemistry Chemistry_(Smash)
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
Nobel Prize in Physics
Nobel_Prize_in_Physics List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics Nobel_Prize Physicist
Chemistry
Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Chemistry_(band) AP_Chemistry Chemistry_(Girls_Aloud_album) Chemistry_(2009_film) Chemistry_(Buckshot_and_9th_Wonder_album) Chemistry_(TV_series) Chemistry_(Mondo_Rock_album) Chemistry_(EP) Chemistry_(serial) Chemistry_(Johnny_Gill_album) Chemistry_(relationship) Outline_of_chemistry History_of_chemistry Chemistry_(Smash)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine
Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel_Peace_Prize 2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates 2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize Nobel_Prize 2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize 2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize
Nobel Prize in Literature
Nobel_Prize_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature Nobel_Prize List_of_female_Nobel_laureates
Le Duc Tho
Lê_Đức_Thọ
Peace Prize
Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_peace_prizes 2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize
1973
Vietnam
Vietnam Vietnam_War Vietnam_national_football_team Vietnam_Football_Federation Vietnam_at_the_2005_Southeast_Asian_Games List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Vietnam Vietnamese_cuisine Vietnam_(miniseries) Vietnam_women's_national_football_team Volleyball_Federation_of_Vietnam South_Vietnam Football_in_Vietnam Vietnam_women's_national_volleyball_team Vietnam_national_under-23_football_team Vietnam_national_under-20_football_team VietNam_(band)
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul_Sartre
1964
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
Adolf Hitler
Adolf_Hitler Adolf_Hitler_in_popular_culture Adolf_Hitler_(Marvel_Comics) Death_of_Adolf_Hitler 1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler Adolf_Hitler's_rise_to_power Psychopathography_of_Adolf_Hitler Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler The_Bunker_(1981_film)
German
Richard Kuhn
Richard_Kuhn
Chemistry
Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Chemistry_(band) AP_Chemistry Chemistry_(Girls_Aloud_album) Chemistry_(2009_film) Chemistry_(Buckshot_and_9th_Wonder_album) Chemistry_(TV_series) Chemistry_(Mondo_Rock_album) Chemistry_(EP) Chemistry_(serial) Chemistry_(Johnny_Gill_album) Chemistry_(relationship) Outline_of_chemistry History_of_chemistry Chemistry_(Smash)
1938
Adolf Butenandt
Adolf_Butenandt
Chemistry
Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Chemistry_(band) AP_Chemistry Chemistry_(Girls_Aloud_album) Chemistry_(2009_film) Chemistry_(Buckshot_and_9th_Wonder_album) Chemistry_(TV_series) Chemistry_(Mondo_Rock_album) Chemistry_(EP) Chemistry_(serial) Chemistry_(Johnny_Gill_album) Chemistry_(relationship) Outline_of_chemistry History_of_chemistry Chemistry_(Smash)
1939
Gerhard Domagk
Gerhard_Domagk
Medicine
Medicine Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Medicine_(band) Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world Medical_school Spanish_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences University_of_Florida_College_of_Medicine Traditional_Chinese_medicine History_of_medicine Physician Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery Outline_of_medicine Medical_education Internal_medicine Doctor_of_Medicine Medication
1939
Nobel
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Second World War
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United States
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Nobel Prizes
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Americans
Germany
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Great Britain
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France
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Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
May 21
February 28
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
physicist
Lawrence Bragg
Lawrence_Bragg
1915
physicist
Raymond Davis Jr
Raymond_Davis_Jr.
2002
Nobel Prize
Nobel_Prize Nobel_Prize_in_Physics Nobel_Prize_in_Literature Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature List_of_Nobel_laureates List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics 2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation Robert_F._Engle List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field
economic sciences
Leonid Hurwicz
Leonid_Hurwicz
Lloyd
Lloyd_(singer) Lloyd,_New_York Curtis_Gates_Lloyd North_German_Automobile_and_Engine Lloyd,_Florida Matthew_Lloyd Carli_Lloyd Lloyd_Waner Lloyd_Tavernier John_Edward_Lloyd Lloyd_(film) Lucy_Lloyd Lloyd,_New_South_Wales Selwyn_Lloyd Barry_Lloyd Callum_Lloyd
Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel_Peace_Prize
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine
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Nobel Prize for Chemistry
Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry
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United States
United_States
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Nobel Prizes
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Nobel Prize in Physics
Nobel_Prize_in_Physics
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Alfred Nobel
Alfred_Nobel
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Ralph Steinmann
Ralph_M._Steinman
gender::male iptc::07000000 topic::health type::entity type::health_per type::person
2013
topic::none type::time type::value
Swedish
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
inventor
topic::none type::role type::value
1901
topic::none type::time type::value
October 14
topic::none type::time type::value
Swedes
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
Dag Hammarskjöld
Dag_Hammarskjöld
gender::male meta::todo topic::none type::entity type::person
1961
topic::none type::time type::value
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt
gender::male meta::todo topic::none type::entity type::person
1931
topic::none type::time type::value
1974
topic::none type::time type::value
2011
topic::none type::time type::value
John Bardeen
John_Bardeen
gender::male iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
1956
topic::none type::time type::value
1972
topic::none type::time type::value
British
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
biochemist
topic::none type::role type::value
Frederick Sanger
Frederick_Sanger
gender::male iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
1958
topic::none type::time type::value
1980
topic::none type::time type::value
chemist
topic::none type::role type::value
Linus Pauling
Linus_Pauling
gender::male iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
1954
topic::none type::time type::value
1962
topic::none type::time type::value
Marie Curie
Marie_Curie
gender::female iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
1903
topic::none type::time type::value
Nobel Prize in Literature
Nobel_Prize_in_Literature
iptc::08000000 iptc::20000498 topic::human_interest type::award type::entity type::misc
Le Duc Tho
Lê_Đức_Thọ
gender::male meta::todo topic::none type::entity type::person
1973
topic::none type::time type::value
Vietnam
Vietnam
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul_Sartre
gender::male iptc::01000000 iptc::20000013 topic::culture type::artist type::entity type::person type::writer
1964
topic::none type::time type::value
Adolf Hitler
Adolf_Hitler
gender::male iptc::11000000 topic::politics type::entity type::head_of_state type::person type::politician
German
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
Richard Kuhn
Richard_Kuhn
gender::male iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
1938
topic::none type::time type::value
Adolf Butenandt
Adolf_Butenandt
gender::male iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
1939
topic::none type::time type::value
Gerhard Domagk
Gerhard_Domagk
gender::male iptc::07000000 topic::health type::entity type::health_per type::person
Second World War
World_War_II
iptc::16000000 topic::conflict type::entity type::event type::war
Americans
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
Germany
Germany
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
Great Britain
United_Kingdom
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
France
France
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
May 21
topic::none type::time type::value
February 28
topic::none type::time type::value
physicist
topic::none type::role type::value
Lawrence Bragg
Lawrence_Bragg
gender::male iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
1915
topic::none type::time type::value
Raymond Davis Jr
Raymond_Davis_Jr.
gender::male iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
2002
topic::none type::time type::value
economic sciences
topic::none type::role type::value
Leonid Hurwicz
Leonid_Hurwicz
gender::male iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
Lloyd
Lloyd_Shapley
gender::male iptc::13000000 topic::science type::entity type::person type::science_per
Sweden