China may not be the EU's answer to US protectionism
There is currently tension in the triangle of globalization powerhouses as the EU, US and China try to maintain cooperative growth amid US protectionism and Chinese ambition. Healthy competition hangs in the balance.
At the G20 finance ministers meeting in Germany on Friday, March 17, finance ministers from the world's largest economies were struggling to find consensus on free trade and protectionism for their final communiqué due to be released Saturday. German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble told reporters that "It's possible that we explicitly exclude the topic of trade in Baden-Baden and say that can only be resolved at the summit of the state and government leaders." And in a phone conversation on Thursday, German Chancellor Angela Markel and Chinese President Xi Jinping, both expressed concern about the direction of US trade policy. Last year, China surpassed the US as Germany's largest trading partner. The uncertainty at the G20 and the handshaking between Berlin and Beijing are in response to an anticipated US turn to protectionism under President Donald Trump's "America First" economic rhetoric and statements from Trump threatening import duties on Chinese and German goods. In February, Reuters reported that the EU was preparing an "early" summit in April or May with China to "promote free trade and international cooperation" in the face of protectionism from Washington. The report suggests that China wants to reemphasize President Xi Jinping's performance at the World Economic Forum in Davos where he championed China as a bastion of globalization. But behind diplomatic assurances of cooperation and open markets between China and the EU vis á vis a new tone in Washington, the US and the EU share concerns that if China becomes the leader in key global industries, they will able to form their own protectionist policies and cut out western companies in favor of domestic enterprises. A great wall of innovation The EU Chamber of Commerce in China recently released a report criticizing Beijing's plan "Made in China 2025," which calls for a giant increase in Chinese domestic production in key industries like transportation, robotics and renewable energy. They argue that eventually China will be able to discriminate against foreign companies, or pressure foreign businesses to give up technology in return for near-term market access. Unlike in the EU and US, China is more able to manipulate its domestic market with government subsidies of preferred companies instead of allowing market competition to determine which enterprises succeed. European and American companies would find it hard to compete with government-supported Chinese firms. "A decision to continue to use industrial policy to set market share targets for both China's domestic and international markets instead of allowing the market to determine who wins would come at Europe's expense," Lance Noble, policy and communications manager at the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China, told DW. "If they are allowed to compete on an even playing field, European firms with advanced knowhow and products can make an important contribution to this process," added Noble. Mirjam Meissner, head of the economy and technology program at the Berlin-based Mercator Institute of China Studies (MERICS) told DW that, in general, China wouldn't grow at Europe's expense, but that government intervention in industries would lead to market conditions that discriminate against foreign companies on the Chinese market. "In those sectors that have been identified by the Chinese government as strategic industries, this potentially leads to a painful decrease of market share for European companies within a few years," said Meissner. Growth is good China's aim to liberalize its markets and become a global innovator is a positive thing for the global economy, but for observers, the question remains how they go about growing key industries at the will of market mechanisms free of government subsidies. "Government intervention in the market and state steering of investment, both in China and Europe, is an integral part of the 2025 initiative," said Noble. "Unfortunately, governments are not well placed to pick winners or to determine which industries will drive future development." But there are many indications that China is developing a large number of dynamic and innovative companies using a less direct form of government intervention. "While the 'old' model of creating markets with the help of massive government funding still exists and poses a certain risk for the success of the strategy, the methods of government intervention have become subtler and more diversified in the past few years," said Meissner, adding that the government would use a "fine-tuned" system of policy measures to steer the economy and market players into the direction it is aiming at. The eagle and the dragon In the US, a report recently released by the Washington-based technology and innovation think tank, the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) took a much more direct tone regarding Chinese industrial ambitions under Made in China 2025 than the EU report. The report stated clearly that Chinese "mercantilism" was a direct threat to the US economy and the global trading system. Robert Atkinson, economist and president of the ITIF, told DW that the US would need to work with allies in the EU to "constructively push back" against Chinese "innovation mercantilism." "The United States will have to lead this coalition but European nations will have to be willing to participate and not sit on the sidelines in the hope that the US plays the role of 'bad cop' while they sit back and enjoy 'good' relations with China," said Atkinson. "Chinese firms are heavily dependent on government support, and taking advantage of foreign firms, in developing local champions in these sectors," added Atkinson. "No doubt there are pockets of genuine innovation and competitiveness in some high-tech sectors in China, but the vast majority of the activity we see happening in these high-tech sectors is driven by the government, which leads to ineffective policies and wasteful spending." "If the Chinese government wanted to significantly curb its innovation mercantilist policies and actions it could easily do so. They simply chose not to do so because they want to gain global market share in advanced industries," said Atkinson. Can everyone work together? The balance between the world's three economic powerhouses is in a state of continual flux as each player tries to gain influence, maintain dominance or ensure stability. Whether the EU or the US constructively participate in China's growth and increasing gravity in a globalized economy depends on identifying common goals and common outcomes, which can benefit enterprise while being politically palatable for each region. "China will improve economic governance and transparency, but its understanding of both substantially differs from what we would assume in Europe," said Meissner at MERICS. "We should not expect China to turn into a liberal market economy based on our standards of economic governance and transparency. Instead, China is about to develop its own model of economic governance and it is highly likely that this will provide a strong basis for fast industrial development."
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EU
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Chinese
United States
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European
US
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China
China China_national_football_team Republic_of_China_(1912–1949) China_women's_national_football_team Qing_dynasty Chinese_Basketball_Association A1_Team_China Cinema_of_China China_men's_national_basketball_team History_of_China China_national_badminton_team Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_China Taiwan Chinese_Football_Association Porcelain China_national_baseball_team
Atkinson
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Chinese
Atkinson
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China
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Chinese
Atkinson
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EU
European_Union Europe List_of_European_records_in_swimming Eu,_Seine-Maritime E.U._(TV_series) European_Hot_100_Singles .eu European_Top_100_Albums Europium International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry United_Left_(Galicia) Experience_Unlimited United_Left_of_the_Balearic_Islands Esquerra_de_Menorca United_Extremadura Citizenship_of_the_European_Union
US
United_States Billboard_200 Billboard_Hot_100 Recording_Industry_Association_of_America United_States_dollar Nielsen_SoundScan Billboard_charts Hot_Country_Songs Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States Billboard_(magazine) Dance_Club_Songs Federal_government_of_the_United_States American_English RIAA_Certification .us Us_(Peter_Gabriel_album)
China
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China
China China_national_football_team Republic_of_China_(1912–1949) China_women's_national_football_team Qing_dynasty Chinese_Basketball_Association A1_Team_China Cinema_of_China China_men's_national_basketball_team History_of_China China_national_badminton_team Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_China Taiwan Chinese_Football_Association Porcelain China_national_baseball_team
Europe
Europe UEFA Europe_(band) UEFA_competitions European_Athletic_Association European_theatre_of_World_War_II European_Union Europe_(dinghy) European_Cricket_Council UEFA_Champions_League Senior_League_World_Series_(Europe–Africa_Region) Big_League_World_Series_(Europe–Africa_Region) Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Europe Neolithic_Europe History_of_Europe Europe_(magazine)
Meissner
Meißner,_Hesse Hoher_Meißner Meissner Thomas_Meißner Carl_Meissner Silvio_Meißner Otto_Meissner Walther_Meissner
MERICS
China
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China
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Europe
European_Union
iptc::11000000 slot::keyword topic::politics type::entity type::igo type::organization type::so
Donald Trump
Donald_Trump
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China
China
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G20
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Mercator Institute of China Studies
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Robert Atkinson
Robert_D._Atkinson
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Mirjam Meissner
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Lance Noble
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European Union Chamber of Commerce in China
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Wolfgang Schäuble
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Baden-Baden
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Angela Markel
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Xi Jinping
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America First
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World_Economic_Forum
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Davos
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Made in China 2025
Made_in_China_2025
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DW
Deutsche_Welle
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technology and innovation think tank
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Switzerland