Kuwait Airlines and limited Israeli mobility in Middle East
A German court's ruling that allowed Kuwait Airlines to deny an Israeli travel has focused attention on an enduring multination boycott of Israel. Kuwaiti law prohibits companies from doing business with Israelis.
Critics are accusing a German court of endorsing anti-Semitism following a ruling on Thursday that permits Kuwait Airlines to refuse to transport Israelis because of their citizenship. Though this is the first time a German court has ruled to allow a company to enforce such a specific travel ban, the case casts light on Israelis' long-term lack of mobility across the Middle East. As with most of the Arab League's 22 members and several other Muslim-majority states that do not recognize Israel, Kuwaiti law prohibits companies from doing business with the country's government and citizens. The passenger sued the national carrier for discrimination after it refused to fly him from Frankfurt to Bangkok via Kuwait City in 2016. The airline offered him a seat on a flight by another airline, but he refused. The court ruled that it could not evaluate the laws of a foreign country and that the airline was following Kuwaiti law. It also found that German law prohibits discrimination because of race, ethnicity and religion, but not based on citizenship. Arab League boycott With the notable exceptions of the Palestinian Authority, Jordan and Egypt, which have diplomatic relations with Israel, most Arab League members and several Muslim states have long boycotted the country and plan to continue doing so until its conflict with Palestine is resolved. More than two dozen countries have barred Israeli citizens, declaring that they do not recognize Israel as a nation. Saudi Arabia, like Kuwait, does not allow Israelis to board national planes or transit through the country's airports. Kuwait and about a dozen other Arab and Muslim states go even further, preventing people of any nationality with an Israeli stamp in their passports from entering. To circumvent this, Israeli authorities offer the option of stamping a piece of paper. The travel restrictions that many Middle Eastern nations have imposed do not apply to Jews in general. Most of the countries will not accept Israeli passports because they do not recognize the nation's right to exist, which officially invalidates the travel document. Israel's national carrier, EL AL, is also restricted from flying within the airspace of several Arab and Muslim countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. This forces the airline to take longer routes in some cases, such as when flying to Asia. Citizens of most states that impose a boycott are also banned from visiting Israel by their governments. The US Congressional Research Service has found that the Arab League's nearly seven-decade boycott is "sporadically applied and ambiguously enforced.” Within and near the Middle East, Israelis may travel to Jordan, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia, as well as non-Arab Turkey. In 2015, the United Arab Emirates, home to the major airlines Emirates and Etihad, changed its laws to allow Israeli citizens to transit airports and people with Israeli stamps on their passports to enter the country. 'Any applicable laws' The case in Frankfurt follows a similar discrimination suit against Kuwait Airways in the United States, where the court ruled against the company. In the US case, however, the defendant was not allowed to fly from New York City to London, where he was to disembark, on a leg of a flight to Kuwait City. According to the International Air Transport Association's guidelines, a carrier can refuse any passenger if "such an action is necessary to comply with any applicable laws, regulations or orders of any state or country to be flown from, into or over." The US Department of Transportation found the airline's policy discriminatory because the man had the right to travel to the UK. The ruling did not address direct flights from the United States to Kuwait. The airline responded by ending flights from the US with a stopover in London. Israel's own maneuvers In March, Israel's parliament passed a law barring foreign activists who support the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement from entering the country. BDS is a global effort to put international pressure on Israel for its policies toward Palestinians and illegal settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Israel regularly denies entry to critics of Israel and supporters of BDS, which has raised concern among some liberal Jewish organizations in the United States. In July, five members of an interfaith delegation of Jewish, Christian and Muslim activists were prevented from boarding a Lufthansa flight from Washington to Israel after authorities told the German national carrier to not to allow them on board. Three of the activists, including a rabbi, were from Jewish Voice for Peace, which supports BDS. A Lufthansa spokesperson told the Jewish Telegraphic Agency that the airline had no indication of why Israel's government did not want the activists to enter. "We simply have to abide by the rules and regulations of every country in which we operate," he said.
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Israel
Israel Israel_national_football_team Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria) Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Israel Unregistered_cohabitation_in_Israel Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League Israel_national_under-21_football_team Israel_Football_Association Israelites Land_of_Israel Israel_Fed_Cup_team Israel_national_basketball_team Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest Israel_national_cricket_team History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah Israel_Davis_Cup_team
BDS
Dental_degree Nielsen_Broadcast_Data_Systems BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions Jam! Andreas_Thorstensson Bachelor_of_Divinity Barbadian_dollar Blu-ray Burunge_language Franco-Belgian_comics
Jewish
United States
United_States United_States_men's_national_soccer_team United_States_men's_national_ice_hockey_team United_States_women's_national_soccer_team United_States_national_rugby_union_team American_poetry United_States_men's_national_junior_ice_hockey_team United_States_Soccer_Federation Secondary_education_in_the_United_States Recording_Industry_Association_of_America United_States_men's_national_basketball_team United_States_Davis_Cup_team United_States_national_cricket_team Cinema_of_the_United_States Education_in_the_United_States Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States
July
Jewish
Christian
Muslim
Lufthansa
Lufthansa Deutsche_Luft_Hansa Lufthansa_Flight_005 Lufthansa_Flight_Training Deutsche_Lufthansa_(East_Germany)
Washington
Washington_(state) Washington,_D.C. Washington_Wizards Washington_Huskies_football Washington_Mystics Washington_County,_New_York University_of_Washington Washington_Huskies_men's_basketball George_Washington Washington_County,_Maine Washington_Capitals Washington_County,_Pennsylvania Washington_Huskies Washington,_Pennsylvania Washington,_Tyne_and_Wear Washington_County,_Oregon
Israel
Israel Israel_national_football_team Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria) Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Israel Unregistered_cohabitation_in_Israel Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League Israel_national_under-21_football_team Israel_Football_Association Israelites Land_of_Israel Israel_Fed_Cup_team Israel_national_basketball_team Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest Israel_national_cricket_team History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah Israel_Davis_Cup_team
German
Jewish Voice for Peace
Jewish_Voice_for_Peace
BDS
Dental_degree Nielsen_Broadcast_Data_Systems BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions Jam! Andreas_Thorstensson Bachelor_of_Divinity Barbadian_dollar Blu-ray Burunge_language Franco-Belgian_comics
Lufthansa
Lufthansa Deutsche_Luft_Hansa Lufthansa_Flight_005 Lufthansa_Flight_Training Deutsche_Lufthansa_(East_Germany)
Jewish Telegraphic Agency
Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency
Israel
Israel Israel_national_football_team Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria) Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Israel Unregistered_cohabitation_in_Israel Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League Israel_national_under-21_football_team Israel_Football_Association Israelites Land_of_Israel Israel_Fed_Cup_team Israel_national_basketball_team Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest Israel_national_cricket_team History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah Israel_Davis_Cup_team
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions
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United States
United_States
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
Jewish
Jews
iptc::12000000 topic::none topic::religion type::other type::religion-x
Kuwait Airlines
Kuwait_Airways
iptc::20000170 sector::20000338 slot::keyword topic::business type::company type::entity type::organization
Israel
Israel
slot::keyword topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
Middle East
Middle_East
slot::keyword topic::none type::entity type::location type::regio
Israeli
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
German
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
Kuwaiti
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
Israelis
topic::none type::gpe0-x type::other
Semitism
iptc::12000000 topic::religion type::entity type::misc type::religion
Thursday
topic::none type::time type::value
Arab League
Arab_League
iptc::11000000 topic::politics type::entity type::igo type::organization
Muslim
iptc::12000000 topic::none topic::religion type::other type::religion-x
Frankfurt
Frankfurt
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
Bangkok
Bangkok
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
Kuwait City
Kuwait_City
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
2016
topic::none type::time type::value
Palestinian Authority
Palestinian_National_Authority
iptc::11000000 topic::politics type::agency type::entity type::governmental_organisation type::organization
Jordan
Jordan
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Egypt
Egypt
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
Palestine
Palestine_(region)
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
Saudi Arabia
Saudi_Arabia
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Kuwait
Kuwait
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Arab
Arabs
topic::none type::entity type::ethnicity
Middle Eastern
topic::none type::loc-x type::other
national carrier
topic::none type::role type::value
EL AL
El_Al
iptc::20000170 sector::20000338 topic::business type::company type::entity type::organization
Pakistan
Pakistan
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Iran
Iran
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe0 type::location
Asia
Asia
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Congressional Research Service
Congressional_Research_Service
iptc::11000000 topic::politics type::agency type::entity type::governmental_organisation type::organization
Morocco
Morocco
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Tunisia
Tunisia
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Turkey
Turkey
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2015
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United Arab Emirates
United_Arab_Emirates
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airlines
topic::none type::role type::value
Emirates
Emirates_(airline)
iptc::20000170 sector::20000338 topic::business type::company type::entity type::organization
Etihad
Etihad_Airways
iptc::20000170 sector::20000338 topic::business type::company type::entity type::organization
New York City
New_York_City
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London
London
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International Air Transport Association
International_Air_Transport_Association
iptc::20000170 topic::business type::advocacy type::entity type::organization
Department of Transportation
United_States_Department_of_Transportation
iptc::11000000 topic::politics type::agency type::entity type::governmental_organisation type::organization
UK
United_Kingdom
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March
topic::none type::time type::value
Palestinians
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West Bank
West_Bank
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East Jerusalem
East_Jerusalem
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July
topic::none type::time type::value
Christian
Christianity
iptc::12000000 topic::none topic::religion type::other type::religion-x
Lufthansa
Lufthansa
iptc::20000170 sector::20000338 topic::business type::company type::entity type::organization
Washington
Washington,_D.C.
topic::none type::entity type::gpe type::gpe2 type::location
Jewish Voice for Peace
Jewish_Voice_for_Peace
iptc::11000000 topic::politics type::entity type::ngo type::organization
Jewish Telegraphic Agency
Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency
topic::media type::entity type::media type::organization
Islam
Germany
State_of_Palestine
Thailand