runoff is the part of the water cycle that moves water from earth’s surface to the atmosphere.
runoff is the part of the water cycle that moves water from earth’s surface to the atmosphere.
during which part of the water cycle does water move from earth’s surface to the atmosphere?
runoff
the scientific consensus expressed in the 2007 intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) summary for policymakers is for the water cycle to continue to intensify throughout the 21st century, though this does not mean that precipitation will increase in all regions. in subtropical land areasplaces that are already relatively dryprecipitation is projected to decrease during the 21st century, increasing the probability of drought. the drying is projected to be strongest near the poleward margins of the subtropics (for example, the mediterranean basin, south africa, southern australia, and the southwestern united states). annual precipitation amounts are expected to increase in near-equatorial regions that tend to be wet in the present climate, and also at high latitudes. these large-scale patterns are present in nearly all of the climate model simulations conducted at several international research centers as part of the 4th assessment of the ipcc. there is now ample evidence that increased hydrologic variability and change in climate has and will continue to have a profound impact on the water sector through the hydrologic cycle, water availability, water demand, and water allocation at the global, regional, basin, and local levels. research published in 2012 in "science" based on surface ocean salinity over the period 1950 to 2000 confirm this projection of an intensified global water cycle with salty areas becoming more saline and fresher areas becoming more fresh over the period:fundamental thermodynamics and climate models suggest that dry regions will become drier and wet regions will become wetter in response to warming. efforts to detect this long-term response in sparse surface observations of rainfall and evaporation remain ambiguous. we show that ocean salinity patterns express an identifiable fingerprint of an intensifying water cycle. our 50-year observed global surface salinity changes, combined with changes from global climate models, present robust evidence of an intensified global water cycle at a rate of 8 ± 5% per degree of surface warming. this rate is double the response projected by current-generation climate models and suggests that a substantial (16 to 24%) intensification of the global water cycle will occur in a future 2° to 3° warmer world.
water cycle
water cycle management









































water cycle management relates to all planning, strategy development, operational and tactical decisions to optimize the water cycle to satisfy human or environmental objectives. it is used in different organizations to mean management of a sub-set of the whole water cycle. in australia, it has been adopted to encompass the fresh water to sewage disposal cycle. elsewhere, it refers to a more holistic view of the water cycle.









































many scientific and engineering disciplines may be involved in water cycle management:









































bullet::::- meteorology deals with predicting and measuring precipitation
water cycle management