in mammals, gluconeogenesis can take place in eukaryotic cells in the kidney organs and systems.
in mammals, gluconeogenesis can take place in eukaryotic cells in the kidney organs and systems.
in mammals, what organs and systems can gluconeogenesis take place in eukaryotic cells?
the kidney
in mammals, gluconeogenesis has been believed to be restricted to the liver, the kidney, the intestine, and muscle, but recent evidence indicates gluconeogenesis occurring in astrocytes of the brain. these organs use somewhat different gluconeogenic precursors. the liver preferentially uses lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids (especially alanine) while the kidney preferentially uses lactate, glutamine and glycerol. lactate from the cori cycle is quantitatively the largest source of substrate for gluconeogenesis, especially for the kidney. the liver uses both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to produce glucose, whereas the kidney only uses gluconeogenesis. after a meal, the liver shifts to glycogen synthesis, whereas the kidney increases gluconeogenesis. the intestine uses mostly glutamine and glycerol.
gluconeogenesis
we take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of dna, in the form of a single chromosome. eukaryotic cells have nucleus with multiple organelles and more dna arranged in linear chromosomes. we also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. the average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more dna than a prokaryotic cell does. replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize. prokaryotes have a short replication process that occurs continuously; eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, only undertake dna replication during the s-phase of the cell cycle.
okazaki fragments