there have been two dukes of edinburgh.
there have been two dukes of edinburgh.
how many dukes of edinburgh have there been?
two
dukes' disease









































dukes' disease, named after clement dukes, also known as fourth disease or filatov-dukes' disease (after nil filatov), is an exanthem. it is distinguished from measles or forms of rubella, though it was considered as a form of viral rash. although dukes identified it as a separate entity, it is thought not to be different from scarlet fever caused by exotoxin-producing "streptococcus pyogenes" after keith powell proposed equating it with the condition currently known as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in 1979.
dukes' disease
the hohenstaufen rulers increasingly lent land to "ministerialia", formerly non-free servicemen, who frederick hoped would be more reliable than dukes. initially used mainly for war services, this new class of people would form the basis for the later knights, another basis of imperial power. a further important constitutional move at roncaglia was the establishment of a new peace mechanism for the entire empire, the landfrieden, with the first imperial one being issued in 1103 under henry iv at mainz. this was an attempt to abolish private feuds, between the many dukes and other people, and to tie the emperor's subordinates to a legal system of jurisdiction and public prosecution of criminal acts – a predecessor of the modern concept of "rule of law". another new concept of the time was the systematic foundation of new cities by the emperor and by the local dukes. these were partly caused by the explosion in population, and they also concentrated economic power at strategic locations. before this, cities had only existed in the form of old roman foundations or older bishoprics. cities that were founded in the 12th century include freiburg, possibly the economic model for many later cities, and munich.
holy roman empire