environmental pollution began to emerge as a problem in the united states during the 1970s.
environmental pollution began to emerge as a problem in the united states during the 1970s.
when did environmental pollution began to emerge as a problem in the united states?
during the 1970s
in the early 1960s, oil companies ignored local land rights, failed to mitigate pollution/damage to the amazon, and allowed for the process of colonization of the amazon to begin. all of these issues combined stripped indigenous people of large areas of their territory and endangered their cultural and economic way of life. in their opposition, local residents sought to participate fully in discussions with multi-national oil companies and national governments on the issue. while this discourse did not blossom fully in the 1960s, by the 1990s the political pressure that oil companies faced completely changed the way things were done. oil companies and governments now had to pay attention to the social and environmental impacts of extraction and long-term interests of local communities. a middle ground between the waorani way of life and governmental and oil company's interests were created. to create this middle ground the waorani learned new languages, traveled to the united states, met with industry and government officials, created new indigenous federations and political practices, engaged with international science, and modified long-standing social and economic practices. through these actions a discourse was created, leaving the old one-sided exploitation of the indigenous lands in the past. although the waorani still did not have complete control of their land and their destiny, the middle ground had given them some influence over their fate. the native people also seek employment in the oil industry, access to oil markets, and long-term investment in health centers, schools, and community development. however, they struggled to establish good conditions for new projects, such as monitoring environmental pollution, the establishment of clear land rights, and sharing of the profits from oil development. by ignoring the wants and needs of the native people, oil companies forced them to turn to political resistance as the only way to make themselves heard. in the 1970s native groups wanted to incorporate concern for damage of the amazon into the planning and execution of development projects. they also sought local control over development projects as a way to incorporate sustainable practices in their land. these concerns were given little attention until the 1980s when the government began to recognize native land claims. town-meetings held by the waorani were run in a consensus style, and although this is a different practice compared to the rest of the world, national governments recognized these meetings as legitimate political proceedings. while there is still much that needs to be done in the way of sustainable oil extraction, the discourse between the local population in the ecuadorian amazon has increased dramatically giving them a voice and a say in what happens to their land.
yasuní-itt initiative
environmental pollution (journal)









































environmental pollution is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the biological, health, and ecological effects of environmental pollution. it was established in 1980 as two parts: environmental pollution series a: ecological and biological and environmental pollution series b: chemical and physical. these parts were merged in 1987 to form the journal under its current title. it is published by elsevier and the editors-in-chief are david o. carpenter (university at albany, suny) and eddy y. zeng (jinan university). according to the "journal citation reports", the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 5.714.
environmental pollution (journal)