fundamental duties got inserted into indian constitution on 3 january 1977.
fundamental duties got inserted into indian constitution on 3 january 1977.
when did fundamental duties get inserted into indian constitution?
3 january 1977
the 42nd amendment to constitution of india, officially known as the constitution (forty-second amendment) act, 1976, was enacted during the emergency (25 june 1975 – 21 march 1977) by the indian national congress government headed by indira gandhi. most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 january 1977, others were enforced from 1 february and section 27 came into force on 1 april 1977. the 42nd amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in indian history. this was the first instance when the amendment had wholly come up with personal ambitions at the period of emergency imposed by indira gandhi. it attempted to reduce the power of the supreme court and high courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. it laid down the fundamental duties of indian citizens to the nation. this amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-constitution" or the "constitution of indira".
forty-second amendment of the constitution of india
the of citizens were added to the constitution by the 42nd amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the swaran singh committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year. originally ten in number, the fundamental duties were increased to eleven by the 86th amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years. the other fundamental duties obligate all citizens to respect the national symbols of india, including the constitution, to cherish its heritage, preserve its composite culture and assist in its defence. they also obligate all indians to promote the spirit of common brotherhood, protect the environment and public property, develop scientific temper, abjure violence, and strive towards excellence in all spheres of life. in case of violation of fundamental duties enshrined in the constitution by a citizen including president, vice president, speaker, parliament members, state legislative members, etc., it amounts to contempt of the constitution which is punishable under prevention of insults to national honour act, 1971. supreme court has ruled that these fundamental duties can also help the court to decide the constitutionality of a law passed by the legislature. there is reference to such duties in international instruments such as the universal declaration of human rights and international covenant on civil and political rights, and article 51a brings the indian constitution into conformity with these treaties.
fundamental rights, directive principles and fundamental duties of india