sir cyril radcliffe, drew the border between india and pakistan.
sir cyril radcliffe, drew the border between india and pakistan.
who draw the border between india and pakistan?
sir cyril radcliffe ,
within british india, the border between india and pakistan (the radcliffe line) was determined by a british government-commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a london barrister, sir cyril radcliffe. pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves, east pakistan (today bangladesh) and west pakistan, separated geographically by india. india was formed out of the majority hindu regions of british india, and pakistan from the majority muslim areas.
partition of india
in 1959 the international labour organisation (ilo) published a report stating that between the period of 1951-1956, a number of 650,000 muslims from india relocated to west pakistan. however, visaria (1969) raised doubts about the authenticity of the claims about indian muslim migration to pakistan, since the 1961 census of pakistan did not corroborate these figures. however, the 1961 census of pakistan did incorporate a statement suggesting that there had been a migration of 800,000 people from india to pakistan throughout the previous decade. of those who had left for pakistan, most never came back. the indian prime minister jawaharlal nehru conveyed distress about the continued migration of indian muslims to west pakistan:there has...since 1950 been a movement of some muslims from india to western pakistan through the jodhpur-sindh via khokhropar. normally, traffic between india and west pakistan was controlled by the permit system. but these muslims going via khokhropar went without permits to west pakistan. from january 1952 to the end of september, 53,209 muslim emigrants went via khokhropar...most of these probably came from the u.p. in october 1952, up to the 14th, 6,808 went by this route. after that pakistan became much stricter on allowing entry on the introduction of the passport system. from the 15th of october to the end of october, 1,247 went by this route. from the 1st november, 1,203 went via khokhropar.indian muslim migration to west pakistan continued unabated despite the cessation of the permit system between the two countries and the introduction of the passport system between the two countries. the indian prime minister jawaharlal nehru once again expressed concern at the continued migration of indian muslims to west pakistan in a communication to one of his chief ministers (dated 1, december 1953):a fair number of muslims cross over to pakistan from india, via rajasthan and sindh daily. why do these muslims cross over to pakistan at the rate of three to four thousand a month? this is worth enquiring into, because it is not to our credit that this should be so. mostly they come from uttar pradesh, rajasthan or delhi. it is evident that they do not go there unless there is some fear or pressure on them. some may go in the hope of employment there. but most of them appear to feel that there is no great future for them in india. i have already drawn your attention to difficulties in the way of government service. another reason, i think, is the fear of evacuee property laws [epl]. i have always considered these laws both in india and pakistan as most iniquitous. in trying to punish a few guilty persons, we punish or injure large numbers of perfectly innocent people...the pressure of the evacuee property laws applies to almost all muslims in certain areas of india. they cannot easily dispose of their property or carry on trade for fear that the long arm of this law might hold them down in its grip. it is this continuing fear that comes in the way of normal functioning and normal business and exercises a powerful pressure on large numbers of muslims in india, especially in the north and the west.in 1952 the passport system was introduced for travel purposes between the two countries. this made it possible for indian muslims to legally move to pakistan. pakistan still required educated and skill workers to absorb into its economy at the time, due to relatively low levels of education in the regions which became part of pakistan. as late as december 1971, the pakistan high commission in new delhi was authorized to issue documents to educationally qualified indians to migrate to pakistan. the legal route was taken by unemployed but educated indian muslims seeking better fortunes, however poorer muslims from india continued to go illegally via the rajasthan-sindh border until the 1965 india-pakistan war when that route was shut. after the conclusion of the 1965 war, most muslims who wanted to go to pakistan had to go there via the india-east pakistani border. once reaching dhaka, most made their way to the final destination-karachi. however, not all managed to reach west pakistan from east pakistan.
muhajir people