bacteria is the waste material that passes from baby to mother.
bacteria is the waste material that passes from baby to mother.
waste material that passes from baby to mother?
bacteria
Na
Na
bullet::::- waste material is removed continuously and deposited in refuse piles as above (or even by some "atta" ants into streams). the division of labour in "acromyrmex echinatior" leafcutter ants includes individuals who work almost exclusively in waste management: waste material (excreta, food refuse, etc.) frequently harbours "escovopsis" (a microfungus that is parasitic on the fungus that "a. echinatior" tends) as well as other parasites, so spatial separation of waste material from the fungal garden and wider nest environment is of paramount importance. this is achieved by depositing waste material on downhill and downwind piles or in special deep underground refuse chambers. distinct waste management workers also exist in "atta cephalotes" and "atta colombica". the risk of waste-worker ants contaminating the fungal garden/nest is lowered by other ants attacking them if they try to enter the nest, whilst attacks are more frequent in species with internal refuse chambers (this also reinforces the division of labour). on the other hand, some species retain excreta and/or anal exudates within the nest to utilize it for antiparasite purposes: "c. formosanus" employs its faces as building material for the nest carton, the use of faceal material promotes the growth of actinobacteria with natural antimicrobial activity (e.g. "streptomyces"), combating fungal parasites like "m. anisopliae." colony members of the buff-tailed bumblebee ("bombus terrestris") defend themselves against the virulent "crithidia bombi" parasite by consuming beneficial gut bacteria from the faces of conspecific after eclosing.
social immunity