isomer is a species with different arrangements of atoms but having no structural differences.
isomer is a species with different arrangements of atoms but having no structural differences.
species with different arrangements of atoms but having no structural differences?
isomer
the dihydrolipoate, still bound to a lysine residue of the complex, then migrates to the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (e3) active site where it undergoes a flavin-mediated oxidation, identical in chemistry to disulfide isomerase. first, fad oxidizes dihydrolipoate back to its lipoate resting state, producing fadh. then, a nad cofactor oxidizes fadh back to its fad resting state, producing nadh.









































section::::structural differences between species.









































pdc is a large complex composed of multiple copies of 3 or 4 subunits depending on species.









































section::::structural differences between species.:gram-negative bacteria.
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
recent research has shown that the nuclear pore complexes in a binucleated ciliate may be distinct in their composition. this leads to the differences seen in the micronucleus and macronucleus. the nuclear pore complex is made up of nucleoporins, which are proteins. these nucleoporins, nups, are specific for each type of nucleus. this leads to the structural differences seen between the two types. since both nuclei are made of the same components, different amounts of the components are added in order to provide the structural differences that are necessary to the functions. the nuclear pore complex is involved with how molecules move across the nuclear envelope when trying to reach the nucleus or the cytoplasm in a process called nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. nuclear pore complexes have been found to be important in transport to the macronucleus and micronucleus since there are different processes happening in two very different nuclei at different times. these differences in the transport apparatuses between the two nuclei lead to the vast differences between micronucleus and macronucleus.
nuclear dimorphism