sigmund freud used introspection as a scientific technique for investigating consciousness.
sigmund freud used introspection as a scientific technique for investigating consciousness.
who used introspection as a scientific technique for investigating consciousness?
sigmund freud
american historiography of introspection, according to some authors, is dominated by three misconceptions. in particular, historians of psychology tend to argue 1) that introspection once was the dominant method of psychological inquiry, 2) that behaviorism, and in particular john b. watson, is responsible for discrediting introspection as a valid method, and 3) that scientific psychology completely abandoned introspection as a result of those critiques. yet, introspection has not been the dominant method. it is believed to be so because edward titchener's student edwin g. boring, in his influential historical accounts of experimental psychology privileged titchener's views while giving little credit to original sources. introspection has been critiqued by many other psychologists, including wilhelm wundt, and knight dunlap who in his article ""the case against introspection"", presents an argument against self-observation that is not primarily rooted in behaviorist epistemology. introspection is still widely used in psychology, but under different names, such as self-report surveys, interviews and fmris. it is not the method but rather its name that has been dropped from the dominant psychological vocabulary.
introspection
scientific technique









































a scientific technique is any systematic way of obtaining information about a scientific nature or to obtain a desired material or product.









































scientific techniques can be divided in many different groups, e.g.:









































bullet::::1. preparative techniques









































bullet::::1. synthesis techniques, e.g. the use of grignard reagents in organic chemistry









































bullet::::2. growth techniques, e.g. crystal growth or cell cultures in biology









































bullet::::3. purification techniques e.g. those in chemistry









































bullet::::2. measurement techniques









































bullet::::1. analysis techniques, e.g. ones that reveal atomic or molecular composition.









































bullet::::2. characterization techniques, e.g. ones that measure a certain property of a material.









































bullet::::3. imaging techniques, e.g. microscopy
scientific technique