at present 5 courts are functional in india.
at present 5 courts are functional in india.
at present how many courts are functional in india?
5
some courts recognize parental alienation as a form of child abuse with long-term effects and serious outcomes for the child. some jurisdictions, including brazil and mexico, have enacted parental alienation as a criminal offense. other jurisdictions may suspend child support in cases where parental alienation occurs. for example, in new york, in "matter of robert coull v. pamela rottman", no. 2014-01516, 2015 n.y. app. div. lexis 6611 (september 2, 2015), where the father was prevented from seeing his son by the child's mother through a "pattern of alienation", child support was suspended. some united states courts have also tried to address the issue through mandated reunification therapy; but no federal or state laws regulating parental alienation currently exist in the united states due to the nature of allegations of parental alienation, many courts require that a qualified expert witness testify in support of allegations of parental alienation or in association with any allegation that a parent has a mental health disorder.
parental alienation
between 2006 and 2008, many lebanese people protested in opposition of the prime minister, fouad siniora. since the prime minister and parliament are the individuals approving laws, such protests were important especially for women. at the forefront of these protests were major women's organizations (ngos). one feminist ngo which tackled exploitation and violence on women was kafa. kafa, which was founded in 2005, along with many other women's organizations, aims to diminish social, legal, and economic forms of patriarchy in order to stop violence against women and children. they proposed a law, which was drafted in 2009, that was to stop domestic violence against women, including marital rape. this ngo group wrote letters to the cabinet of ministers which later stated that they would vie for legal reform and protect women against family violence. after much lobbying and protesting, people within these ngos succeeded in pushing the draft law to the parliament where it sat in arrest. over time, while it was stuck at parliament, this law was amended continuously due to objections of religious conservatives. the biggest disagreement regarding this law was one of the most prevalent issues for women: marital rape. suggestions to amend the law included removal of the segment outlining marital rape as a crime. although passing that law may lead to the decrease of many violent situations within the household, its proposed amendment will defeat the purpose of the law. some women's activists would argue that the myriad of amendments within this law makes the law detrimental to the advancement of women in lebanon. because there are so many differences within each of the religious courts, domestic violence is handled in a different way depending on which region a woman is involved with. it is frowned upon for a woman to ever initiate a divorce, in mostly all of the religious sectors of the parliament. in some courts, a woman asking for a divorce must obtain a substantial amount of evidence regarding her husband's indiscretion. likewise, if a man were seeking a divorce, in many courts he could obtain that divorce with very little evidence, and in the name of honor or family preservation. for example, if a woman who was a victim of spousal rape were to attempt to get a divorce from her husband, that effort would be dismissed in many courts by the socially accepted idea, which is supported by judge sheik ahmad al-kurdi of the sunni religious court, that such indictment “could lead to the imprisonment of the man, where in reality he is exercising the least of his marital rights.”. this implies that the man, by virtue of being her husband, is therefore in full compliance with the laws and codes of conduct of lebanon. in addition, a woman who goes to her family for support in filing for a divorce may be met with both opposition to her decision, and shame surrounding it. such socially accepted beliefs actively contribute to the marginalization of women's voices in lebanon. in december 2016, the campaign against lebanese rape law - article 522 was launched to abolish the article in the penal code that allowed a man to escape prison if he married his victim.
women in lebanon