the light independent phase of photosynthesis occurs at the calvin cycle.
the light independent phase of photosynthesis occurs at the calvin cycle.
where does the light independent phase of photosynthesis occur?
the calvin cycle
calvin cycle









































the calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (pcr) cycle of photosynthesis are the chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. these reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. these reactions take the products (atp and nadph) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. there are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the "calvin cycle": carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (rubp) regeneration.
calvin cycle
further studies of the hill reaction were made in 1957 by the american plant physiologist daniel i. arnon. "arnon" studied the hill reaction using a natural electron acceptor, nadp. this natural electron acceptor inhibits the formation of atp, nadph, and h which are used in the light independent reaction. he demonstrated that the isolated active chloroplasts which are subjected to light but without co will release oxygen but no sugar will be produced. he then demonstrated the light independent reaction, observing the reaction under dark conditions with an abundance of carbon dioxide. he found carbon fixation was independent of the light reaction. arnon had effectively separated the light dependent reaction, which produces atp, nadph, h and oxygen, from the light independent reaction, which produces sugars. he was able to conclude that that part of the reaction happens without the presence of light.
hill reaction