5 independent states emerged after the collapse of the soviet union.
5 independent states emerged after the collapse of the soviet union.
how many independent states emerged after the collapse of the soviet union?
5
modern polish–russian relations begin with the fall of communism – 1989 in poland (solidarity and the polish round table agreement) and 1991 in russia (dissolution of the soviet union). with a new democratic government after the 1989 elections, poland regained full sovereignty, and what was the soviet union, became 15 newly independent states, including the russian federation. relations between modern poland and russia suffer from constant ups and downs. among the constantly revisited issues is the fact that poland has moved away from the russian sphere of influence (joining nato and the european union) and pursuing an independent politic, including establishing a significant relations with post-soviet states; for example, poland was the first nation to recognize ukraine's independence and polish support for the pro-democratic orange revolution in 2004 in ukraine has resulted in a temporary crisis in the polish–russian relations. occasionally, relations will worsen due to remembrance of uneasy historical events and anniversaries, such as when polish politicians bring up the issue of russia apologizing for the '39 invasion, the katyn massacre (which many polish citizens and politicians see as genocide, but russian officials refer to as a war crime rather than a genocide), or for the ensuing decades of soviet occupation; in turn, russians criticize poles' perceived lack of thankfulness for liberation from nazi occupation (despite later being taken into soviet occupation). during the 1990s, assistance granted by polish government and civilian agencies to members of the chechen separatist movement had been met with criticism by russian authorities. in 2009, there had been controversy over the russian government and state media publishing claims that nazi germany, the empire of japan and the second polish republic had allied or intended to ally against the soviet union before the second world war. these claims were denounced by polish politicians and diplomats as an attempt at historical revision. other issues important in the recent polish–russian relations include the establishment of visas for russian citizens, us plans for an anti-missile site in poland, the nord stream pipeline (poland, which imports over 90 percent of oil and 60 percent of gas from russia, continues to be concerned about its energy security which the pipeline threatens to undermine), polish influence on the eu–russian relations and various economic issues (ex. russian ban on polish food imports). since the fall of the soviet union, with lithuania, ukraine and belarus regaining independence, the polish–russian border has mostly been replaced by borders with the respective countries, but there still is a 210 km long border between poland and the russian kaliningrad exclave.
poland–russia relations
in connection with the collapse of the soviet union, the scientific institutions of the academy of sciences of the soviet union, located in the former soviet republics and which were part of the academies of sciences of the union republics, became part of the new independent states. only the russian federation did not have its own academy of sciences during the soviet union despite the fact that 98% of the scientific institutions of the academy of sciences of the soviet union were in the russian federation, and 95% of the members of the academy of sciences of the soviet union worked and lived in the russian federation. in fact, the academy of sciences of the soviet union was the russian academy of sciences. on november 21, 1991, on the initiative of russian academicians, a presidential decree was signed to create the russian academy of sciences, according to which all members of the academy of sciences of the soviet union, including those living in the countries of the commonwealth of independent states, automatically became members of the russian academy of sciences. all buildings, large scientific instruments, vessels, scientific equipment and other state property that was in the use and disposal of institutions and organizations of the academy of sciences of the soviet union located in the russian soviet federative socialist republic were transferred to the ownership of the russian academy of sciences. in december 1991, elections to the russian academy of sciences were held, and the scientists who took part in these elections, together with the full members of the academy of sciences of the soviet union, constituted the russian academy of sciences.
academy of sciences of the soviet union