the first tube ran in london in 1863.
the first tube ran in london in 1863.
when did the first tube run in london?
1863
services started in 1863 when the metropolitan railway opened using steam locomotives hauling gas-lit wooden carriages, braked from guards' compartment. in 1890, the first tube railway opened, using electric locomotives hauling carriages with small windows, nicknamed "padded cells". other tube railways opened in the early 20th century using electric multiple units known as gate stock, as access to them was via lattice gates at each end of the car. the earlier railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines by 1907. pneumatic sliding doors were introduced on tube trains in 1919 and sub-surface trains in the late 1930s. until the early 1960s an electric locomotive was exchanged for a steam locomotive on metropolitan line services beyond rickmansworth. the victoria line opened in the late 1960s using automatic train operation (ato), and the last trains ran with a guard in 2000. the central, jubilee, and northern lines also use forms of ato, the latter two using a system called tbtc (transmission-based train control).
london underground rolling stock
in november 1936, as construction on the first tube was winding down, the port authority's commissioners met to discuss the feasibility of adding a second tube, located north of and parallel to the first tube. although the original design in 1933 had called for two tubes, the pwa funds had only covered the cost of the first tube. it was estimated that if a second tube were to be built immediately, the cost of that tube would be cheaper because the workers and machinery were already on site. the commissioners thus agreed to construct a second tube, which was expected to cost an additional $33 million, bringing the total cost of the project to around $80 million. the next month, the port authority sold a $10 million bond issue at a 3% interest rate. in august 1937, the pwa issued $29.1 million in funds for the second tube, consisting of a $26 million loan and a $3.1 million grant. by the time the first tube had opened in december 1937, the cost of construction had risen to $85 million. at the time, the second tube was set to be completed in 1940.
lincoln tunnel