the contents of the stomach are emptied into the duodenum.
the contents of the stomach are emptied into the duodenum.
where are the contents of the stomach emptied into?
the duodenum
in humans, the stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). it is in the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. the top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. a large double fold of visceral peritoneum called the greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach. two sphincters keep the contents of the stomach contained; the lower oesophageal sphincter (found in the cardiac region), at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach, and the pyloric sphincter at the junction of the stomach with the duodenum.
stomach
when a face mask is used in conjunction with a manual resuscitator, the intent is for the force-delivered air or oxygen to inflate the lungs. however air entering the patient also has access to the stomach via the esophagus, which can inflate if the resuscitator is squeezed too hard (causing air flow that is too rapid for the lungs to absorb alone) or too much (causing excess air to divert to the stomach)." gastric inflation can lead to vomiting and subsequent aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs, which has been cited as a major hazard of bag-valve-mask ventilation, with one study suggesting this effect is difficult to avoid even for the most skilled and experienced users, stating "when using a self-inflatable bag, even experienced anesthesiologists in our study may have performed ventilation with too short inspiratory times and/or too large tidal volumes, which resulted in stomach inflation in some cases." the study goes on to state that "stomach inflation is a complex problem that may cause regurgitation, [gastric acid] aspiration, and, possibly, death." when stomach inflation leads to vomiting of highly acidic stomach acids, delivery of subsequent breaths can force these caustic acids down into the lungs where they cause life-threatening or fatal lung injuries including mendelson's syndrome, aspiration pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and "pulmonary injuries similar to that seen in victims of chlorine gas exposure". apart from the risks of gastric inflation causing vomiting and regurgitation, at least two reports have been found indicating that gastric insufflation itself remains clinically problematic even when vomiting does not occur. in one case of failed resuscitation (leading to death), gastric insufflation in a 3-month-old boy put sufficient pressure against the lungs that "precluded effective ventilation". another reported complication was a case of stomach rupture caused by stomach over-inflation from a manual resuscitator. the causative factors and degree of risk of inadvertent stomach inflation have been examined, with one published study revealing that during prolonged resuscitation up to 75% of air delivered to the patient may inadvertently be delivered to the stomach instead of the lungs.
bag valve mask