the united states established the open door policy toward china as a way to trade with chinese markets.
the united states established the open door policy toward china as a way to trade with chinese markets.
the united states established the open door policy toward china as a way to?
to trade with chinese markets
the late 19th century policy was enunciated in secretary of state john hay's open door note, dated september 6, 1899 and dispatched to the major european powers. it proposed to keep china open to trade with all countries on an equal basis, keeping any one power from total control of the country, and calling upon all powers, within their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. open door policy was rooted in the desire of u.s. businesses to trade with chinese markets, though it also tapped the deep-seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism, with the policy pledging to protect china's sovereignty and territorial integrity from partition. it had little legal standing, and served in the main the interests of competing colonial powers without much meaningful input from the chinese, creating lingering resentment and causing it to later be seen as a symbol of national humiliation by chinese historians.
open door policy
in 1902, the united states government protested that russian incursion into manchuria after the boxer rebellion was a violation of the open door policy. when japan replaced russia in southern manchuria after the russo-japanese war (1904–05) the japanese and u.s. governments pledged to maintain a policy of equality in manchuria. in finance, american efforts to preserve the open door policy led (1909) to the formation of an international banking consortium through which all chinese railroad loans would agree (1917) to another exchange of notes between the united states and japan in which there were renewed assurances that the open door policy would be respected, but that the united states would recognize japan's special interests in china (the lansing–ishii agreement). the open door policy had been further weakened by a series of secret treaties (1917) between japan and the allied triple entente, which promised japan the german possessions in china on successful conclusion of world war i. the subsequent realization of such promise in the versailles treaty of 1919 angered the chinese public and sparked the protest known as may fourth movement. the nine-power treaty, signed in 1922, expressly reaffirmed the open door policy.
open door policy