william penn started a colony based on quaker beliefs.
william penn started a colony based on quaker beliefs.
who started a colony based on quaker beliefs?
william penn
the ifield area has a long history of protestant nonconformism and dissent. as early as 1655, george fox—one of the founders of the religious society of friends—and a quaker preacher, alexander parker, held meetings and preached at a private house in the village. meetings became more regular in the next two decades, but were still held in parishioners' houses. there were strong feelings both in favour of and against the growing quaker community: the vicar of st margaret's church (the parish church) between 1667 and 1679, henry halliwell, was strongly opposed to nonconformism and preached and wrote against it, whereas a protest in the church in 1658 by a parishioner sympathetic to quaker beliefs was allowed to continue without interruption. william penn lived nearby before leaving england for america and founding pennsylvania; he had links with the local quaker community and the meeting house in their early days, and clashed with henry halliwell. in response to penn's 1673 treatise entitled "wisdom justified of her children from calumny of henry halliwell", halliwell wrote a piece called "impertinent cavils of william penn".
ifield friends meeting house
stubbs had received a liberal education and was fluent in several languages, including hebrew, latin, and greek. stubbs served as a soldier in cromwell's army and was stationed in the carlisle garrison where george fox was imprisoned in 1653 and fox converted stubbs to the quaker beliefs. stubbs refused to take an oath of fidelity to cromwell in 1654 as against his quaker beliefs, so he left the army that year. in lancashire in 1660, stubbs tried to ban vulgar expressions in the classics from latin instruction. stubbs was instrumental in advocating for the use of "thee" and "thou" by the quakers to describe a single person. according to george fox in the 1660s, stubbs had a wife and four children and was imprisoned by a judge for not swearing an oath according to his quaker beliefs. stubbs "traveled extensively in england, scotland, ireland, wales and holland." while in amsterdam he preached to the collegiants with fellow quaker william ames. he traveled to america with george fox and stayed behind upon fox's return. stubbs debated the protestant theologian roger williams in rhode island (new england) in 1672 with several other quakers. the debate was published in williams' george fox digged out of his burrowes. stubbs wrote several quaker books.
john stubbs (quaker)