albert einstein showed that mass and energy are related.
albert einstein showed that mass and energy are related.
who showed that mass and energy are related?
albert einstein
mass defect is the difference between the mass of an object and the sum of the masses of its constituent particles. discovered by albert einstein in 1905, it can be explained using his formula "e" = "mc", which describes the equivalence of energy and mass. the decrease in mass is equal to the energy given off in the reaction of an atom's creation divided by "c". by this formula, adding energy also increases mass (both weight and inertia), whereas removing energy decreases mass. for example, a helium atom containing four nucleons has a mass about 0.8% less than the total mass of four hydrogen nuclei (which contain one nucleon each). the helium nucleus has four nucleons bound together, and the binding energy which holds them together is, in effect, the missing 0.8% of mass.
nuclear binding energy
there have been several other analyses of negative mass, such as the studies conducted by r. m. price, however none addressed the question of what kind of energy and momentum would be necessary to describe non-singular negative mass. indeed, the schwarzschild solution for negative mass parameter has a naked singularity at a fixed spatial position. the question that immediately comes up is, would it not be possible to smooth out the singularity with some kind of negative mass density. the answer is yes, but not with energy and momentum that satisfies the dominant energy condition. this is because if the energy and momentum satisfies the dominant energy condition within a spacetime that is asymptotically flat, which would be the case of smoothing out the singular negative mass schwarzschild solution, then it must satisfy the positive energy theorem, i.e. its adm mass must be positive, which is of course not the case. however, it was noticed by belletête and paranjape that since the positive energy theorem does not apply to asymptotic de sitter spacetime, it would actually be possible to smooth out, with energy–momentum that does satisfy the dominant energy condition, the singularity of the corresponding exact solution of negative mass schwarzschild–de sitter, which is the singular, exact solution of einstein's equations with cosmological constant. in a subsequent article, mbarek and paranjape showed that it is in fact possible to obtain the required deformation through the introduction of the energy–momentum of a perfect fluid.
negative mass