the signals for apoptosis come from other cells.
the signals for apoptosis come from other cells.
where do the signals for apoptosis come from?
from other cells
because apoptosis cannot stop once it has begun, it is a highly regulated process. apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways. in the "intrinsic pathway" the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress, while in the "extrinsic pathway" the cell kills itself because of signals from other cells. weak external signals may also activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. both pathways induce cell death by activating caspases, which are proteases, or enzymes that degrade proteins. the two pathways both activate initiator caspases, which then activate executioner caspases, which then kill the cell by degrading proteins indiscriminately.
apoptosis
there are two ways that a cell can die: necrosis and apoptosis. necrosis occurs when a cell is damaged by an external force, such as poison, a bodily injury, an infection or getting cut off from blood supply. when cells die from necrosis, it's a rather messy affair. the death causes inflammation that can cause further distress of injury within the body. apoptosis, on the other hand, is relatively civil. many cells undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, during fetal development. a form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding. apoptosis plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining the health of the body by eliminating old cells, unnecessary cells, and unhealthy cells. the human body replaces perhaps one million cells per second. when a cell is compelled to commit suicide, proteins called caspases go into action. they break down the cellular components needed for survival, and they spur production of enzymes known as dnase, which destroy the dna in the nucleus of the cell. the cell shrinks and sends out distress signals, which are answered by macrophages. the macrophages clean away the shrunken cells, leaving no trace, so these cells have no chance to cause the damage that necrotic cells do. apoptosis also differs from necrosis in that it's essential to human development. for example, in the womb, our fingers and toes are connected to one another by a sort of webbing. apoptosis is what causes that webbing to disappear, leaving us with 10 separate digits. as our brains develop, the body, the body creates millions more cells than it needs; the ones that don't form synaptic connections undergo apoptosis so that the remaining cells function well. programmed cell death is also necessary to start the process of menstruation. that's not to say that apoptosis is a perfect process. rather than dying due to injury, cells that go through apoptosis die in response to signals within the body. when cells recognize viruses and gene mutations, they may induce death to prevent the damage from spreading. scientist are trying to learn how they can modulate apoptosis, so that they can control which cells live and which undergo programmed cell death. anti-cancer drugs and radiation, for example, work by triggering apoptosis in diseased cells. many diseases and disorders are linked with the life and death of cells—increased apoptosis is a characteristic of aids, alzheimer's, and parkinson's disease, while decreased apoptosis can signal lupus or cancer. understanding how to regulate apoptosis could be the first step to treating these conditions.
suicide gene