the americans won the battle of washington dc in 1812.
the americans won the battle of washington dc in 1812.
who won the battle of washington dc in 1812?
the americans
at the beginning of the war, official u.s. policy forbade the recruitment of black sailors. however, a shortage of manpower forced the navy to accept any able-bodied man. modern estimates place the number of black sailors serving in the war of 1812 at 15-20 % of naval manpower. on some privateers, non-military ships which harassed british merchant vessels, more than half of the crew was black. life in the cramped quarters of the ships created a more egalitarian camaraderie, as well as mutual respect based on performance. however, many enslaved american blacks defected to the british navy after the british promised them freedom in return for their service. in a letter to commodore perry, who had complained about being given black crew members, commodore isaac chauncey wrote that he had fifty black sailors on his ship, called them "excellent seamen" and said, "i have yet to learn that the color of skin, or the cut and trimmings of the coat, can affect a man's qualifications and usefulness." just before the battle of bladensburg commodore joshua barney, on being asked by president james madison "...if his negroes would not run on the approach of the british?" replied: “no sir…they don't know how to run; they will die by their guns first." the commodore was correct, the men did not run, one such man was young sailor harry jones a free black. jones was wounded in the final action at the battle of bladensburg when commodore barney's naval and marine contingent were overrun. he remained a patient at the naval hospital washington dc for nearly two months. african americans like charles ball and harry jones, despite prejudice and segregation played a significant role in the battle of bladensburg and the american war effort. michael shiner, 1805 -1880 a black man who worked in the washington dc navy yard in the early to mid 19th century, chronicled the war of 1812 as well as the racial tension of the era in his diary.
racial segregation in the united states armed forces
bullet::::- "washington dc, inside-outside" june-september 2012, american painting fine art gallery, washington dc l washington society of landscape painters archives, volume 32









































bullet::::- "eve of the centennial" september 2012, workhouse arts gallery, lorton, va l washington society of landscape painters archives, volume 32









































bullet::::- "european adventures" october, 2012, american painting fine art gallery, washington dc l washington society of landscape painters archives, volume 32









































bullet::::- "centennial exhibit 1913-2013, paintings by washington society of landscape painters", april 2013, the arts club, washington dc l washington society of landscape painters archives, volume 33
washington society of landscape painters