stable angina is used to describe the first stage of coronary heart disease.
stable angina is used to describe the first stage of coronary heart disease.
this term is used to describe the first stage of coronary heart disease?
stable angina
forrester directed a multimillion-dollar national institute of health research program called a specialized center of research in ischemic heart disease at cedars-sinai medical center. during this 20-year period cedars-sinai cardiology was ranked first in the western united states by u.s. news and world report, a position which it continues to hold through the present day. forrester's research led to three advances that altered the practice of cardiology. in the 1970s, he directed the development of hemodynamic monitoring at the bedside, using a balloon-tipped catheter he maneuvered through the heart. he used these measurements to create a method of care for patients with acute myocardial infarction that became known as the forrester hemodynamic subsets. hemodynamic monitoring allowed doctors to repeatedly measure the effect of drugs on the function of the heart at the bedside, and revolutionized the care of critically ill patients. the second advance came in the early 1980s, when forrester and george diamond created the field of probability analysis for coronary heart disease, which became known as the diamond-forrester method for interpreting diagnostic tests. their approach integrated a patient's pre-test likelihood of having disease with the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test to calculate a patient's post-test likelihood of disease. the method is now used worldwide in cardiology. the third major advance to which forrester contributed came in the early 1990s: forrester led a team that developed coronary angioscopy, a method for seeing inside a living patient's coronary arteries using a thin flexible fiberoptic catheter. his team discovered the presence of small, partially occlusive blood clots in patients with unstable angina (now called acute coronary syndrome), leading to the modern implementation of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in this condition.
james s. forrester (cardiologist)
studies have looked into the risk factors that are more prone to japanese americans, specifically in hundreds of family generations of nisei ("the generation of people born in north america, latin america, hawaii, or any country outside japan either to at least one issei or one non-immigrant japanese parent)" second-generation pro-bands ("a person serving as the starting point for the genetic study of a family, used in medicine and psychiatry)." the risk factors for genetic diseases in japanese americans include coronary heart disease and diabetes. one study, called the japanese american community diabetes study that started in 1994 and went through 2003, involved the pro-bands taking part to test whether the increased risk of diabetes among japanese americans is due to the effects of japanese americans having a more westernized lifestyle due to the many differences between the united states of america and japan. one of the main goals of the study was to create an archive of dna samples which could be used to identify which diseases are more susceptible in japanese americans. concerns with these studies of the risks of inherited diseases in japanese americans is that information pertaining to the genetic relationship may not be consistent with the reported biological family information given of nisei second generation pro-bands. also, research has been put on concerning apolipoprotein e genotypes; this polymorphism has three alleles (*e2, *e3, and *e4)and was determined from research because of its known association with increased cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease in japanese americans. specifically too, the apolipoprotein *e4 allele is linked to alzheimer's disease as well. also, there is increased coronary heart disease in japanese-american men with a mutation in the cholesterol ester transfer protein gene despite having increased levels of hdl. by definition, hdl are plasma high density lipoproteins that show a genetic relationship with coronary heart disease (chd). the cholesterol ester transfer protein(cetp) helps the transfer of cholesterol esters from lipoproteins to other lipoproteins in the human body. it plays a fundamental role in the reverse transport of cholesterol to the liver, which is why a mutation in this can lead to coronary heart disease. studies have shown that the cetp is linked to increased hdl levels. there is a very common pattern of two different cholesterol ester transfer protein gene mutations (d442g, 5.1%; intron 14g:a, 0.5%) found in about 3,469 japanese american men. this was based off a program called the honolulu heart program. the mutations correlated with decreased cetp levels (-35%) and increased hdl cholesterol levels (+10% for d442g). the relative risk of chd was 1.43 in men with mutations (p0.05), and after research found for chd risk factors, the relative risk went up to 1.55 (p=0.02); after further adjustments for hdl levels, the relative risk went up again to 1.68 (p=0.008). genetic cetp deficiency is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, which is due mainly to increased chd risks in japanese american men with the d442g mutation and lipoprotein cholesterol levels between 41 and 60 mg/dl. with research and investigations, the possibility of finding “bad genes” denounces the japanese americans and will be associated only with japanese american ancestry, leading to other issues the japanese americans had to deal with in the past such as discrimination and prejudice.
japanese americans