cellular differentiation is meant by the term differentiation of cells.
cellular differentiation is meant by the term differentiation of cells.
what is meant by the term differentiation of cells?
cellular differentiation
among dividing cells, there are multiple levels of cell potency, the cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. a greater potency indicates a larger number of cell types that can be derived. a cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as "totipotent". in mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants, many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. a cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as "pluripotent". such cells are called meristematic cells in higher plants and embryonic stem cells in animals, though some groups report the presence of adult pluripotent cells. virally induced expression of four transcription factors oct4, sox2, c-myc, and klf4 (yamanaka factors) is sufficient to create pluripotent (ips) cells from adult fibroblasts. a multipotent cell is one that can differentiate into multiple different, but closely related cell types. oligopotent cells are more restricted than multipotent, but can still differentiate into a few closely related cell types. finally, unipotent cells can differentiate into only one cell type, but are capable of self-renewal. in cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. "grade" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.
cellular differentiation
section::::operations on formal power series.:formal differentiation of series.









































given a formal power series









































we define its formal derivative, denoted "df" or "f"′, by









































the symbol "d" is called the formal differentiation operator. the motivation behind this definition is that it simply mimics term-by-term differentiation of a polynomial.









































this operation is "r"-linear:









































for any "a", "b" in "r" and any "f", "g" in formula_183 additionally, the formal derivative has many of the properties of the usual derivative of calculus. for example, the product rule is valid:









































and the chain rule works as well:
formal power series