a political system that is ruled by a few is called nation state.
a political system that is ruled by a few is called nation state.
a political system that is ruled by a few is called?
nation state
the concentration of power in a more and more closed oligarchy frustrated the middle class, that saw its opportunities for political and social advancement blocked, also because the political patronage in regard to all kinds of petty offices was concentrated in the hands of the oligarchs, who favored their own political allies. though offices were often venal and for sale, this fact was ironically less resented than the fact that those offices were not available on the same footing to everyone. opening up the political system to the middle class had therefore been an objective of political reformers like the so-called "doelisten" who in 1747 helped elevate the frisian stadtholder william iv to stadtholder in all seven provinces, on a hereditary basis, with greatly expanded powers, in the hope that he would use those powers to promote the political influence of the would-be "democrats." that hope proved vain, also because of his untimely death in 1751, after which he was succeeded by his infant son william v, who was three years of age at the time. power devolved upon regents, first the dowager princess of orange, and after her death in 1759, "de facto" duke louis ernest of brunswick-lüneburg, who saw even less merit in "democratic" experiments. duke louis would retain a virtual guardianship in accordance with the so-called "acte van consulentschap" even after the young prince had come of age. meanwhile, the greatly expanded powers of the stadtholder consisted primarily in his right of appointment, or at least approval, of magistrates on the local and provincial level, which were enshrined in the so-called "regeringsreglementen" (government regulations) adopted by most provinces in 1747. these powers allowed him to overrule the elections by the local "vroedschappen" if the results did not comport with his wishes, and so bestowed great powers of political patronage on the local level on him (and the regents who ruled in place of the under-age william v before 1766). the end result was that the "states party" "regenten" that had ruled the country during the second stadtholderless period were replaced by orangist party men, who were ideologically opposed to popular influence, closing the door to "democratic" experiments. though the "democrats" had been in the orangist camp in 1747, they therefore soon came into an alliance of convenience with the disenfranchised "states party" "regenten".
patriottentijd
the political system is separate from the moral-cultural system, but “clergymen and journalists, preachers and professors often place enormous pressures on the state”(p172) on behalf of their moral vision. the political system is also separate from the economic system, yet profoundly affected by it. still, the political system also has enormous power over the economic system, through the people that work for it and those dependent on the political system for “grants, payments, and favors”(p173). legislative action has politicized moral and cultural issues from regulation of business to the role of women, homosexuality, abortion, real estate, busing, and educational experiments. “the political system... encroaches significantly upon the economic system and the moral-cultural system.”(p174)
the spirit of democratic capitalism