the kyoto protocol came into force in 1990.
the kyoto protocol came into force in 1990.
when did the kyoto protocol came into force?
1990
the first phase of eu ets was created to operate apart from international climate change treaties such as the pre-existing united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc, 1992) or the kyoto protocol that was subsequently (1997) established under it. when the kyoto protocol came into force on 16 february 2005, phase i of the eu ets had already become operational. the eu later agreed to incorporate kyoto flexible mechanism certificates as compliance tools within the eu ets. the "linking directive" allows operators to use a certain amount of kyoto certificates from flexible mechanism projects in order to cover their emissions.
european union emission trading scheme
the eighteenth conference of the parties held in doha, qatar, 2012 united nations climate change conference, yielded minor to modest results. at the 2012 doha climate change talks, parties to the kyoto protocol agreed to an extension of the kyoto protocol to 2020. participants in the extension to the kyoto protocol have taken on targets for the period 20132020, and include australia, the european union, and a number of other developed countries. canada, which withdrew from the kyoto protocol in 2011, and the united states—which never ratified the kyoto protocol—have been joined by new zealand, japan, russia, belarus, and ukraine who have stated that they would not sign up to a second kyoto protocol commitment period or extension due lack of commitments from the developing world which today include the world's largest emitters. japan and new zealand also added that their country's co2 emissions are minor when compared to the emissions of china, the united states, and the european union. these defections place significant pressures on the unfccc process which to date has not been able to curtail emissions, whose latest kyoto protocol extension only accounts for 15% of greenhouse gas emissions, and whose process is seen by some as slow, cumbersome, expensive and an inefficient use of taxpayer money: in the uk alone the climate change department has taken over 3,000 flights over the course of two years at a cost to the taxpayer of over ₤1,500,000. the outcome of the doha talks has received a mixed response, with small island states critical of the overall package. other results of the conference include a timetable for a global agreement to be adopted by 2015 which includes all countries.
politics of global warming