the song dynasty started and ended in 960 -- 1279.
the song dynasty started and ended in 960 -- 1279.
when did the song dynasty start and end?
960 -- 1279
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the jin dynasty was created in modern jilin and heilongjiang by the jurchen tribal chieftain aguda in 1115. according to tradition, aguda was a descendant of hanpu. aguda adopted the term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "anchuhu" river, which meant "golden" in jurchen. this river known as alachuke in chinese, was a tributary of the songhua river east of harbin. the jurchens' early rulers were the khitan-led liao dynasty, which had held sway over modern north and northeast china and mongolia, for several centuries. before the jurchens overthrew the khitan, married jurchen women and jurchen girls were raped by liao khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment by the jurchens against the khitan. song princesses committed suicide to avoid rape or were killed for resisting rape by the jin. in 1121, the jurchens entered into the alliance conducted at sea with the han chinese-led northern song dynasty and agreed to jointly invade the liao dynasty. while the song armies faltered, the jurchens succeeded in driving the liao to central asia. in 1125, after the death of aguda, the jin dynasty broke its alliance with the song dynasty and invaded north china. when the song dynasty reclaimed the southern part of the liao where han chinese lived, they were "fiercely resisted" by the han chinese population there who had previously been under liao rule, while when the jurchens invaded that area, the han chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the southern capital (present-day beijing, then known as yanjing) to them. the jurchens were supported by the anti-song, beijing-based noble han clans. the han chinese who worked for the liao were viewed as hostile enemies by the song dynasty. song han chinese also defected to the jin. one crucial mistake that the song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive forest it originally built along the song-liao border. because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the jin army marched quickly across the north china plain to bianjing (present-day kaifeng). on 9 january 1127, the jurchens ransacked kaifeng, the capital of the northern song dynasty, capturing both emperor qinzong and his father, emperor huizong, who had abdicated in panic in the face of the jin invasion. following the fall of bianjing, the succeeding southern song dynasty continued to fight the jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the treaty of shaoxing in 1141, which called for the cession of all song territories north of the huai river to the jin dynasty and the execution of song general yue fei in return for peace. the peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 october 1142 when a jin envoy visited the song court.
jin dynasty (1115–1234)