systematic errors are errors that consistently cause measurement value to be too large or too small.
systematic errors are errors that consistently cause measurement value to be too large or too small.
errors that consistently cause measurement value to be too large or too small?
systematic errors
uncertainty of a measurement can be determined by repeating a measurement to arrive at an estimate of the standard deviation of the values. then, any single value has an uncertainty equal to the standard deviation. however, if the values are averaged, then the mean measurement value has a much smaller uncertainty, equal to the standard error of the mean, which is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of measurements. this procedure neglects systematic errors, however.
uncertainty
irb(main):004:0 eulim::chemistry::reaction.new(equation: '2na(s) + 2hcl(aq) » 2nacl(aq) + h2(g)')









































= #eulim::chemistry::reaction:0x00000002ce22f8 @equation="2na(s) + 2hcl(aq) » 2nacl(aq) + h2(g)", @species={:reactants={"na"={:compound=#eulim::chemistry::compound:0x00000002ce1d80 @formula="na", @constituents={"na"={:element=#eulim::chemistry::element:0x00000002c88e10 @name="sodium", @symbol="na", @atomic_number=11, @atomic_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :atom_count=1}}, @molecular_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :stoichiometry=2, :state="solid"}, "hcl"={:compound=#eulim::chemistry::compound:0x00000002cabdc0 @formula="hcl", @constituents={"h"={:element=#eulim::chemistry::element:0x000000025e5ab8 @name="hydrogen", @symbol="h", @atomic_number=1, @atomic_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=1.0079 unit=u», :atom_count=1}, "cl"={:element=#eulim::chemistry::element:0x00000002c82c90 @name="chlorine", @symbol="cl", @atomic_number=17, @atomic_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=35.453 unit=u», :atom_count=1}}, @molecular_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=36.4609 unit=u», :stoichiometry=2, :state="aqueous"}}, :products={"nacl"={:compound=#eulim::chemistry::compound:0x00000002c8cda8 @formula="nacl", @constituents={"na"={:element=#eulim::chemistry::element:0x00000002c88e10 @name="sodium", @symbol="na", @atomic_number=11, @atomic_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :atom_count=1}, "cl"={:element=#eulim::chemistry::element:0x00000002c82c90 @name="chlorine", @symbol="cl", @atomic_number=17, @atomic_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=35.453 unit=u», :atom_count=1}}, @molecular_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=58.4427 unit=u», :stoichiometry=2, :state="aqueous"},"h2"={:compound=#eulim::chemistry::compound:0x00000002c6f938 @formula="h2", @constituents={"h"={:element=#eulim::chemistry::element:0x000000025e5ab8 @name="hydrogen", @symbol="h", @atomic_number=1, @atomic_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=1.0079 unit=u», :atom_count=2}}, @molecular_mass=#unitwise::measurement value=2.0158 unit=u», :stoichiometry=1, :state="gaseous"}}}, @is_valid=true, @is_balanced=true 









































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