ground layering is another method of layering aside from air layering.
ground layering is another method of layering aside from air layering.
other methods of layering aside from air layering?
ground layering
ground layering is used in the formation of visible surface roots, known as "nebari", on bonsai trees. 









































section::::air layering.
layering
pili can be propagated by seed, marcotting, patch budding, cleft grafting, air layering, and inarching. germination by seed takes about 30 to 80 days, and in about three to four years, they can reach a juvenile height of about 2 meters. the trees are expected to start fruiting after 5 to 6 years from seedlings reaching economic yield in the 10th year. though propagation by seedlings are most common, asexual propagation is becoming more preferred due to producing more female plants, removal of the juvenile period, and uniformity of the genetics. though to preserve genetic variability, seedlings are still created by sexual reproduction. marcotting and air layering are the simplest of asexual propagation methods for pili, though success can range from 0 to 100%. this issue comes from the branch unsuccessfully rooting after severing from the mother tree. commercially, cleft or wedge grafting is used with rootstocks in large containers or directly in the field with defoliated budsticks during the months between november and february in the philippines when it is cool and dry having an average success of 85%. patch budding is found to be the most efficient for large-scale propagation work. similarly to cleft or wedge grafting, the rootstocks are well watered and fertilized and the defoliated budwoods are cultivated from young, actively growing trees . this is also done in the months between november and february in the philippines having a success rate as high as 75 to 80%.
canarium ovatum