edward braddock led the colonial troops at the beginning of the french and indian war.
edward braddock led the colonial troops at the beginning of the french and indian war.
who led the colonial troops at the beginning of the french and indian war?
edward braddock
during the french and indian war, fleming was commissioned an ensign in williamsburg, virginia. he initially became the surgeon for captain mckenzie's company, then recruited for captain bell's company, and finally joined captain hog's company as its surgeon. capt. hog's company was assigned to protect fort dinwiddie near warm springs as part of george washington's virginia regiment and was told to rendezvous with experienced scouts in augusta court house before heading further into the appalachian mountains. fleming served as a surgeon under major andrew lewis, and experienced many attacks by the shawnee, as well as severe clothing and food supply problems during what became known as the "sandy creek voyage," because they reached the headwaters of the clinch river and the streams that form the big sandy river. weathering problems in accessing his promised bonus for serving as the unit's surgeon, fleming received a promotion to second lieutenant the following spring, although capt. hog was demoted after complaints at fort vaux. by fall, surgeon fleming was assigned to lewis' headquarters at fort dickenson on the cowpasture river near present millboro, but his request to transfer to the regular army was ignored. in 1758, he accompanied major lewis and virginia troops northward in what became known as the forbes expedition, after general john forbes, who assembled many colonial troops at raystown, pennsylvania north of fort cumberland and attacked the french at fort duquesne. fleming continued to participate in the anglo-cherokee war in 1759–1761.
william fleming (governor)
the french army of the rhine was initially 250,000 men strong, including at a peak 40,000 african colonial troops ("troupes coloniales"). by 1923, the french occupation force had decreased to roughly 130,000 men, including 27,126 african troops. the troop numbers peaked again at 250,000 during the occupation of the ruhr, before decreasing to 60,000 men by 1926. germans viewed the use of french colonial troops as a deliberate act of humiliation, and used their presence to create a propaganda campaign dubbed the black shame. this campaign lasted throughout the 1920s and 30s, although peaked in 1920 and 1921. for example, a 1921 german government memo detailed 300 acts of violence from colonial troops, which included 65 murders and 170 sexual offenses. historical consensus is that the charges were exaggerated for political and propaganda purposes, and that the colonial troops behaved far better than their white counterparts. an estimated 500–800 rhineland bastards were born as a result of fraternization between colonial troops and german women, and whom would latter be persecuted.
treaty of versailles