leukocyte extravasation is the first cell to migrate to an injured area.
leukocyte extravasation is the first cell to migrate to an injured area.
what is the first cell to migrate to an injured area?
leukocyte extravasation
immediate treatment is usually an adjunctive therapy of nsaids and cold compression therapy. controlling the inflammation is critical to the healing process. cold compression therapy acts to reduce swelling and pain by reducing leukocyte extravasation into the injured area. nsaids such as ibuprofen/paracetamol work to reduce the immediate inflammation by inhibiting cox-1 & cox-2 enzymes, which are the enzymes responsible for converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandin. however, nsaids, including aspirin and ibuprofen, affect platelet function (this is why they are known as "blood thinners") and should not be taken during the period when tissue is bleeding because they will tend to increase blood flow, inhibit clotting, and thereby increase bleeding and swelling. after the bleeding has stopped, nsaids can be used with some effectiveness to reduce inflammation and pain.
strain (injury)
the dual-cell voltage clamp technique is a specialized variation of the two electrode voltage clamp, and is only used in the study of gap junction channels. gap junctions are pores that directly link two cells through which ions and small metabolites flow freely. when two cells in which gap junction proteins are expressed either endogenously or via injection of mrna, a junction channel will form between the cells. since two cells are present in the system, two sets of electrodes are used. a recording electrode and a current injecting electrode are inserted into each cell, and each cell is clamped individually (each set of electrodes is attached to a separate apparatus, and integration of data is performed by computer). to record junctional conductance, the current is varied in the first cell while the recording electrode in the second cell records any changes in v for the second cell only. (the process can be reversed with the stimulus occurring in the second cell and recording occurring in the first cell.) since no variation in current is being induced by the electrode in the recorded cell, any change in voltage must be induced by current crossing into the recorded cell, through the gap junction channels, from the cell in which the current was varied.
voltage clamp