bicarbonate gets transported across the cell membrane by membrane vesicular exocytosis.
bicarbonate gets transported across the cell membrane by membrane vesicular exocytosis.
how does bicarbonate gets transported across the cell membrane?
membrane vesicular exocytosis
Na
Na
"o. tsutsugamushi" has a special adaptation for surviving in the host cell by evading the host immune reaction. once it interacts with the host cells, it causes the host cell membrane to form a transportation bubble called a clathrin-coated vesicle by which it gets transported in the cytoplasm moves. inside the cytoplasm, it makes an exit from the vesicle (now known as an endosome) before it is destroyed (in the process of cell-eating called autophagy) by the lysosome. it then moves towards the nucleus, specifically at the perinuclear region, where it starts to grow and multiply. unlike other closely related bacteria which use actin-mediated processes for movement in the cytoplasm (called intracellular trafficking or transport), "o. tsutsugamushi" is unusual in using microtubule-mediated processes similar to those employed by viruses such as adenoviruses and herpes simplex viruses. further, the escape (exocytosis) from an infected host cell is also unusual. it forms another vesicle using the host cell membrane, gives rise to small bud, and releases itself from the host cell surface while still enclosed in the vesicle. the membrane-bound bacterium is formed by interaction between cholesterol-rich lipid rafts as well as htra, a 47-kda protein on the bacterial surface. however, the process of budding and importance of membrane-bound bacterium are not yet understood.
orientia tsutsugamushi