a protein is made up of a chain of amino acid residues.
a protein is made up of a chain of amino acid residues.
a protein is made up of a chain of?
amino acid residues
protein l was first isolated from the surface of bacterial species "peptostreptococcus magnus" and was found to bind immunoglobulins through l chain interaction, from which the name was suggested. it consists of 719 amino acid residues. the molecular weight of protein l purified from the cell walls of "peptostreptoccus magnus" was first estimated as 95kd by sds-page in the presence of reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol, while the molecular weight was determined to 76kd by gel chromotography in the presence of 6 m guanidine hcl. protein l does not contain any interchain disulfide loops, nor does it consist of disulfide-linked subunits. it is an acidic molecule with a pi of 4.0. unlike protein a and protein g, which bind to the fc region of immunoglobulins (antibodies), protein l binds antibodies through light chain interactions. since no part of the heavy chain is involved in the binding interaction, protein l binds a wider range of antibody classes than protein a or g. protein l binds to representatives of all antibody classes, including igg, igm, iga, ige and igd. single chain variable fragments (scfv) and fab fragments also bind to protein l.
protein l
monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (mgus), is defined as the presence in the blood or urine of a monoclonal antibody, antibody heavy chain, or antibody light chain in a person lacking symptoms or signs of a more serious plasma cell dyscrasia. the condition is typically discovered as an incidental finding when serum protein electrophoresis is done for various reasons unrelated to plasma cell dyscrasias. protein electrophoresis generally detects one of the following patterns of monoclonal myeloma protein spikes representing: a) intact igg, iga, ige, ige, or igm; b) intact igg, iga, ige, igd, or igm plus high concentrations of a free (i.e. not bound to a heavy chain) κ or λ light chain; c) a free κ chain in great excess of a λ chain or a free λ chain in great excess of a κ chain; and d) free γ, δ, or μ heavy chains unbound to a light chain (free α and ε heavy chain myeloma protein spikes have not been reported). among mgus cases expressing an intact antibody, 70%, 15%, 12%, and 3% express either igg, igm, iga, or two of these m proteins, respectively, with or without excessive levels of a light chain; these cases represent ~80% of all mgus. about 20% of mgus cases express either κ or λ light chains. as a group, these mgus findings occur more commonly in men and are ~2-fold more common in individuals of african descent than caucasians. mgus cases expressing free γ, δ, or μ heavy chains are extremely rare. mgus is categorized into the following sub-types based upon the identity and levels of the myeloma proteins detected as well as the prognoses for progressive disease indicated by these myeloma protein findings.
plasma cell dyscrasias