the bill of rights applied to the states through amendment xiv in 1868.
the bill of rights applied to the states through amendment xiv in 1868.
the bill of rights applies to the states through this 1868 amendment?
amendment xiv
the fourteenth amendment (amendment xiv) to the united states constitution was adopted on july 9, 1868, as one of the reconstruction amendments. arguably one of the most consequential amendments to this day, the amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the american civil war. the amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in congress. the amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as "brown v. board of education" (1954) regarding racial segregation, "roe v. wade" (1973) regarding abortion, "bush v. gore" (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and "obergefell v. hodges" (2015) regarding same-sex marriage. the amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials, including those acting on behalf of such an official.
fourteenth amendment to the united states constitution
section::::litigating fundamental rights.:stages.









































before a court may proceed to consider the issues of substance raised in human rights litigation, it must first consider a series of preliminary, procedural issues.









































section::::litigating fundamental rights.:stages.:procedural issues.









































section::::litigating fundamental rights.:stages.:procedural issues.:application and the principle of avoidance.









































application of the bill of rights concerns the issues of whether and how the bill of rights applies in a legal dispute. the first of these issues (whether the bill of rights applies) raises four questions:









































bullet::::1. who benefits from the bill of rights?









































bullet::::2. who is bound by the bill of rights?
south african constitutional litigation