daughter cells are in the cytokinesis phase as a result of mitosis.
daughter cells are in the cytokinesis phase as a result of mitosis.
what phase are daughter cells in as result of mitosis?
cytokinesis
the cell cycle is a process in which an ordered set of events leads to the growth and division into two daughter cells. the cell cycle is a cycle rather than a linear process because the two daughter cells produced repeat the cycle. this process contains two main phases, interphase, in which the cell grows and synthesizes a copy of its dna, and the mitotic (m) phase, during which the cell separates its dna and divides into two new daughter cells. interphase is further broken down into the g1 (gap 1) phase, s (synthesis) phase, g2 (gap 2) phase and the mitotic (m) phase which in turn is broken down into mitosis and cytokinesis. following cytokinesis, during g1 phase the cells monitor environment for the potential growth factors, grow larger and once achieve the threshold size (rrna and overall protein content characteristic for a given cell type) they start progression through s phase. during s phase, the cell also duplicates the centrosome, or microtubule-organizing center, which is critical for dna separation in the m phase. after complete synthesis of its dna, the cell enters the g2 phase where it continues to grow in preparation for mitosis. following interphase, the cell transitions into mitosis, containing four sub stages: prophase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase. in mitosis, dna condenses into chromosomes, which are lined up and separated by the mitotic spindle. after duplicate dna is separated on opposite ends of the cell, the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two during cytokinesis resulting in two daughter cells.
g1/s transition
recent live cell imaging experiments in mcf10a and mcf7 cells have shown that a combination of mitogen signaling though erk and stress signals through activation of p53 in mother cells contributes to the likelihood of whether newly formed daughter cells will immediately re-enter the cell cycle or enter quiescence (g0) preceding mitosis. rather than daughter cells starting with no key signaling proteins after division, mitogen/erk induced cyclin d1 mrna and dna damage induced p53 protein, both long lived factors in cells, can be stably inherited from mother cells after cell division. the levels of these regulators vary from cell to cell after mitosis and stoichiometry between them strongly influences cell cycle commitment though activation of cdk2. chemical perturbations using inhibitors of erk signaling or inducers p53 signaling in mother cells suggest daughter cells with high levels of p53 protein and low levels of cyclin d1 transcripts were shown to primarily enter g0 whereas cells with high cyclin d1 and low levels of p53 are most likely to reenter the cell cycle. these results illustrate a form of encoded molecular memory though the history of mitogen signaling through erk and stress response though p53.
mapk/erk pathway