us included affirmations of god in the nation's motto and pledge at gettysburg address.
us included affirmations of god in the nation's motto and pledge at gettysburg address.
when did the us include affirmations of god in the nation's motto and pledge?
gettysburg address
the decision did specifically mention the pledge at several points. the court theorized that the pledge might be constitutional if either the words "under god" inserted in 1954 had, due to the passage of time, lost their religious meaning by 1963, or if one equated a personal public declaration of loyalty with the act of reading a document created by a historical figure—"this general principle might also serve to insulate the various patriotic exercises and activities used in the public schools and elsewhere which, whatever may have been their origins, no longer have a religious purpose or meaning. the reference to divinity in the revised pledge of allegiance, for example, may merely recognize the historical fact that our nation was believed to have been founded 'under god'. thus reciting the pledge may be no more of a religious exercise than the reading aloud of lincoln's gettysburg address, which contains an allusion to the same historical fact."
criticism of the pledge of allegiance
affirmations was founded in 1989 as affirmations lesbian and gay community center to serve lgbt people in southeast michigan. affirmations was incorporated by jeff vitale and laura horowitz. the original by-laws were written by jeff vitale and gary roberts. vitale and roberts met when roberts answered an ad vitale placed in metro times for glmpse (gays and lesbians mobilizing politically, socially and economically) a short-lived organization also founded by vitale. vitale served as the founding president of affirmations. he and roberts assembled the first board of directors. roberts served on the first board as vice president not president as reported by between the lines. jan stevenson became the second president when vitale took a market research position in chicago where he shortly thereafter founded overlooked opinions, the first market research and polling firm specializing in the lesbian and gay community in the united states. jan stevenson coined affirmation's first motto "gay is good."
affirmations (ferndale, michigan)