martin kromer was the last catholic archbishop during the counter reformation.
martin kromer was the last catholic archbishop during the counter reformation.
the last catholic archbishop during the counter reformation?
martin kromer
canterbury cathedral in kent has been the seat of the archbishop of canterbury, leader of the church of england, since the reformation. prior to that it was built by catholics, dating back to the conversion of england to catholicism by saint augustine that began in the 6th century. before the english reformation the cathedral was part of a benedictine monastic community known as christ church, canterbury, as well as being the seat of the catholic archbishop of canterbury. the last catholic archbishop of canterbury was reginald pole. rochester cathedral is also in kent, in medway. it is the second-oldest cathedral in england, with canterbury cathedral being the oldest. between london and the strait of dover, which separates it from mainland europe, kent has seen both diplomacy and conflict, ranging from the leeds castle peace talks of 1978 and 2004 to the battle of britain in world war ii.
kent
the same year she became queen, her polish adviser coadjutor martin kromer encouraged her to convert john iii to catholicism. she answered that she was willing, but that the monarch and the public would not accept it. cardinal commendone asked her sister, the polish queen anna jagiellon, to support her in her religious-political task, and through anna, she made contact with the papal curia in rome. a conflict arose between catherine and pope pius v after it became known that she had received the communion "sub utraque", something which had been banned in the trident meeting and since then regarded as a sign of heresy. in 1572, she asked for two papal advisers, and was given the polish jesuit johan herbst as her confessor. from 1572, queen catherine was in direct contact with cardinal stanislaus hosius, who declared that he would serve as her support and ally in the work of counter reformation in sweden and her messenger to the pope. in the autumn of 1572, catherine applied for dispensation to be given the right to receive the communion "sub utraque", as well as to be given certain dispensations regarding fasting. her demands are seen as a way for john iii to investigate how far the catholic church would be willing to go to introduce a counter reformation, as certain changes would have to be made to make it possible. john iii launched a new church order called "the red book". this was a form of mix between protestantism and catholicism that reintroduced numerous catholic customs in the ceremonial life of the swedish church, one of them being the use of latin, which aroused a great deal of opposition and resulted in the liturgical battle, which was not to end for twenty years. queen catherine, queen anna, cardinal hosius and the pope negotiated for several years about this, and catherine pointed out, that without certain dispensations for sweden, a counter reformation would not be possible. in 1574, she was given absolution and dispensation regarding the fasting, but as the pope refused dispensation regarding the communion, she refused to take communion altogether. her agent in rome was paolo ferrari. the papal curia had serious hopes for a counter reformation in sweden through her. in 1574, she received the polish jesuit stanislaus warszewicki, sent to her to as an ambassador from the pope and king philip ii of spain.
catherine jagiellon