in vertebrates, gluconeogenesis usually takes place in kidneys in eukaryotic cells.
in vertebrates, gluconeogenesis usually takes place in kidneys in eukaryotic cells.
in vertebrates, what organ does gluconeogenesis usually take place in eukaryotic cells?
kidneys
gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. in vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. in ruminants, this tends to be a continuous process. in many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise. the process is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of atp or gtp, effectively making the process exergonic. for example, the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of atp and 2 molecules of gtp to proceed spontaneously. gluconeogenesis is often associated with ketosis. gluconeogenesis is also a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes, such as the antidiabetic drug, metformin, which inhibits glucose formation and stimulates glucose uptake by cells. in ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc.
gluconeogenesis
we take from this that prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure, they have no nucleus, organelles, and very little of dna, in the form of a single chromosome. eukaryotic cells have nucleus with multiple organelles and more dna arranged in linear chromosomes. we also see that the size is another difference between these prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. the average eukaryotic cell has about 25 times more dna than a prokaryotic cell does. replication occurs much faster in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells; bacteria sometimes only take 40 minutes, while animal cells can take up to 400 hours. eukaryotes also have a distinct operation for replicating the telomeres at the end of their last chromosomes. prokaryotes have circular chromosomes, causing no ends to synthesize. prokaryotes have a short replication process that occurs continuously; eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, only undertake dna replication during the s-phase of the cell cycle.
okazaki fragments