the tendency for common resources to be overused is known as the tragedy of the commons.
the tendency for common resources to be overused is known as the tragedy of the commons.
the tendency for common resources to be overused is known as?
the tragedy of the commons
the rationale for governmental involvement in the environment is market failure in the form of forces beyond the control of one person, including the free rider problem and the tragedy of the commons. an example of an externality is when a factory produces waste pollution which may be dumped into a river, ultimately contaminating water. the cost of such action is paid by society-at-large, when they must clean the water before drinking it and is external to the costs of the factory. the free rider problem is when the private marginal cost of taking action to protect the environment is greater than the private marginal benefit, but the social marginal cost is less than the social marginal benefit. the tragedy of the commons is the problem that, because no one person owns the commons, each individual has an incentive to utilize common resources as much as possible. without governmental involvement, the commons is overused. examples of tragedies of the commons are overfishing and overgrazing.
environmental policy
the next social tier, or hierarchy, is the community. historically, communities were tribes who shared social mores and cultural behavioral patterns. in contemporary urban settings communities are formed of diverse people. but these are people who share the common need to negotiate and manage their spatial settings. in plans created through the principles of intelligent urbanism these are called urban villages. like a rural village, social bonds are found in the community management of security, common resources and social space. urban villages will have defined social spaces, services and amenities that need to be managed by the community. according to proponents of intelligent urbanism these urban villages optimally become the administrative wards, and therefore the constituencies, of the elected members of municipal bodies. though there are no physical barriers to these communities, they have their unique spatial social domain. intelligent urbanism calls for the creation of dense, walkable zones in which the inhabitants recognize each other’s faces, share common facilities and resources, and often see each other at the village centre. this fifth tier of social space is where one needs initiative to join into various activities. it is intended to promote initiative and constructive community participation. there are opportunities for one to be involved in the management of services, and amenities and to meet new people. they accommodate primary education and recreation areas. good planning practice promotes the creation of community places, where community-based organizations can manage common resources and resolve common problems.
principles of intelligent urbanism