permeability is the magnetic equivalent of electrical conductivity.
permeability is the magnetic equivalent of electrical conductivity.
what is the magnetic equivalent of electrical conductivity?
permeability
where formula_2 is the permeability of free space and formula_3 is the electrical conductivity of the material, which is assumed to be constant. formula_4 denotes the (non-relativistic) velocity of the plasma. the first term on the right hand side accounts for effects from induction of the plasma, while the second accounts for diffusion. the later acts as a dissipation term, resulting in a loss of magnetic field energy to heat. the relative importance of the two terms is characterized by the magnetic reynolds number, formula_5. 









































in the case of a non-uniform conductivity the magnetic diffusion equation is
magnetic diffusion
some methods of inline analysis are so simple, such as electrical conductivity or ph, the instruments are usually not even called analysers. salinity determined from simple online analysis is often determined from a conductivity measurement where the output signal is calibrated in terms of salinity concentration (for example ppm of nacl). various types of other analyses can be devised. physical properties can include electrical conductivity (or effectively electrical resistivity), refractive index, and radioactivity measurement. rather simple processes which use inline electrical conductivity determination are water purification processes which test how effectively salts have been removed from the output water. variations of electrical conductivity measurement of solutions include cation and anion conductivity. chromatography such as ion chromatography or hplc often tests the output stream continuously by determination of electrical conductivity, particularly cation or anion conductivity, refractive index, colorimetry or ultraviolet/visible absorbance at a certain wavelength. inline sensors for dissolved oxygen in water are available. there are online and offline analysers available for various other types of analytes. many of these add reagents to the samples or sample streams.
analyser