sir cyril radcliffe drew the boundary between india and pakistan.
sir cyril radcliffe drew the boundary between india and pakistan.
who drew the boundary between india and pakistan?
sir cyril radcliffe
during the partition of india, sir cyril radcliffe, the chairman of the punjab boundary commission, initially proposed to award the ferozpur and zira tehsils of the ferozpur district to pakistan. this would have put the headwaters of the ganga canal in the territory of pakistan. bikaner's prime minister k. m. panikkar warned the viceroy lord mountbatten that the bikaner state would have no choice but to accede to pakistan in that event. jawaharlal nehru also wrote to the viceroy stating that it would be "most dangerous" for the ferozpur district to go to pakistan for "strategic and irrigation reasons". subsequently, radcliffe altered the radcliffe line (india–pakistan border) retaining the entire ferozpur district within india.
ganga canal (rajasthan)
while western nations did not view chinese actions favourably because of fear of the chinese and competitiveness, pakistan, which had had a turbulent relationship with india ever since the indian partition, improved its relations with china after the war. prior to the war, pakistan also shared a disputed boundary with china, and had proposed to india that the two countries adopt a common defence against "northern" enemies (i.e. china), which was rejected by india. china and pakistan took steps to peacefully negotiate their shared boundaries, beginning on 13 october 1962, and concluding in december of that year. pakistan also expressed fear that the huge amounts of western military aid directed to india would allow it to threaten pakistan's security in future conflicts. mohammed ali, external affairs minister of pakistan, declared that massive western aid to india in the sino-indian dispute would be considered an unfriendly act towards pakistan. as a result, pakistan made efforts to improve its relations with china. the following year, china and pakistan peacefully settled disputes on their shared border, and negotiated the china-pakistan border treaty in 1963, as well as trade, commercial, and barter treaties. on 2 march 1963, pakistan conceded its northern claim line in pakistani-controlled kashmir to china in favour of a more southerly boundary along the karakoram range. the border treaty largely set the border along the maccartney-macdonald line. india's military failure against china would embolden pakistan to initiate the second kashmir war with india. it effectively ended in a stalemate as calvin states that the sino-indian war had caused the previously passive government to take a stand on actively modernising india's military. china offered diplomatic support to pakistan in this war but did not offer military support. in january 1966, china condemned the tashkent agreement between india and pakistan as a soviet-us plot in the region. in the indo-pakistani war of 1971, pakistan expected china to provide military support, but it was left alone as india successfully helped the rebels in east pakistan to found the new nation-state of bangladesh.
sino-indian war