if there is a random change in the genetics of a small population it is termed founder effect.
if there is a random change in the genetics of a small population it is termed founder effect.
if there is a random change in the genetics of a small population it is termed?
founder effect
bullet::::- small population size can cause a random change in allele frequencies. this is due to a sampling effect, and is called genetic drift. sampling effects are most important when the allele is present in a small number of copies.









































section::::sex linkage.









































where the a gene is sex linked, the heterogametic sex ("e.g.", mammalian males; avian females) have only one copy of the gene (and are termed hemizygous), while the homogametic sex ("e.g.", human females) have two copies. the genotype frequencies at equilibrium are "p" and "q" for the heterogametic sex but "p", 2"pq" and "q" for the homogametic sex.
hardy–weinberg principle
the milking shorthorn breed has largely embraced a form of genetic expansion in populations around the world, in an effort to continue genetic improvement while avoiding the inbreeding concerns that can arise in a small population. as a result, the breed has seen dramatic improvement in both production and dairy conformation in the past 30 years while retaining a breed identity. genetic expansion programs vary by population, but all populations have incorporated some level of outside genetics. red holstein genetics have been used in all populations to some degree. in canada, selected swedish red genetics have been entered into the herdbook at 75% purity, while these genetics have 50% purity standing in the united states. illawarra genetics from australia are also largely incorporated by all shorthorn herdbooks as 100%, minus any non-illawarra/shorthorn genetics (i.e. red holstein). as a result, the milking shorthorn breed in canada has the lowest average inbreeding percentage of any dairy breed, despite having a relatively small population size.
dairy shorthorn