immigrants were allowed to vote in australia in 1902.
immigrants were allowed to vote in australia in 1902.
when were immigrants allowed to vote in australia?
1902
in 1902, the commonwealth parliament passed the "commonwealth franchise act 1902", which established a uniform franchise law for the federal parliament. the act declared that all british subjects over the age of 21 years who had been living in australia for at least 6 months were entitled to a vote, whether male or female, and whether married or single. besides granting australian women the right to vote at a national level, it also allowed them to stand for election to federal parliament. this meant that australia was the second country, after new zealand, to grant women's suffrage at a national level, and the first country to allow women to stand for parliament. however, the act also disqualified indigenous people from australia, asia, africa and the pacific islands, with the exception of māori, from voting, even though they were british subjects and otherwise entitled to a vote. by this provision, indian people, for example, were disqualified to vote. the only exception was in relation to those who were entitled under section 41 of the australian constitution to a vote. section 41 states that any individual who has gained a right to vote at a state level, must also have the right to vote in federal elections. the then solicitor-general, robert garran, interpreted the provision to mean that commonwealth voting rights were granted by section 41 only to people who were already state voters in 1902. the effect was not to enable those who subsequently acquired the right to vote at a state level, but who were expressly excluded from the franchise by the 1902 act, such as indigenous australians, to also vote at the federal level. also, those otherwise entitled voters who are subject to a crime which carries a penalty of over one year in prison are disqualified to vote. there was also no representation for any of the territories of australia.
suffrage in australia
borders can be open or and closed based on: entry status, entry duration, entry qualifications, entrant rights and obligations, and entry quotas. entry status refers to the occupation of someone when and if they are allowed to cross a border, whether they are a student, worker, soldier, immigrant. one's status effects the chances of being permitted to cross a border. “most states control border crossing by limiting the duration of any visit.” entry qualifications are restrictions based on factors such as health, age, income, religion, race. “many countries, including canada and singapore, will admit wealthy immigrants who can demonstrate an intention and capacity to invest in the country.” entrants rights and obligations are the restrictions that will be placed on those who have already been permitted to cross a border: you must follow certain rules and regulations given by the government to be allowed to stay in that country. a government may allow you to take up residency but may not allow you to work, and those who are allowed to work may not be able to find work due to the restrictions and forms of employment allowed. entry quotas are restrictions based on the number of immigrants allowed across a border within a certain frame of time: if you meet all of the qualifications to cross a border, but the country you want to enter has already met its quota for allowing immigrants inside, you may still not be allowed to enter.
open border