structuralism was the school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual information.
structuralism was the school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual information.
the school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual?
structuralism
Na
Na
the fact that with huge amounts of practice, individuals can reach impressive perceptual expertise, whether in wine tasting, fabric evaluation or musical preference, has been well acknowledged for centuries, along with the prevalent idiom that "practice makes perfect". the first documented report, dating to the mid-19th century, is the earliest example of tactile training aimed at decreasing the minimal distance at which individuals can discriminate whether one or two points on their skin have been touched. it was found that this distance (jnd, just noticeable difference) decreases dramatically with practice, and that this improvement is at least partially retained on subsequent days. moreover, this improvement is at least partially specific to the trained skin area. a particularly dramatic improvement was found for skin positions at which initial discrimination was very crude (e.g. on the back), though training could not bring the jnd of initially crude areas down to that of initially accurate ones (e.g. finger tips). william james devoted a section in his principles of psychology (1890/1950) to "the improvement in discrimination by practice". he noted examples and emphasized the importance of perceptual learning for expertise. in 1918, clark l. hull, a noted learning theorist, trained human participants to learn to categorize deformed chinese characters into categories. for each category, he used 6 instances that shared some invariant structural property. people learned to associate a sound as the name of each category, and more importantly, they were able to classify novel characters accurately. this ability to extract invariances from instances and apply them to classify new instances marked this study as a perceptual learning experiment.
perceptual learning