the book of genesis was written by genesis.
the book of genesis was written by genesis.
who was the book of genesis written by?
genesis
according to tradition, moses was the author of the first five books of the bible, including the book of genesis. philosophers and theologians such as thomas hobbes (1588–1679), benedict spinoza (1632–1677), and richard simon (1638–1712) questioned mosaic authorship. spinoza said moses could not have written the preface to deuteronomy, since he never crossed the jordan; he points out that deuteronomy 31:9 references moses in the third person; and he lists multiple other inconsistencies and anomalies that led him to conclude "it was plain" these pentateuchal books were not written by moses himself. jean astruc (1684–1766), a french physician, believed these critics were wrong about mosaic authorship. according to old testament scholar edward young, astruc believed moses used hereditary accounts of the hebrew people to assemble the book of genesis. so, astruc borrowed methods of textual criticism, used to investigate greek and roman texts, and applied them to the bible in search of those original accounts. astruc believed he identified them as separate sources that were edited together into the book of genesis, thus explaining genesis' problems while still allowing for mosaic authorship. astruc's method was adopted and developed at the twenty or so protestant universities in germany. there was a willingness among the doctoral candidates to re-express christian doctrine in terms of the scientific method and the historical understanding common during the german enlightenment (circa 1750–1850).
biblical criticism
trotsky opened a public debate with shachtman and burnham and developed his positions in a series of polemics written in 1939–1940 and later collected in "in defense of marxism". shachtman and burnham's tendency resigned from the international in early 1940, alongside almost 40% of the swp's members, many of whom became founder members of the workers party.









































section::::world war ii.:emergency conference.
fourth international