acts of trade and navigation were narrower acts that directed the flow of goods between england and the colonies.
acts of trade and navigation were narrower acts that directed the flow of goods between england and the colonies.
what narrower acts directed the flow of goods between england and the colonies?
acts of trade and navigation
the navigation acts, or more broadly the acts of trade and navigation were a long series of english laws that developed, promoted, and regulated english ships, shipping, trade, and commerce between other countries and with its own colonies. the laws also regulated england's fisheries and restricted foreigners' participation in its colonial trade. while based on earlier precedents, they were first enacted in 1651 under the commonwealth. the system was reenacted and broadened with the restoration by the act of 1660, and further developed and tightened by the navigation acts of 1663, 1673, and 1696. upon this basis during the 18th century, the acts were modified by subsequent amendments, changes, and the addition of enforcement mechanisms and staff. additionally, a major change in the very purpose of the acts in the 1760s — that of generating a colonial revenue, rather than only regulating the empire's trade — would help lead to revolutionary events, and major changes in implementation of the acts themselves. the acts generally prohibited the use of foreign ships, required the employment of english and colonial mariners for three quarters of the crews, including east india company ships. the acts prohibited the colonies from exporting specific, , products to countries and colonies other than those british, and mandated that imports be sourced only through britain. overall, the acts formed the basis for english (and later) british overseas trade for nearly 200 years, but with the development and gradual acceptance of free trade, the acts were eventually repealed in 1849. the laws reflected the european economic theory of mercantilism which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside their respective empires, and to minimize the loss of gold and silver, or profits, to foreigners through purchases and trade. the system would develop with the colonies supplying raw materials for british industry, and in exchange for this guaranteed market, the colonies would purchase manufactured goods from or through britain.
navigation acts
arkadij naiditsch









































arkadij naiditsch (; born 25 october 1985) is an azerbaijani (since 2015) chess grandmaster that previously represented latvia (until 2005) and germany (2005–2015). as of november 2018, he is ranked as no. 20 in the world rankings.









































section::::career.









































in 1995 he won the european under-10 championship in verdun.









































naiditsch was the winner of the dortmund sparkassen 2005 tournament, ahead of higher-rated and well-known players such as loek van wely, veselin topalov, peter svidler, vladimir kramnik, michael adams, and peter leko. in 2007, he won the german national championship based in bad königshofen.
arkadij naiditsch