the net atp yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule is 2.
the net atp yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule is 2.
what is the net atp yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule?
2
the theoretical maximum yield of atp through oxidation of one molecule of glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation is 38 (assuming 3 molar equivalents of atp per equivalent nadh and 2 atp per fadh). in eukaryotes, two equivalents of nadh and four equivalents of atp are generated in glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm. transport of two of these equivalents of nadh into the mitochondria consumes two equivalents of atp, thus reducing the net production of atp to 36. furthermore, inefficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation due to leakage of protons across the mitochondrial membrane and slippage of the atp synthase/proton pump commonly reduces the atp yield from nadh and fadh to less than the theoretical maximum yield. the observed yields are, therefore, closer to ~2.5 atp per nadh and ~1.5 atp per fadh, further reducing the total net production of atp to approximately 30. an assessment of the total atp yield with newly revised proton-to-atp ratios provides an estimate of 29.85 atp per glucose molecule.
citric acid cycle
muscular activity accounts for much of the body's energy consumption. all muscle cells produce adenosine triphosphate (atp) molecules which are used to power the movement of the myosin heads. muscles have a short-term store of energy in the form of creatine phosphate which is generated from atp and can regenerate atp when needed with creatine kinase. muscles also keep a storage form of glucose in the form of glycogen. glycogen can be rapidly converted to glucose when energy is required for sustained, powerful contractions. within the voluntary skeletal muscles, the glucose molecule can be metabolized anaerobically in a process called glycolysis which produces two atp and two lactic acid molecules in the process (note that in aerobic conditions, lactate is not formed; instead pyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acid cycle). muscle cells also contain globules of fat, which are used for energy during aerobic exercise. the aerobic energy systems take longer to produce the atp and reach peak efficiency, and requires many more biochemical steps, but produces significantly more atp than anaerobic glycolysis. cardiac muscle on the other hand, can readily consume any of the three macronutrients (protein, glucose and fat) aerobically without a 'warm up' period and always extracts the maximum atp yield from any molecule involved. the heart, liver and red blood cells will also consume lactic acid produced and excreted by skeletal muscles during exercise.
muscle