bernard of chartres said stand on the shoulders of giants.
bernard of chartres said stand on the shoulders of giants.
who said stand on the shoulders of giants?
bernard of chartres
standing on the shoulders of giants









































the metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants () expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on previous discoveries". this concept has been traced to the 12th century, attributed to bernard of chartres. its most familiar expression in english is by isaac newton in 1675: "if i have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."









































section::::attribution and meaning.
standing on the shoulders of giants
quan song wen









































quan song wen is a 360-volume chinese collection of prose literature from the song dynasty (960–1279), first fully published in 2006 jointly by shanghai lexicographical publishing house and anhui education publishing house (安徽教育出版社). more than 170,000 writings by more than 9000 authors are featured in the collection, and its compilation (including indexing, punctuation and necessary annotation) took more than 20 years by sichuan university institute for ancient classics and archives (古籍整理研究所).
quan song wen