william james proposed the facial feedback hypothesis.
william james proposed the facial feedback hypothesis.
who proposed the facial feedback hypothesis?
william james
the free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. on the other hand, the repression, as far as this is possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions... even the simulation of an emotion tends to arouse it in our minds.









































following on this idea, william james proposed that, contrary to common belief, awareness of bodily changes activated by a stimulus ""is" the emotion". if no bodily changes are felt, there is only an intellectual thought, devoid of emotional warmth. in "the principles of psychology", james wrote: "refuse to express a passion, and it dies".
facial feedback hypothesis
facial feedback hypothesis









































the facial feedback hypothesis states that facial movement can influence emotional experience. for example, an individual who is forced to smile during a social event will actually come to find the event more of an enjoyable experience.









































section::::background.









































charles darwin was among the first to suggest that physiological changes caused by an emotion had a direct impact "on", rather than being just the consequence "of" that emotion. he wrote:
facial feedback hypothesis