chemistry replaced alchemy as a science in 1661.
chemistry replaced alchemy as a science in 1661.
when did chemistry replace alchemy as a science?
1661
the history of chemistry spans a period from very old times to the present. since several millennia bc, civilizations were using technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. examples include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze. chemistry was preceded by its protoscience, alchemy, which is an intuitive but non-scientific approach to understanding the constituents of matter and their interactions. it was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations, but, by performing experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. chemistry as a body of knowledge distinct from alchemy began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between them by robert boyle in his work "the sceptical chymist" (1661). while both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations, the crucial difference was given by the scientific method that chemists employed in their work. chemistry is considered to have become an established science with the work of antoine lavoisier, who developed a law of conservation of mass that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena. the history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of willard gibbs.
chemistry
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bullet::::- chumakov, a. n. globalistics. textbook. ("globalistika. metodicheskoe posobie".) moscow: moscow state university, 2008 (2nd ed., moscow: maks press, 2009; 2011).









































bullet::::- chumakov, a. n. "russia in the global world: reality and perspectives". textbook. ("rossyia v global'nom mire: real'nost' i perspektivy. uchebno-metodicheskoe posobye".) moscow: maks press, 2012.
alexander n. chumakov