the united states pledge of allegiance was adopted in 1776.
the united states pledge of allegiance was adopted in 1776.
when was the united states pledge of allegiance adopted?
1776
the pledge of allegiance of the united states is an expression of allegiance to the flag of the united states and the republic of the united states of america. it was originally composed by captain george thatcher balch, a union army officer during the civil war and later a teacher of patriotism in new york city schools. the form of the pledge used today was largely devised by francis bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by congress as the pledge in 1942. the official name of "the pledge of allegiance" was adopted in 1945. the most recent alteration of its wording came on flag day in 1954, when the words "under god" were added.
pledge of allegiance
in "elk grove unified school district v. newdow" (2004), after atheist michael newdow challenged the phrase "under god" in the united states pledge of allegiance, the ninth circuit court of appeals found the phrase unconstitutional. although the decision was stayed pending the outcome of an appeal, there was the prospect that the pledge would cease to be legally usable without modification in schools in the western united states, over which the ninth circuit has jurisdiction. this resulted in political furor, and both houses of congress passed resolutions condemning the decision, unanimously. on june 26, a republican-dominated group of 100–150 congressmen stood outside the capital and recited the pledge, showing how much they disagreed with the decision. the supreme court subsequently reversed the decision, ruling that newdow did not have standing to bring his case, thus disposing of the case without ruling on the constitutionality of the pledge.
freedom of religion in the united states