the direct election of senators was established by the seventeenth amendment.
the direct election of senators was established by the seventeenth amendment.
the direct election of senators was established by?
seventeenth amendment
bullet::::- direct election of senators. senators were chosen not by state governments but by direct election, according to the seventeenth amendment. author david kyvig saw this as a positive development since "senators became much more sensitive to public opinion in their state", but advocates of states rights saw direct election of senators as undermining the authority of state governments within the national government and harming the principle of federalism. congress has also been criticized for siding with the supreme court to undermine the ability of state governments to regulate their respective economies; critics see a pattern of interpreting congressional power "expansively" according to such cases as wickard v. filburn (1942) and gonzales v. raich (2005). however, in two cases, united states v. lopez (1995) and united states v. morrison (2000), the supreme court rejected arguments that the commerce clause allowed congress to "regulate noneconomic activities merely because, through a chain of causal effects, they might have an economic impact." the effect of the change to popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the house and senate in terms of their link to the electorate.
history of the united states congress
prior to the belgian federal election of may 21, 1995, there were 184 elected senators. the fourth state reform, which took place in 1993, revised the belgian constitution, reduced the number of senators to 71 and replaced the provincial senators, who were appointed by the provincial councils, with community senators. the change took effect following the may 21, 1995 federal election. of the total of 71 elected senators, 40 were elected directly, 21 appointed by the community parliaments and 10 senators were co-opted. the overall distribution of seats between parties was however determined by the results of the direct election. the sixth state reform, taking effect on the may 25, 2014 election, reduced the number of senators from 71 to 60 and abolished the direct election.
senate (belgium)