the fourteenth amendment extended the protections of the bill of rights to the states.
the fourteenth amendment extended the protections of the bill of rights to the states.
which amendment extended the protections of the bill of rights to the states?
the fourteenth amendment
rep. john bingham, the principal framer of the fourteenth amendment, advocated that the fourteenth applied the first eight amendments of the bill of rights to the states. the u.s. supreme court subsequently declined to interpret it that way, despite the dissenting argument in the 1947 case of "adamson v. california" by supreme court justice hugo black that the framers' intent should control the court's interpretation of the fourteenth amendment (he included a lengthy appendix that quoted extensively from bingham's congressional testimony). although the "adamson" court declined to adopt black's interpretation, the court during the following twenty-five years employed a doctrine of selective incorporation that succeeded in extending to the states almost all of the protections in the bill of rights, as well as other, unenumerated rights. the bill of rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian/minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights. the supreme court for example concluded in the "west virginia state board of education v. barnette" (1943) case that the founders intended the bill of rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities, ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities. as the court noted the idea of the bill of rights "was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts." this is why "fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote; they depend on the outcome of no elections." the 14th amendment has vastly expanded civil rights protections and is cited in more litigation than any other amendment to the u.s. constitution.
incorporation of the bill of rights
article 334 of the constitution had originally required the reservation of seats to cease in 1960, but this was extended to 1970 by the 8th amendment, and the 23rd amendment extended this period to 1980. the 45th amendment extended the period of reservation to 1990. the period of reservation was extended to 2000, 2010 and 2020 by the 62nd, 79th and 95th amendments respectively.









































section::::text.









































the full text of article 334 of the constitution, after the 45th amendment, is given below:









































section::::proposal and enactment.
forty-fifth amendment of the constitution of india