public health started in the united states in 1872.
public health started in the united states in 1872.
when did public health start in the united states?
1872
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Na
bullet::::- ict4d 2.0: late-2000s to mid-2010s. there is no clear boundary between phases 1.0 and 2.0. the focus in phase 2.0 increasingly shifts toward technologies in use, such as the mobile phone and sms technologies. there is less concern with e-readiness and more interest in the impact of icts on development. additionally, there is more focus on the poor as producers and innovators with icts (as opposed to being consumers of ict-based information). ict4d 2.0 is about reframing the poor. where ict4d 1.0 marginalized them, allowing a supply-driven focus, ict4d 2.0 centralizes them, creating a demand-driven focus. where ict4d 1.0 – fortified by the "bottom of the pyramid" concept – characterized them largely as passive consumers, ict4d 2.0 sees the poor as active producers and active innovators.
information and communication technologies for development