child labour act passed in india in 1999.
child labour act passed in india in 1999.
when did child labour act passed in india?
1999
child labour in the industries, especially in matchbox making factories, was at its peak during the 1970s and 1980s. in 1981, the child workforce in the age group 4–16 was 30% of the total workforce, 90% of whom were girls. in 1986, the national child labour project estimated child labour in sivakasi matchbox making industries to be 14,121 children. the estimates indicated 80% of the child labour belonging to scheduled castes (sc), who were margianlised for centuries for cheap labour. poverty and lack of farm produce were stated as the main reason for child labour. the employers also preferred children because of ease of management, discipline, and lack of labour unions. the children in these industries suffered from a backache, neckache, tuberculosis, malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, dermatitis, respiratory disorders, over-exhaustion, burn injuries and water-borne diseases due to exposure to harmful chemicals in the work environment. the situation of the child labour came to light during an accident of a bus transporting the children in 1976. the central government appointed a one-man committee under harbans singh in 1978, who reported abolishing child labour would seriously impact the economy of the region. the national policy on child labour was formulated by the central government in august 1987, aiming at the rehabilitation of children withdrawn from these factories. in 1988, the union labour ministry initiated a programme for providing informal education, free healthcare and free lunch for children working in the factories. the supreme court of india, in a judgement, ruled on december 1996 indicating provisions for preventing child labour like compensation for the child employed, employment to the adult members of the family and contribution to the corpus fund by the state government. from the establishment of child labour act in 1986 till 2011, 150,000 inspections on child labour have been conducted in the factories, 1,500 cases have been registered and few prosecutions have been made. the results indicated a small amount of child labour in the cottage and household industries.
sivakasi
beginning in the second half of the nineteenth century, sentiment began to rise against child labour. realizing that child labour hampered children's education and was detrimental to their health, and that child labour was reducing the opportunities for adult labourers, the dutch began to react. newspaper articles and books were published speaking out against the practice, leading to the first child labour law in 1874. samuel van houten introduced the "kinderwetje -- van houten" (the child labour act) that forbade children younger than 12 from working in factories. the law stipulated penalties for infractions, but did not authorize any agency to enforce the law. it also included many exceptions, such as farm work and home work. because of its exceptions and lack of enforcement, the law had little effect on the overall child labour situation. it wasn't until 1882 that the government instituted as system of factory inspections to enforce the child labour laws. from 1882 until 1887, the penalties for illegal child labour were limited to fines levied against the factories, but in 1887, penalties became stricter, which led to an overall decline in child factory labour.
child labour in the netherlands