aulus terentius varro murena led and army and elephants over the alps.
aulus terentius varro murena led and army and elephants over the alps.
who lead and army and elephants over the alps?
aulus terentius varro murena
perhaps inspired by these victories, carthage developed its own use of war elephants and deployed them extensively during the first and second punic wars. the performance of the carthaginian elephant corps was rather mixed, illustrating the need of proper tactics to take advantage of the elephant's strength and cover its weaknesses. at adyss in 255 bc, the carthaginian elephants were ineffective due to the terrain, while at the battle of panormus in 251 bc the romans' velites were able to terrify the carthaginian elephants being used unsupported, which fled from the field. at the battle of tunis however the charge of the carthaginian elephants helped to disorder the legions, allowing the carthaginian phalanx to stand fast and defeat the romans. during the second punic war, hannibal famously led an army of war elephants across the alps—although unfortunately many of them perished in the harsh conditions. the surviving elephants were successfully used in the battle of trebia, where they panicked the roman cavalry and gallic allies. the romans eventually developed effective anti-elephant tactics, leading to hannibal's defeat at his final battle of zama in 202 bc; his elephant charge, unlike the one at the battle of tunis, was ineffective because the disciplined roman maniples simply made way for them to pass.
roman war elephants
detailed lists of passes are given by alpine subdivision, see the following articles:









































bullet::::- western alps









































bullet::::- ligurian alps









































bullet::::- maritime alps









































bullet::::- cottian alps









































bullet::::- dauphiné alps









































bullet::::- graian alps









































bullet::::- pennine alps









































bullet::::- bernese alps









































bullet::::- lepontine alps









































bullet::::- tödi range









































bullet::::- north-eastern swiss alps









































bullet::::- eastern alps









































bullet::::- northern limestone alps









































bullet::::- the alps of bavaria, the vorarlberg, and salzburg









































bullet::::- central eastern alps









































bullet::::- bergamo alps









































bullet::::- rhaetian alps, including bernina range, livigno range, sesvenna range, albula range, silvretta and rätikon









































bullet::::- verwall alps and samnaun alps
principal passes of the alps