it first became illegal to smoke indoors at most workplaces in california in 1995.
it first became illegal to smoke indoors at most workplaces in california in 1995.
when did it first become illegal to smoke indoors at most workplaces in california?
1995
beginning in 1988, philip morris funded a study investigating the air quality in the cabin of scandinavian airlines planes. philip morris then hired the netherlands organization for applied scientific research (tno) to collect data for the study, though the industry, through ciar, still controlled the study's conclusions and the way its results were presented. accordingly, ciar subsequently asked tno to remove 21 pages of analysis from the report, and tno complied. in 1992, a ciar-funded study conducted by healthy buildings international was published in "environment international". a congressional inquiry subsequently found that 25% of the data may have been falsified, although the study's author has disputed this conclusion. also in 1992, the ciar awarded $72,760 to antonio h. miguel, jari cardoso, and aquino neto to study indoor air quality in offices and restaurants in the brazilian cities of sao paulo and rio de janeiro. the ciar also awarded miguel additional funding in 1998 for another indoor air quality study, this time measuring air quality in santiago, chile, and sao paulo, brazil. this study was based on the hypothesis that although both outdoor air and ets could increase aerosol concentrations indoors, outdoor air was responsible for a significantly larger proportion of indoor aerosol concentrations than ets was. the ciar also funded research by arthur penn, of new york university, into the effects of exposure to tobacco smoke in chickens from 1990 to 1994. after some of his studies found that this exposure caused increased plaque buildup in the chickens' arteries, the ciar refused to fund any more of his work. another study funded by the ciar was authored by johns hopkins researcher genevieve matanoski in 1995, and claimed that some cases of lung cancer previously attributed to passive smoking might actually be caused by other factors, such as diet. another was the "16 cities study", authored by roger jenkins and published in 1996, examining levels of second-hand smoke measured by subjects in sixteen different cities at work and at home. the study concluded that homes were a greater source of exposure to second-hand smoke than workplaces, which led the tobacco industry to use its conclusions to argue that workplace smoking restrictions were unnecessary. this study has been criticized for suffering from "serious biases" that led to low values of exposure being reported.
center for indoor air research
after a long night of drinking, homer and grampa awaken and discover that they bought the pub from tom o'flanagan during the previous night's binge, much to their shock and dismay. they rename the bar and try to continue running it but get no business and have to find a way to market their unwelcoming business. homer gets help from moe szyslak, who suggests that they allow people to do illegal things in their pub. the guys discover that it's illegal to smoke indoors in ireland, so they turn the bar into a smokeasy. they do a roaring trade, but are closed down by the irish authorities. as punishment, homer and grampa are deported back to america and have to pay a small fine. chief wiggum arrives to bring them back to the u.s., but accidentally hits himself with his nightstick and then maces and tasers himself.
in the name of the grandfather