isaac newton said if i have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.
isaac newton said if i have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.
who said if i have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants?
isaac newton
standing on the shoulders of giants









































the metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants () expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on previous discoveries". this concept has been traced to the 12th century, attributed to bernard of chartres. its most familiar expression in english is by isaac newton in 1675: "if i have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."









































section::::attribution and meaning.
standing on the shoulders of giants
bullet::::- in the video game "portal 2", cave johnson states "they say great science is built on the shoulders of giants. not here. at aperture, we do all our science from scratch. no hand holding.".









































bullet::::- the metaphor of "standing on the shoulder of giants" is often used to promote and validate the free software movement. in the book "", bob young of red hat supports the free software movement by saying that it enables people to stand on the shoulders of giants. he also says that standing on the shoulders of giants is the opposite of reinventing the wheel.
standing on the shoulders of giants