the additional fundamental duty was added to the indian constitution and enforced, bringing the number of fundamental duties to eleven in 2002.
the additional fundamental duty was added to the indian constitution and enforced, bringing the number of fundamental duties to eleven in 2002.
when was the additional fundamental duty added to the indian constitution and enforced, bringing the number of fundamental duties to eleven?
2002
the of citizens were added to the constitution by the 42nd amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the swaran singh committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year. originally ten in number, the fundamental duties were increased to eleven by the 86th amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years. the other fundamental duties obligate all citizens to respect the national symbols of india, including the constitution, to cherish its heritage, preserve its composite culture and assist in its defence. they also obligate all indians to promote the spirit of common brotherhood, protect the environment and public property, develop scientific temper, abjure violence, and strive towards excellence in all spheres of life. in case of violation of fundamental duties enshrined in the constitution by a citizen including president, vice president, speaker, parliament members, state legislative members, etc., it amounts to contempt of the constitution which is punishable under prevention of insults to national honour act, 1971. supreme court has ruled that these fundamental duties can also help the court to decide the constitutionality of a law passed by the legislature. there is reference to such duties in international instruments such as the universal declaration of human rights and international covenant on civil and political rights, and article 51a brings the indian constitution into conformity with these treaties.
fundamental rights, directive principles and fundamental duties of india
the directive principles have been used to uphold the constitutional validity of legislations in case of a conflict with the fundamental rights. article 31c, added by the 25th amendment in 1971, provided that any law made to give effect to the directive principles in article 39(b)–(c) would not be invalid on the grounds that they derogated from the fundamental rights conferred by articles 14, 19 and 31. the application of this article was sought to be extended to all the directive principles by the 42nd amendment in 1970, but the supreme court struck down the extension as void on the ground that it violated the basic structure of the constitution. the fundamental rights and directive principles have also been used together in forming the basis of legislation for social welfare. the supreme court, after the judgement in the "kesavananda bharati" case, has adopted the view of the fundamental rights and directive principles being complementary to each other, each supplementing the other's role in aiming at the same goal of establishing a welfare state by means of social revolution. similarly, the supreme court has used the fundamental duties to uphold the constitutional validity of statutes which seeks to promote the objects laid out in the fundamental duties. these duties have also been held to be obligatory for all citizens, subject to the state enforcing the same by means of a valid law. the supreme court has also issued directions to the state in this regard, with a view towards making the provisions effective and enabling a citizens to properly perform their duties.
fundamental rights, directive principles and fundamental duties of india