the oxidation state of cl in cl2o7 is + 7.
the oxidation state of cl in cl2o7 is + 7.
what is the oxidation state of cl in cl2o7?
+ 7
the first five members of group 14 show the group oxidation state of +4 and the latter members have an increasingly prominent +2 chemistry due to the onset of the inert pair effect. tin represents the point at which the stability of the +2 and +4 states are similar, and lead(ii) is the most stable of all the chemically well-understood group 14 elements in the +2 oxidation state. the 7s orbitals are very highly stabilized in flerovium and thus a very large sp orbital hybridization is required to achieve the +4 oxidation state, so flerovium is expected to be even more stable than lead in its strongly predominant +2 oxidation state and its +4 oxidation state should be highly unstable. for example, flerovium dioxide (flo) is expected to be highly unstable to decomposition into its constituent elements (and would not be formed from the direct reaction of flerovium with oxygen), and flerovane (flh), which should have fl–h bond lengths of 1.787 å, is predicted to be more thermodynamically unstable than plumbane, spontaneously decomposing into flerovium(ii) hydride (flh) and hydrogen gas. flerovium tetrafluoride (flf) would have bonding mostly due to "sd" hybridizations rather than "sp" hybridizations, and its decomposition to the difluoride and fluorine gas would be exothermic. the gross destabilization of all the tetrahalides (for example, flcl is destabilized by about 400 kj/mol) is unfortunate because otherwise these compounds would be very useful in gas-phase chemical studies of flerovium. the corresponding polyfluoride anion should be unstable to hydrolysis in aqueous solution, and flerovium(ii) polyhalide anions such as and are predicted to form preferentially in flerovium-containing solutions. the "sd" hybridizations were suggested in early calculations as the 7s and 6d electrons in flerovium share approximately the same energy, which would allow a volatile hexafluoride to form, but later calculations do not confirm this possibility. in general, the spin-orbit contraction of the 7p orbital should lead to smaller bond lengths and larger bond angles: this has been theoretically confirmed in flh. nevertheless, even flh should be relativistically destabilized by 2.6 ev to below fl+h; the large spin–orbit effects also break down the usual singlet–triplet divide in the group 14 dihydrides. flf and flcl are predicted to be more stable than flh.
flerovium
the term "oxidation state" in english chemical literature was popularized by wendell mitchell latimer in his 1938 book about electrochemical potentials. he used it for the value (synonymous with the german term "wertigkeit") previously termed "valence", "polar valence" or "polar number" in english, or "oxidation stage" or indeed the "state of oxidation". since 1938, the term "oxidation state" has been connected with electrochemical potentials and electrons exchanged in redox couples participating in redox reactions. by 1948, iupac used the 1940 nomenclature rules with the term "oxidation state", instead of the original "valency". in 1948 linus pauling proposed that oxidation number could be determined by extrapolating bonds to being completely ionic in the direction of electronegativity. a full acceptance of this suggestion was complicated by the fact that the pauling electronegativities as such depend on the oxidation state and that they may lead to unusual values of oxidation states for some transition metals. in 1990 iupac resorted to a postulatory (rule-based) method to determine the oxidation state. this was complemented by the synonymous term oxidation number as a descendant of the stock number introduced in 1940 into the nomenclature. however, the terminology using "ligands" gave the impression that oxidation number might be something specific to coordination complexes. this situation and the lack of a real single definition generated numerous debates about the meaning of oxidation state, suggestions about methods to obtain it and definitions of it. to resolve the issue, an iupac project (2008-040-1-200) was started in 2008 on the "comprehensive definition of oxidation state", and was concluded by two reports and by the revised entries "oxidation state" and "oxidation number" in the iupac gold book. the outcomes were a single definition of oxidation state and two algorithms to calculate it in molecular and extended-solid compounds, guided by allen electronegativities that are independent of oxidation state.
oxidation state