the light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma.
the light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma.
where does the light independent stage of photosynthesis occur?
in the stroma
stroma (fluid)









































stroma, in botany, refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast.









































within the stroma are grana, stacks of thylakoid, the sub-organelles, the daughter cells, where photosynthesis is commenced before the chemical changes are completed in the stroma. 









































photosynthesis occurs in two stages. in the first stage, "light-dependent reactions" capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage molecules atp and nadph. during the second stage, the "light-independent reactions" use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide.
stroma (fluid)
further studies of the hill reaction were made in 1957 by the american plant physiologist daniel i. arnon. "arnon" studied the hill reaction using a natural electron acceptor, nadp. this natural electron acceptor inhibits the formation of atp, nadph, and h which are used in the light independent reaction. he demonstrated that the isolated active chloroplasts which are subjected to light but without co will release oxygen but no sugar will be produced. he then demonstrated the light independent reaction, observing the reaction under dark conditions with an abundance of carbon dioxide. he found carbon fixation was independent of the light reaction. arnon had effectively separated the light dependent reaction, which produces atp, nadph, h and oxygen, from the light independent reaction, which produces sugars. he was able to conclude that that part of the reaction happens without the presence of light.
hill reaction