lipid bilayer is composed of two layers of phospholipids associated with proteins.
lipid bilayer is composed of two layers of phospholipids associated with proteins.
what is composed of two layers of phospholipids associated with proteins?
lipid bilayer
Na
Na
there are various usages of ethanol which include an additive to gasoline, a primary ingredient for food preservation as well as alcoholic beverages and being used for transdermal drug delivery. for example, it can function as an antiseptic in topical creams to kill bacteria by denaturing proteins. ethanol is an amphiphilic molecule meaning that it has chemical and physical properties associated with hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. although, studies show that when penetrating through the biomembrane its hydrophobic abilities appear to be limited based on its preference to bind closely to the hydrophilic region of the phospholipids. there are various issues presented in regards to ethanol's ability to penetrate through the biomembrane and cause a reorganization of the phospholipids towards non-lamellar phases. the issues are as followed: 1) how the alteration of the phospholipids' phase occurs 2) understanding the significance of ethanol's interaction with membrane proteins and membrane phospholipids 3) understanding the permeability of the biomembrane based on the tolerance and adaptation level in the presence of ethanol although this process appears to be concentration dependent 4) determining the significance of ethanol's amphiphilic character as it relates to its ability to partition throughout the membrane by increasing the fluidity of it. ethanol's hydrophobic properties are limited and primarily binds close the hydrophilic region of the phospholipid. this bonds creates a strong hydrogen bonds and leads to a strong interlocking amongst the acyl chains 5) why the presence of cholesterol; a sterol compound, inhibits ethanol's ability to disrupt the membrane and 6) deriving the molecular level mechanism of the entire process.
ethanol-induced non-lamellar phases in phospholipids