during the ming dynasty, beijing was once again made the capital of china.
during the ming dynasty, beijing was once again made the capital of china.
during the ming dynasty which city was once again made the capital of china?
beijing
the "mingshi"— the official history of the ming dynasty compiled later by the qing court in 1739—states that the ming established itinerant commanderies overseeing tibetan administration while also renewing titles of ex-yuan dynasty officials from tibet and conferring new princely titles on leaders of tibet's buddhist sects. however, turrell v. wylie states that censorship in the "mingshi" in favor of bolstering the ming emperor's prestige and reputation at all costs obfuscates the nuanced history of sino-tibetan relations during the ming era. modern scholars still debate on whether or not the ming dynasty really had sovereignty over tibet at all, as some believe it was a relationship of loose suzerainty which was largely cut off when the jiajing emperor (r. 1521–1567) persecuted buddhism in favor of daoism at court. helmut hoffman states that the ming upheld the facade of rule over tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in tibetan governance. wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain disagree, stating that ming china had sovereignty over tibetans who did not inherit ming titles, but were forced to travel to beijing to renew them. melvyn c. goldstein writes that the ming had no real administrative authority over tibet since the various titles given to tibetan leaders already in power did not confer authority as earlier mongol yuan titles had; according to him, "the ming emperors merely recognized political reality." some scholars argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the ming court with tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship. others underscore the commercial aspect of the relationship, noting the ming dynasty's insufficient number of horses and the need to maintain the tea-horse trade with tibet. scholars also debate on how much power and influence—if any—the ming dynasty court had over the "de facto" successive ruling families of tibet, the phagmodru (1354–1436), rinbung (1436–1565), and tsangpa (1565–1642).
history of the ming dynasty
imperial cuisine in the ming dynasty was mostly cooked with the flavours of southern china because of the preferences of zhu yuanzhang, the founder of the ming dynasty. the cuisine in the ming palace totally changed the mongolian style of food served during the mongol-led yuan dynasty. the imperial cuisine of the ming dynasty had one important characteristic, which was to protect health. the emperors of the ming dynasty paid great attention to protecting health by eating healthy food. the menu of imperial cuisine changed daily and dishes were not repeated. imperial cuisine of the ming dynasty was mainly grain-based. therefore, meat and bean products were not as popular as they were in the former dynasties. in the qing dynasty, a famous dish was sweet potatoes. maize and chili peppers were also introduced in around the mid-16th century. other famous dishes included shark's fin soup and edible bird's nest also gained their fame during this period. those two dishes were introduced to china by the explorer zheng he in the early ming dynasty. while these two dishes were becoming examples of extravagant dishes, sea cucumbers and prawns were also brought into china. many famous cooks and chefs such as song wusao and wang eryu emerged in the ming dynasty.
chinese imperial cuisine