normalization was the period of reform in czechoslovakia in 1968.
normalization was the period of reform in czechoslovakia in 1968.
what was the period of reform in czechoslovakia in 1968 called?
normalization
in the history of czechoslovakia, normalization (, ) is a name commonly given to the period following the warsaw pact invasion of czechoslovakia in august 1968 and up to the "glasnost" era of liberalization that began in the soviet union and its neighboring nations in 1987. it was characterized by the restoration of the conditions prevailing before the prague spring reform period led by first secretary alexander dubček of the communist party of czechoslovakia (ksč) earlier in 1968 and the subsequent preservation of the new "status quo". some historians date the period from the signing of the moscow protocol by dubček and the other jailed czechoslovak leaders on august 26, 1968, while others date it from the replacement of dubček by gustáv husák on april 17, 1969, followed by the official normalization policies referred to as husakism.
normalization (czechoslovakia)
based on the report and recommendations of the kothari commission (1964–1966), the government of prime minister indira gandhi announced the first national policy on education in 1968, which called for a "radical restructuring" and equalise educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development. the policy called for fulfilling compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, as stipulated by the constitution of india, and the better training and qualification of teachers. the policy called for focus on learning of regional languages, outlining the "three language formula" to be implemented in secondary education - the instruction of the english language, the official language of the state where the school was based, and hindi, language education was seen as essential to reduce the gulf between the intelligentsia and the masses. although the decision to adopt hindi as the national language had proven controversial, the policy called for use and learning of hindi to be encouraged uniformly to promote a common language for all indians. the policy also encouraged the teaching of the ancient sanskrit language, which was considered an essential part of india's culture and heritage. the npe of 1968 called for education spending to increase to six percent of the national income. as of 2013, the npe 1968 has moved location on the national website.
national policy on education