atp is made using the electron transport chain and the enzyme atp synthase.
atp is made using the electron transport chain and the enzyme atp synthase.
atp is made using the electron transport chain and the enzyme?
atp synthase
the last process in aerobic respiration is oxidative phosphorylation, also known as the electron transport chain. here nadh and fadh, which contain the energy in the form of electrons, deliver their electrons to the inner membranes of the mitochondrion to power the production of atp. oxidative phosphorylation contributes the majority of the atp produced, compared to glycolysis and the krebs cycle. while the atp count is glycolysis and the krebs cycle is two atp molecules, the electron transport chain contributes, at most, twenty-eight atp molecules. a contributing factor is due to the energy potentials of nadh and fadh. as they are brought from the initial process, glycolysis, to the electron transport chain, the energy stored in them are now utilized. a second contributing factor is that cristae, the inner membranes of mitochondria, increase the surface area and therefore the amount of proteins in the membrane that assist in the synthesis of atp. along the electron transport chain, there are separate compartments, each with their own concentration gradient of h + ions, which are the power source of atp synthesis. to convert adp to atp, energy must be provided. that energy is provided by the h+ gradient. on one side of the membrane compartment, there is a high concentration of h+ ions compared to the other. the shuttling of h+ to one side of the membrane is driven by the exergonic flow of electrons throughout the membrane. these electrons are supplied by nadh and fadh as they transfer their potential energy. once the h+ concentration gradient is established, a proton-motive force is established, which provides the energy to convert adp to atp. the h+ ions that were initially forced to one side of the mitochondrion membrane now naturally flow through a membrane protein called atp synthase, a protein that converts adp to atp with the help of h+ ions.
carbohydrate catabolism
most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce atp from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. at the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from nadh and fadh2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. the electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively "pumping" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. this entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since adp is phosphorylated to atp using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps.
electron transport chain