blood goes to muscles during fight or flight.
blood goes to muscles during fight or flight.
where does blood go during fight or flight?
muscles
the fight-or-flight response involves nervous impulses which result in hormone secretions into the bloodstream. when a horse reacts to a threat, it may initially "freeze" in preparation to take flight. the fight-or-flight reaction begins in the amygdala, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. the initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone acth. the adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously and releases the neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). the release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure and blood sugar, and suppresses the immune system. catecholamine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action. the result is a rapid rise in blood pressure, resulting in an increased supply of oxygen and glucose for energy to the brain and skeletal muscles, the most vital organs the horse needs when fleeing from a perceived threat. however, the increased supply of oxygen and glucose to these areas is at the expense of "non-essential" flight organs, such as the skin and abdominal organs.
horse behavior
"a. albimanus" mosquitoes feed on nectar; only females take blood meals. hosts include mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. a wide range of hosts allows these mosquitoes to maintain their populations quite easily. the proteins and nutrients gained from blood go toward egg production, and the volume of the blood meals affects the fecundity of female mosquitoes. the volume taken during blood feeding is affected by several factors, including temperature, age of the mosquito, mating status, number of feeds, variety of hosts, and others. there are often interruptions to blood feeding, resulting in the mosquito taking several meals, either on the same or different hosts. this, in turn, creates more opportunities for infection or the spread of pathogens.
anopheles albimanus