france and belgium invaded the ruhr in 1923.
france and belgium invaded the ruhr in 1923.
when did france and belgium invade the ruhr?
1923
as early as the beginning of the 1920s, the "ruhrfrage" was an important subject of dispute between france and germany. from the french perspective, the region and a big portion of the industries of the rhein and ruhr, such as the arms industry of krupp in essen and rheinmetall in düsseldorf, was known as the "armory of germany". after france had suffered at the hands of this "armory" in the franco-prussian war of 1870-71 and the first world war of 1914-1918, the negotiations leading to the treaty of versailles in 1919 resulted in the creation of a "security glacis" against germany in the form of the cessation of the left bank of the rhine, extensive demilitarization, armament restrictions, and the allied occupation of the rhineland. in addition, france was able to achieve considerable reparations from germany after the first world war. if the german reich could not meet the requirements of the reparations, the negotiation terms of the threatened to divide the ruhr through forced occupation. at this time, the ruhr was known as the "rhine-westphalian coal and industrial area", including lippe in the north, dortmund in the east, and düsseldorf in the south. germany defaulted on reparations, causing france and belgium to occupy the cities of düsseldorf, duisburg, and ruhrort in 1921 and the remaining ruhr area stretching east to dortmund in 1923. the occupation of the ruhr, including control of the factories and coal mines, lasted until the agreement of the dawes plan in 1924. the confiscated of düsseldorf served as the command center of the occupation of the ruhr until the french withdrew on august 25th, 1925.
ruhr question
typically 43 to 48 numbers are pre-drawn at the beginning of a bingo session. the numbers pre-drawn can be odd, even or the first 43 numbers that pop out the machine. players purchase cards and mark out all even, odd or pre-drawn numbers. at a designated time, the caller asks if anyone has bingo. if no one does, the caller then draws one ball at a time until someone shouts bingo. this game is sometimes played as a "progressive" game, where the jackpot increases if no one hits bingo before the desired number of balls are called. if no one has achieved bingo before or on the desired ball count then the game is played again in another session in which the desired ball count increases by one and the jackpot is increased also. the player who hits bingo after the desired ball count does not win the jackpot but does win a consolation prize. if a player does hit bingo in the right number of numbers then they win all the money in the jackpot. the ball count goes back to 43 after the jackpot is won and the ball count increases by one until the jackpot is won again.
bingo (u.s.)