cardiovascular disease is the type of disease that causes coronary heart disease.
cardiovascular disease is the type of disease that causes coronary heart disease.
what type of disease is coronary heart disease?
cardiovascular
angina is not classified as a disease in itself, it refers to a person having chest pain with coronary heart disease, due to the lack of oxygen their myocardium as the presumed cause. a high mortality rate is associated with coronary heart disease. it is the leading cause of death in the united states, accounting for 26.6% of all death in 2005. another study in the united states estimates that coronary heart disease has the greatest prevalence amongst people aged 65 years or over (19.8% in 2010), followed by people who are aged between 45-64 (with a prevalence of 7.1%). the united kingdom also has a high mortality rate with 16% of all male deaths and 10% of all female deaths being attributable to coronary heart disease. however, it is worth noting that the mortality rate of coronary heart disease has been in steady decline since its peak in the 1960s, in contrast to the morbidity trend which has increased with increasing rates of revascularisation.
canadian cardiovascular society grading of angina pectoris
studies have looked into the risk factors that are more prone to japanese americans, specifically in hundreds of family generations of nisei ("the generation of people born in north america, latin america, hawaii, or any country outside japan either to at least one issei or one non-immigrant japanese parent)" second-generation pro-bands ("a person serving as the starting point for the genetic study of a family, used in medicine and psychiatry)." the risk factors for genetic diseases in japanese americans include coronary heart disease and diabetes. one study, called the japanese american community diabetes study that started in 1994 and went through 2003, involved the pro-bands taking part to test whether the increased risk of diabetes among japanese americans is due to the effects of japanese americans having a more westernized lifestyle due to the many differences between the united states of america and japan. one of the main goals of the study was to create an archive of dna samples which could be used to identify which diseases are more susceptible in japanese americans. concerns with these studies of the risks of inherited diseases in japanese americans is that information pertaining to the genetic relationship may not be consistent with the reported biological family information given of nisei second generation pro-bands. also, research has been put on concerning apolipoprotein e genotypes; this polymorphism has three alleles (*e2, *e3, and *e4)and was determined from research because of its known association with increased cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease in japanese americans. specifically too, the apolipoprotein *e4 allele is linked to alzheimer's disease as well. also, there is increased coronary heart disease in japanese-american men with a mutation in the cholesterol ester transfer protein gene despite having increased levels of hdl. by definition, hdl are plasma high density lipoproteins that show a genetic relationship with coronary heart disease (chd). the cholesterol ester transfer protein(cetp) helps the transfer of cholesterol esters from lipoproteins to other lipoproteins in the human body. it plays a fundamental role in the reverse transport of cholesterol to the liver, which is why a mutation in this can lead to coronary heart disease. studies have shown that the cetp is linked to increased hdl levels. there is a very common pattern of two different cholesterol ester transfer protein gene mutations (d442g, 5.1%; intron 14g:a, 0.5%) found in about 3,469 japanese american men. this was based off a program called the honolulu heart program. the mutations correlated with decreased cetp levels (-35%) and increased hdl cholesterol levels (+10% for d442g). the relative risk of chd was 1.43 in men with mutations (p0.05), and after research found for chd risk factors, the relative risk went up to 1.55 (p=0.02); after further adjustments for hdl levels, the relative risk went up again to 1.68 (p=0.008). genetic cetp deficiency is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, which is due mainly to increased chd risks in japanese american men with the d442g mutation and lipoprotein cholesterol levels between 41 and 60 mg/dl. with research and investigations, the possibility of finding “bad genes” denounces the japanese americans and will be associated only with japanese american ancestry, leading to other issues the japanese americans had to deal with in the past such as discrimination and prejudice.
japanese americans