india was once ruled by both the mughal and the british empires.
india was once ruled by both the mughal and the british empires.
this asian country was once ruled by both the mughal and the british empires?
india
"early modern-" or "proto-globalization" covers a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800. the concept of "proto-globalization" was first introduced by historians a. g. hopkins and christopher bayly. the term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of high "modern globalization" in the late 19th century. this phase of globalization was characterized by the rise of maritime european empires, in the 16th and 17th centuries, first the portuguese and spanish empires, and later the dutch and british empires. in the 17th century, world trade developed further when chartered companies like the british east india company (founded in 1600) and the dutch east india company (founded in 1602, often described as the first multinational corporation in which stock was offered) were established.
globalization
the two pashtun warrior-poets bayazid pir roshan and khushal khan khattak assembled pashtun armies to fight against the mughal empire in the 16th and 17th centuries, respectively. in those times, the eastern parts of pashtunistan were ruled by the mughals, while the western parts were ruled by the persian safavids. the pashtun region first gained an autonomous status in 1709 when mirwais hotak successfully revolted against the safavids in loy kandahar. the pashtuns again achieved unity under the leadership of ahmad shah durrani, founder of the durrani dynasty, when he established the afghan empire in 1747. in the 19th century, however, the afghan empire lost large parts of its eastern territory to the sikh and british empires. famous pashtun independence activists against the rule of the british raj include bacha khan, abdul samad khan achakzai, and mirzali khan (faqir of ipi). voters in the north west frontier province (nwfp) voted in favour of joining pakistan in a july 1947 referendum. however, bacha khan, the khudai khidmatgars, and the then chief minister of the north-west frontier province, dr khan sahib, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the nwfp becoming independent or joining afghanistan. later on bacha khan, during his stay in afghanistan, claimed that "pashtunistan was never a reality". the idea of pashtunistan never helped pashtuns and it only caused suffering for them. he further claimed that the "successive governments of afghanistan only exploited the idea for their own political goals".
pashtunistan