amino acids are used instead of glucose during gluconeogenesis ( gng ).
amino acids are used instead of glucose during gluconeogenesis ( gng ).
when are amino acids used instead of glucose?
gluconeogenesis ( gng )
Na
Na
several non-proteinogenic amino acids are toxic due to their ability to mimic certain properties of proteinogenic amino acids, such as thialysine. some non-proteinogenic amino acids are neurotoxic by mimicking amino acids used as neurotransmitters (i.e. not for protein biosynthesis), e.g. quisqualic acid, canavanine or azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.









































cephalosporin c has an α-aminoadipic acid (homoglutamate) backbone that is amidated with a cephalosporin moiety. penicillamine is a therapeutic amino acid, whose mode of action is unknown.









































naturally-occurring cyanotoxins can also include non-proteinogenic amino acids. microcystin and nodularin, for example, are both derived from adda, a β-amino acid.









































section::::not amino acids.
non-proteinogenic amino acids