apartheid ended in south africa at the end of bill clinton's south african presidency.
apartheid ended in south africa at the end of bill clinton's south african presidency.
apartheid ended in south africa at the end of whose south african presidency?
bill clinton
in the 1989 south african general election, the party under f. w. de klerk's leadership declared that it intended to negotiate with the black south african community for a political solution to accommodate black south africans. this resulted in de klerk declaring in february 1990 the decision to transition south africa out of apartheid, and permitted the release of mandela from prison and ending south africa's ban on the anc and other anti-apartheid movements, and began negotiations with the anc for a post-apartheid political system. however there was significant opposition among hardliner supporters of apartheid that resulted in de klerk's government responding to them by holding a national referendum on apartheid in 1992 for the white population only allowed to vote in that asked them if they supported the government's policy to end apartheid and establish elections open to all south africans, a large majority voted in favour of the government's policy. with support for ending apartheid secured among white south africans, the party opened up its membership to all racial groups and rebranded itself as no longer being an ethnic nationalist party only representing afrikaners, but would henceforth be a civic nationalist and conservative party representing all south africans. in the 1994 elections it managed to expand its base to include many non-whites including significant support from coloured and indian south africans. it participated in the government of national unity between 1994 and 1996. in an attempt to distance itself from its past, the party was renamed the new national party in 1997. the attempt was largely unsuccessful and the new party was decided to merge with the anc.
national party (south africa)
in late 1947 mary-louise married clifford hooper, an african american whom she had met while campaigning for the naacp, in seattle, washington, as the laws of california did not allow inter-racial marriages. after living in vancouver, british columbia for a year, the hoopers separated, and were divorced in 1949. by june 1950 mary louise had become a quaker. hooper returned to stanford university in 1953 to complete her degree, majoring in german, graduating with honors in june 1955. mary-louise hooper, who had been "long active in volunteer work to better inter-racial relations", was also "an active supporter of african struggles against colonialism and apartheid". after a three-month tour of south africa, kenya, and nigeria, with a group of quakers in 1955, hooper migrated to south africa later that year, buying a home in durban, south africa. hooper supported the african national congress, described at one time as "the only white person to ever work inside the african national congress", campaigned for the abolition of apartheid, and worked as a volunteer aide and secretary to anc president chief albert luthuli. hooper was active in supporting those tried during the treason trial. hooper, who had moved to hillbrow, a suburb of johannesburg, was arrested on march 10, 1957 and imprisoned for five days in what she described as "degrading and humiliating" conditions in the fort prison in johannesburg, and was ordered to be deported from south africa after being accused of assisting south african "negroes". hooper was freed by the rand supreme court on a writ of "habeas corpus", and later awarded damages. on may 14, 1957 eben dönges, the interior minister, ordered her deportation as he believed her presence in south africa was not in the public interest. after leaving south africa voluntarily at the end of may 1957, she was excluded by the south african government, but continued to be active in her opposition to apartheid, including giving interviews on radio, and television; raising funds for the south african defense fund; serving as one of the three anc delegates to the first all-african peoples' conference in december 1958 in accra, ghana; and one of only two american observers at the third all-african peoples' conference in cairo in march 1961; organizing boycotts of south african goods and preventing the unloading of south african ships in january 1963; spoke to churches, and civic organizations; and writing articles. hooper worked for the american committee on africa (acoa), helped initiate and organize the 1965 declaration of american artists against apartheid, which sought to prevent cultural contacts with the apartheid regime; testified before the united nations commission on human rights in may 1967, and invited martin luther king jr to speak at the 1965 south africa benefit, where he called for economic sanctions against south africa. hooper also supported the "front de libération nationale" (fln), in its efforts to gain independence for algeria from france, writing "refugee algerian students" in 1960.
susan norris fitkin