118 electrons are in the outer shell of iodine.
118 electrons are in the outer shell of iodine.
how many electrons in outer shell of iodine?
118
bromine is the third halogen, being a nonmetal in group 17 of the periodic table. its properties are thus similar to those of fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, and tend to be intermediate between those of the two neighbouring halogens, chlorine and iodine. bromine has the electron configuration [ar]3d4s4p, with the seven electrons in the fourth and outermost shell acting as its valence electrons. like all halogens, it is thus one electron short of a full octet, and is hence a strong oxidising agent, reacting with many elements in order to complete its outer shell. corresponding to periodic trends, it is intermediate in electronegativity between chlorine and iodine (f: 3.98, cl: 3.16, br: 2.96, i: 2.66), and is less reactive than chlorine and more reactive than iodine. it is also a weaker oxidising agent than chlorine, but a stronger one than iodine. conversely, the bromide ion is a weaker reducing agent than iodide, but a stronger one than chloride. these similarities led to chlorine, bromine, and iodine together being classified as one of the original triads of johann wolfgang döbereiner, whose work foreshadowed the periodic law for chemical elements. it is intermediate in atomic radius between chlorine and iodine, and this leads to many of its atomic properties being similarly intermediate in value between chlorine and iodine, such as first ionisation energy, electron affinity, enthalpy of dissociation of the x molecule (x = cl, br, i), ionic radius, and x–x bond length. the volatility of bromine accentuates its very penetrating, choking, and unpleasant odour.
bromine
zero-drag satellites or equivalently "drag-free satellites" are satellites where the payload follows a geodesic path through space only affected by gravity and not by non-gravitational forces such as drag of the residual atmosphere, light pressure and solar wind. a zero-drag satellite has two parts, an outer shell and an inner mass called the "proof mass". the proof mass floats freely inside the outer shell, while the distance between the outer shell and the proof mass is constantly measured. when a change in the distance between the outer shell and the proof mass is detected, it means that the outer shell has been influenced by non-gravitational forces and moved relative to the proof mass. thrusters on the outer shell will then reposition the outer shell relative to the proof mass so that its distance is the same as before the external influence changed it. the outer shell thus protects the proof mass from nearly all interactions with the outside that can cause acceleration, except those mediated by gravity, and by following the proof mass, the outer shell (which is to say, the rest of the spacecraft, carrying instruments, etc.) itself follows a geodesic path.
zero-drag satellite