the optimum number of subordinates a manager can supervise is referred to as the optimum span of control.
the optimum number of subordinates a manager can supervise is referred to as the optimum span of control.
the optimum number of subordinates a manager can supervise is referred to as the?
the optimum span of control
theories about the optimum span of control go back to v. a. graicunas. in 1933 he used assumptions about mental capacity and attention span to develop a set of practical heuristics. lyndall urwick (1956) developed a theory based on geographical dispersion and the need for face to face meetings. in spite of numerous attempts since then, no convincing theories have been presented. this is because the optimum span of control depends on numerous variables including organizational structure, available technology, the functions being performed, and the competencies of the manager as well as staff. an alternative view is proposed by elliott jaques (1988) that a manager may have up to as many immediate subordinates that they can know personally in the sense that they can assess personal effectiveness.
span of control
one can find an optimum number of terms to be kept and adding more terms than the optimum number might result in a poorer approximation. substituting the series into the equation and collecting terms of different orders, one finds









































in general,









































the first equation is known as the eikonal equation, which determines the eikonal formula_38 is a hamilton–jacobi equation, written for example in cartesian coordinates becomes









































the remaining equations determine the functions formula_40.









































section::::underlying mathematics.:general equation using four-vector notation.









































in four-vector notation used in special relativity, the wave equation can be written as









































and the substitution formula_42 leads to
geometrical optics