carbon dioxide is the primary constituent of venus’s atmosphere.
carbon dioxide is the primary constituent of venus’s atmosphere.
what is the primary constituent of venus’s atmosphere?
carbon dioxide
a runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor may have occurred on venus. in this scenario, early venus may have had a global ocean if the outgoing thermal radiation was below the simpson-nakajima limit but above the moist greenhouse limit. as the brightness of the early sun increased, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increased, increasing the temperature and consequently increasing the evaporation of the ocean, leading eventually to the situation in which the oceans boiled, and all of the water vapor entered the atmosphere. this scenario helps to explain why there is little water vapor in the atmosphere of venus today. if venus initially formed with water, the runaway greenhouse effect would have hydrated venus' stratosphere, and the water would have escaped to space. some evidence for this scenario comes from the extremely high deuterium to hydrogen ratio in venus' atmosphere, roughly 150 times that of earth, since light hydrogen would escape from the atmosphere more readily than its heavier isotope, deuterium. venus is sufficiently strongly heated by the sun that water vapor can rise much higher in the atmosphere and be split into hydrogen and oxygen by ultraviolet light. the hydrogen can then escape from the atmosphere while the oxygen recombines or bonds to iron on planet's surface. the deficit of water on venus due to the runaway greenhouse effect is thought to explain why venus does not exhibit surface features consistent with plate tectonics, meaning it would be a stagnant lid planet. carbon dioxide, the dominant greenhouse gas in the current venusian atmosphere, owes its larger concentration to the weakness of carbon recycling as compared to earth, where the carbon dioxide emitted from volcanoes is efficiently subducted into the earth by plate tectonics on geologic time scales through the carbonate-silicate cycle, which requires precipitation to function.
runaway greenhouse effect
among its other considerations, the court emphasized the notions of sovereignty, popular sovereignty and the idea of the 'primary constituent' ("constituyente primario"), that is to say the colombian nation (or people). the court's ruling declared that the 'primary constituent' can, at any time, give itself a new constitution without being subject to the requirements imposed by the constitution in force until then. it cited as precedent the modification of the 1886 constitution by plebiscite in 1957, or the adoption of the very constitution of 1886 through other means than those set by the colombian constitution of 1863. the judgement also referenced prior constitutional jurisprudence. firstly, it mentioned a 1957 ruling on that year's plebiscite which said that the power to modify the constitution did stem from the constitution itself but rather from 'the revolution' or the "exercise of the latent sovereignty in the people as constituent will.". secondly, it looked at a 1987 ruling, also concerning the constitutionality of the 1957 plebiscite, in which it had declared that "when the people, exercising its sovereign and inalienable power, decides to pronounce itself on the constitutional text that will govern their destiny, it is not and cannot be subject to the legal regulations which precede its decision." the 1987 decision had also called the 'primary constituent act' "the expression of the highest political will", free from any judicial limitations. summarizing its opinion, the majority wrote:
colombian constitution of 1991