claude monet was the initiator of impressionism in the european modern painting.
claude monet was the initiator of impressionism in the european modern painting.
in the european modern painting who is the initiator of impressionism?
claude monet
leader of the movement and father of modern painting, claude monet is one of the best known impressionists and a major character in normandy's artistic heritage. his house and gardens at giverny are one of the region's major tourist sites, much visited for their beauty and their water lilies, as well as for their importance to monet's artistic inspiration. normandy was at the heart of his creation, from the paintings of rouen's cathedral to the famous depictions of the cliffs at etretat, the beach and port at fécamp and the sunrise at le havre. it was "impression, sunrise", monet's painting of le havre, that led to the movement being dubbed impressionism. after monet, all the main avant-garde painters of the 1870s and 1880s came to normandy to paint its landscapes and its changing lights, concentrating along the seine valley and the norman coast.
normandy
apart from being a comprehensive survey of the major polemical trends in the european history of ideas from the end of the middle ages and the subsequent turn against cartesian rationalism by many mainstream and other enlightenment figures promoting a "new" or revived sensualism, until the post-kantian period of schelling and hegel, "die aufklärung" ("the enlightenment"), together with "die neuzeitliche metaphysikkritik" ("modern-era criticism of metaphysics"), can be seen as analyses of the european modern era's struggle against value-relativity and nihilism, which were the logical conclusion of the overall rationalist positioning in the european modern era. against the aristotelian metaphysics of essence, the notion of function was recruited, and then the danger of breaking-down all essences into variable functions had to be confronted with the invention of new beings: "nature", "man" and "history" thus succeeded god and the (transcendental) spirit. however, the notion of function totally prevailed in the course of the 20th century in the context of overthrowing essence on a global scale (notwithstanding the ongoing and socially inevitable influence of various ideologies and religions); see "the decline of bourgeois thought- and life-forms" below. throughout these books, self-preservation and power appear as key concepts in interpreting human affairs, and in setting aside all dualisms and platonisms, all the traditional distinctions between hither and thither, the ideal and reality, understanding and volition. from the point of view of the history of ideas, while the philosophers who did systematically set aside such dualisms were few and far between (e.g. machiavelli, hobbes, spinoza, la mettrie, de sade, and to a lesser extent, diderot, helvetius, holbach, hume), quantitatively, philosophers expounding versions of the traditional distinctions mentioned above, or at least maintained a normative stance necessary to seek social influence, prevailed for much of the european modern era, and kondylis also analysed the basic stance(s) of such and other thinkers including: alembert, condillac, condorcet, grotius, hegel, hamann, herder, kant, leibniz, lessing, maupertuis, newton, rousseau, shaftesbury, voltaire, and wolff, in considerable detail, as well as referring to other (pre-)enlightenment thinkers (in addition to those mentioned above) such as: augustine, aquinas, aristotle, bacon, bayle, berkeley, bruno, descartes, erasmus, galilei, locke, pascal, plato, pufendorf, telesio, etc. in both "the enlightenment" and "modern-era criticism of metaphysics", kondylis runs a compelling interpretative thread through the constant reformulation of concepts and positioning and apparently overwhelming volume of argumentation, from the late middle ages until the 19th century (and 20th century in the case of "modern-era criticism of metaphysics", which includes analyses of: bergson, dilthey, feuerbach, heidegger, malebranche, mill, nietzsche, occam, russell, salutati, spencer, whitehead, wittgenstein, and zabarella), producing scholarly works that not only have a handbook or reference text quality but also an ability to provide insight into the motive forces of development of, and changes in, the history of ideas in the european modern era (see also "conservatism" below) before the onset of the new planetary era.
panagiotis kondylis