transfer rna is the cellular component that controls the correct attachment of amino acid to certain trna.
transfer rna is the cellular component that controls the correct attachment of amino acid to certain trna.
which cellular component controls the correct attachment of amino acid to certain trna?
transfer rna
it is noteworthy that the genetic code for all organisms is basically the same, so that all living beings use the same ’genetic language’. in general, the introduction of new functional unnatural amino acids into proteins of living cells breaks the universality of the genetic language, which ideally leads to alternative life forms. proteins are produced thanks to the translational system molecules, which decode the rna messages into a string of amino acids. the translation of genetic information contained in messenger rna (mrna) into a protein is catalysed by ribosomes. transfer rnas (trna) are used as keys to decode the mrna into its encoded polypeptide. the trna recognizes a specific three nucleotide codon in the mrna with a complementary sequence called the anticodon on one of its loops. each three-nucleotide codon is translated into one of twenty naturally occurring amino acids. there is at least one trna for any codon, and sometimes multiple codons code for the same amino acid. many trnas are compatible with several codons. an enzyme called an aminoacyl trna synthetase covalently attaches the amino acid to the appropriate trna. most cells have a different synthetase for each amino acid (20 or more synthetases). on the other hand, some bacteria have fewer than 20 aminoacyl trna synthetases, and introduce the "missing" amino acid(s) by modification of a structurally related amino acid by an aminotransferase enzyme. a feature exploited in the expansion of the genetic code is the fact that the aminoacyl trna synthetase often does not recognize the anticodon, but another part of the trna, meaning that if the anticodon were to be mutated the encoding of that amino acid would change to a new codon.
expanded genetic code
amino acid activation









































amino acid activation (also known as aminoacylation or trna charging) refers to the attachment of an amino acid to its transfer rna (trna).









































bullet::::- aminoacyl transferase binds adenosine triphosphate (atp) to amino acid, pp is released.









































bullet::::- aminoacyl trna synthetase binds amp-amino acid to trna. the amp is used in this step.









































during amino acid activation the amino acids (aa) are attached to their corresponding trna. the coupling reactions are catalysed by a group of enzymes called aminoacyl-trna synthetases (named after the reaction product aminoacyl-trna or aa-trna). the coupling reaction proceeds in two steps:
amino acid activation