the occupation of the ruhr ended on 7 october 1949.
the occupation of the ruhr ended on 7 october 1949.
when did the occupation of the ruhr end?
7 october 1949
as early as the beginning of the 1920s, the "ruhrfrage" was an important subject of dispute between france and germany. from the french perspective, the region and a big portion of the industries of the rhein and ruhr, such as the arms industry of krupp in essen and rheinmetall in düsseldorf, was known as the "armory of germany". after france had suffered at the hands of this "armory" in the franco-prussian war of 1870-71 and the first world war of 1914-1918, the negotiations leading to the treaty of versailles in 1919 resulted in the creation of a "security glacis" against germany in the form of the cessation of the left bank of the rhine, extensive demilitarization, armament restrictions, and the allied occupation of the rhineland. in addition, france was able to achieve considerable reparations from germany after the first world war. if the german reich could not meet the requirements of the reparations, the negotiation terms of the threatened to divide the ruhr through forced occupation. at this time, the ruhr was known as the "rhine-westphalian coal and industrial area", including lippe in the north, dortmund in the east, and düsseldorf in the south. germany defaulted on reparations, causing france and belgium to occupy the cities of düsseldorf, duisburg, and ruhrort in 1921 and the remaining ruhr area stretching east to dortmund in 1923. the occupation of the ruhr, including control of the factories and coal mines, lasted until the agreement of the dawes plan in 1924. the confiscated of düsseldorf served as the command center of the occupation of the ruhr until the french withdrew on august 25th, 1925.
ruhr question
the 1911 edition of "encyclopædia britannica" has only one definition of "ruhr": "a river of germany, an important right-bank tributary of the lower rhine". the use of the term "ruhr" for the industrial region started in britain only after world war i, when french and belgian troops had occupied the ruhr district and seized its prime industrial assets in lieu of unpaid reparations in 1923. in 1920, the international labour office published a report entitled "coal production in the ruhr district". in 1923, the "canadian commercial intelligence journal", volume 28, issue 1013, includes the article, "exports from the ruhr district of germany". in 1924 the english and american press was still talking of the "french occupation of the ruhr valley" or "ruhr district". a 62-page publication seems to be responsible for the use of "ruhr" as a short form of the then more common "ruhr district" or "ruhr valley": ben tillett, a. creech-jones and samuel warren's "the ruhr: the report of a deputation from the transport and general workers union" (london 1923). yet "the report of a deputation from the transport and general workers' union which spent a fortnight examining the problems in the ruhr valley", published in "the economic review", volume 8, 1923, is still using the traditional term. in the same year, "objections by the united states to discriminatory regulations on exports from the occupied region of the ruhr" was published in "papers relating to the foreign relations of the united states".
ruhr