hapten is any substance that can provoke an immune response.
hapten is any substance that can provoke an immune response.
any substance that can provoke an immune response is an?
hapten
the adaptive immune response is the body's second line of defense."adaptive immunity has evolved to provide a broader and more finely tuned repertoire of recognition for both self- and nonself-antigens. adaptive immunity involves a tightly regulated interplay between antigen-presenting cells and t and b lymphocytes, which facilitate pathogen-specific immunologic effector pathways, generation of immunologic memory, and regulation of host immune homeostasis." the cells of the adaptive immune system are extremely specific, because during early developmental stages the b and t cells develop antigen receptors that are specific to only certain antigens. this is extremely important for b and t-cell activation. b and t cells are extremely dangerous cells, if they are able to attack without going through a rigorous process of activation, a faulty b or t cell can begin exterminating the host's own healthy cells. every b and t-cell is different, making way for a diverse community of cells ready to recognize and attack a full range of invaders. this response is much slower than the body's innate response because its cells are so specific and require to be activated before it is able actually act. "in addition to specificity, another principal feature of adaptive immunity is the generation of immunologic memory. during the first encounter with an antigen (pathogen), sets of long-lived memory t and b cells are established. in subsequent encounters with the same pathogen, the memory cells are quickly activated to yield a more rapid and robust protective response". this feature of the adaptive immune response is responsible for the development of vaccines as well as other modern day medicines targeted at disease prevention. immunologic memory is the basic concept behind the modern day flu shot. the flu shot basically is giving the recipient a dormant flu virus. this activates the recipient's immune response. after the immune response, immunologic memory is activated, so if the individual ever comes into contact with the flu virus again the body will be prepared to deal with it accordingly, this time faster, and more efficiently.
immune response
positive affect is theorized to influence physical health by means of the immune system. the immune system could be influenced positively by humor in a number of ways. the possibilities include simple immunoenhancement, stress moderation, or both. the pleasant experience of humor is thought to positively influence affect so that stress is moderated. the antibody secretory immunoglobin a (s-iga) is associated with both positive and negative affect states, with negative states decreasing effectiveness and positive states increasing effects of the antibody. levels of immune response can be predicted by the number of desirable events (and presumably mood) which occur in preceding days to the immune assessment. however, there is also evidence that significant mood changes in either direction can induce an increase in immune response. laughter as an overt behavior is also associated with immune response, specifically nk cell activity, which are part of the body’s immune response. glucocorticoids are lower in subjects who laughed while watching a humorous video, and glucocorticoids decrease nk cell activity, so humor theory posits this pathway as a possible mechanism for humor as a benefit to immune responses. however, it is unclear whether these effects on this specific immune response measurement have long-term effects with clinical significance. using humor as a coping style is a way which these long-term effects on the immune system may be enacted. in one study, levels of s-iga and the use of humor as a coping style were positively correlated, although the saliva sampling procedure of this study was subsequently called into question.
humor research