cesare lombroso argued that criminals are by birth a distinct type.
cesare lombroso argued that criminals are by birth a distinct type.
who argued that criminals are by birth a distinct type?
cesare lombroso
Na
Na
the first description of foamy virus (fv) was in 1954. it was found as a contaminant in primary monkey kidney cultures. the first isolate of the “foamy viral agent” was in 1955. not too long after this, it was isolated from a wide variety of new and old world monkeys, cats, and cows. it was not until several years later that humans entered the scene. in 1971, a viral agent with fv-like characteristics was isolated from lymphoblastoid cells released from a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) from a kenyan patient. the agent was termed a human fv because of its origin, and named sfvcpz(hu) as the prototypic laboratory stain. the sfv came from its similarity to simian foamy virus (sfv). not long after this, a group of researchers concluded that it was a distinct type of fv and most closely related to sfv types 6 and 7, both of which were isolated from chimpanzees. in another report, however, a different group of researchers claimed that sfvcpz(hu) was not a distinct type of fv but rather a variant strain of chimpanzee fv. the debate came to an end in 1994 when the virus was cloned and sequenced. the sequencing showed that there are 86–95% identical amino acids between the sfv and the one isolated from the kenyan patient. in addition, phylogenetic analysis showed that the pol regions of the two genomes shared 89–92% of their nucleotides and 95–97% of the amino acids are identical between the human virus and various sfv strains. these results indicated that sfvcpz(hu) is likely a variant of sfv and not a unique isolate. when looking at the origin of the human fv, sequence comparisons showed that from four different species of chimpanzees, sfvcpz(hu) was most closely related to pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. this species of chimpanzee has a natural habitat in kenya and thus, the origin of the variant was most likely this species, and the virus was probably acquired as a zoonotic infection.
human foamy virus