antisocial personality disorder was added to the dsm in 1996.
antisocial personality disorder was added to the dsm in 1996.
when was antisocial personality disorder added to the dsm?
1996
american psychiatrists officially recognised concepts of enduring personality disturbances in the first diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in the 1950s, which relied heavily on psychoanalytic concepts. somewhat more neutral language was employed in the dsm-ii in 1968, though the terms and descriptions had only a slight resemblance to current definitions. the dsm-iii published in 1980 made some major changes, notably putting all personality disorders onto a second separate 'axis' along with mental retardation, intended to signify more enduring patterns, distinct from what were considered axis one mental disorders. 'inadequate' and 'asthenic' personality disorder' categories were deleted, and others were expanded into more types, or changed from being personality disorders to regular disorders. sociopathic personality disorder, which had been the term for psychopathy, was renamed antisocial personality disorder. most categories were given more specific 'operationalized' definitions, with standard criteria psychiatrists could agree on to conduct research and diagnose patients. in the dsm-iii revision, self-defeating personality disorder and sadistic personality disorder were included as provisional diagnoses requiring further study. they were dropped in the dsm-iv, though a proposed 'depressive personality disorder' was added; in addition, the official diagnosis of passive-aggressive personality disorder was dropped, tentatively renamed 'negativistic personality disorder.'
personality disorder
in addition to these two courses that are recognized by the dsm-iv-tr, there appears to be a relationship among oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder. specifically, research has demonstrated continuity in the disorders such that conduct disorder is often diagnosed in children who have been previously diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, and most adults with antisocial personality disorder were previously diagnosed with conduct disorder. for example, some research has shown that 90% of children diagnosed with conduct disorder had a previous diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder. moreover, both disorders share relevant risk factors and disruptive behaviors, suggesting that oppositional defiant disorder is a developmental precursor and milder variant of conduct disorder. however, this is not to say that this trajectory occurs in all individuals. in fact, only about 25% of children with oppositional defiant disorder will receive a later diagnosis of conduct disorder. correspondingly, there is an established link between conduct disorder and the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder as an adult. in fact, the current diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder require a conduct disorder diagnosis before the age of 15. however, again, only 25-40% of youths with conduct disorder will develop antisocial personality disorder. nonetheless, many of the individuals who do not meet full criteria for antisocial personality disorder still exhibit a pattern of social and personal impairments or antisocial behaviors. these developmental trajectories suggest the existence of antisocial pathways in certain individuals, which have important implications for both research and treatment.
conduct disorder