the first gender reassignment surgery was performed by stanley h. biber.
the first gender reassignment surgery was performed by stanley h. biber.
when was the first gender reassignment surgery performed?
stanley h. biber
a few years prior to ellis' publication of the first volume in his series, krafft-ebbing, an austrian professor of psychiatry, also took an interest in the sexual impulses of transgender individuals. after the publications of both krafft-ebbing's and ellis' studies, other sexologists and psychologists began to show interest in these studies as well. magnus hirschfeld, a german sexologist, began to similarly explore the sexual impulses and behaviours of transgender individuals, and eventually gender reassignment surgery. with the help of medical professionals, the first full gender reassignment surgery was completed in hirschfeld's clinic in 1931 on lili elbe.
studies in the psychology of sex vol. 7
in iran there is a strict gender binary. the government enforces the gender binary by suppressing information about homosexuality and encouraging people questioning their sexuality to undergo sex reassignment surgery. since the sex reassignment surgery is accepted by the government and religious institutions along with obtaining funding from the government for the surgery many iranians who are attracted to the same sex see this as a way to be public about their sexual orientation without being persecuted by the government. since being homosexual is not an option presented to iranians there has been a surge in the amount of iranians who undergo gender reassignment surgery when their sexual orientation is towards the same sex. sex reassignment surgery is encouraged by clerics,psychologists, and the government as homosexuality is illegal and punishable by lashing or execution. this has led to a bolstering transsexual community in iran as homosexuality has been removed from society as an identity leading homosexuals and transsexuals to all seek gender reassignment surgery. the people who undergo these surgeries are fully accepted by the government but families still often reject family members who undergo gender reassignment surgery. family members are an primary resource for job acquisition in iran. without a social network to call on for job leads it is increasingly difficult to find work, and transsexuals are discriminated against in the job market forcing them into sex work..
lgbt in the middle east