photomultiplier tube is the kind of tube that is used to produce x rays.
photomultiplier tube is the kind of tube that is used to produce x rays.
what kind of tube is used to produce x rays?
photomultiplier tube
any vacuum tube operating at several thousand volts or more can produce x-rays as an unwanted byproduct, raising safety issues. the higher the voltage, the more penetrating the resulting radiation and the more the hazard. crt displays, once common in color televisions and computer displays, operate at making them the main concern among household appliances. historically, concern has focused less on the cathode ray tube, since its thick glass envelope is impregnated with several pounds of lead for shielding, than on high voltage (hv) rectifier and voltage regulator tubes inside. in the late 1960s it was found that a failure in the hv supply circuit of some general electric tvs could leave excessive voltages on the regulator tube, causing it to emit x-rays. the models were recalled and the ensuing scandal caused the us agency responsible for regulating this hazard, the center for devices and radiological health of the food and drug administration (fda), to require that all tvs include circuits to prevent excessive voltages in the event of failure. the hazard associated with excessive voltages was eliminated with the advent of all solid state tvs, which have no tubes beside the crt. since 1969 the fda has limited tv x-ray emission to 0.5 mr (milliroentgen) per hour. the flat screens used today do not have any vacuum tubes capable of emitting x-rays.
x-ray tube
section::::microbeam development.:x-ray microbeam.









































the raraf microbeam is adding an x-ray microbeam using characteristic kα x rays from ti. the x rays will be generated using an electrostatic lens system to focus protons onto a thick ti target. the x rays generated are demagnified using a zone plate. by using the already focused proton microbeam to generate characteristic x rays, it is possible to obtain a nearly monochromatic x-ray beam (very low bremsstrahlung yield) and a reasonably small x-ray source (~20 µm diameter), reducing the requirements on the zone plate.
raraf