the mughal rule came to an end in 1857.
the mughal rule came to an end in 1857.
when did the mughal rule come to an end?
1857
bahadur shah zafar ruled over a mughal empire that had by the early nineteenth century been reduced to only the city of delhi and the surrounding territory as far as palam. the maratha empire had brought an end to the mughal empire in the deccan during the 18th century and the regions of india formerly under mughal rule had either been absorbed by the marathas or had declared independence and become smaller kingdoms. the marathas installed shah alam ii in the throne in 1772, under the protection of the maratha general mahadaji shinde and maintained suzerainty over mughal affairs in delhi. the east india company became the dominant political and military power in mid-nineteenth-century india. outside the region controlled by the company, hundreds of kingdoms and principalities, fragmented their land. the emperor was respected by the company, who provided him with a pension. the emperor permitted the company to collect taxes from delhi and maintain a military force in it. zafar never had any interest in statecraft or had any "imperial ambition". after the indian rebellion of 1857, the british exiled him from delhi.
bahadur shah zafar
the beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder babur over ibrahim lodi, the last ruler of the delhi sultanate, in the first battle of panipat (1526). during the reign of humayun, the successor of babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the sur empire established by sher shah suri, who re-established the grand trunk road across the northern indian subcontinent, initiated the rupee currency system and developed much of the foundations of the effective administration of mughal rule. the "classic period" of the mughal empire began in 1556, with the ascension of akbar to the throne. some rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the mughal dominance of northwestern india, but most of them were subdued by akbar. all mughal emperors were muslims; akbar, however, propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called dīn-i ilāhī, as recorded in historical books like "ain-i-akbari" and "dabistān-i mazāhib". the mughal empire did not try to intervene in native societies during most of its existence, rather co-opting and pacifying them through concilliatory administrative practices and a syncretic, inclusive ruling elite, leading to more systematic, centralized and uniform rule. traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western india, such as the marathas, the rajputs, the pashtuns, the hindu jats and the sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during mughal rule which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.
history of islam