alfred binet was responsible for the initial work on measuring intelligence.
alfred binet was responsible for the initial work on measuring intelligence.
who was responsible for the initial work on measuring intelligence?
alfred binet
cattell’s research on individual differences played a significant role in introducing and emphasizing the experimental technique and importance of methodology in experimentation in america. regarding the beginnings of his mental tests, in leipzig, cattell independently began to measure “simple mental processes” between 1883 and 1886, cattell published nine articles discussing human reaction time rates and individual differences. as professor at the university of pennsylvania, cattell administered a battery of ten tests to student volunteers, and for the first time introduced the term “mental tests” as a general term for his set of tests which included measures of sensation, using weights to determine just-noticeable differences, reaction time, human memory span, and rate of movement. when cattell moved to columbia university, the battery of tests became compulsory for all freshmen. cattell believed that his mental tests were measuring intelligence; however, in 1901 clark wissler, a student of cattell, demonstrated that there was no statistical relationship between scores on cattell's tests and academic performance. the tests were finally rendered irrelevant with the development of alfred binet’s intelligence measurements.
james mckeen cattell
cyril gained an opportunity to restore alexandria's pre-eminence over both antioch and constantinople when an antiochine priest who was in constantinople at nestorius' behest began to preach against calling mary the "mother of god" ("theotokos"). as the term "mother of god" had long been attached to mary, the laity in constantinople complained against the priest. rather than repudiating the priest, nestorius intervened on his behalf. nestorius argued that mary was neither a "mother of man" nor "mother of god" as these referred to christ's two natures; rather, mary was the "mother of christ" (greek: "christotokos"). christ, according to nestorius, was the conjunction of the godhead with his "temple" (which nestorius was fond of calling his human nature). the controversy seemed to be centered on the issue of the suffering of christ. cyril maintained that the son of god or the divine word, truly suffered "in the flesh." however, nestorius claimed that the son of god was altogether incapable of suffering, even within his union with the flesh. eusebius of dorylaeum went so far as to accuse nestorius of adoptionism. by this time, news of the controversy in the capital had reached alexandria. at easter 429 a.d., cyril wrote a letter to the egyptian monks warning them of nestorius' views. a copy of this letter reached constantinople where nestorius preached a sermon against it. this began a series of letters between cyril and nestorius which gradually became more strident in tone. finally, emperor theodosius ii convoked the council of ephesus (in 431) to solve the dispute. cyril selected ephesus as the venue since it supported the veneration of mary. the council was convoked before nestorius's supporters from antioch and syria had arrived and thus nestorius refused to attend when summoned. predictably, the council ordered the deposition and exile of nestorius for heresy.
cyril of alexandria