the president of the united states is empowered by the constitution to make federal laws.
the president of the united states is empowered by the constitution to make federal laws.
who is empowered by the constitution to make federal laws?
president of the united states
federal tribunals in the united states are those tribunals established by the federal government of the united states for the purpose of deciding the constitutionality of federal laws and for resolving other disputes about federal laws. they include both article iii tribunals (federal courts) as well as adjudicative entities which are classified as article i or article iv tribunals. some of the latter entities are also formally denominated as courts, but they do not enjoy certain protections afforded to article iii courts. these tribunals are described in reference to the article of the united states constitution from which the tribunal's authority stems. the use of the term "tribunal" in this context as a blanket term to encompass both courts and other adjudicative entities comes from section 8 of article i of the constitution, which expressly grants congress the power to constitute tribunals inferior to the u.s. supreme court.
federal tribunals in the united states
this view of the constitution has been rejected by the federal courts, which consistently have held that under the constitution, the states do not have the power to nullify federal laws. the courts have rejected the compact theory, finding that the constitution was not a contract among the states. rather, the constitution was established directly by the people, as stated in the preamble: "we the people of the united states ..." the people made the federal government superior to the states in certain ways. under the supremacy clause of article vi, the constitution and federal laws made in pursuance thereof are "the supreme law of the land ... any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding." the courts have held that federal laws are therefore superior to state laws and cannot be negated by the states. federal laws are valid and are controlling, so long as those laws were adopted in pursuance of—that is, consistent with—the constitution. determining whether a federal law is consistent with the constitution requires interpretation of the law, which is inherently a judicial function. the federal judicial power granted by article iii of the constitution gives the federal courts authority over all cases "arising under this constitution [or] the laws of the united states". the federal courts therefore have been given the power to determine whether federal laws are consistent with the constitution, with the supreme court having final authority.
nullification (u.s. constitution)