bolivia had access to an ocean in 1830 but is now landlocked.
bolivia had access to an ocean in 1830 but is now landlocked.
which country had access to an ocean in 1830 but is now landlocked?
bolivia
some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. for instance, in its early history, russia's only ports were on the arctic ocean and frozen shut for much of the year. the wish to gain control of a warm-water port was a major motivator of russian expansion towards the baltic sea, black sea and pacific ocean. on the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. for instance, paraguay (and bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean through the paraguay and parana rivers.
landlocked country
landlocked developing countries (lldc) are developing countries that are landlocked. the economic and other disadvantages experienced by such countries makes the majority of landlocked countries least developed countries (ldc), with inhabitants of these countries occupying the bottom billion tier of the world's population in terms of poverty. apart from europe, there is not a single successful highly developed landlocked country as measured by the human development index (hdi), and nine of the twelve countries with the lowest hdi scores are landlocked. landlocked european countries are exceptions in terms of development outcomes due to their close integration with the regional european market. landlocked countries that rely on transoceanic trade usually suffer a cost of trade that is double that of their maritime neighbours. landlocked countries experience economic growth 6% less than their non-landlocked countries, holding other variables constant.
landlocked developing countries