the atp made by the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis is part of the atp synthase process.
the atp made by the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis is part of the atp synthase process.
the atp made by the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis is part of what process?
atp synthase
oxidative phosphorylation works by using energy-releasing chemical reactions to drive energy-requiring reactions: the two sets of reactions are said to be "coupled". this means one cannot occur without the other. the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, from electron donors such as nadh to electron acceptors such as oxygen, is an exergonic process – it releases energy, whereas the synthesis of atp is an endergonic process, which requires an input of energy. both the electron transport chain and the atp synthase are embedded in a membrane, and energy is transferred from electron transport chain to the atp synthase by movements of protons across this membrane, in a process called "chemiosmosis". in practice, this is like a simple electric circuit, with a current of protons being driven from the negative n-side of the membrane to the positive p-side by the proton-pumping enzymes of the electron transport chain. these enzymes are like a battery, as they perform work to drive current through the circuit. the movement of protons creates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is often called the "proton-motive force". it has two components: a difference in proton concentration (a h gradient, δph) and a difference in electric potential, with the n-side having a negative charge.
oxidative phosphorylation
most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce atp from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. at the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from nadh and fadh2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. the electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively "pumping" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. this entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since adp is phosphorylated to atp using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps.
electron transport chain