amenorrhea is often associated with lower estrogen levels and an increased risk of secondary amenorrhoea.
amenorrhea is often associated with lower estrogen levels and an increased risk of secondary amenorrhoea.
amenorrhea is often associated with lower estrogen levels and an increased risk of ____.​?
secondary amenorrhoea
the side effect profile of bicalutamide in men and women differs from that of other antiandrogens and is considered favorable in comparison. relative to analogues and the steroidal antiandrogen (saa) cyproterone acetate (cpa), bicalutamide monotherapy has a much lower incidence and severity of hot flashes and sexual dysfunction. in addition, unlike analogues and , bicalutamide monotherapy is not associated with decreased bone mineral density or osteoporosis. conversely, bicalutamide monotherapy is associated with much higher rates of breast tenderness, gynecomastia, and feminization in men than analogues and . however, gynecomastia with bicalutamide is rarely severe and discontinuation rates due to this side effect are fairly low. these differences in side effects between bicalutamide monotherapy, analogues, and are attributed to the fact that whereas analogues and suppress estrogen production, bicalutamide monotherapy does not lower estrogen levels and in fact actually increases them.
bicalutamide
the most common snp epoxygenase variants are as follows. 1) cyp2c8*3 (30411ag, rs10509681, lys399arg) converts arachidonic acid to 11,12-eet and 14,15-eet with a turnover rate less than half that of wild type cyp2c8; in a single recent report, male but not female carriers of the cyp2c8*3 allele had an increased risk of essential hypertension. bearers of this snp may or may not show increased risk of developing acute gastrointestinal bleeding during the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) that are its substrates such as aceclofenac, celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, lornoxicam, meloxicam, naproxen, piroxicam, tenoxicam, and valdecoxib. 2) cyp2j2*7 (−76gt, rs890293, upstream promoter (genetics) site) has decreased binding of the sp1 transcription factor resulting in its lowered expressionas and lowered levels of eets in plasma. carriers of this snp among a uyghur population in china had a higher risk of coronary artery disease. however, cyp2j2*7 carriers showed no association with hypertension, heart attack, or stroke in a study of 5,740 participants of the cardiovascular cohort of the malmö diet and cancer study; since other studies have afforded contradictory results, this allele is currently regarded as not associated with cardiovascular diseases (see epoxyeicosatrienoic acid#clinical significance). bearers of this snp in a chinese population had a higher risk of younger onset of type 2 diabetes and among a chinese han population had a higher risk of alzheimer's disease. 3) cyp2c8*2 (11054at, rs11572103, ile269phe) and cyp2c8*4 (11041c, rs1058930, variants have reduced arachidonic acid-metabolizing activity but have not been clearly associated with cardiovascular or other diseases. 4) cypc28*4 (3608ct, rs1058930, ile264met) has reduced arachidonic acid metabolizing activity. it has not been associated with cardiovascular diseases but has a higher incidence in subjects with type ii diabetes in a small sample of caucasians in germany. 5) the cyp2c9*2 (3608ct, rs1799853, arg144cys) variant has a 50% reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolizing activity compared to cyp2c9 wild type; carriers of it show no association with cardiovascular disease but exhibit poor metabolism of the anti-coagulating, "blood-thining" agent, warfarin. these carriers are susceptible to the gastrointestinal bleeding side effects of warfarin and the nsaid cited above. 6 ) cyp2c9*3 (42624ac, rs1057910, iso359leu) encodes an expoxygenase with reduced arachidonic acid metabolizing activity. this allele has not been directly associated with cardiovascular diseases but may be associated with the poor metabolism and therefore adverse reactions to warfarin, nsaid, sulfonylurea-containing oral hypoglycemic agents, and the anti-(epilepsy) drug, phenytoin. 7) cyp2c19*2 (19154ga, rs4244285, il264met) and cyp2c19*3 (17948ga, rs4986893, his212x) are loss-of-function null alleles; carriers of the cyp2c19*3 but not the cyp2c19*2 allele showed a "reduced" risk of developing essential hypertension in a large korean population study. bearers of null alleles would be expected to be poor metabolizers of several drugs which are cyp2c19*2 or cyp2c19*3 substrates. this is particularly the case with clopidogrel, a drug used to block platelet activation, blood clotting, and thereby heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery occlusion in people at high risk of these events; cyp2c19 metabolizes clopidogrel to it active form. consequently, patients with severe deficiencies in this cyp, i.e. bearers of cyp2c19*3 or cyp2c19*2 alleles, fail to gain protection from clopidogrel and have a higher risk of the cited cardiovascular events than clopidogrel-treated patients bearing wild type cyp2c19 alleles. 8) cypc19*17 (-800ct, rs12248560, site upstream gene promoter site) causes overproduction of its epoxygenase and thereby the ultra fast metabolism of arachidonic acid. bearers of this allele have not been associated with cardiovascular diseases but clearly show a decreased risk of developing breast cancer and endometriosis possible because their rapid metabolism of estrogen leads to lower estrogen levels and thereby a lower risk of these estrogen-fueled diseases. these bearers also a higher rate of metabolism of, and therefore reduced responsiveness to, certain proton pump inhibitor and antidepressant drugs.
epoxygenase