under god got added to pledge in 1954.
under god got added to pledge in 1954.
when did under god get added to pledge?
in 1954
the pledge of allegiance of the united states is an expression of allegiance to the flag of the united states and the republic of the united states of america. it was originally composed by captain george thatcher balch, a union army officer during the civil war and later a teacher of patriotism in new york city schools. the form of the pledge used today was largely devised by francis bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by congress as the pledge in 1942. the official name of "the pledge of allegiance" was adopted in 1945. the most recent alteration of its wording came on flag day in 1954, when the words "under god" were added.
pledge of allegiance
justices welch, davison, halley and johnson concurred. chief justice williams, blackbird vcj, berry j and irwin j dissented. justice irwin's dissent went as follows.









































section::::addendum.









































according to swan, reiter and bala, "two of the judges who sided with the majority in peevyhouse were later involved in a serious bribery scandal. there is some suggestion that counsel for garland coal could have improperly influenced some of the judges in other cases, but there is no suggestion that a bribe affected the outcome in peevyhouse, a case of relatively little financial consequence to garland coal."









































section::::controversy.
peevyhouse v. garland coal & mining co.