irvin rock coined the concept of in group and out group.
irvin rock coined the concept of in group and out group.
who has coined the concept of in group and out group?
irvin rock
Na
Na
in 1986, jacques gauthier defined the name ornithosuchia (previously coined by huene) for a branch-based clade including all archosaurs more closely related to birds than to crocodiles. in the same year, gauthier also coined and defined a slightly more restrictive node-based clade, ornithodira, containing the last common ancestor of the dinosaurs and the pterosaurs and all of its descendants. paul sereno in 1991 gave a different definition of ornithodira, one in which "scleromochlus" was explicitly added. it was thus a potentially larger group than the ornithodira of gauthier. in 1999 michael benton concluded that "scleromochlus" was indeed outside gauthier's original conception of ornithodira, so he named a new branch-based clade for this purpose: avemetatarsalia, named after the birds (aves), the last surviving members of the clade, and the metatarsal ankle joint that was a typical character of the group. avemetatarsalia was defined as all avesuchia closer to dinosauria than to crocodylia. in 2005, sereno stated the opinion that ornithodira was not a useful concept, whereas avemetatarsalia was. in 2001, the same clade was given the name pan-aves (meaning "all ["pan" in greek] birds" ["aves" in latin]), coined by jacques gauthier. he defined it as the largest and most inclusive clade of archosaurs containing aves (birds, anchored on "vultur gryphus") but not crocodylia (anchored on "crocodylus niloticus"). gauthier referred aves, all other dinosauria, all pterosauria, and a variety of triassic archosaurs, including "lagosuchus" and "scleromochlus", to this group.
avemetatarsalia