william watson|benjamin franklin came up with positive and negative charges in ions.
william watson|benjamin franklin came up with positive and negative charges in ions.
who came up with positive and negative charges in ions?
william watson|benjamin franklin
Na
Na
at the lowest scale, the soil chemistry affects the aggregation or dispersal of soil particles. the clay particles contain polyvalent cations which give the faces of clay layers localized negative charges. at the same time, the edges of the clay plates have a slight positive charge, thereby allowing the edges to adhere to the negative charges on the faces of other clay particles or to flocculate (form clumps). on the other hand, when monovalent ions, such as sodium, invade and displace the polyvalent cations, they weaken the positive charges on the edges, while the negative surface charges are relatively strengthened. this leaves negative charge on the clay faces that repel other clay, causing the particles to push apart, and by doing so deflocculate clay suspensions. as a result, the clay disperses and settles into voids between peds, causing those to close. in this way the open structure of the soil is destroyed and the soil is made impenetrable to air and water. such sodic soil (also called haline soil) tends to form columnar peds near the surface.
soil