In 2009, EU leaders agreed to reduce European emissions by 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990, based on efforts that, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change, industrialized countries must deploy to limit global warming to 2C. In 2011, the EU definitively approved the Roadmap towards a competitive low-carbon economy by 2050 (COM (2011) 112), which includes the main steps and the measures needed to achieve, at the best cost, this long-term goal. To achieve at least an 80% reduction by 2050, European emissions must be reduced by 25 to 30% by 2020, 40% by 2030 and 60% by 2040. At these stages, the EU committed in 2015, as part of the Paris Agreement, to reduce its emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared to 1990.