An increase in the incidence of vector-borne diseases (such as dengue fever, malaria and yellow fever) as higher temperatures favour the proliferation of mosquitoes and other disease carriers: a threefold increase in dengue transmission is likely in Jamaica?;  A higher occurrence of respiratory diseases and heat and stress-related illnesses and conditions caused by the 'heat island effect.' This could directly increase morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in the elderly;  An increase in water-related diseases, especially water borne diseases, particularly following extreme rainfall events, such as dysentery, typhoid and cholera and exacerbated by poor sanitation, unplanned settlements and pollution to watersheds and water sources;  It is further recognized that the impacts of climate change on coastal and terrestrial resources, food supply, water production and the various economic sectors are likely to have indirect and significant effects on human health;  More frequent extreme weather events can lead to potentially more deaths and injuries caused by storms, floods and landslides;  Given the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate variability, rising temperatures and more frequent droughts and floods can compromise food security. This could result in increases in malnutrition, given the high dependency on rain-fed subsistence farming. Climate change threatens the efficient production of energy and given the high dependence on foreign energy sources across all sectors, this could increase Jamaica's overall economic vulnerability. Jamaica's energy mix is made up of 90% imported oil with the balance of 10% from renewable energy sources. In 2008, the amount of oil imported was approximately 27 million barrels (US$2.7 billion), a third of which was used by the bauxite/alumina sector with the remainder used in the 'domestic economy'. Since 2009, there has been a reduction in oil imports leading to a total of 20.24 million barrels imported in 2012 (at a cost of US$2.21 billion). Among the factors contributing to the lower consumption were conservation measures adopted due to the high cost of energy and the stagnation or decline of economic activities. The sector remains the largest user of foreign exchange and so it is incumbent on the country to reduce its dependency on oil as well as its emissions of greenhouse gases. This can be achieved by taking actions for mitigating