in de-risking the testing and demonstration of these approaches, and in providing clear procurement signals and an appropriate regulatory framework. CO Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) & Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) Key R&I Programmes 2022-25 DESNZ Net Zero Innovation Portfolio (NZIP) CCUS Innovation 2.0 Programme, £20m. R&I Challenge: 6.1 DESNZ Net Zero Innovation Portfolio (NZIP) Direct Air Capture and Greenhouse Gas Removals Innovation Programme, £60m. R&I Challenge: 6.2 & 6.3 UKRI Strategic Priorities Fund Greenhouse Gas Removals (GGR) Programme, £22m. R&I Challenge: 6.2, 6.3, 9.4 & 9.6 Key R&I deliverable(s) 2022-25 Develop novel CCUS technologies and support demonstration of next generation CCUS to reduce deployment costs. Demonstration / pilot plants covering Direct Air Capture, bioenergy with carbon capture, seawater solutions and biochar. Support for a series of land- based GGR demonstration projects such as rock weathering, afforestation, perennial crops, peatland and biochar. Longer term policy objective Support the establishment of connections for four of the UK's major industrial clusters to decarbonisation infrastructure by 2030. Deliver one or more first- of-a-kind demonstrators to enable ambition for 5MtCO₂ of engineered removals annually by 2030. Understand the effectiveness, cost and limitations of large- scale land-based GGR methods needed to achieve the level of removals required for net zero. Government has an important role to play in overcoming the financial barriers associated with high up-front capital costs of CCUS, as well as the technical challenges relating to capture performance at scale. This also includes support for innovation in the enabling infrastructure for CCUS, such as storage and transportation, as well as the appropriate market frameworks and pro-innovation regulation.