needs to be developed at an international level to be effective. The UK Government has already put a discussion paper to the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) on emissions trading and the possibilities of extending it to the shipping sector. We will continue to work with the IMO and other relevant international organisations to progress discussions on options for incentivising carbon emissions reductions in the shipping sector. We will also work within the EU Framework Programme and domestically to examine the case for additional R,D&D into technologies for lower carbon shipping. Key conclusions and next steps Our strategy for stimulating new lower carbon transport technologies has highlighted the important role that Government can play at all stages of the innovation cycle from basic research through to product commercialisation. Consistent with the conclusions of the recent Stern Review, we are adopting an approach which combines the use of carbon pricing mechanisms and supporting regulation in the transport sector with additional Government support for research, development and demonstration projects (R,D&D). In particular we are significantly expanding our support for low carbon R,D&D through the creation of the Energy Technologies Institute, a new Innovation Platform for UK automotive R&D and a new programme of support for public procurement of lower carbon vehicles. At a European level support for relevant R,D&D is also being increased through Framework Programme 7 and we will work to ensure that UK companies and academic groups are active participants in international collaborative projects in these areas.