On the 12th December 2015, UNFCCC Decision 1/CP.21 adopted the Paris Agreement, a new international agreement aimed at reducing GHG emissions. Decision 1/CP.21 also welcomes the submission of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). The European Union submitted an INDC committing its Member States to reduce its overall GHG emissions by at least 40% by 2030, comparing to 1990 levels. The new Framework contains the following binding targets to be reached by 2030: at least 40% reduction in GHG emissions compared to 1990 (-43% and -30 % by 2030, compared to 2005 levels, for EU ETS sectors and ESD sectors, respectively), at least 27% of energy consumption from renewable sources, at least 27% of energy efficiency improvements. Moreover, as a follow-up of the EU Effort Sharing Decision (ESD), on the 20th July 2016 the European Commission presented the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) proposal, which assigns to Italy a 33% GHG emissions reduction target for sectors not covered by ETS, to be achieved by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.