The Paris Agreement also aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. In addition, countries need to aim to reach the global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible. It also aims for "rapid reductions in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century." Provisions of the Paris Agreement also provide, "Each Party shall communicate a nationally determined contribution (NDC) every five years," and "All parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies," taking note of the objective of the Agreement. Under such circumstances, Japan takes initiative in international society so that major emitters would strive to reduce emissions in accordance with their capabilities under a fair and effective international framework in which all major emitters participate, and aims to achieve the 80% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 as a long-term target while pursuing the global warming countermeasures and the economic growth at the same time, based on the Paris Agreement. Such drastic emission reductions are difficult to realize with only conventional initiatives. Therefore, Japan committedly pursues overcoming the challenge through innovation, such as the development and diffusion of innovative technologies that enable fundamental emissions reductions. At the same time, Japan encourages domestic investment in this field, builds up international competitiveness and gathers knowledge and ideas from citizens to achieve drastic emissions reductions through long-term and strategic efforts, and contributes to the global emissions reductions.