Like all long-term projections, the MCS analysis is limited in its ability to depict the complexity of real-world markets and uncertainties, and the intention is not to predict with precision the long-term evolution of the energy and land sectors, but instead to provide a basis for understanding the key opportunities and challenges related to achieving the MCS vision. There are many pathways to deep decarbonization, and they do not require major technological breakthroughs. Both the EMF 24 and DD Pathways studies portray multiple pathways for the United States to achieve domestic emission reductions of 80 percent or more by mid-century, while continuing to meet American demand for electricity, transportation, manufacturing, and other energy services. Both studies rely solely on technologies that either are in commercial use today or can reasonably be expected to be commercialized by the time of their deployment in the model. That said, technological breakthroughs can significantly increase the pace and reduce the costs of decarbonization. Nearly all deep decarbonization scenarios show large increases in the deployment of certain technologies and strategies, including energy efficiency, electrification, wind, solar, and biomass. All scenarios in the EMF 24 and DD Pathways studies show large increases in: (1) energy efficiency, causing energy use to decline by at least 30 percent in all DD Pathways scenarios and roughly 20 percent in EMF 24, compared to respective business-as-usual scenarios in 2050; (2) electrification, with electricity generation increasing by 60 to 113 percent between 2005 and 2050 across the DD Pathways scenarios due to increased electricity usage in transportation, buildings, and industry; (3) wind and solar energy, with solar generation increasing by 21 to 83 times and wind generation increasing 4 to 25 times over 2014 levels by 2050 in the DD Pathways scenarios; and (4) bioenergy, with biomass use increasing by over four times today's levels in both the DD Pathways and EMF 24 scenarios.