INDONESIA LONG-TERM STRATEGY 17 FOR LOW CARBON AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE 2050 INDONESIA LTS-LCCR 2050) In most scenarios, without mitigation effort even with adaptation, atmospheric concentration by 2100 is more than 1,000 ppm CO₂e. Emission scenarios of CO₂e concentrations in 2100 of about s 450 ppm are likely to maintain warming below 2°C. These scenarios projected that in 2050 the GHG emission reduction will reach 40% to 70% compared to 2010 (49 + 4.5 Gton CO₂e per year) and 2100 emissions level will reach near zero or below. In model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5°C, global net anthropogenic CO₂ emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40-60% interquartile range), reaching net-zero around 2050 (2045-2055 interquartile range). For limiting global warming to below 2°C, CO₂ emissions are projected to decline by about 20% by 2030 in most pathways (10-30% interquartile range) and reach net-zero around 2075 (2065-2080 interquartile range). Non-CO₂ emissions in pathways that limit global warming to 1.5°C show deep reductions that are similar to those in pathways limiting warming to 2°C (IPCC SR1.5). By 2050, the Earth's population is estimated over 9 billion with growing demand for energy and natural resources. Environmental degradation and erosion of natural resources are expected to continue to 2050, with the irreversible changes that will endanger life and livelihood. Without ambitious policy, the world will face more disruptive climate change as a result of the increase of GHGs emission by 50% to 70% due to growth of energy-related CO₂ emission. These increased emissions will cause temperature increase above 2°C threshold, affect precipitation patterns, increase glacier and permafrost melt, increase sea-level, and worsen the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. It is projected that in 2050 biodiversity loss will continue, mature forests will shrink in area by 13% followed by commercial forestry, while mean species abundance will decrease