The climate-energy package introduces a dual approach to achieve a 20% reduction in total greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels, France. This objective is divided into two sub-objectives, one for ETS sectors (subject to the European emissions trading scheme) and another for non-ETS sectors (EU, 2009). Under the revised EU-ETS Directive, a single EU-ETS cap covers the EU Member States and the three non-EU participating States (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein), i.e. that there are no longer any ceilings differentiated by country for the sectors concerned. For the allowances allocated to the sectors included in the EU-ETS, annual caps have been set for the period from 2013 to 2020; these fall by 1.74% per year, starting from the average level of allowances issued by the Member States during the second period (2008-2012). The annual caps imply intermediate emission reduction targets in the sectors covered by the EU-ETS for each year until 2020. For further information on the EU-ETS and information on the use of the market in the ETS, the biannual report of Europe can be consulted. Emissions not covered by the ETS are dealt with under the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD). The ESD covers emissions from all sources not covered by the EU-ETS, except emissions from international maritime transport and international and European air transport (the latter have been included in the ETS since 1 January