3.9. Emissions of other gases 4. POLICIES AND MEASURES 4.1. Macroeconomic policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 4.2. Restraining factors of economic development 4.3. Comparative analysis of the results obtained in the First National Communication and subsequent studies 4.4. Energy 4.4.1. Power supply 4.4.2. Heat supply 4.4.3. Improvement of the heat supply system, development of combined heat and power generation 4.4.4. Implementation of energy-saving technologies in the production, distribution and consumption of energy 4.4.5. Program for the development of the unified electric power system of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period up to 2010 with a perspective up to 2015 4.4.6. Improving the efficiency of electricity generation in the combined cycle 4.4.7. Renewable energy sources 4.4 8. Hydropower 4.4.9. Wind power 4.4.10. Solar energy 4.4.11. Geothermal energy 4.4.12. Energy of biomass and municipal solid waste 4.4.13. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the use of renewable energy sources 4.5. Dynamics of GHG emissions from the energy sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan depending on the technologies used 4.6. Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector 4.7. Measures to reduce GHG emissions in the industrial and housing and communal sectors of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 4.8. Projections of emissions and overall impact of policies and measures 5. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION MEASURES 5.1. Modern climate of Kazakhstan and its changes 5.2. Modern dynamics of glaciation of mountain systems of Kazakhstan 5.2.1. Glacier monitoring system 5.2.2. Dynamics of glaciation and cryogenesis 5.3. Climate change scenarios in Kazakhstan 5.4. Potential impact of climate change 5.4.1. Agriculture 5.4.2. Water resources 5.4.3. Mudflow activity 5.4.4. Forestry 60 63 63 65 66 66 66 70 71 72 74 76 77 78 78 79 80 80 80 81 82 83 95 99