In accordance with Articles 4, paragraph 1 (a) and 12 paragraph 1 (a) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), all parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and the specificity of their national and regional development priorities, their objectives and their situation, establish, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties (COP), national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by their sources and the absorption by their sinks of all greenhouse gases (GHGs) not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methods to be approved by the PC. In this respect, the Paris Agreement, by contributing to the implementation of the Convention, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and the fight against poverty, in particular by containing the global average temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing action to limit the global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, with the understanding that this would significantly reduce the risks and effects of climate change. These inventories relate to the time series 19902015 and cover anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of direct GHGs, namely carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and fluorinated gases (HFCs). Emissions of indirect GHG precursors such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and those of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) are also reported. GHG emissions and removals have been estimated, in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, for the energy,