 However, de Swaan (2007) argued that it alone is not sufficient.Rather, the Q-value, which comprises both frequency (better known as prevalence) and 'centrality', helps to explain the spread of (super)central languages, especially former colonial languages in newly independent countries where in which only the elite minority spoke the language initially.Frequency alone would not be able to explain the spread of such languages, but Q-value, which includes centrality, would be able to.