 Sinyavsky and Daniel's works were smuggled out of the Soviet Union as "samizdat" (illegal self-published writings) to the West and published in foreign editorials under pseudonyms to protect their identities.Sinyavsky began publishing under the pen name Abram Tertz in Paris in 1959, and Daniel began publishing under the pen name Nikolai Arzhak in 1961.The publication of Daniel's "This is Moscow Speaking" and Sinyavsky's "The Trial Begins" in the West between 1959 and 1962 caught the attention of the KGB, the main security agency and secret police of the Soviet Union.