 Vilain is a fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics, serves on the International Olympic Committee’s Medical Commission, and sits on the Board of Scientific Counselors for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD).Vilain is known for his research on the molecular mechanisms of DSDs, using DNA sequencing and animal models to discover the biological bases of sex differentiation.In addition to DSDs, Vilain has also published a large body of research on sex differences in the brain, the biology of sexual orientation, and gender identity.