 Much of the info on Stingray devices was provided by Ringmaiden himself, who looked for how authorities had discovered he was committing tax fraud.In January 2016, in the case of "United States v. Patrick", the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, upheld the warrantless use of a Stingray to locate the suspect.On March 30, 2016, the Maryland Court of Special Appeals ruled in "Maryland v. Andrews" that a warrant is required for using a Stingray.