 On September 21, 2017, the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled in "Prince Jones v. United States" that using a Stingray requires a warrant.On November 3, 2017, the New York Supreme Court in Brooklyn ruled in "People v. Gordon" that using a Stingray constitutes a search, thus requiring a warrant separate from a pen register/trap and trace order.On July 18, 2018, the U.S. District Court of Northern California ruled in "United States v. Artis" that the evidence obtained from a stingray device must be suppressed due to deficiencies in the warrants obtained by the Federal agents.