 The term was first used in 2002 by Gerard Manning and colleagues in twin papers analyzing the 518 human protein kinases, and refers to both protein kinases and protein pseudokinases  and their evolution of protein kinases throughout the eukaryotes.Other kinomes have been determined for rice, several fungi, nematodes, and insects, sea urchins, "Dictyostelium discoideum", and the process of infection by "Mycobacterium tuberculosis".Although the primary sequence of protein kinases shows substantial divergence between unrelated eukaryotes, and amino acid differences in catalytic motifs have permitted their separation of kinomes into canonical and pseudokinase subtypes, the variation found in the amino acid motifs adjacent to the site of actual phosphorylation of substrates by eukaryotic kinases is much smaller.