 Finding the governing structure of the APA deeply conservative and self-perpetuating, Hartmann encouraged reform-minded candidates to run for leadership positions.Two such candidates encouraged by Hartmann and the CoCP were Alfred Friedman (1917-2011) who served as APA president in 1973-1974 and John Spiegel (1911-1991) who served as APA president in 1974-1975.Both of these men shared the CoCP's belief that public laws against homosexuality and prohibitions against homosexuals in psychiatry were based upon flawed studies, societal prejudice, and outdated psychoanalytic theory.