 These movements have been credited by scholars as having engendered an understanding of universal sisterhood, from which emerged a flurry of conferences and media that reflected the diverse experience of women internationally.Africans were limited in what roles they could take in film until the 1950s and 60s, when indigenous Africans began freeing themselves from colonial rule, however few women were given access to the creative process beyond acting.Director Safi Faye is credited as the first African woman to direct a film with the release of her 1975 film "Kaddu Beykat", which film scholar N. Frank Ukadike has stated is indicative of a wider struggles by black filmmakers in the African diaspora.