 Other themes can include resilience and female independence, as in the case of Cameroon filmmaker Rosine Mbakam's "Chez Jolie Coiffur"e. Some themes, such as education, health, childhood, or the fight for equality, are seen as traditionally feminine per Beatriz Leal Riesco, but are subjected to "the perennial authoritarian gaze, the cardinal characteristic of which is the erection of a hermetic symbolic order codifying the distance between the creator and the reality represented".The representation of women in African cinema is seen as a common theme among women directors such as Safi Faye and Sarah Maldoror, and historians have noted that women have made the bulk of the theme's research.Some films, such as "Karmen Gei" and "U-Carmen eKhayelitsha" feature female protagonists, but have been criticized as "[representing] a departure from the situation of the contemporary woman in Africa" as the films identify women with music and the voice.