 This also stimulated research into individual cases as examples, in order to be able to assess the circumstances and the origins of acts of violence and crimes of National Socialists.Through this analysis of individual cases from different localities, a more concrete understanding of the victims and perpetrators of National Socialism in Germany that went over and above a "culture of commemoration" was reached.As such, since their first installations in 1993, Gunter Demnig's Stolpersteine have led in many places to individual, increasingly independent citizens' initiatives.