 Some supplies arrived in ships sailing alone or in pairs, more journeys were undertaken by submarine and fuel was carried by warships.Fewer convoys with more escorts and air cover were planned and four convoys sailed on 20 November.In 2002, Jack Greene and Alessandro Massignani wrote that the German naval , Admiral Werner Löwisch, criticised Italian night fighting training, noting that of his 150 training sessions on the cruiser , 130 had been at night.