 Several species of sap-suckers (primarily the bugs "Eurydema oleraceae", "E. fieberi", "E. ornata", and "Corimeris denticulatus") feed on the reproductive stalks during flowering and fruiting.In addition, stalks are bored into by a weevil species (presumably "Lixus ochraceus", Curculionidae), which consumes the inner tissues, whereas another weevil species ("Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus", Curculionidae) develops inside the fruits, living on developing seeds and acting as predispersal seed predators.The stalks are browsed by Spanish ibex ("Capra pyrenaica", Bovidae), which consume flowers and mostly green fruits.