untries (such as the U. S.), where doctoral candidates are often referred to as Ph.D. "students". For German doctoral candidates, this rather inaccurate term should be avoided, because they do not take formal courses, but are often considered a full member of staff. However, external funding by research organisations and foundations is also common. Furthermore, many universities have established research-intensive Graduiertenkollegs, which are a colleges / research schools that provide funding for doctoral theses.ඉතිහාසය[සංස්කරණය]In early university history the Doctorate was awarded as a first degree. It has since evolved into a research degree.In ජර්මානු-speaking countries, most Eastern European countries, the former සෝවියට් සංගමය, most parts of Africa, ආසියාව, and many Spanish-speaking countries the corresponding degree is simply called "doctor" (Doktor), and is distinguished by subject area with a Latin suffix (e.g. "Dr.med." for doctor medicinæ, which is a title like a master,