implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system.[119] Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools. It is expected of private schools to follow the same policy as state schools, and "English language" is a compulsory subject.[119] As in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low.[120]According to the 2011 census, the most common languages are Oshiwambo (the most spoken language for 49% of households), Nama/Damara (11.3%), Afrikaans (10.4%), Kavango (9%), Otjiherero (9%).[116][121] The most widely understood and spoken language is English. Both Afrikaans and English are used primarily as a second language reserved for public communication.Most of the white population speaks either German or Afrikaans. Even today, 10