l modelApproachesBrief psychotherapyCounselingOnline counselingResidential treatmentSelf-helpSupport groupsResearchClinical formulationClinical pluralismCommon factors theoryDiscontinuationHistoryPractitioner–scholar modelTechniquesBehaviour therapyAversion therapyChainingContingency managementShapingStimulus controlToken economyCounterconditioningDesensitization/Exposure therapySystematic desensitizationOther individual therapyAutogenic trainingBiofeedbackClean languageCognitive restructuringEmotion regulationAffect labelingFree associationHomeworkHypnotherapyModelingGroup psychotherapyCo-therapyCouples therapyFamily therapyPsychodramaSensitivity trainingPeoplePhilippe Pinel (1745–1826)Josef Breuer (1842–1925)Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)Pierre Janet (1859–1947)Alfred Adler (1870–1937)Sándor Ferenczi (1873–1933)Carl Jung (1875–1961)Ludwig Binswanger (1881–1966)Melanie Klein (1882–1960)Otto Rank (1884–1939)Karen Horney (1885–1952)Harry 