 to coursework; however, in some disciplines such as engineering, law and pharmacy, honours are automatically awarded to high achievers of the normal four-year program. To obtain a Ph.D. position, students must usually gain first class honours, but may sometimes be admitted with high second class honours (known as a 2A, or Second Class Honours Division I). Alternatively, a student who fails to achieve first or second class Honours may apply for a research masters course (usually 12–18 months) and upgrade to a Ph.D. program after the first year, pending sufficient improvement.Funding[සංස්කරණය]In both ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව and නවසීලන්තය, Ph.D. students are sometimes offered a scholarship to study for their Ph.D. degree.   The most common of these in ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව is the government-funded ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු Postgraduate Award (APA), which provides a living stipend to students of approximately AU$ 20,000 a year (tax free). Most universities in both countries also offer a similar scholarship that ma