e sounding Standard penetration test Total sounding Trial pit Visible bedrockNuclear densometer testExploration geophysicsCrosshole sonic loggingPile integrity testWave equation analysisLaboratory testingSoil classificationAtterberg limitsCalifornia bearing ratioDirect shear testHydrometerProctor compaction testR-valueSieve analysisTriaxial shear testOedometer testHydraulic conductivity testsWater content testsSoilTypesClaySiltSandGravelPeatLoamLoessPropertiesHydraulic conductivityWater contentVoid ratioBulk densityThixotropyReynolds' dilatancyAngle of reposeFriction angleCohesionPorosityPermeabilitySpecific storageShear strengthSensitivityStructures (Interaction)Natural featuresTopographyVegetationTerrainTopsoilWater tableBedrockSubgradeSubsoilEarthworksShoring structuresRetaining wallsGabionGround freezingMechanically stabilized earthPressure groutingSlurry wallSoil nailingTiebackLand developmentLandfillExcavationTren