 
 <translate> Quoc: The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions, of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.

Answer this question based on the passage: where does the calvin cycle (dark reactions) take place?
HW Chung: OK, some thoughts: <hau> Quoc: Abubuwan da ke faruwa ba tare da haske ba, ko halayen duhu, na photosynthesis sune halayen sunadarai waɗanda ke canza carbon dioxide da sauran mahadi zuwa glucose. Wadannan halayen suna faruwa a cikin stroma, yankin da ke cike da ruwa na chloroplast a waje da membranes na thylakoid. Wadannan halayen suna ɗaukar samfurori (ATP da NADPH) na halayen haske-dangane da yin ƙarin hanyoyin sinadarai akan su. Akwai matakai uku zuwa halayen haske masu zaman kansu, tare da ake kira Calvin sake zagayowar: ƙaddamar da carbon, rage halayen, da ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate (RuBP) farfadowa.  Amsa wannan tambayar bisa ga nassi: a ina ne sake zagayowar Calvin (halayen duhu) ke faruwa? HW Chung: OK, wasu tunani: 