An Euler diagram illustrating common pulmonic speech sounds, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and their manners of articulation, and a typical classification of them based on distinctive phonological features. Symbols are hard-coded in the Charis SIL font. Laryngeal sounds are not included because descriptions of their manners of articulation vary. Sources for the classification include Zsiga (2013), Gussenhoven &amp; Jacobs (2011) and Ladefoged &amp; Maddison (1996). Actual usage of the terms and symbols in literature varies greatly depending on language and author. The diagram uses phonetic symbols as defined in the IPA chart, which literature does not always do: particularly the symbols for voiced non-sibilant fricatives are often used to represent homorganic approximants; ⟨r⟩ is often used to represent any rhotic (or any liquid) when there is no contrasting rhotic (liquid). All non-obstruents (including vowels) are sonorants. All non-vocoids are contoids ([+consonantal]). All non-vowels are consonants ([−syllabic]). Taps/flaps are sometimes deemed continuant. Laterals are sometimes deemed not continuant. Plosives are often referred to as (oral) stops. Semivowels are often referred to as glides.
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