Some example music notation.  The five horizontal lines running the length of the picture make up the staff.  From left to right, the symbols on the staff are:
the treble clef
a time signature (4/4)
a C whole note (semibreve)
a bar line
a B half note (minim)
a C half note on a ledger line
another bar line
a time signature change (to 2/4)
an F quarter note (crotchet)
an A eighth note (quaver)
an F-sharp sixteenth note (semiquaver) beamed to an
E-flat sixteenth note
a double bar line
Based upon Music notation.png by Dysprosia and bdesham.  This version created by bdesham with LilyPond.
Benjamin D. Esham (bdesham)