Map of eastern and central Arabia in the 9th-10th centuries AD. Composite work based primarily on the geographies of Ibn Khurradadhbih, al-Muqaddasi, and (indirectly) al-Hamdani.
Works cited:

Al-Askar, Abdullah. Al-Yamama in the Early Islamic Era. Reading: Ithaca Press, 2002, ISBN 0-86372-400-0, passim.
Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Jabir. The Origins of the Islamic State, Part I. Trans. Phillip Khuri Hitti. New York: Columbia University, 1916, pp. 116-142.
The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Ed. 12 vols. with supplement and indices. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960-2005, s. vv. "al-Afladj," "al-Hasa," "Hurmuz," "Katar," "al-Katif," "al-Rub' al-Khali," "Yabrin," etc.
Al-Hadithi, Qothan Abdel Sattar. "The Bahrain of the geographers." Bahrain through the ages, the History. Ed. Shaikh Abdullah bin Khalid al-Khalifa and Michael Rice. London and New York: Routledge, 2014, ISBN 978-0-7103-0272-4, pp. 260 ff.
Ibn Khurradadhbih, Abu al-Qasim 'Abd Allah. Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik. Ed and trans. M.J. de Goeje. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1889, pp. 110-14.
Ibn Sbayyil, 'Abdallah. Arabic Romantic: Poems on Bedouin Life and Love. Ed. and Trans. Marcel Kurpershoek. New York: New York University Press, 2018, n. 499 (on the location of Udakh).
Kennedy, Hugh, ed. An Historical Atlas of Islam. Boston: Brill Academic, 2002, ISBN 90-04-12235-4
King, Geoffrey R. "The Coming of Islam and the Islamic Period in the UAE." United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective. Ed. Ibrahim Al Aed and Peter Hellyer. Bookcraft, UK: Trident Press, 2001, ISBN 1-900724-47-2, pp. 71-73.
Lecker, Michael. "The Levying of Taxes for the Sassanians in Pre-Islamic Medina." Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, Vol. 27 (2002): 109-126, p. 121 &amp; n. 57 (for possible locations of al-Zarah).
Lorimer, J. G. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, 'Oman, and Central Arabia, Vol II. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1908, p. 604.
Al-Muqaddasi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Trans. Basil Collins. Reading: Garner Publishing Limited, 2001, ISBN 1-85964-136-9, pp. 66, 79-80, 92-93.
Omar, Farouk. "Urban Centres in the Gulf during the Early Islamic Period: A Historical Study." Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 14, No. 2 (1987): 156-161, passim.
Al-Rashid, Saad A. "Darb Zubaydah in the 'Abbasid Period: Historical and Archaeological Aspects." Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Vol. 8 (1978): 33-45, passim.
Rawlinson, H. C. "Notes on Captain Durand's Report upon the Islands of Bahrein." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series, Vol. 12 (1880): 201-227, p. 225.
Schiettecatte, Jérémie, et. al. "The oasis of al-Kharj through time: first results of archaeology fieldwork in the province of Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)." Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Vol. 43 (2013): 285-307, passim.
Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of al-Tabari. Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985-2007, passim, esp. v. 34: pp. 45 ff.
Wilkinson, J. C. "A Sketch of the Historical Geography of the Trucial Oman down to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century." The Geographical Journal, Vol. 130, No. 3 (1964): 337-349, p. 344.
Own work
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