Reductive elimination has found widespread application in academia and industry, most notable being hydrogenation, the Monsanto acetic acid process, hydroformylation, and cross-coupling reactions. In many of these catalytic cycles, reductive elimination is the product forming step and regenerates the catalyst; however, in the Heck reaction and Wacker process, reductive elimination is involved only in catalyst regeneration, as the products in these reactions are formed via β–hydride elimination.