The term nocebo (Latin , I shall harm, from , I harm) was coined by Walter Kennedy in 1961 to denote the counterpart to the use of placebo (Latin , I shall please, from , I please), a substance that may produce a beneficial, healthful, pleasant, or desirable effect. Kennedy emphasized that his use of the term nocebo refers strictly to a subject-centered response, a quality inherent in the patient rather than in the remedy". That is, Kennedy rejected the use of the term for pharmacologically induced negative side effects such as the ringing in the ears caused by quinine. That is not to say that the patient's psychologically induced response may not include physiological effects. For example, an expectation of pain may induce anxiety, which in turn causes the release of cholecystokinin, which facilitates pain transmission.