Small redox proteins such as cytochromes and ferredoxins can be investigated on condition that their electroactive coverage (the amount of protein undergoing direct electron transfer) is large enough (in practice, greater than a fraction of pmol/cm).
Electrochemical data obtained with small proteins can be used to measure the redox potentials of the protein's redox sites, the rate of electron transfer between the protein and the electrode, or the rates of chemical reactions (such as protonations) that are coupled to electron transfer.