When α chains of laminin-111 bind to cell surface receptors integrins α1β1, α3β1, α4β1, α6β1 and Cdc42 GTPase are activated. The activated GTPase then activates Cdc42 which further activates c-Jun kinases and phosphorylation of Jun. Activation of c-Jun kinases leads to high levels of c-Jun expression which results in neurite outgrowth. The synthesis of Nitric Oxides resides somewhere in the pathway and is yet to be determined. Weston et al. (2000) proposed that the synthesis of Nitric Oxide may be upstream to the activation of Cdc42. Nonetheless, Nitric Oxide synthesis is shown to be an important element in laminin-mediated neurite outgrowth.