Ductile iron pipe is highly resistant to internal corrosion in potable water and less aggressive forms of sewage because of the linings applied during manufacturing. Tuberculation, or the deposition of corrosion products on the internal pipe wall has largely been eliminated by the cement mortar lining which provides a physical and chemical barrier to the corrosive water. The first cement lined iron pipe was installed in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1922 and provided 100 years of free-flowing service until the mains were replaced during a routine upgrade to the city's infrastructure in 2022.