Aquasomes are self-assembling nanoparticle drug carrier systems composed of three layers: a ceramic core, an oligomer coat, and a biochemically active molecule. Aquasomes are utilized for targeted drug delivery to achieve specific therapeutic effects, and are biocompatible, biodegradable, and stable. Due to their structure, aquasomes are capable of delivering several types of substrates, and can be used for applications such as delivery of antigen, insulin, and hemoglobin.
Aquasomes were first explored by Kossovsky et al. in 1996 in experiments proposing their use in antigen delivery, drug delivery, and hemoglobin delivery in vitro and in animal models. The aim of creating these aquasomes was to address the molecular denaturation of polypeptide pharmaceuticals by forming a molecular carrier using the novel surface modification process. Kossovsky et al. suggested that this system would be able to combat physical and chemical degradative agents affecting bioactive molecules while preserving the molecular structure of the drug.
Since this initial exploration, the researched applications of aquasomes and the scientific knowledge of their composition have increased. Upon synthesis of each layer of the aquasome, aquasomes self-assemble into triple-layered particles. The tri-layer structure enables aquasomes to deliver and release poorly soluble drugs in a controlled manner. Delivery of these poorly soluble drugs within aquasomes increases their solubility, bioavailability, and stability. These drugs are adsorbed on the surface of the aquasome, forming its third layer, which confers bioactive properties to the aquasome.