A Chemical and Physical Foundations
Thermodynamics and kinetics
Redox states
Water, pH, acid-base reactions and buffers
Solutions and equilibria
Solute-solvent interactions
Chemical interactions and bonding
Chemical reaction mechanisms
B Structural Biology: Structure, Assembly, Organization and Dynamics
Small molecules
Macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins and complex lipids)
Supramolecular complexes (e.g., membranes, ribosomes and multienzyme complexes)
C Catalysis and Binding
Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics
Ligand-protein interaction (e.g., hormone receptors, substrates and effectors, transport proteins and antigen-antibody interactions)
D Major Metabolic Pathways
Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation
Anabolism
Catabolism
Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules
E Bioenergetics (including respiration and photosynthesis)
Energy transformations at the substrate level
Electron transport
Proton and chemical gradients
Energy coupling (e.g., phosphorylation and transport)
F Regulation and Integration of Metabolism
Covalent modification of enzymes
Allosteric regulation
Compartmentalization
Hormones
G Methods
Biophysical approaches (e.g., spectroscopy, x-ray, crystallography, mass spectroscopy)
Isotopes
Separation techniques (e.g., centrifugation, chromatography and electrophoresis)
Immunotechniques