One distinct section of cell engineering involves the alteration and tuning of stem cells. Much of the recent research on stem cell therapies and treatments falls under the aforementioned cell engineering methods. Stem cells are unique in that they may differentiate into various other types of cells which may then be altered to produce novel therapeutics or provide a foundation for further cell engineering efforts. One example of directed stem cell engineering includes partially differentiating stem cells into myocytes to enable production of pro-myogenic factors for the treatment of sarcopenia or muscle disuse atrophy.