Lute was commonly used in distillation, which required airtight vessels and connectors to ensure that no vapours were lost; thus it was employed by chemists and alchemists, the latter being known to refer to it as "lutum sapientiae" or the "lute of Wisdom".
The earthen and glass vessels commonly employed in these processes were very vulnerable to cracking, both on heating and on cooling; one way of protecting them was by coating the vessels with lute and allowing it to set. One mixture for this purpose included "fat earth" (terra pinguis), Windsor loam, sand, iron filings or powdered glass, and cow's hair.
Another use for lute was to act as a safety valve, preventing the buildup of vapour pressure from shattering a vessel and possibly causing an explosion. For this purpose, a hole was bored in the flask and covered with luting material of a particular composition, which was kept soft so that excessive buildup of vapour would cause it to come away from the vessel, thus releasing the pressure safely. This process could also be performed manually by the operator removing and reaffixing the lute as required. Lute was also used to effect repairs to cracked glass vessels. In The Alchemist’s Experiment Takes Fire, 1687, one alembic is exploding; the luting used to seal a receiving bottle to another alembic can be seen behind the alchemist's upraised arm.
Lute was frequently applied to the joints between vessels (such as retorts and receivers), making them airtight and preventing vapour from escaping; this was especially important for more penetrating "spiritous" vapours and required a mixture that would set hard - such as a mix of quicklime and either egg white or size etc. However a stronger lute had to be used to confine acid vapours, and for this purpose fat earth  and linseed oil were mixed to form "fat lute", which could be rolled into cylinders of convenient size, ready for use. Where the vapour was more "aqueous", and less penetrating, strips of paper affixed with sizing would suffice or "bladder long steeped in water".
Another related use for lute was for lining furnaces, and was described as far back as the 16th century by Georg Agricola in his "De re metallica".