Konermann attended the prestigious Sächsisches Landesgymnasium Sankt Afra zu Meißen in Saxony, Germany, before matriculating in 2006 at ETH Zurich, where she completed her bachelor of science degree in neurobiology in three years.  
She then moved to the United States and worked in the lab of Carlos Lois before entering the doctoral program in neuroscience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, receiving her Ph.D. in 2016 working in Feng Zhang's group. Since 2017, she has been an HHMI (Howard Hughes Medical Institute) Hanna H. Gray Fellow. She has also been a CZ Biohub Investigator and a postdoctoral fellow at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the University of California, Berkeley working with Patrick Hsu. In 2019, she joined Stanford as an assistant professor.
Konermann's research uses new genetic tools to identify and understand the workings of the "complex web of genes" that appear to make a person predisposed to the neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease.
21546 Konermann, a minor planet, was named after her, in honor of her 2006 second-place finish in the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. At that time she was a senior at Sankt Afra in Meissen, Germany.
In June 2022, Konermann married Irish tech billionaire Patrick Collison, who is co-founder and CEO of Stripe, Inc., with whom she co-founded the Fast Grants and later the Arc Institute. Konermann met Collison during the 2004 EU Young Scientist competition.