* Encyclopaedia of Islam
* al-Muqtabis by Ibn Hayyan
* The Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldoun, [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter5/Ch_5_31.htm Chapter V, part 31, "The craft of singing."]
* Ta'rikh fath al-Andalus by Ibn al-Qutiyya
* al-Iqd al-farid by Ibn Abd Rabbih
* Ta'rikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfur
* Kitab al-Aghani by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani
* Tawq al-hamama by Ibn Hazm
* Jawdhat al-Muqtabis by Al-Humaydī
* Mughrib fi hula l-Maghrib by Ibn Sa'id