A 2008 study explored the usage of femtosecond laser irradiation to create permanent spatial arrangements in transparent materials, particularly in its usage to form a singular foamed layer upon biopolymers such as collagen or curcumin. Foaming these surfaces results in a variety of surface modifications that may improve the material's ability for cell adhesion, permeability of fluids due to cell structure, and the formation of nanoscopic fibers.
Additionally, an iron-nitrogen co-doped carbon nanofoam was purposed to be fabricated through the acile salt-assisted pyrolysis process of chitooligosaccharides.