In geometric phase analysis, crystallographic quantities are not determined at one particular point of the input image. Instead, they are quantified across the whole image resulting in a two-dimensional map of given quantity. Quantities which can be mapped with geometric phase analysis include interplanar distances (d-spacing), strain tensor and displacement vector.
Since the calculations are performed in frequential domain, the input image of crystal lattice must be transformed into frequential representation using Fourier transform. From mathematical point of view, the frequential image is a complex matrix with the size equal to the original image. From crystallographic point of view, it can be seen as an artificial diffraction pattern or reciprocal image as it depicts reciprocal lattice. In this representation, the intensity peaks (or power peaks) correspond to the crystallographic planes depicted in the original image.
Due to the complex nature of the frequential image, it can be used to calculate amplitude and phase. Together with a vector of one crystallographic plane depicted in the image, the amplitude and phase can be used to generate a 2D map of d-spacing. If two vectors of non-parallel planes are known, the method can be used to generate maps of strain and displacement.