The technique has been well utilized in studying carbon nanotubes to determine thermodynamic binding interactions with biological molecules and graphene composite interactions. Another notable use of ITC with carbon nanotubes is optimization of preparation of carbon nanotubes from graphene composite and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA assembly process can be measured thermodynamically as mixing of the two ingredients is an exothermic reaction, and its binding trend can be easily observed by ITC.