Tagging technology and instrument development occurred at the University of Toronto and DVS Sciences, Inc. CyTOF (cytometry by time of flight) was initially commercialized by DVS Sciences in 2009. In 2014, Fluidigm acquired DVS Sciences  to become a reference company in single cell technology. In 2022 Fluidigm received a capitol infusion and changed its name to Standard BioTools.  The CyTOF, CyTOF2, Helios (CyTOF3) and CyTOF XT(4th generation) have been commercialized up to now. Fluidigm sells a variety of commonly used metal-antibody conjugates, and an antibody conjugation kit.