Gasulla, Casano and Guéra, concluded that the longer the lichen are subjected to darkness, the quicker the chlororespiratory pathways can begin. This is due to the fast depletion of PTOX molecules which reduce the PQ pool. These events then stimulate chlororespiratory ETCs into an ongoing loop until the lichen are placed in a luminous environment.
They also derived LHC to be another indicator for chlororespiration.  When LHC concentrations inside the chloroplast increased, PS II activity decreased due to loss in ETC activity. This reduction then stimulated chlororespiratory activity to compensate for chemical energy synthesis.<br />