The field has expanded significantly since the publication in 1973 with biochemists Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer by using E. coli bacteria to learn how to cut fragments, rejoin different fragments, and insert the new genes. The field has expanded tremendously in terms of precision and accuracy since then. Computers and technology have made it technologically easier to achieve narrowing of error and expand understanding in this field. Computers having a high capacity for data and calculations which made processing the large volume of information tangible, i.e., the use of ChIP and gene sequence.