手术指征包括肿瘤最大径≥3 cm、肿瘤倍增时间<500 d、VHL基因发生3号外显子突变、影像学检查疑有恶性表现、功能性pNEN病灶等。
The indications of surgery for VHL-pNEN include big primary lesions (≥3 cm), fast tumor doubling time (<500 days), VHL gene mutation on exon 3, malignant manifestations on imaging findings, and functional pNEN lesions.