Hokkien
While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include "beautiful" (Mei  bi is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme sui is represented by characters like Tuo  (an obsolete character), Hui  (a vernacular reading of this character) and even Shui  (transliteration of the sound sui), or "tall" (Gao  ko is the literary form), whose morpheme koan is Xuan . Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m (not) is variously represented by Wu , M  or Wu , among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character  in, which represents the personal pronoun "they"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah ("meat") has been reduced to the character Rou , which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (hek and jiok, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chiah, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as Xia  (a Mandarin transliteration, xia, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is Shi .
Hokkien morphemes are not always what?
etymological or phono-semantic
While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic.
Hokkien