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How did Islam influence the Eastern Roman Empire during the Middle Ages?
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During the Middle Ages, Islam had a significant impact on the Eastern Roman Empire. The religion spread quickly by the conquests of the Muslims and provided an alternative to the Eastern Roman Empire in terms of religious practices, culture, and beliefs. Islamic Caliphates established their own versions of law and governance, saw the development of a new language and literature, and provided new economic opportunities through the introduction of Arabic-based currency and commerce. Islamic civilization also provided a new impetus for cultural exchange, scholarship, and learning, which laid the foundation for a period of great achievements in art and architecture, science and philosophy. Overall, Islam had a profound influence on the eastern part of the Roman Empire and its present day descendants.