<prompt> Hlalosa mehato e meholo ea taolo ea memori tsamaisong ea tsebetso.nan  <response>: Instruction in English: Outline the major steps of memory management in an operating system. . Response in English: Memory management is an important function of an operating system OS that manages the allocation and reallocation of memory space to processes that require it. The following are the major steps of memory management in an operating system: 1. Allocation of memory to processes: The first step in memory management is the allocation of memory to processes when they are initiated. The OS needs to determine how much memory space each process requires and then allocate it accordingly.2. Reallocation of memory during execution: While a process executes, it may require more or less memory space. The OS must dynamically allocate and deallocate memory space accordingly.3. Memory protection: The OS must ensure that each process can only access the memory space assigned to it and not encroach upon the memory space of other processes. This is important for maintaining the stability and security of the system.4. Virtual memory management: The OS may use a virtual memory mechanism to augment the main memory of the system. This involves temporarily transferring data from the main memory to a secondary storage device, such as a hard disk, when the main memory is full.5. Memory fragmentation management: As processes are allocated and deallocated memory space, the memory space may become fragmented, leading to inefficient use of memory. The OS manages this fragmentation by periodically defragmenting the memory, which involves rearranging the memory space so that it is used more efficiently.6. Memory swapping: The OS may use a mechanism known as memory swapping to temporarily transfer the entire memory space of a process to the secondary storage device, freeing up memory space for other processes. This can be used, for example, when the system runs out of memory or when a process has been idle for some time.7. Garbage collection: The OS must manage the deallocation of memory space when a process is terminated. This involves removing the process data from memory and freeing up the memory space for other processes. This process is known as garbage collection.In summary, memory management in an operating system involves the allocation and reallocation of memory space to processes, protection of memory space, virtual memory management, memory fragmentation management, memory swapping, and garbage collection to ensure efficient use of the systems memory resources. . Response in Sesotho: Taolo ea memori ke mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa sistimi e sebetsang OS e laolang kabo le ho arola bocha sebaka sa memori litsebetsong tse e hlokang. Tse latelang ke mehato e meholo ea taolo ea memori tsamaisong ea tsebetso: 1. Kabo ea memori litsebetsong: Mohato oa pele oa taolo ea memori ke kabo ea memori litsebetsong ha li qalisoa. OS e hloka ho tseba hore na sebaka se seng le se seng sa memori se hloka sebaka se kae ebe se se abela ka nepo. 2. Kabo e nngwe ya memori nakong ya tshebetso: Ha tsebetso e ntse e tsoela pele, e ka hloka sebaka sa memori se eketsehileng kapa se fokolang. OS e tlameha ho fana ka matla le ho abela sebaka sa memori ka nepo. 3. Tshireletso ya memori: OS e tlameha ho etsa bonnete ba hore tshebetso ka nngwe e ka fihlella feela sebaka sa memori e abetsweng ho yona mme e se kenye sebaka sa memori sa ditshebetso tse ding. Sena ke sa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka botsitso le tsireletso ea tsamaiso. 4. Taolo ea memori ea Virtual: OS e ka sebelisa mochine oa memori oa sebele ho eketsa mohopolo oa mantlha oa sistimi. Sena se kenyelletsa ho fetisetsa data ka nakoana ho tloha mohopolong o ka sehloohong ho ea sesebelisoa sa bobeli sa polokelo, joalo ka hard disk, ha mohopolo o ka sehloohong o tletse. 5. Taolo ea ho arola memori: Ha litsebetso li ajoa le ho aroloa sebaka sa memori, sebaka sa memori se ka na sa arohana, e leng se lebisang ho se sebeliseng mohopolo hantle. OS e laola karohano ena ka ho senya mohopolo nako le nako, ho kenyelletsang ho hlophisa sebaka sa memori e le hore se sebelisoe hantle. 6. Ho fapanyetsana ha memori: The OS e ka sebedisa mochine o tsejoang e le ho fapanyetsana ha memori ho fetisetsa nakwana sebaka sohle sa memori sa tshebetso ho sesebediswa sa bobedi sa polokelo, ho lokolla sebaka sa memori bakeng sa ditshebetso tse ding. Sena se ka sebelisoa, ho etsa mohlala, ha sistimi e felloa ke mohopolo kapa ha tsebetso e sa sebetse nako e telele. 7. Pokello ea lithōle: OS e tlameha ho laola phetiso ea sebaka sa mohopolo ha tsebetso e felisitsoe. Sena se kenyelletsa ho tlosa data ea tsebetso mohopolong le ho lokolla sebaka sa memori bakeng sa litsebetso tse ling. Mokhoa ona o tsejoa e le pokello ea lithōle. Ka bokhutšoanyane, tsamaiso ea memori tsamaisong ea tsebetso e kenyelletsa kabo le ho arola sebaka sa memori ho litsebetso, tsireletso ea sebaka sa mohopolo, taolo ea mohopolo, taolo ea ho arohana ha memori, ho fetola mohopolo, le pokello ea litšila ho netefatsa tsebeliso e nepahetseng ea lisebelisoa tsa memori ea sistimi. 