<prompt> Phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e etsahala joang?nan  <response>: Instruction in English: How does gene mutation occur? . Response in English: A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by various environmental factors. There are several ways in which a gene mutation can occur:1. Spontaneous mutations: These mutations occur naturally, without any external influence. They can occur due to errors that happen during DNA replication, when a cell is preparing to divide. A mistake in the DNA copying process can cause a change in the sequence of the DNA molecule.2. Induced mutations: Exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, or viruses can cause damage to DNA, leading to mutations. These agents, known as mutagens, can alter the DNA sequence by breaking the DNA strands, causing the cell to repair the damage incorrectly or changing the chemical structure of the DNA building blocks.3. Insertions and deletions: Mutations can also occur due to the addition insertion or removal deletion of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA, within a gene. These types of mutations can change the reading frame of the gene, meaning that the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein is changed.In conclusion, gene mutations occur when there is a change in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecule. These changes can occur naturally or be induced by external factors, and can have a wide range of consequences on the function of the gene and its resulting protein. . Response in Sesotho: Phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ke phetoho e sa feleng ea tatellano ea DNA e etsang gene. Liphetoho li ka itlhahela feela kapa tsa susumetsoa ke mabaka a fapaneng a tikoloho. Ho na le litsela tse maloa tseo phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka hlahang ka eona: 1. Liphetoho tse iketsahallang feela: Liphetoho tsena li etsahala ka tlhaho, ntle le tšusumetso leha e le efe e ka ntle. Li ka hlaha ka lebaka la liphoso tse etsahalang nakong ea ho ikatisa ha DNA, ha sele e itokisetsa ho arohana. Phoso tšebetsong ea ho kopitsa DNA e ka baka phetoho tatellanong ea molekhule ea DNA. 2. Liphetoho tse bakoang ke liphetoho tse bang teng liphatseng tsa lefutso: Ho pepesehela likhemikhale tse itseng, mahlaseli a kotsi kapa livaerase ho ka baka tšenyo DNA, e leng se etsang hore li fetohe. Liente tsena, tse tsejoang e le li-mutagens, li ka fetola tatellano ea DNA ka ho pshatla likhoele tsa DNA, ho etsa hore sele e lokise tšenyo e fosahetseng kapa e fetole sebopeho sa likhemikhale tsa li-block tsa DNA. 3. Ho kenya le ho hlakola: Liphetoho li ka boela tsa etsahala ka lebaka la ho kenyelletsa ho kenya kapa ho tlosoa ho tlosoa ha li-nucleotide, li-block tsa DNA, ka hara gene. Mefuta ena ea liphetoho e ka fetola sebopeho sa ho bala sa lefutso, ho bolelang hore tatellano ea li-amino acid tse etsang protheine ea fetoha. Qetellong, liphetoho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li etsahala ha ho na le phetoho ea tatelano ea li-nucleotide molekhule ea DNA. Liphetoho tsena li ka etsahala ka tlhaho kapa tsa susumetsoa ke mabaka a ka ntle, me li ka ba le liphello tse ngata tse fapaneng mosebetsing oa liphatsa tsa lefutso le protheine e hlahisoang ke eona. 