<prompt> Hlalosa mohopolo oa taolo ea concurrency ho databases.nan  <response>: Instruction in English: Explain the concept of concurrency control in databases. . Response in English: Concurrency control refers to the methods and protocols used by database systems to ensure that multiple transactions access shared data simultaneously in a consistent, correct, and complete manner. The goal is to prevent the negative effects of conflicting transactions, such as lost updates, dirty reads, or incorrect data, while maximizing the level of concurrency, or the number of transactions that can be executed simultaneously.To facilitate concurrency control, databases can use a variety of techniques, including locking, timestamping, or multiversion concurrency control. Locking mechanisms ensure that a transaction locks the data it needs to access while making updates, preventing other transactions from making changes to the same data at the same time. Timestamping assigns a unique timestamp to each transaction, and the order of the timestamps determines the order in which the transactions execute. Multiversion concurrency control allows multiple versions of a data item to exist, so that transactions can read from a consistent snapshot of the data without blocking other transactions from making updates.In summary, concurrency control is essential to maintaining the integrity of data in a database, and it allows multiple users to interact with the database at the same time without encountering conflicts. . Response in Sesotho: Taolo ea Concurrency e bua ka mekhoa le liprothokholo tse sebelisoang ke litsamaiso tsa database ho netefatsa hore litšebelisano tse ngata li fihlella data e arolelanoang ka nako e le ngoe ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng, o nepahetseng le o felletseng. Sepheo ke ho thibela liphello tse mpe tsa litšebelisano tse hanyetsanang, tse kang lintlafatso tse lahlehileng, ho bala tse litšila, kapa lintlha tse fosahetseng, ha u ntse u eketsa boemo ba concurrency, kapa palo ea likhamphani tse ka etsoang ka nako e le ngoe. Ho nolofatsa taolo ea lichelete, li-database li ka sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa ho notlela, ho beha linako, kapa ho laola concurrency ka bongata. Mekhoa ea ho notlela e netefatsa hore khoebo e notlela data eo e e hlokang ho fihlella ha e ntse e etsa lintlafatso, e thibela litsebetso tse ling ho etsa liphetoho ho data e tšoanang ka nako e le ngoe. Timetamp e fana ka setempe sa nako se ikhethileng tšebetsong ka ngoe, me tatellano ea litempe tsa nako e lekanya tatellano eo lipalangoang li etsoang ka eona. Taolo ea li-concurrency tse ngata e lumella mefuta e mengata ea data hore e be teng, e le hore likhamphani li tsebe ho bala ho tsoa ho senepe se sa fetoheng sa data ntle le ho thibela litsebetso tse ling ho etsa lintlafatso. Ka bokhutšoanyane, taolo ea concurrency e bohlokoa ho boloka botšepehi ba data polokelong ea boitsebiso, me e lumella basebelisi ba bangata ho sebelisana le database ka nako e le ngoe ntle le ho thulana le likhohlano. 