interp(i_ctx_t **pi_ctx_p /* context for execution, updated if resched */,
       const ref * pref /* object to interpret */,
       ref * perror_object)
{
    i_ctx_t *i_ctx_p = *pi_ctx_p;
    /*
     * Note that iref may actually be either a ref * or a ref_packed *.
     * Certain DEC compilers assume that a ref * is ref-aligned even if it
     * is cast to a short *, and generate code on this assumption, leading
     * to "unaligned access" errors.  For this reason, we declare
     * iref_packed, and use a macro to cast it to the more aligned type
     * where necessary (which is almost everywhere it is used).  This may
     * lead to compiler warnings about "cast increases alignment
     * requirements", but this is less harmful than expensive traps at run
     * time.
     */
    register const ref_packed *iref_packed = (const ref_packed *)pref;
    /*
     * To make matters worse, some versions of gcc/egcs have a bug that
     * leads them to assume that if iref_packed is EVER cast to a ref *,
     * it is ALWAYS ref-aligned.  We detect this in stdpre.h and provide
     * the following workaround:
     */
#ifdef ALIGNMENT_ALIASING_BUG
    const ref *iref_temp;
#  define IREF (iref_temp = (const ref *)iref_packed, iref_temp)
#else
#  define IREF ((const ref *)iref_packed)
#endif
#define SET_IREF(rp) (iref_packed = (const ref_packed *)(rp))
    register int icount = 0;    /* # of consecutive tokens at iref */
    register os_ptr iosp = osp; /* private copy of osp */
    register es_ptr iesp = esp; /* private copy of esp */
    int code;
    ref token;                  /* token read from file or string, */
                                /* must be declared in this scope */
    ref *pvalue;
    ref refnull;
    uint opindex;               /* needed for oparrays */
    os_ptr whichp;

    /*
     * We have to make the error information into a struct;
     * otherwise, the Watcom compiler will assign it to registers
     * strictly on the basis of textual frequency.
     * We also have to use ref_assign_inline everywhere, and
     * avoid direct assignments of refs, so that esi and edi
     * will remain available on Intel processors.
     */
    struct interp_error_s {
        int code;
        int line;
        const ref *obj;
        ref full;
    } ierror;

    /*
     * Get a pointer to the name table so that we can use the
     * inline version of name_index_ref.
     */
    const name_table *const int_nt = imemory->gs_lib_ctx->gs_name_table;

#define set_error(ecode)\
  { ierror.code = ecode; ierror.line = __LINE__; }
#define return_with_error(ecode, objp)\
  { set_error(ecode); ierror.obj = objp; goto rwe; }
#define return_with_error_iref(ecode)\
  { set_error(ecode); goto rwei; }
#define return_with_code_iref()\
  { ierror.line = __LINE__; goto rweci; }
#define return_with_stackoverflow(objp)\
  { o_stack.requested = 1; return_with_error(gs_error_stackoverflow, objp); }
#define return_with_stackoverflow_iref()\
  { o_stack.requested = 1; return_with_error_iref(gs_error_stackoverflow); }
/*
 * If control reaches the special operators (x_add, etc.) as a result of
 * interpreting an executable name, iref points to the name, not the
 * operator, so the name rather than the operator becomes the error object,
 * which is wrong.  We detect and handle this case explicitly when an error
 * occurs, so as not to slow down the non-error case.
 */
#define return_with_error_tx_op(err_code)\
  { if (r_has_type(IREF, t_name)) {\
        return_with_error(err_code, pvalue);\
    } else {\
        return_with_error_iref(err_code);\
    }\
  }

    int *ticks_left = &imemory_system->gs_lib_ctx->gcsignal;

#if defined(DEBUG_TRACE_PS_OPERATORS) || defined(DEBUG)
    int (*call_operator_fn)(op_proc_t, i_ctx_t *) = do_call_operator;

    if (gs_debug_c('!'))
        call_operator_fn = do_call_operator_verbose;
#endif

    *ticks_left = i_ctx_p->time_slice_ticks;

     make_null(&ierror.full);
     ierror.obj = &ierror.full;
     make_null(&refnull);
     pvalue = &refnull;

    /*
     * If we exceed the VMThreshold, set *ticks_left to -100
     * to alert the interpreter that we need to garbage collect.
     */
    set_gc_signal(i_ctx_p, -100);

    esfile_clear_cache();
    /*
     * From here on, if icount > 0, iref and icount correspond
     * to the top entry on the execution stack: icount is the count
     * of sequential entries remaining AFTER the current one.
     */
#define IREF_NEXT(ip)\
  ((const ref_packed *)((const ref *)(ip) + 1))
#define IREF_NEXT_EITHER(ip)\
  ( r_is_packed(ip) ? (ip) + 1 : IREF_NEXT(ip) )
#define store_state(ep)\
  ( icount > 0 ? (ep->value.const_refs = IREF + 1, r_set_size(ep, icount)) : 0 )
#define store_state_short(ep)\
  ( icount > 0 ? (ep->value.packed = iref_packed + 1, r_set_size(ep, icount)) : 0 )
#define store_state_either(ep)\
  ( icount > 0 ? (ep->value.packed = IREF_NEXT_EITHER(iref_packed), r_set_size(ep, icount)) : 0 )
#define next()\
  if ( --icount > 0 ) { iref_packed = IREF_NEXT(iref_packed); goto top; } else goto out
#define next_short()\
  if ( --icount <= 0 ) { if ( icount < 0 ) goto up; iesp--; }\
  ++iref_packed; goto top
#define next_either()\
  if ( --icount <= 0 ) { if ( icount < 0 ) goto up; iesp--; }\
  iref_packed = IREF_NEXT_EITHER(iref_packed); goto top

#if !PACKED_SPECIAL_OPS
#  undef next_either
#  define next_either() next()
#  undef store_state_either
#  define store_state_either(ep) store_state(ep)
#endif

    /* We want to recognize executable arrays here, */
    /* so we push the argument on the estack and enter */
    /* the loop at the bottom. */
    if (iesp >= estop)
        return_with_error(gs_error_execstackoverflow, pref);
    ++iesp;
    ref_assign_inline(iesp, pref);
    goto bot;
  top:
        /*
         * This is the top of the interpreter loop.
         * iref points to the ref being interpreted.
         * Note that this might be an element of a packed array,
         * not a real ref: we carefully arranged the first 16 bits of
         * a ref and of a packed array element so they could be distinguished
         * from each other.  (See ghost.h and packed.h for more detail.)
         */
    INCR(top);
#ifdef DEBUG
    /* Do a little validation on the top o-stack entry. */
    if (iosp >= osbot &&
        (r_type(iosp) == t__invalid || r_type(iosp) >= tx_next_op)
        ) {
        mlprintf(imemory, "Invalid value on o-stack!\n");
        return_with_error_iref(gs_error_Fatal);
    }
    if (gs_debug['I'] ||
        (gs_debug['i'] &&
         (r_is_packed(iref_packed) ?
          r_packed_is_name(iref_packed) :
          r_has_type(IREF, t_name)))
        ) {
        os_ptr save_osp = osp;  /* avoid side-effects */
        es_ptr save_esp = esp;

        osp = iosp;
        esp = iesp;
        dmlprintf5(imemory, "d%u,e%u<%u>0x%lx(%d): ",
                  ref_stack_count(&d_stack), ref_stack_count(&e_stack),
                  ref_stack_count(&o_stack), (ulong)IREF, icount);
        debug_print_ref(imemory, IREF);
        if (iosp >= osbot) {
            dmputs(imemory, " // ");
            debug_print_ref(imemory, iosp);
        }
        dmputc(imemory, '\n');
        osp = save_osp;
        esp = save_esp;
        dmflush(imemory);
    }
#endif
/* Objects that have attributes (arrays, dictionaries, files, and strings) */
/* use lit and exec; other objects use plain and plain_exec. */
#define lit(t) type_xe_value(t, a_execute)
#define exec(t) type_xe_value(t, a_execute + a_executable)
#define nox(t) type_xe_value(t, 0)
#define nox_exec(t) type_xe_value(t, a_executable)
#define plain(t) type_xe_value(t, 0)
#define plain_exec(t) type_xe_value(t, a_executable)
    /*
     * We have to populate enough cases of the switch statement to force
     * some compilers to use a dispatch rather than a testing loop.
     * What a nuisance!
     */
    switch (r_type_xe(iref_packed)) {
            /* Access errors. */
#define cases_invalid()\
  case plain(t__invalid): case plain_exec(t__invalid)
          cases_invalid():
            return_with_error_iref(gs_error_Fatal);
#define cases_nox()\
  case nox_exec(t_array): case nox_exec(t_dictionary):\
  case nox_exec(t_file): case nox_exec(t_string):\
  case nox_exec(t_mixedarray): case nox_exec(t_shortarray)
          cases_nox():
            return_with_error_iref(gs_error_invalidaccess);
            /*
             * Literal objects.  We have to enumerate all the types.
             * In fact, we have to include some extra plain_exec entries
             * just to populate the switch.  We break them up into groups
             * to avoid overflowing some preprocessors.
             */
#define cases_lit_1()\
  case lit(t_array): case nox(t_array):\
  case plain(t_boolean): case plain_exec(t_boolean):\
  case lit(t_dictionary): case nox(t_dictionary)
#define cases_lit_2()\
  case lit(t_file): case nox(t_file):\
  case plain(t_fontID): case plain_exec(t_fontID):\
  case plain(t_integer): case plain_exec(t_integer):\
  case plain(t_mark): case plain_exec(t_mark)
#define cases_lit_3()\
  case plain(t_name):\
  case plain(t_null):\
  case plain(t_oparray):\
  case plain(t_operator)
#define cases_lit_4()\
  case plain(t_real): case plain_exec(t_real):\
  case plain(t_save): case plain_exec(t_save):\
  case lit(t_string): case nox(t_string)
#define cases_lit_5()\
  case lit(t_mixedarray): case nox(t_mixedarray):\
  case lit(t_shortarray): case nox(t_shortarray):\
  case plain(t_device): case plain_exec(t_device):\
  case plain(t_struct): case plain_exec(t_struct):\
  case plain(t_astruct): case plain_exec(t_astruct)
            /* Executable arrays are treated as literals in direct execution. */
#define cases_lit_array()\
  case exec(t_array): case exec(t_mixedarray): case exec(t_shortarray)
          cases_lit_1():
          cases_lit_2():
          cases_lit_3():
          cases_lit_4():
          cases_lit_5():
            INCR(lit);
            break;
          cases_lit_array():
            INCR(lit_array);
            break;
            /* Special operators. */
        case plain_exec(tx_op_add):
x_add:      INCR(x_add);
            osp = iosp; /* sync o_stack */
            if ((code = zop_add(i_ctx_p)) < 0)
                return_with_error_tx_op(code);
            iosp--;
            next_either();
        case plain_exec(tx_op_def):
x_def:      INCR(x_def);
            osp = iosp; /* sync o_stack */
            if ((code = zop_def(i_ctx_p)) < 0)
                return_with_error_tx_op(code);
            iosp -= 2;
            next_either();
        case plain_exec(tx_op_dup):
x_dup:      INCR(x_dup);
            if (iosp < osbot)
                return_with_error_tx_op(gs_error_stackunderflow);
            if (iosp >= ostop) {
                o_stack.requested = 1;
                return_with_error_tx_op(gs_error_stackoverflow);
            }
            iosp++;
            ref_assign_inline(iosp, iosp - 1);
            next_either();
        case plain_exec(tx_op_exch):
x_exch:     INCR(x_exch);
            if (iosp <= osbot)
                return_with_error_tx_op(gs_error_stackunderflow);
            ref_assign_inline(&token, iosp);
            ref_assign_inline(iosp, iosp - 1);
            ref_assign_inline(iosp - 1, &token);
            next_either();
        case plain_exec(tx_op_if):
x_if:       INCR(x_if);
            if (!r_is_proc(iosp))
                return_with_error_tx_op(check_proc_failed(iosp));
            if (!r_has_type(iosp - 1, t_boolean))
                return_with_error_tx_op((iosp <= osbot ?
                                        gs_error_stackunderflow : gs_error_typecheck));
            if (!iosp[-1].value.boolval) {
                iosp -= 2;
                next_either();
            }
            if (iesp >= estop)
                return_with_error_tx_op(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
            store_state_either(iesp);
            whichp = iosp;
            iosp -= 2;
            goto ifup;
        case plain_exec(tx_op_ifelse):
x_ifelse:   INCR(x_ifelse);
            if (!r_is_proc(iosp))
                return_with_error_tx_op(check_proc_failed(iosp));
            if (!r_is_proc(iosp - 1))
                return_with_error_tx_op(check_proc_failed(iosp - 1));
            if (!r_has_type(iosp - 2, t_boolean))
                return_with_error_tx_op((iosp < osbot + 2 ?
                                        gs_error_stackunderflow : gs_error_typecheck));
            if (iesp >= estop)
                return_with_error_tx_op(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
            store_state_either(iesp);
            whichp = (iosp[-2].value.boolval ? iosp - 1 : iosp);
            iosp -= 3;
            /* Open code "up" for the array case(s) */
          ifup:if ((icount = r_size(whichp) - 1) <= 0) {
                if (icount < 0)
                    goto up;    /* 0-element proc */
                SET_IREF(whichp->value.refs);   /* 1-element proc */
                if (--(*ticks_left) > 0)
                    goto top;
            }
            ++iesp;
            /* Do a ref_assign, but also set iref. */
            iesp->tas = whichp->tas;
            SET_IREF(iesp->value.refs = whichp->value.refs);
            if (--(*ticks_left) > 0)
                goto top;
            goto slice;
        case plain_exec(tx_op_index):
x_index:    INCR(x_index);
            osp = iosp; /* zindex references o_stack */
            if ((code = zindex(i_ctx_p)) < 0)
                return_with_error_tx_op(code);
            next_either();
        case plain_exec(tx_op_pop):
x_pop:      INCR(x_pop);
            if (iosp < osbot)
                return_with_error_tx_op(gs_error_stackunderflow);
            iosp--;
            next_either();
        case plain_exec(tx_op_roll):
x_roll:     INCR(x_roll);
            osp = iosp; /* zroll references o_stack */
            if ((code = zroll(i_ctx_p)) < 0)
                return_with_error_tx_op(code);
            iosp -= 2;
            next_either();
        case plain_exec(tx_op_sub):
x_sub:      INCR(x_sub);
            osp = iosp; /* sync o_stack */
            if ((code = zop_sub(i_ctx_p)) < 0)
                return_with_error_tx_op(code);
            iosp--;
            next_either();
            /* Executable types. */
        case plain_exec(t_null):
            goto bot;
        case plain_exec(t_oparray):
            /* Replace with the definition and go again. */
            INCR(exec_array);
            opindex = op_index(IREF);
            pvalue = (ref *)IREF->value.const_refs;
          opst:         /* Prepare to call a t_oparray procedure in *pvalue. */
            store_state(iesp);
          oppr:         /* Record the stack depths in case of failure. */
            if (iesp >= estop - 4)
                return_with_error_iref(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
            iesp += 5;
            osp = iosp;         /* ref_stack_count_inline needs this */
            make_mark_estack(iesp - 4, es_other, oparray_cleanup);
            make_int(iesp - 3, opindex); /* for .errorexec effect */
            make_int(iesp - 2, ref_stack_count_inline(&o_stack));
            make_int(iesp - 1, ref_stack_count_inline(&d_stack));
            make_op_estack(iesp, oparray_pop);
            goto pr;
          prst:         /* Prepare to call the procedure (array) in *pvalue. */
            store_state(iesp);
          pr:                   /* Call the array in *pvalue.  State has been stored. */
            /* We want to do this check before assigning icount so icount is correct
             * in the event of a gs_error_execstackoverflow
             */
            if (iesp >= estop) {
                return_with_error_iref(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
            }
            if ((icount = r_size(pvalue) - 1) <= 0) {
                if (icount < 0)
                    goto up;    /* 0-element proc */
                SET_IREF(pvalue->value.refs);   /* 1-element proc */
                if (--(*ticks_left) > 0)
                    goto top;
            }
            ++iesp;
            /* Do a ref_assign, but also set iref. */
            iesp->tas = pvalue->tas;
            SET_IREF(iesp->value.refs = pvalue->value.refs);
            if (--(*ticks_left) > 0)
                goto top;
            goto slice;
        case plain_exec(t_operator):
            INCR(exec_operator);
            if (--(*ticks_left) <= 0) {    /* The following doesn't work, */
                /* and I can't figure out why. */
/****** goto sst; ******/
            }
            esp = iesp;         /* save for operator */
            osp = iosp;         /* ditto */
            /* Operator routines take osp as an argument. */
            /* This is just a convenience, since they adjust */
            /* osp themselves to reflect the results. */
            /* Operators that (net) push information on the */
            /* operand stack must check for overflow: */
            /* this normally happens automatically through */
            /* the push macro (in oper.h). */
            /* Operators that do not typecheck their operands, */
            /* or take a variable number of arguments, */
            /* must check explicitly for stack underflow. */
            /* (See oper.h for more detail.) */
            /* Note that each case must set iosp = osp: */
            /* this is so we can switch on code without having to */
            /* store it and reload it (for dumb compilers). */
            switch (code = call_operator(real_opproc(IREF), i_ctx_p)) {
                case 0: /* normal case */
                case 1: /* alternative success case */
                    iosp = osp;
                    next();
                case o_push_estack:     /* store the state and go to up */
                    store_state(iesp);
                  opush:iosp = osp;
                    iesp = esp;
                    if (--(*ticks_left) > 0)
                        goto up;
                    goto slice;
                case o_pop_estack:      /* just go to up */
                  opop:iosp = osp;
                    if (esp == iesp)
                        goto bot;
                    iesp = esp;
                    goto up;
                case o_reschedule:
                    store_state(iesp);
                    goto res;
                case gs_error_Remap_Color:
oe_remap:           store_state(iesp);
remap:              if (iesp + 2 >= estop) {
                        esp = iesp;
                        code = ref_stack_extend(&e_stack, 2);
                        if (code < 0)
                            return_with_error_iref(code);
                        iesp = esp;
                    }
                    packed_get(imemory, iref_packed, iesp + 1);
                    make_oper(iesp + 2, 0,
                              r_ptr(&istate->remap_color_info,
                                    int_remap_color_info_t)->proc);
                    iesp += 2;
                    goto up;
            }
            iosp = osp;
            iesp = esp;
            return_with_code_iref();
        case plain_exec(t_name):
            INCR(exec_name);
            pvalue = IREF->value.pname->pvalue;
            if (!pv_valid(pvalue)) {
                uint nidx = names_index(int_nt, IREF);
                uint htemp;

                INCR(find_name);
                if ((pvalue = dict_find_name_by_index_inline(nidx, htemp)) == 0)
                    return_with_error_iref(gs_error_undefined);
            }
            /* Dispatch on the type of the value. */
            /* Again, we have to over-populate the switch. */
            switch (r_type_xe(pvalue)) {
                  cases_invalid():
                    return_with_error_iref(gs_error_Fatal);
                  cases_nox():  /* access errors */
                    return_with_error_iref(gs_error_invalidaccess);
                  cases_lit_1():
                  cases_lit_2():
                  cases_lit_3():
                  cases_lit_4():
                  cases_lit_5():
                      INCR(name_lit);
                    /* Just push the value */
                    if (iosp >= ostop)
                        return_with_stackoverflow(pvalue);
                    ++iosp;
                    ref_assign_inline(iosp, pvalue);
                    next();
                case exec(t_array):
                case exec(t_mixedarray):
                case exec(t_shortarray):
                    INCR(name_proc);
                    /* This is an executable procedure, execute it. */
                    goto prst;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_add):
                    goto x_add;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_def):
                    goto x_def;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_dup):
                    goto x_dup;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_exch):
                    goto x_exch;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_if):
                    goto x_if;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_ifelse):
                    goto x_ifelse;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_index):
                    goto x_index;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_pop):
                    goto x_pop;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_roll):
                    goto x_roll;
                case plain_exec(tx_op_sub):
                    goto x_sub;
                case plain_exec(t_null):
                    goto bot;
                case plain_exec(t_oparray):
                    INCR(name_oparray);
                    opindex = op_index(pvalue);
                    pvalue = (ref *)pvalue->value.const_refs;
                    goto opst;
                case plain_exec(t_operator):
                    INCR(name_operator);
                    {           /* Shortcut for operators. */
                        /* See above for the logic. */
                        if (--(*ticks_left) <= 0) {        /* The following doesn't work, */
                            /* and I can't figure out why. */
/****** goto sst; ******/
                        }
                        esp = iesp;
                        osp = iosp;
                        switch (code = call_operator(real_opproc(pvalue),
                                                     i_ctx_p)
                                ) {
                            case 0:     /* normal case */
                            case 1:     /* alternative success case */
                                iosp = osp;
                                next();
                            case o_push_estack:
                                store_state(iesp);
                                goto opush;
                            case o_pop_estack:
                                goto opop;
                            case o_reschedule:
                                store_state(iesp);
                                goto res;
                            case gs_error_Remap_Color:
                                goto oe_remap;
                        }
                        iosp = osp;
                        iesp = esp;
                        return_with_error(code, pvalue);
                    }
                case plain_exec(t_name):
                case exec(t_file):
                case exec(t_string):
                default:
                    /* Not a procedure, reinterpret it. */
                    store_state(iesp);
                    icount = 0;
                    SET_IREF(pvalue);
                    goto top;
            }
        case exec(t_file):
            {   /* Executable file.  Read the next token and interpret it. */
                stream *s;
                scanner_state sstate;

                check_read_known_file(i_ctx_p, s, IREF, return_with_error_iref);
            rt:
                if (iosp >= ostop)      /* check early */
                    return_with_stackoverflow_iref();
                osp = iosp;     /* gs_scan_token uses ostack */
                gs_scanner_init_options(&sstate, IREF, i_ctx_p->scanner_options);
            again:
                code = gs_scan_token(i_ctx_p, &token, &sstate);
                iosp = osp;     /* ditto */
                switch (code) {
                    case 0:     /* read a token */
                        /* It's worth checking for literals, which make up */
                        /* the majority of input tokens, before storing the */
                        /* state on the e-stack.  Note that because of //, */
                        /* the token may have *any* type and attributes. */
                        /* Note also that executable arrays aren't executed */
                        /* at the top level -- they're treated as literals. */
                        if (!r_has_attr(&token, a_executable) ||
                            r_is_array(&token)
                            ) { /* If gs_scan_token used the o-stack, */
                            /* we know we can do a push now; if not, */
                            /* the pre-check is still valid. */
                            iosp++;
                            ref_assign_inline(iosp, &token);
                            goto rt;
                        }
                        store_state(iesp);
                        /* Push the file on the e-stack */
                        if (iesp >= estop)
                            return_with_error_iref(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
                        esfile_set_cache(++iesp);
                        ref_assign_inline(iesp, IREF);
                        SET_IREF(&token);
                        icount = 0;
                        goto top;
                    case gs_error_undefined:   /* //name undefined */
                        gs_scanner_error_object(i_ctx_p, &sstate, &token);
                        return_with_error(code, &token);
                    case scan_EOF:      /* end of file */
                        esfile_clear_cache();
                        goto bot;
                    case scan_BOS:
                        /* Binary object sequences */
                        /* ARE executed at the top level. */
                        store_state(iesp);
                        /* Push the file on the e-stack */
                        if (iesp >= estop)
                            return_with_error_iref(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
                        esfile_set_cache(++iesp);
                        ref_assign_inline(iesp, IREF);
                        pvalue = &token;
                        goto pr;
                    case scan_Refill:
                        store_state(iesp);
                        /* iref may point into the exec stack; */
                        /* save its referent now. */
                        ref_assign_inline(&token, IREF);
                        /* Push the file on the e-stack */
                        if (iesp >= estop)
                            return_with_error_iref(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
                        ++iesp;
                        ref_assign_inline(iesp, &token);
                        esp = iesp;
                        osp = iosp;
                        code = gs_scan_handle_refill(i_ctx_p, &sstate, true,
                                                     ztokenexec_continue);
                scan_cont:
                        iosp = osp;
                        iesp = esp;
                        switch (code) {
                            case 0:
                                iesp--;         /* don't push the file */
                                goto again;     /* stacks are unchanged */
                            case o_push_estack:
                                esfile_clear_cache();
                                if (--(*ticks_left) > 0)
                                    goto up;
                                goto slice;
                        }
                        /* must be an error */
                        iesp--; /* don't push the file */
                        return_with_code_iref();
                    case scan_Comment:
                    case scan_DSC_Comment: {
                        /* See scan_Refill above for comments. */
                        ref file_token;

                        store_state(iesp);
                        ref_assign_inline(&file_token, IREF);
                        if (iesp >= estop)
                            return_with_error_iref(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
                        ++iesp;
                        ref_assign_inline(iesp, &file_token);
                        esp = iesp;
                        osp = iosp;
                        code = ztoken_handle_comment(i_ctx_p,
                                                     &sstate, &token,
                                                     code, true, true,
                                                     ztokenexec_continue);
                    }
                        goto scan_cont;
                    default:    /* error */
                        ref_assign_inline(&token, IREF);
                        gs_scanner_error_object(i_ctx_p, &sstate, &token);
                        return_with_error(code, &token);
                }
            }
        case exec(t_string):
            {                   /* Executable string.  Read a token and interpret it. */
                stream ss;
                scanner_state sstate;

                s_init(&ss, NULL);
                sread_string(&ss, IREF->value.bytes, r_size(IREF));
                gs_scanner_init_stream_options(&sstate, &ss, SCAN_FROM_STRING);
                osp = iosp;     /* gs_scan_token uses ostack */
                code = gs_scan_token(i_ctx_p, &token, &sstate);
                iosp = osp;     /* ditto */
                switch (code) {
                    case 0:     /* read a token */
                    case scan_BOS:      /* binary object sequence */
                        store_state(iesp);
                        /* If the updated string isn't empty, push it back */
                        /* on the e-stack. */
                        {
                            /* This is just the available buffer size, so
                               a signed int is plenty big
                             */
                            int size = sbufavailable(&ss);

                            if (size > 0) {
                                if (iesp >= estop)
                                    return_with_error_iref(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
                                ++iesp;
                                iesp->tas.type_attrs = IREF->tas.type_attrs;
                                iesp->value.const_bytes = sbufptr(&ss);
                                r_set_size(iesp, size);
                            }
                        }
                        if (code == 0) {
                            SET_IREF(&token);
                            icount = 0;
                            goto top;
                        }
                        /* Handle BOS specially */
                        pvalue = &token;
                        goto pr;
                    case scan_EOF:      /* end of string */
                        goto bot;
                    case scan_Refill:   /* error */
                        code = gs_note_error(gs_error_syntaxerror);
                        /* fall through */
                    default:    /* error */
                        ref_assign_inline(&token, IREF);
                        gs_scanner_error_object(i_ctx_p, &sstate, &token);
                        return_with_error(code, &token);
                }
            }
            /* Handle packed arrays here by re-dispatching. */
            /* This also picks up some anomalous cases of non-packed arrays. */
        default:
            {
                uint index;

                switch (*iref_packed >> r_packed_type_shift) {
                    case pt_full_ref:
                    case pt_full_ref + 1:
                        INCR(p_full);
                        if (iosp >= ostop)
                            return_with_stackoverflow_iref();
                        /* We know this can't be an executable object */
                        /* requiring special handling, so we just push it. */
                        ++iosp;
                        /* We know that refs are properly aligned: */
                        /* see packed.h for details. */
                        ref_assign_inline(iosp, IREF);
                        next();
                    case pt_executable_operator:
                        index = *iref_packed & packed_value_mask;
                        if (--(*ticks_left) <= 0) {        /* The following doesn't work, */
                            /* and I can't figure out why. */
/****** goto sst_short; ******/
                        }
                        if (!op_index_is_operator(index)) {
                            INCR(p_exec_oparray);
                            store_state_short(iesp);
                            opindex = index;
                            /* Call the operator procedure. */
                            index -= op_def_count;
                            pvalue = (ref *)
                                (index < r_size(&i_ctx_p->op_array_table_global.table) ?
                                 i_ctx_p->op_array_table_global.table.value.const_refs +
                                 index :
                                 i_ctx_p->op_array_table_local.table.value.const_refs +
                                 (index - r_size(&i_ctx_p->op_array_table_global.table)));
                            goto oppr;
                        }
                        INCR(p_exec_operator);
                        /* See the main plain_exec(t_operator) case */
                        /* for details of what happens here. */
#if PACKED_SPECIAL_OPS
                        /*
                         * We arranged in iinit.c that the special ops
                         * have operator indices starting at 1.
                         *
                         * The (int) cast in the next line is required
                         * because some compilers don't allow arithmetic
                         * involving two different enumerated types.
                         */
#  define case_xop(xop) case xop - (int)tx_op + 1
                        switch (index) {
                              case_xop(tx_op_add):goto x_add;
                              case_xop(tx_op_def):goto x_def;
                              case_xop(tx_op_dup):goto x_dup;
                              case_xop(tx_op_exch):goto x_exch;
                              case_xop(tx_op_if):goto x_if;
                              case_xop(tx_op_ifelse):goto x_ifelse;
                              case_xop(tx_op_index):goto x_index;
                              case_xop(tx_op_pop):goto x_pop;
                              case_xop(tx_op_roll):goto x_roll;
                              case_xop(tx_op_sub):goto x_sub;
                            case 0:     /* for dumb compilers */
                            default:
                                ;
                        }
#  undef case_xop
#endif
                        INCR(p_exec_non_x_operator);
                        esp = iesp;
                        osp = iosp;
                        switch (code = call_operator(op_index_proc(index), i_ctx_p)) {
                            case 0:
                            case 1:
                                iosp = osp;
                                next_short();
                            case o_push_estack:
                                store_state_short(iesp);
                                goto opush;
                            case o_pop_estack:
                                iosp = osp;
                                if (esp == iesp) {
                                    next_short();
                                }
                                iesp = esp;
                                goto up;
                            case o_reschedule:
                                store_state_short(iesp);
                                goto res;
                            case gs_error_Remap_Color:
                                store_state_short(iesp);
                                goto remap;
                        }
                        iosp = osp;
                        iesp = esp;
                        return_with_code_iref();
                    case pt_integer:
                        INCR(p_integer);
                        if (iosp >= ostop)
                            return_with_stackoverflow_iref();
                        ++iosp;
                        make_int(iosp,
                                 ((int)*iref_packed & packed_int_mask) +
                                 packed_min_intval);
                        next_short();
                    case pt_literal_name:
                        INCR(p_lit_name);
                        {
                            uint nidx = *iref_packed & packed_value_mask;

                            if (iosp >= ostop)
                                return_with_stackoverflow_iref();
                            ++iosp;
                            name_index_ref_inline(int_nt, nidx, iosp);
                            next_short();
                        }
                    case pt_executable_name:
                        INCR(p_exec_name);
                        {
                            uint nidx = *iref_packed & packed_value_mask;

                            pvalue = name_index_ptr_inline(int_nt, nidx)->pvalue;
                            if (!pv_valid(pvalue)) {
                                uint htemp;

                                INCR(p_find_name);
                                if ((pvalue = dict_find_name_by_index_inline(nidx, htemp)) == 0) {
                                    names_index_ref(int_nt, nidx, &token);
                                    return_with_error(gs_error_undefined, &token);
                                }
                            }
                            if (r_has_masked_attrs(pvalue, a_execute, a_execute + a_executable)) {      /* Literal, push it. */
                                INCR(p_name_lit);
                                if (iosp >= ostop)
                                    return_with_stackoverflow_iref();
                                ++iosp;
                                ref_assign_inline(iosp, pvalue);
                                next_short();
                            }
                            if (r_is_proc(pvalue)) {    /* This is an executable procedure, */
                                /* execute it. */
                                INCR(p_name_proc);
                                store_state_short(iesp);
                                goto pr;
                            }
                            /* Not a literal or procedure, reinterpret it. */
                            store_state_short(iesp);
                            icount = 0;
                            SET_IREF(pvalue);
                            goto top;
                        }
                        /* default can't happen here */
                }
            }
    }
    /* Literal type, just push it. */
    if (iosp >= ostop)
        return_with_stackoverflow_iref();
    ++iosp;
    ref_assign_inline(iosp, IREF);
  bot:next();
  out:                          /* At most 1 more token in the current procedure. */
    /* (We already decremented icount.) */
    if (!icount) {
        /* Pop the execution stack for tail recursion. */
        iesp--;
        iref_packed = IREF_NEXT(iref_packed);
        goto top;
    }
  up:if (--(*ticks_left) < 0)
        goto slice;
    /* See if there is anything left on the execution stack. */
    if (!r_is_proc(iesp)) {
        SET_IREF(iesp--);
        icount = 0;
        goto top;
    }
    SET_IREF(iesp->value.refs); /* next element of array */
    icount = r_size(iesp) - 1;
    if (icount <= 0) {          /* <= 1 more elements */
        iesp--;                 /* pop, or tail recursion */
        if (icount < 0)
            goto up;
    }
    goto top;
res:
    /* Some operator has asked for context rescheduling. */
    /* We've done a store_state. */
    *pi_ctx_p = i_ctx_p;
    code = (*i_ctx_p->reschedule_proc)(pi_ctx_p);
    i_ctx_p = *pi_ctx_p;
  sched:                        /* We've just called a scheduling procedure. */
    /* The interpreter state is in memory; iref is not current. */
    if (code < 0) {
        set_error(code);
        /*
         * We need a real object to return as the error object.
         * (It only has to last long enough to store in
         * *perror_object.)
         */
        make_null_proc(&ierror.full);
        SET_IREF(ierror.obj = &ierror.full);
        goto error_exit;
    }
    /* Reload state information from memory. */
    iosp = osp;
    iesp = esp;
    goto up;
#if 0                           /****** ****** ***** */
  sst:                          /* Time-slice, but push the current object first. */
    store_state(iesp);
    if (iesp >= estop)
        return_with_error_iref(gs_error_execstackoverflow);
    iesp++;
    ref_assign_inline(iesp, iref);
#endif /****** ****** ***** */
  slice:                        /* It's time to time-slice or garbage collect. */
    /* iref is not live, so we don't need to do a store_state. */
    osp = iosp;
    esp = iesp;
    /* If *ticks_left <= -100, we need to GC now. */
    if ((*ticks_left) <= -100) {   /* We need to garbage collect now. */
        *pi_ctx_p = i_ctx_p;
        code = interp_reclaim(pi_ctx_p, -1);
        i_ctx_p = *pi_ctx_p;
    } else if (i_ctx_p->time_slice_proc != NULL) {
        *pi_ctx_p = i_ctx_p;
        code = (*i_ctx_p->time_slice_proc)(pi_ctx_p);
        i_ctx_p = *pi_ctx_p;
    } else
        code = 0;
    *ticks_left = i_ctx_p->time_slice_ticks;
    set_code_on_interrupt(imemory, &code);
    goto sched;

    /* Error exits. */

  rweci:
    ierror.code = code;
  rwei:
    ierror.obj = IREF;
  rwe:
    if (!r_is_packed(iref_packed))
        store_state(iesp);
    else {
        /*
         * We need a real object to return as the error object.
         * (It only has to last long enough to store in *perror_object.)
         */
        packed_get(imemory, (const ref_packed *)ierror.obj, &ierror.full);
        store_state_short(iesp);
        if (IREF == ierror.obj)
            SET_IREF(&ierror.full);
        ierror.obj = &ierror.full;
    }
  error_exit:
    if (GS_ERROR_IS_INTERRUPT(ierror.code)) {      /* We must push the current object being interpreted */
        /* back on the e-stack so it will be re-executed. */
        /* Currently, this is always an executable operator, */
        /* but it might be something else someday if we check */
        /* for interrupts in the interpreter loop itself. */
        if (iesp >= estop)
            ierror.code = gs_error_execstackoverflow;
        else {
            iesp++;
            ref_assign_inline(iesp, IREF);
        }
    }
    esp = iesp;
    osp = iosp;
    ref_assign_inline(perror_object, ierror.obj);
#ifdef DEBUG
    if (ierror.code == gs_error_InterpreterExit) {
        /* Do not call gs_log_error to reduce the noise. */
        return gs_error_InterpreterExit;
    }
#endif
    return gs_log_error(ierror.code, __FILE__, ierror.line);
}