static int bdrv_open_common(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *file,
    QDict *options, int flags, BlockDriver *drv, Error **errp)
{
    int ret, open_flags;
    const char *filename;
    const char *node_name = NULL;
    Error *local_err = NULL;

    assert(drv != NULL);
    assert(bs->file == NULL);
    assert(options != NULL && bs->options != options);

    if (file != NULL) {
        filename = file->filename;
    } else {
        filename = qdict_get_try_str(options, "filename");
    }

    if (drv->bdrv_needs_filename && !filename) {
        error_setg(errp, "The '%s' block driver requires a file name",
                   drv->format_name);
        return -EINVAL;
    }

    trace_bdrv_open_common(bs, filename ?: "", flags, drv->format_name);

    node_name = qdict_get_try_str(options, "node-name");
    ret = bdrv_assign_node_name(bs, node_name, errp);
    if (ret < 0) {
        return ret;
    }
    qdict_del(options, "node-name");

    /* bdrv_open() with directly using a protocol as drv. This layer is already
     * opened, so assign it to bs (while file becomes a closed BlockDriverState)
     * and return immediately. */
    if (file != NULL && drv->bdrv_file_open) {
        bdrv_swap(file, bs);
        return 0;
    }

    bs->open_flags = flags;
    bs->guest_block_size = 512;
    bs->request_alignment = 512;
    bs->zero_beyond_eof = true;
    open_flags = bdrv_open_flags(bs, flags);
    bs->read_only = !(open_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR);

    if (use_bdrv_whitelist && !bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv, bs->read_only)) {
        error_setg(errp,
                   !bs->read_only && bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv, true)
                        ? "Driver '%s' can only be used for read-only devices"
                        : "Driver '%s' is not whitelisted",
                   drv->format_name);
        return -ENOTSUP;
    }

    assert(bs->copy_on_read == 0); /* bdrv_new() and bdrv_close() make it so */
    if (flags & BDRV_O_COPY_ON_READ) {
        if (!bs->read_only) {
            bdrv_enable_copy_on_read(bs);
        } else {
            error_setg(errp, "Can't use copy-on-read on read-only device");
            return -EINVAL;
        }
    }

    if (filename != NULL) {
        pstrcpy(bs->filename, sizeof(bs->filename), filename);
    } else {
        bs->filename[0] = '\0';
    }

    bs->drv = drv;
    bs->opaque = g_malloc0(drv->instance_size);

    bs->enable_write_cache = !!(flags & BDRV_O_CACHE_WB);

    /* Open the image, either directly or using a protocol */
    if (drv->bdrv_file_open) {
        assert(file == NULL);
        assert(!drv->bdrv_needs_filename || filename != NULL);
        ret = drv->bdrv_file_open(bs, options, open_flags, &local_err);
    } else {
        if (file == NULL) {
            error_setg(errp, "Can't use '%s' as a block driver for the "
                       "protocol level", drv->format_name);
            ret = -EINVAL;
            goto free_and_fail;
        }
        bs->file = file;
        ret = drv->bdrv_open(bs, options, open_flags, &local_err);
    }

    if (ret < 0) {
        if (local_err) {
            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
        } else if (bs->filename[0]) {
            error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not open '%s'", bs->filename);
        } else {
            error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not open image");
        }
        goto free_and_fail;
    }

    ret = refresh_total_sectors(bs, bs->total_sectors);
    if (ret < 0) {
        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not refresh total sector count");
        goto free_and_fail;
    }

    bdrv_refresh_limits(bs);
    assert(bdrv_opt_mem_align(bs) != 0);
    assert((bs->request_alignment != 0) || bs->sg);

#ifndef _WIN32
    if (bs->is_temporary) {
        assert(bs->filename[0] != '\0');
        unlink(bs->filename);
    }
#endif
    return 0;

free_and_fail:
    bs->file = NULL;
    g_free(bs->opaque);
    bs->opaque = NULL;
    bs->drv = NULL;
    return ret;
}

The product performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. This occurs when an integer value is incremented to a value that is too large to store in the associated representation. When this occurs, the value may become a very small or negative number.