int ext2_fsync(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end, int datasync)
{
	int ret;
	struct super_block *sb = file->f_mapping->host->i_sb;
	struct address_space *mapping = sb->s_bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping;

	ret = generic_file_fsync(file, start, end, datasync);
	if (ret == -EIO || test_and_clear_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags)) {
		/* We don't really know where the IO error happened... */
		ext2_error(sb, __func__,
			   "detected IO error when writing metadata buffers");
		ret = -EIO;
	}
	return ret;
}

This category addresses vulnerabilities caused by flawed access control mechanisms, where incorrect permission settings allow unauthorized users to access restricted resources.