static int opipe_prep(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, unsigned int flags)
{
	int ret;

	/*
	 * Check ->nrbufs without the inode lock first. This function
	 * is speculative anyways, so missing one is ok.
	 */
	if (pipe->nrbufs < pipe->buffers)
		return 0;

	ret = 0;
	pipe_lock(pipe);

	while (pipe->nrbufs >= pipe->buffers) {
		if (!pipe->readers) {
			send_sig(SIGPIPE, current, 0);
			ret = -EPIPE;
			break;
		}
		if (flags & SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK) {
			ret = -EAGAIN;
			break;
		}
		if (signal_pending(current)) {
			ret = -ERESTARTSYS;
			break;
		}
		pipe->waiting_writers++;
		pipe_wait(pipe);
		pipe->waiting_writers--;
	}

	pipe_unlock(pipe);
	return ret;
}

This category addresses vulnerabilities caused by flawed access control mechanisms, where incorrect permission settings allow unauthorized users to access restricted resources.