static long block_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
	struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(file->f_mapping->host);
	fmode_t mode = file->f_mode;

	/*
	 * O_NDELAY can be altered using fcntl(.., F_SETFL, ..), so we have
	 * to updated it before every ioctl.
	 */
	if (file->f_flags & O_NDELAY)
		mode |= FMODE_NDELAY;
	else
		mode &= ~FMODE_NDELAY;

	return blkdev_ioctl(bdev, mode, cmd, arg);
}

This category addresses vulnerabilities caused by flawed access control mechanisms, where incorrect permission settings allow unauthorized users to access restricted resources.