static int cqspi_indirect_read_setup(struct spi_nor *nor,
				     const unsigned int from_addr)
{
	struct cqspi_flash_pdata *f_pdata = nor->priv;
	struct cqspi_st *cqspi = f_pdata->cqspi;
	void __iomem *reg_base = cqspi->iobase;
	unsigned int dummy_clk = 0;
	unsigned int reg;

	writel(from_addr, reg_base + CQSPI_REG_INDIRECTRDSTARTADDR);

	reg = nor->read_opcode << CQSPI_REG_RD_INSTR_OPCODE_LSB;
	reg |= cqspi_calc_rdreg(nor, nor->read_opcode);

	/* Setup dummy clock cycles */
	dummy_clk = nor->read_dummy;
	if (dummy_clk > CQSPI_DUMMY_CLKS_MAX)
		dummy_clk = CQSPI_DUMMY_CLKS_MAX;

	if (dummy_clk / 8) {
		reg |= (1 << CQSPI_REG_RD_INSTR_MODE_EN_LSB);
		/* Set mode bits high to ensure chip doesn't enter XIP */
		writel(0xFF, reg_base + CQSPI_REG_MODE_BIT);

		/* Need to subtract the mode byte (8 clocks). */
		if (f_pdata->inst_width != CQSPI_INST_TYPE_QUAD)
			dummy_clk -= 8;

		if (dummy_clk)
			reg |= (dummy_clk & CQSPI_REG_RD_INSTR_DUMMY_MASK)
			       << CQSPI_REG_RD_INSTR_DUMMY_LSB;
	}

	writel(reg, reg_base + CQSPI_REG_RD_INSTR);

	/* Set address width */
	reg = readl(reg_base + CQSPI_REG_SIZE);
	reg &= ~CQSPI_REG_SIZE_ADDRESS_MASK;
	reg |= (nor->addr_width - 1);
	writel(reg, reg_base + CQSPI_REG_SIZE);
	return 0;
}

The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.