static int virtio_net_handle_vlan_table(VirtIONet *n, uint8_t cmd,
                                        struct iovec *iov, unsigned int iov_cnt)
{
    uint16_t vid;
    size_t s;
    NetClientState *nc = qemu_get_queue(n->nic);

    s = iov_to_buf(iov, iov_cnt, 0, &vid, sizeof(vid));
    vid = lduw_p(&vid);
    if (s != sizeof(vid)) {
        return VIRTIO_NET_ERR;
    }

    if (vid >= MAX_VLAN)
        return VIRTIO_NET_ERR;

    if (cmd == VIRTIO_NET_CTRL_VLAN_ADD)
        n->vlans[vid >> 5] |= (1U << (vid & 0x1f));
    else if (cmd == VIRTIO_NET_CTRL_VLAN_DEL)
        n->vlans[vid >> 5] &= ~(1U << (vid & 0x1f));
    else
        return VIRTIO_NET_ERR;

    rxfilter_notify(nc);

    return VIRTIO_NET_OK;
}

The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.