int BN_GF2m_mod_exp_arr(BIGNUM *r, const BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *b,
                        const int p[], BN_CTX *ctx)
{
    int ret = 0, i, n;
    BIGNUM *u;

    bn_check_top(a);
    bn_check_top(b);

    if (BN_is_zero(b))
        return (BN_one(r));

    if (BN_abs_is_word(b, 1))
        return (BN_copy(r, a) != NULL);

    BN_CTX_start(ctx);
    if ((u = BN_CTX_get(ctx)) == NULL)
        goto err;

    if (!BN_GF2m_mod_arr(u, a, p))
        goto err;

    n = BN_num_bits(b) - 1;
    for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        if (!BN_GF2m_mod_sqr_arr(u, u, p, ctx))
            goto err;
        if (BN_is_bit_set(b, i)) {
            if (!BN_GF2m_mod_mul_arr(u, u, a, p, ctx))
                goto err;
        }
    }
    if (!BN_copy(r, u))
        goto err;
    bn_check_top(r);
    ret = 1;
 err:
    BN_CTX_end(ctx);
    return ret;
}

This vulnerability category highlights issues in resource management where failures to properly release memory, file handles, or other resources can degrade system performance or enable denial-of-service conditions.