static int ext4_file_open(struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
	struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
	struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
	struct vfsmount *mnt = filp->f_path.mnt;
	struct path path;
	char buf[64], *cp;

	if (unlikely(!(sbi->s_mount_flags & EXT4_MF_MNTDIR_SAMPLED) &&
		     !(sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY))) {
		sbi->s_mount_flags |= EXT4_MF_MNTDIR_SAMPLED;
		/*
		 * Sample where the filesystem has been mounted and
		 * store it in the superblock for sysadmin convenience
		 * when trying to sort through large numbers of block
		 * devices or filesystem images.
		 */
		memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
		path.mnt = mnt;
		path.dentry = mnt->mnt_root;
		cp = d_path(&path, buf, sizeof(buf));
		if (!IS_ERR(cp)) {
			handle_t *handle;
			int err;

			handle = ext4_journal_start_sb(sb, EXT4_HT_MISC, 1);
			if (IS_ERR(handle))
				return PTR_ERR(handle);
			err = ext4_journal_get_write_access(handle, sbi->s_sbh);
			if (err) {
				ext4_journal_stop(handle);
				return err;
			}
			strlcpy(sbi->s_es->s_last_mounted, cp,
				sizeof(sbi->s_es->s_last_mounted));
			ext4_handle_dirty_super(handle, sb);
			ext4_journal_stop(handle);
		}
	}
	/*
	 * Set up the jbd2_inode if we are opening the inode for
	 * writing and the journal is present
	 */
	if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) {
		int ret = ext4_inode_attach_jinode(inode);
		if (ret < 0)
			return ret;
	}
	return dquot_file_open(inode, filp);
}

This category addresses vulnerabilities caused by flawed access control mechanisms, where incorrect permission settings allow unauthorized users to access restricted resources.