int blkdev_fsync(struct file *filp, loff_t start, loff_t end, int datasync)
{
	struct inode *bd_inode = filp->f_mapping->host;
	struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(bd_inode);
	int error;
	
	error = filemap_write_and_wait_range(filp->f_mapping, start, end);
	if (error)
		return error;

	/*
	 * There is no need to serialise calls to blkdev_issue_flush with
	 * i_mutex and doing so causes performance issues with concurrent
	 * O_SYNC writers to a block device.
	 */
	error = blkdev_issue_flush(bdev, GFP_KERNEL, NULL);
	if (error == -EOPNOTSUPP)
		error = 0;

	return error;
}

This category addresses vulnerabilities caused by flawed access control mechanisms, where incorrect permission settings allow unauthorized users to access restricted resources.