static long do_splice(struct file *in, loff_t __user *off_in,
		      struct file *out, loff_t __user *off_out,
		      size_t len, unsigned int flags)
{
	struct pipe_inode_info *ipipe;
	struct pipe_inode_info *opipe;
	loff_t offset;
	long ret;

	ipipe = get_pipe_info(in);
	opipe = get_pipe_info(out);

	if (ipipe && opipe) {
		if (off_in || off_out)
			return -ESPIPE;

		if (!(in->f_mode & FMODE_READ))
			return -EBADF;

		if (!(out->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE))
			return -EBADF;

		/* Splicing to self would be fun, but... */
		if (ipipe == opipe)
			return -EINVAL;

		return splice_pipe_to_pipe(ipipe, opipe, len, flags);
	}

	if (ipipe) {
		if (off_in)
			return -ESPIPE;
		if (off_out) {
			if (!(out->f_mode & FMODE_PWRITE))
				return -EINVAL;
			if (copy_from_user(&offset, off_out, sizeof(loff_t)))
				return -EFAULT;
		} else {
			offset = out->f_pos;
		}

		if (unlikely(!(out->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)))
			return -EBADF;

		if (unlikely(out->f_flags & O_APPEND))
			return -EINVAL;

		ret = rw_verify_area(WRITE, out, &offset, len);
		if (unlikely(ret < 0))
			return ret;

		file_start_write(out);
		ret = do_splice_from(ipipe, out, &offset, len, flags);
		file_end_write(out);

		if (!off_out)
			out->f_pos = offset;
		else if (copy_to_user(off_out, &offset, sizeof(loff_t)))
			ret = -EFAULT;

		return ret;
	}

	if (opipe) {
		if (off_out)
			return -ESPIPE;
		if (off_in) {
			if (!(in->f_mode & FMODE_PREAD))
				return -EINVAL;
			if (copy_from_user(&offset, off_in, sizeof(loff_t)))
				return -EFAULT;
		} else {
			offset = in->f_pos;
		}

		ret = do_splice_to(in, &offset, opipe, len, flags);

		if (!off_in)
			in->f_pos = offset;
		else if (copy_to_user(off_in, &offset, sizeof(loff_t)))
			ret = -EFAULT;

		return ret;
	}

	return -EINVAL;
}

This category addresses vulnerabilities caused by flawed access control mechanisms, where incorrect permission settings allow unauthorized users to access restricted resources.