static int __ip_append_data(struct sock *sk,
			    struct flowi4 *fl4,
			    struct sk_buff_head *queue,
			    struct inet_cork *cork,
			    struct page_frag *pfrag,
			    int getfrag(void *from, char *to, int offset,
					int len, int odd, struct sk_buff *skb),
			    void *from, int length, int transhdrlen,
			    unsigned int flags)
{
	struct inet_sock *inet = inet_sk(sk);
	struct sk_buff *skb;

	struct ip_options *opt = cork->opt;
	int hh_len;
	int exthdrlen;
	int mtu;
	int copy;
	int err;
	int offset = 0;
	unsigned int maxfraglen, fragheaderlen;
	int csummode = CHECKSUM_NONE;
	struct rtable *rt = (struct rtable *)cork->dst;

	skb = skb_peek_tail(queue);

	exthdrlen = !skb ? rt->dst.header_len : 0;
	mtu = cork->fragsize;

	hh_len = LL_RESERVED_SPACE(rt->dst.dev);

	fragheaderlen = sizeof(struct iphdr) + (opt ? opt->optlen : 0);
	maxfraglen = ((mtu - fragheaderlen) & ~7) + fragheaderlen;

	if (cork->length + length > 0xFFFF - fragheaderlen) {
		ip_local_error(sk, EMSGSIZE, fl4->daddr, inet->inet_dport,
			       mtu-exthdrlen);
		return -EMSGSIZE;
	}

	/*
	 * transhdrlen > 0 means that this is the first fragment and we wish
	 * it won't be fragmented in the future.
	 */
	if (transhdrlen &&
	    length + fragheaderlen <= mtu &&
	    rt->dst.dev->features & NETIF_F_V4_CSUM &&
	    !exthdrlen)
		csummode = CHECKSUM_PARTIAL;

	cork->length += length;
	if (((length > mtu) || (skb && skb_is_gso(skb))) &&
	    (sk->sk_protocol == IPPROTO_UDP) &&
	    (rt->dst.dev->features & NETIF_F_UFO) && !rt->dst.header_len) {
		err = ip_ufo_append_data(sk, queue, getfrag, from, length,
					 hh_len, fragheaderlen, transhdrlen,
					 maxfraglen, flags);
		if (err)
			goto error;
		return 0;
	}

	/* So, what's going on in the loop below?
	 *
	 * We use calculated fragment length to generate chained skb,
	 * each of segments is IP fragment ready for sending to network after
	 * adding appropriate IP header.
	 */

	if (!skb)
		goto alloc_new_skb;

	while (length > 0) {
		/* Check if the remaining data fits into current packet. */
		copy = mtu - skb->len;
		if (copy < length)
			copy = maxfraglen - skb->len;
		if (copy <= 0) {
			char *data;
			unsigned int datalen;
			unsigned int fraglen;
			unsigned int fraggap;
			unsigned int alloclen;
			struct sk_buff *skb_prev;
alloc_new_skb:
			skb_prev = skb;
			if (skb_prev)
				fraggap = skb_prev->len - maxfraglen;
			else
				fraggap = 0;

			/*
			 * If remaining data exceeds the mtu,
			 * we know we need more fragment(s).
			 */
			datalen = length + fraggap;
			if (datalen > mtu - fragheaderlen)
				datalen = maxfraglen - fragheaderlen;
			fraglen = datalen + fragheaderlen;

			if ((flags & MSG_MORE) &&
			    !(rt->dst.dev->features&NETIF_F_SG))
				alloclen = mtu;
			else
				alloclen = fraglen;

			alloclen += exthdrlen;

			/* The last fragment gets additional space at tail.
			 * Note, with MSG_MORE we overallocate on fragments,
			 * because we have no idea what fragment will be
			 * the last.
			 */
			if (datalen == length + fraggap)
				alloclen += rt->dst.trailer_len;

			if (transhdrlen) {
				skb = sock_alloc_send_skb(sk,
						alloclen + hh_len + 15,
						(flags & MSG_DONTWAIT), &err);
			} else {
				skb = NULL;
				if (atomic_read(&sk->sk_wmem_alloc) <=
				    2 * sk->sk_sndbuf)
					skb = sock_wmalloc(sk,
							   alloclen + hh_len + 15, 1,
							   sk->sk_allocation);
				if (unlikely(skb == NULL))
					err = -ENOBUFS;
				else
					/* only the initial fragment is
					   time stamped */
					cork->tx_flags = 0;
			}
			if (skb == NULL)
				goto error;

			/*
			 *	Fill in the control structures
			 */
			skb->ip_summed = csummode;
			skb->csum = 0;
			skb_reserve(skb, hh_len);
			skb_shinfo(skb)->tx_flags = cork->tx_flags;

			/*
			 *	Find where to start putting bytes.
			 */
			data = skb_put(skb, fraglen + exthdrlen);
			skb_set_network_header(skb, exthdrlen);
			skb->transport_header = (skb->network_header +
						 fragheaderlen);
			data += fragheaderlen + exthdrlen;

			if (fraggap) {
				skb->csum = skb_copy_and_csum_bits(
					skb_prev, maxfraglen,
					data + transhdrlen, fraggap, 0);
				skb_prev->csum = csum_sub(skb_prev->csum,
							  skb->csum);
				data += fraggap;
				pskb_trim_unique(skb_prev, maxfraglen);
			}

			copy = datalen - transhdrlen - fraggap;
			if (copy > 0 && getfrag(from, data + transhdrlen, offset, copy, fraggap, skb) < 0) {
				err = -EFAULT;
				kfree_skb(skb);
				goto error;
			}

			offset += copy;
			length -= datalen - fraggap;
			transhdrlen = 0;
			exthdrlen = 0;
			csummode = CHECKSUM_NONE;

			/*
			 * Put the packet on the pending queue.
			 */
			__skb_queue_tail(queue, skb);
			continue;
		}

		if (copy > length)
			copy = length;

		if (!(rt->dst.dev->features&NETIF_F_SG)) {
			unsigned int off;

			off = skb->len;
			if (getfrag(from, skb_put(skb, copy),
					offset, copy, off, skb) < 0) {
				__skb_trim(skb, off);
				err = -EFAULT;
				goto error;
			}
		} else {
			int i = skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags;

			err = -ENOMEM;
			if (!sk_page_frag_refill(sk, pfrag))
				goto error;

			if (!skb_can_coalesce(skb, i, pfrag->page,
					      pfrag->offset)) {
				err = -EMSGSIZE;
				if (i == MAX_SKB_FRAGS)
					goto error;

				__skb_fill_page_desc(skb, i, pfrag->page,
						     pfrag->offset, 0);
				skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags = ++i;
				get_page(pfrag->page);
			}
			copy = min_t(int, copy, pfrag->size - pfrag->offset);
			if (getfrag(from,
				    page_address(pfrag->page) + pfrag->offset,
				    offset, copy, skb->len, skb) < 0)
				goto error_efault;

			pfrag->offset += copy;
			skb_frag_size_add(&skb_shinfo(skb)->frags[i - 1], copy);
			skb->len += copy;
			skb->data_len += copy;
			skb->truesize += copy;
			atomic_add(copy, &sk->sk_wmem_alloc);
		}
		offset += copy;
		length -= copy;
	}

	return 0;

error_efault:
	err = -EFAULT;
error:
	cork->length -= length;
	IP_INC_STATS(sock_net(sk), IPSTATS_MIB_OUTDISCARDS);
	return err;
}

This category addresses vulnerabilities caused by flawed access control mechanisms, where incorrect permission settings allow unauthorized users to access restricted resources.