static int xpm_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, void *data,
                            int *got_frame, AVPacket *avpkt)
 {
     XPMDecContext *x = avctx->priv_data;
     AVFrame *p=data;
    const uint8_t *end, *ptr;
     int ncolors, cpp, ret, i, j;
     int64_t size;
     uint32_t *dst;
 
     avctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_BGRA;
 
    av_fast_padded_malloc(&x->buf, &x->buf_size, avpkt->size);
    if (!x->buf)
        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
    memcpy(x->buf, avpkt->data, avpkt->size);
    x->buf[avpkt->size] = 0;

    ptr = x->buf;
    end = x->buf + avpkt->size;
    while (end - ptr > 9 && memcmp(ptr, "/* XPM */", 9))
         ptr++;
 
    if (end - ptr <= 9) {
         av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "missing signature\n");
         return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
     }

    ptr += mod_strcspn(ptr, "\"");
    if (sscanf(ptr, "\"%u %u %u %u\",",
               &avctx->width, &avctx->height, &ncolors, &cpp) != 4) {
        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "missing image parameters\n");
        return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
    }

    if ((ret = ff_set_dimensions(avctx, avctx->width, avctx->height)) < 0)
        return ret;

    if ((ret = ff_get_buffer(avctx, p, 0)) < 0)
        return ret;

    if (cpp <= 0 || cpp >= 5) {
        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "unsupported/invalid number of chars per pixel: %d\n", cpp);
        return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
    }
 
     size = 1;
     for (i = 0; i < cpp; i++)
        size *= 95;
 
     if (ncolors <= 0 || ncolors > size) {
         av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "invalid number of colors: %d\n", ncolors);
        return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
    }

    size *= 4;

    av_fast_padded_malloc(&x->pixels, &x->pixels_size, size);
    if (!x->pixels)
         return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
 
     ptr += mod_strcspn(ptr, ",") + 1;
    if (end - ptr < 1)
        return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;

     for (i = 0; i < ncolors; i++) {
         const uint8_t *index;
         int len;
 
         ptr += mod_strcspn(ptr, "\"") + 1;
        if (end - ptr < cpp)
             return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
         index = ptr;
         ptr += cpp;

        ptr = strstr(ptr, "c ");
        if (ptr) {
            ptr += 2;
        } else {
            return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
        }

        len = strcspn(ptr, "\" ");

        if ((ret = ascii2index(index, cpp)) < 0)
            return ret;
 
         x->pixels[ret] = color_string_to_rgba(ptr, len);
         ptr += mod_strcspn(ptr, ",") + 1;
        if (end - ptr < 1)
            return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < avctx->height; i++) {
         dst = (uint32_t *)(p->data[0] + i * p->linesize[0]);
        if (end - ptr < 1)
            return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
         ptr += mod_strcspn(ptr, "\"") + 1;
        if (end - ptr < 1)
            return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
 
         for (j = 0; j < avctx->width; j++) {
            if (end - ptr < cpp)
                 return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
 
             if ((ret = ascii2index(ptr, cpp)) < 0)
                return ret;

            *dst++ = x->pixels[ret];
            ptr += cpp;
        }
        ptr += mod_strcspn(ptr, ",") + 1;
    }

    p->key_frame = 1;
    p->pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I;

    *got_frame = 1;

    return avpkt->size;
}

The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.