static int page_cache_pipe_buf_confirm(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
				       struct pipe_buffer *buf)
{
	struct page *page = buf->page;
	int err;

	if (!PageUptodate(page)) {
		lock_page(page);

		/*
		 * Page got truncated/unhashed. This will cause a 0-byte
		 * splice, if this is the first page.
		 */
		if (!page->mapping) {
			err = -ENODATA;
			goto error;
		}

		/*
		 * Uh oh, read-error from disk.
		 */
		if (!PageUptodate(page)) {
			err = -EIO;
			goto error;
		}

		/*
		 * Page is ok afterall, we are done.
		 */
		unlock_page(page);
	}

	return 0;
error:
	unlock_page(page);
	return err;
}

This category addresses vulnerabilities caused by flawed access control mechanisms, where incorrect permission settings allow unauthorized users to access restricted resources.