static int airspy_ctrl_msg(struct airspy *s, u8 request, u16 value, u16 index,
		u8 *data, u16 size)
{
	int ret;
	unsigned int pipe;
	u8 requesttype;

	switch (request) {
	case CMD_RECEIVER_MODE:
	case CMD_SET_FREQ:
		pipe = usb_sndctrlpipe(s->udev, 0);
		requesttype = (USB_TYPE_VENDOR | USB_DIR_OUT);
		break;
	case CMD_BOARD_ID_READ:
	case CMD_VERSION_STRING_READ:
	case CMD_BOARD_PARTID_SERIALNO_READ:
	case CMD_SET_LNA_GAIN:
	case CMD_SET_MIXER_GAIN:
	case CMD_SET_VGA_GAIN:
	case CMD_SET_LNA_AGC:
	case CMD_SET_MIXER_AGC:
		pipe = usb_rcvctrlpipe(s->udev, 0);
		requesttype = (USB_TYPE_VENDOR | USB_DIR_IN);
		break;
	default:
		dev_err(s->dev, "Unknown command %02x\n", request);
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto err;
	}

	/* write request */
	if (!(requesttype & USB_DIR_IN))
		memcpy(s->buf, data, size);

	ret = usb_control_msg(s->udev, pipe, request, requesttype, value,
			index, s->buf, size, 1000);
	airspy_dbg_usb_control_msg(s->dev, request, requesttype, value,
			index, s->buf, size);
	if (ret < 0) {
		dev_err(s->dev, "usb_control_msg() failed %d request %02x\n",
				ret, request);
		goto err;
	}

	/* read request */
	if (requesttype & USB_DIR_IN)
		memcpy(data, s->buf, size);

	return 0;
err:
	return ret;
}

The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.