static inline int bprm_caps_from_vfs_caps(struct cpu_vfs_cap_data *caps,
					  struct linux_binprm *bprm,
					  bool *effective,
					  bool *has_cap)
{
	struct cred *new = bprm->cred;
	unsigned i;
	int ret = 0;

	if (caps->magic_etc & VFS_CAP_FLAGS_EFFECTIVE)
		*effective = true;

	if (caps->magic_etc & VFS_CAP_REVISION_MASK)
		*has_cap = true;

	CAP_FOR_EACH_U32(i) {
		__u32 permitted = caps->permitted.cap[i];
		__u32 inheritable = caps->inheritable.cap[i];

		/*
		 * pP' = (X & fP) | (pI & fI)
		 */
		new->cap_permitted.cap[i] =
			(new->cap_bset.cap[i] & permitted) |
			(new->cap_inheritable.cap[i] & inheritable);

		if (permitted & ~new->cap_permitted.cap[i])
			/* insufficient to execute correctly */
			ret = -EPERM;
	}

	/*
	 * For legacy apps, with no internal support for recognizing they
	 * do not have enough capabilities, we return an error if they are
	 * missing some "forced" (aka file-permitted) capabilities.
	 */
	return *effective ? ret : 0;
}

This category addresses vulnerabilities caused by flawed access control mechanisms, where incorrect permission settings allow unauthorized users to access restricted resources.