static int __do_page_fault(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
			   unsigned int mm_flags, unsigned long vm_flags,
			   struct task_struct *tsk)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	int fault;

	vma = find_vma(mm, addr);
	fault = VM_FAULT_BADMAP;
	if (unlikely(!vma))
		goto out;
	if (unlikely(vma->vm_start > addr))
		goto check_stack;

	/*
	 * Ok, we have a good vm_area for this memory access, so we can handle
	 * it.
	 */
 good_area:
 	/*
 	 * Check that the permissions on the VMA allow for the fault which
	 * occurred. If we encountered a write or exec fault, we must have
	 * appropriate permissions, otherwise we allow any permission.
 	 */
 	if (!(vma->vm_flags & vm_flags)) {
 		fault = VM_FAULT_BADACCESS;
		goto out;
	}

	return handle_mm_fault(mm, vma, addr & PAGE_MASK, mm_flags);

check_stack:
	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_GROWSDOWN && !expand_stack(vma, addr))
		goto good_area;
out:
	return fault;
}

Historically, this outdated classification described vulnerabilities from improper handling of data inputs, leading to unexpected program behavior or errors when input validation fails.