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<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong><span>Author</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong><span>Publication date</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong><span>Title</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong><span>Estimate (TWh)</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Digiconomist</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Live estimate</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption"
rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Bitcoin Energy Consumption
Index</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right">{insert API}</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>CoinMetrics</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>June 2023</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a
href="https://coinmetrics.io/special-insights/bitcoin-nonce-analysis/#:~:text=The%20Signal%20%26%20The%20Nonce%20This%20paper%20introduces,patterns%20and%20incorporating%20data%20sourced%20from%20real-world%20ASICs."
rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>The Signal & The
Nonce</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>117.4</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>De Vries, A., Gallersdorfer, U., Klaaßen, L. and
Stoll, C.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>February 2022</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435122000861"
rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Revisiting Bitcoin's carbon
footprint</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>117.3</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>CoinShares</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>January 2022</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://coinshares.com/research/bitcoin-mining-network-2022"
rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>The Bitcoin Mining
Network</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>89.0</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Sandner, P., Lichti, C., Richter, R., Heidt, C. and
Schaub, B.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>August 2021</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a
href="https://philippsandner.medium.com/study-the-carbon-emissions-of-bitcoin-from-an-investor-perspective-4c90707474b8"
rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>The Carbon Emissions of
Bitcoin From an Investor Perspective</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>90.9</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Köhler, S. and Pizzol, M.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>November 2019</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b05687"
rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Life Cycle Assessment of
Bitcoin Mining</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>31.3</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Stoll, C., Klaaßen, L. and Gallersdorfer, U.</span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>June 2019</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2542-4351%2819%2930255-7"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>The Carbon
Footprint of Bitcoin</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>48.5</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px">Zade, M., Myklebost, J., Tzscheutschler, P. and
Wagner, U.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>March 2019</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00021/full"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Is Bitcoin
the Only Problem? A Scenario Model for the Power Demand of Blockchains</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>33.7</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Krause, M.J. and Tolaymat, T.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>November 2018</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0152-7.pdf" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Quantification of energy and
carbon costs for mining cryptocurrencies</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>30.1</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>McCook, H.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>August 2018</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a
href="https://www.academia.edu/37178295/The_Cost_and_Sustainability_of_Bitcoin_August_2018_"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>The cost
& sustainability of Bitcoin</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>105.0</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>De Vries, A.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>May 2018</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a
href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325188032_Bitcoin's_Growing_Energy_Problem"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Bitcoin's
Growing Energy Problem</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>22.4 to 67.2</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Vranken, H.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>October 2017</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343517300015"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span
>Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>0.9 to 4.4</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Bevand, M.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>February 2017</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="http://blog.zorinaq.com/bitcoin-electricity-consumption/#fnref:refD:1"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Electricity
consumption of Bitcoin: a market-based and technical analysis</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>4.1 to 4.7</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Hayes, A.S.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>March 2015</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="http://www.economicpolicyresearch.org/econ/2015/NSSR_WP_052015.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>A Cost
Production Model for Bitcoin</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>O'Dwyer, K.L. and Malone, D.</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>September 2014</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="http://karlodwyer.com/publications/pdf/bitcoin_KJOD_2014.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"><span>Bitcoin
Mining and its Energy Footprint</span></a></p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="text-right"><span>0.9 to 87.6</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table> |